- How substances are moved in and out of cells and how they are distributed in cells

How does transport help body maintain homeostasis?

- Body temp

- Carries waste

-Carry food

Protists

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

- Materials move in and out by diffusion and active transport

CO2

CO2

Blood Vessels- Carry blood to and from heart

Arteries - carry blood away from heart

- Carry oxygenated blood

Veins - Return blood to the heart

- Contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

Capillaries - Microscopic blood vessels

- Where nutrients, wastes and dissolved gases diffuse betwn body cells and blood

- Thicker - Thinner

- Blood under high pressure - Low pressure blood

The Heart- Located left of middle of chest

- Sitting still heart pumps 5 L of blood / min

- Active pumps 35 L of blood / min

- Pumps 2.5 billion times in avg lifetime

- Carries enough blood to fill 2000 swimming pools!!!!!!!!!

- Heart muscle is formed of many cells that are interlocking making heart very powerful

Heart has Four chambers- 2 upper are atria

- Thin and receive blood from body

- 2 lower are ventricles

- Thick and pump blood through body

Septum

Valves

Heart Beat – - Sounds are the valves closing

Listen

Back Beat – Scientific American video

Infant Heart Transplant surgery

Diastole

- Low pressure – heart is relaxed - Blood flows from atria to ventricles

Systole - -high pressure period

- Atria contract and push blood to ventricles

- Ventricles contract and push blood body

Heartbeat Cycle

Blood Pressure- Pressure on walls of arteries

- High during systole

- Low during diastole

Avg = 120/80

Hypertension -High blood pressure

- Can lead to stroke, heart attack, and organ damage

Heart Attack - Caused by blockage of artery or arteries of heart

- Along with strokes and high blood pressure accounts for about 1,000,000 deaths/ year

- First heart transplant in 1967

- First artifical heart in 1982

- In 1984 baboon heart was transplanted into 20 day old baby who later died

Robert Tools 2001

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1. Deoxygenated (D.O.) blood enters right atria

- Atria pumps blood to right ventricle

2. Right ventricle receives D.O. blood

- Right ventricle pumps blood to arteries

3. Arteries carry blood to lungs

4. Lungs – CO2 removed from blood

- O2 enters the blood

5. Veins carry oxygenated blood to heart

6. Left atria receives O2 blood

- atria pumps blood to l. ventricle

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7. L. Ventricle receives O2 blood

- L. Ventricle pumps blood to body

8. Arteries carry blood to body

9.Gases, wastes and nutrients are exchanged

between blood and body through cappilaries10. D.O. blood is returned to heart

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Pacemaker

- Little node on heart that controls heart beat cycle

Artificial Pacemaker

- Blood is a tissue

Has three major functions

1. Transport - Carries nutrients, dissolved gases, chemical messangers, and wastes

2. Regulation

- Regulates temperature, pH, and water balance

3. Protection - Special cells and chemicals defend the body from disease and loss of blood

Parts of Blood

Plasma

- Mostly water, but does contain dissolved salts, sugar, amino acids, enzymes, hormones, wastes and proteins

- Is the largest portion of blood volume

Red Blood Cells

- Carry oxygen from lungs to body

- Carry carbon dioxide from body tissue to lungs

Adult has about 5L of blood (1.25) gallonsEach second 2 million RBC’s replace those that have died

- Contain iron in pigment called hemoglobin

- Are made in bone marrow

- Are recycled to make bile

Anemia

- Disease when a person has to little RBC’s or iron in diet

- Person is tired and easily winded

- Treatment can include a diet high in iron

Common in young women of childbearing age!!

Sickle Cell Anemia

- Hereditary disease causing RBC’s to have sickle shape

- Common in African Americans

1 in 12 African Americans is a carrier for this disease

- Symptoms include anemia, pain and tissue damage

White Blood Cells

- Defend body from bacteria and viruses

- Have a nucleus and are bigger than RBC’s

- Travel through circulatory system, but can squeeze through capillary walls

- Some engulf and digest bacteria, foreign substances and cancer cells

- Some produce antibodies to fight foreign substances

Blood Clotting

1. Platlets stick to injury and release a hormone2. Strands of fiber a produced to trap RBC’s and form a clot

3. As wound heals chemicals in the blood dissolve the clot

Clotting Problems

Hemophilia - Genetic disease in which the persons blood does not clot

- Person lacks and enzyme

- Treatment is an injection of the required enzyme

- Blood transfusion

The Immune System

- Major function is to protect body from pathogens

- Pathogens include

viruses

fungibacteria

Bodies Three Lines of Defense

1. Physical and chemical barriers

- Skin and internal membranes are effective barriers to most pathogens

Your body loses and replaces about 1 million skin cells every 40 minutes!!!! HOW GROSS!!!- sweat, saliva, and tears contain chemicals to kill bacteria- Mucus entraps pathogens and washes them away- Stomach acids kill most pathogens present in food

2. Inflamatory Response

- Increase blood flow to infected area

- Area becomes red, hard and hurts

- White blood cells swarm to the area

- Ingest pathogens and damaged tissue

- Pus forms – dead bacteria, cells and fluids

- Usually pathogen is killed and wound is destroyed

3. Immune System- Parts of body recognize, attack, destroy, and remember pathogens and other foreign substances

- Produces specific antibodies (shape) to inactivate pathogens

- The immune system includes bone marrow, WBC’s, Lymphatic system, tonsils, thymus and spleen

Immunity

- The ability of body to resist a specific disease by producing antibodies- Body recognizes self from nonself

Antigen - Substance that causes an immune response

- Usually a protein

- Is not supposed to be there

Ex. Pollen is an antigen – causes hay fever

Antibodies

- Recognize and destroy antigens

Primary Immune Response

- The first time an antigen enters the body

- First day no measureable increase in antibodies

- Over the next 10 to 15 days antibodies increase

Secondary Immune Response

- Antigen enters body a second time and quickly responds with high levels of antibodies

- Specialized WBC’s remain to fight subsequent invasions of the same kind of antigen

Types of Immunity

1. Inborn immunity - Immunity all humans are born with that protects them from certain bacteria and viruses

- Antibodies are not produced

- Is why we do not get distemper

2. Aquired Immunity - Antibodies are produced

Active Immunity - Body “remembers” the antigen

- Can develop by having the disease

1. First time you get sick

2. Next time you come in contact with disease you deck it right off

Ex. Chicken pox

- Can develop by receiving a vaccination

Vaccination - Dead or weakened form of organism

- Organism can no longer cause disease

Passive Immunity- Antibodies are obtained from another organisms

Ex. Penicillin

- Only a temporary fix (antibiotics eventually wear off)

Maternal Immunity

- Baby receives antibodies from Mom’s blood or milk

- Is why new mom’s are recommended to breast feed for 1 year

Blood Groups - Four types of blood A, B, AB, and O

- Type of blood is depends on absence or presence of two antigens , A and B

- Plasma has antibodies to antigens it does not have

Karl Landsteiner 1900

Blood typesBlood types AntigenAntigen AntibodiesAntibodies

A B

AB AB

B

O None

None

A

B A

A,B

- Person is born with antibodies to antigens that his blood does NOT have

- If a person receives the wrong type of antigen then antibodies will destroy the blood and the person will die

Blood TypeBlood Type Can Can ReceiveReceive

Can Give Can Give ToTo

Percentages Of Blood TypesPercentages Of Blood Types

A

B

AB

O

A,O

B,O

A,B,AB,O

A,B,AB,O

O

A,AB

B,AB

AB

Rh FactorsRh Factors

- Another type of antigen found on RBC’s- Another type of antigen found on RBC’s

- Person is either Rh+ or Rh-- Person is either Rh+ or Rh-

-Rh+ have antigen-Rh+ have antigen -Rh- no antigen-Rh- no antigen

- no antibody- no antibody - have antibody- have antibody

- can receive - can receive onlyonly Rh- Rh- bloodblood

- can receive both + and - - can receive both + and - bloodblood

Problems with Rh FactorProblems with Rh Factor

Mom’s Rh-Mom’s Rh- Dad’s Dad’s Rh+Rh+

Baby may be Baby may be Rh+Rh+

If baby’s blood and If baby’s blood and mom’s blood mix there mom’s blood mix there could be major problemscould be major problems

Mom’s blood Mom’s blood could produce could produce antibodies to the antibodies to the Rh+ antigenRh+ antigen

These antibodies These antibodies can cross can cross placenta and kill placenta and kill babybaby

Prevented by not letting mom be Prevented by not letting mom be exposed to Rh+ blood by giving a exposed to Rh+ blood by giving a shot therefore she won’t produce shot therefore she won’t produce antibodies for itantibodies for it

TransplantsTransplants

- When an organ is transplanted it is quickly recognized as non-- When an organ is transplanted it is quickly recognized as non-selfself- Immune system recognizes foreign antigens and destroys the - Immune system recognizes foreign antigens and destroys the transplanttransplant- Tissue matching and anti-rejection drugs help reduce chance of - Tissue matching and anti-rejection drugs help reduce chance of rejectionrejection

- Transplants are most successful between identical twins- Transplants are most successful between identical twins

Problems with Immune Problems with Immune SystemSystem

AIDSAIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

11stst identified in 1981 identified in 1981

- Has been around since at least - Has been around since at least 19561956- Believed to have evolved from SIV- Believed to have evolved from SIV

- Caused by - Caused by HIV HIV

- Human - Human ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency Virus Virus

- HIV is NOT AIDS- HIV is NOT AIDS

- A person can have HIV for as long as 15 - A person can have HIV for as long as 15 years without developing AIDSyears without developing AIDS

- Suppresses the immune system

- Is transmitted through

Sex, blood to blood contact, IV drug use,and can be transmitted from mother to

unborn baby

- Person dies from a disease the body normally fights off

-Karposi’s sarcoma

Thrush

Prevention

1. Abstinence from sex

2. Use of latex condoms with nonoxynol 9 ( kills virus ) 3. Avoid blood to blood contact

AIDS FACTS

More than 25 million people have died of AIDS since 1981.

Africa has 12 million AIDS orphans.

By December 2005 women accounted for 46% of all adults living with HIV worldwide, and for 57% in sub-Saharan Africa.

Young people (15-24 years old) account for half of all new HIV infections worldwide – more than 6,000 become infected with HIV every day.

Of the 6.5 million people in developing and transitional countries who need life-saving AIDS drugs, only 1 million are receiving them.

SCIDS

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome

David “The Bubble Boy”

Lived in plastic bubble for 12 years

Died of Cancer

Allergies - Body overreacts to an antigen that is not normally harmful

- pollen, dust, insect bites, certain foods

How bad are some allergies??

A teenage girl recently died after kissing her boyfriend who has just eaten a peanut butter sandwich!!! The young lady was allergic to peanuts.

Asthma - Allergy in which air passages narrow making breathing difficult

Autoimmune Diseases

- Immune system breaks down and produces antibodies against itself

Juvenile Diabetes

- Cells of pancreas are destroyed by body

Rheumatoid Arthritis

-Body attacks joints causing

inflammation and pain

Multiple Sclerosis - Body attacks fatty insulation covering nerve cells

Strikes people between ages of 20 and 40. Symptoms can change over time. Disease is progressive.

Cancer

- Body does not recognize cancer cells as nonself and cancer grows and spreads

- People with suppressed immmune system often get cancer

Many diseases are caused by inheritance, toxins, poor nutrition, organ malfunctions, and personal behavior. Some effects are immediate others show up years later.