how does information get ____ memory? how is information ________ in memory? how is information...
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How does information get ____ memory? How is information ________ in memory? How is information ___________ of memory?
Figure 7.2 Three key processes in memory
The role of ________ Focusing ________ ________ attention
The role of attention Levels of _____________
Incoming information processed at different levels
________ processing = longer lasting memory codes
Encoding levels: ________ = shallow _________ = intermediate _________ = deep
Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory
__________ = linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding Thinking of __________
______________ = creation of visual images to represent words to be remembered Easier for concrete objects: ____________ theory
Analogy: information storage in _________ ~ information storage in human _______
Information-processing theories Subdivide memory into three different
______ Sensory, Short-term, Long-term
Figure 7.6 The Atkinson and Schiffrin model of memory storage
Brief preservation of information in ________ sensory form
___________ – approximately ___ second
Limited duration – about ___ seconds without rehearsal _________ – the process of repetitively
verbalizing or thinking about the information
Limited capacity – magical number __________________ _______ – grouping familiar stimuli for
storage as a single unit
STM not limited to phonemic encoding Loss of information not only due to
______ Baddeley (1986) – 3 components of
working memory __________ rehearsal loop ___________ sketchpad _________ control system
Figure 7.7 Short-term memory as working memory
__________ Capacity Permanent storage?
__________ memories How is knowledge represented and
organized in memory? _______ and Scripts _________ Networks Connectionist Networks and PDP
Models
The _____________ phenomenon – a failure in retrieval Retrieval ____
Reinstating the context Context cues
Reconstructing memories ____________ effect
Source monitoring
___________ Forgetting Curve _______ – the proportion of material
retained Recall Recognition Relearning
Figure 7.10 Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve for nonsense syllables
Ineffective Encoding ________ ___________
Proactive Retroactive
Retrieval ______ _____________
Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory illusions Controversy
Figure 7.11 Effects of interference
Figure 7.12 Retroactive and proactive interference
Encoding ____________ Transfer-Appropriate Processing Repression
Authenticity of repressed memories? Memory ________ Controversy
Figure 7.14 The prevalence of false memories observed by Roediger and McDermott (1995)
________ Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia
__________ Medial temporal lobe memory system
______circuitry Localized neural circuits
Biochemistry ________ modulating neurotransmitter
systems Protein synthesis
Figure 7.16 The anatomy of memory
Declarative vs. ___________ _________ vs. Episodic Prospective vs. _____________
Figure 7.17 Theories of independent memory systems
Figure 7.18 Retrospective versus prospective memory