““Heart as a pumpHeart as a pump””

Cardiac cycleCardiac cycle

Systole of Systole of atriumsatriums

Systole Systole of ventriclesof ventricles

Діастола

передсердь

Діастола шлуночків

Cardiac cycle: SystoleCardiac cycle: Systole

1. Period of tension1. Period of tension

asynchrony contractionasynchrony contraction

isometric contractionisometric contraction

(all valves are closed) (all valves are closed) 2. Period of ejection2. Period of ejection

protosphigmic interval protosphigmic interval (opening of semilunear valves)(opening of semilunear valves)

fast ejectionfast ejection

slow ejectionslow ejection

SystoleSystole of of ventriclesventricles 1. Period of tension1. Period of tensionphases of : phases of : - asynchrony contraction- asynchrony contraction- isometric contraction- isometric contraction

(all valves are closed) (all valves are closed) RA

RV

LA

LV

Aorta

A.pul

m

SystoleSystole of of ventriclesventricles 1. Period of tension1. Period of tensionphases of phases of : : - asynchrony contraction- asynchrony contraction- isometric contraction- isometric contraction

(all valves are closed) (all valves are closed)

Cardiac cycle: DiastoleCardiac cycle: Diastole

1. Period of relaxation1. Period of relaxation

protodiastolic interval (closing protodiastolic interval (closing of semilunear valves)of semilunear valves)

phase of isometric relaxation phase of isometric relaxation (opening of AV-valves is end of this phase)(opening of AV-valves is end of this phase)

2. Period of filling2. Period of filling

phase of rapid fillingphase of rapid filling

phase of slow fillingphase of slow filling

phase of filling by help of phase of filling by help of atrium systole atrium systole

SystoleSystole ofofventriclesventricles 2. Period of ejection 2. Period of ejection protosphigmic interval protosphigmic interval

(opening of semilunear (opening of semilunear valvesvalves

fast ejectionfast ejectionslow ejection)slow ejection)

Period of relaxationPeriod of relaxation::protodiastolic interval protodiastolic interval

(closing of semilunear (closing of semilunear valves)valves)

phase of isometric phase of isometric relaxation (opening of AV-relaxation (opening of AV-valves is end of this phase)valves is end of this phase)

DiastoleDiastole of of ventriclesventricles

Period of filling:Period of filling:

- phase of rapid filling - phase of rapid filling

- phase of slow filling - phase of slow filling

Diastole of ventricles

The cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle

Heart sounds. ComponentsHeart sounds. Components I toneI tone. . 1. Valve component (AV valves)1. Valve component (AV valves)

2. Muscle component2. Muscle component

3. Vessels component (opening of 3. Vessels component (opening of semilunear valves)semilunear valves)

4. Atrium component4. Atrium component II toneII tone. 1. 1. . Valve componentValve component (closing of (closing of

semilunear valves)semilunear valves)

2. Vessels component2. Vessels component

Heart soundsHeart sounds

PhonocardiogramPhonocardiogram

Echocardiography Echocardiography

is a method of investigation ofis a method of investigation of

structure and mechanical structure and mechanical

functioning of the heart which functioning of the heart which

is base on registration of is base on registration of

reflected ultrasonic signalsreflected ultrasonic signals

EchocardiographyEchocardiography

1. M-measure1. M-measure 2. D-measure2. D-measure 3. Doppler3. Doppler 4. Contrasting4. Contrasting

The positions of echolocation in M-The positions of echolocation in M-modemode

1, 2, 3, 4 – position of echolocation;

D - ultrasonic sensor; Th - chest D - breast; RV - right ventricle; LV - left ventricle; LA - left atrium, AV - aortic valve; FMV - front mitral valve; PMV - posterior mitral valve.

II positionII position

АО

EDVEDV ( (end-diastolic volume) = 7,0 (2,4 + EDS) · EDS³, = 7,0 (2,4 + EDS) · EDS³, ESVESV (end-systolic volume) (end-systolic volume) = 7,0 (2,4 + ESS) · ESS³, = 7,0 (2,4 + ESS) · ESS³, Normally, in adults, EDV is 108-140 ml, and ESV within 38-50 ml. Normally, in adults, EDV is 108-140 ml, and ESV within 38-50 ml. Stroke volume (SV) Stroke volume (SV) of the left ventricle is calculated by the formula: of the left ventricle is calculated by the formula: SV = EDV - ESV. SV = EDV - ESV. Normally, in adults, the SV is 70-90 ml. Normally, in adults, the SV is 70-90 ml.

Minute volume flow Minute volume flow (MVF) (MVF) is defined as the product of SV and is defined as the product of SV and heart rate. heart rate. Normally, in adults, MVF is 4,0-6,5 l / min. Normally, in adults, MVF is 4,0-6,5 l / min.

Contractile activity of left ventricular ejection fraction Contractile activity of left ventricular ejection fraction characterizes (EF), defined as follows: characterizes (EF), defined as follows: EF = SV : EDV · 100%. EF = SV : EDV · 100%. Normally, in adults, EF is 54-64%. Normally, in adults, EF is 54-64%.

Also indexed rates of left ventricular are set indexed. For this Also indexed rates of left ventricular are set indexed. For this goal obtained values of indexes should be divided by body surface area goal obtained values of indexes should be divided by body surface area of the subject, which can be calculated by the formula of Du Bois. of the subject, which can be calculated by the formula of Du Bois. End-diastolic (EDI), end-systolic (ESI) indices are calculated by the following formulas: EDI = EDV: P ESI = ESV: Pwhere the EDI - end-diastolic index, EDV - end-diastolic volume, ESI - end-diastolic index, ESV - end-sistolic volume, P - body surface area.

Thank you!Thank you!