Hearing-physical process of receiving sounds Listening-paying attention and creating meaning Feedback loop/Circular Response Listener-speaker process of constant feedback where speakers continually adjust their remarks based on listeners reactions and vice versa. Listeners = power to help or hinder Listening is selective- we pick and choose what we listen to People pay attention to information. They deem important That touches their experience Sort and filter new info. on basis of what they already know Attending--act of paying attention Based on needs, wants, desires & interests Understanding-making sense of message Responding-giving feedback Remembering-retaining message Residual message-what we remember-only 25% of message Discriminative-listen to be instructedclass, work, meeting Evaluative -listen to persuasive messages and formulate reactions Appreciative -listen to hear power and beauty of words, music, sounds. Empathic -listen to understand the needs and feelings of others Active and Passive Listening Active-attentive /involved behavior-complete mental commitment Passive-relaxed and easy listening Message overload-too much info Rapid thought- mental spare time to wander Psychological noise-internal distractions Physical noise-external distractions Hearing problems Faulty assumptions-brushing off ones remarks due to believing its of no value Cultural differences-cultural differences in communication affects listening Critical Thinking/Active Listening-ability to evaluate claims on basis of well-supported reasons Strategies used to look for flaws in arguments and resist claims with no supporting evidence Evaluate evidence + accuracy and credibility of source Analyze biases and overgeneralizations behind arguments Assess arguments logic Consider multiple perspectives Be compassionate and constructive with criticism Language Use simple, easy to follow words/sentences-Be concise Avoid jargon and biased language Use good grammar and accuracy in use of words Avoid sexist pronouns Repairman repairperson Use concrete words rather than abstract Concrete-specific, tangible, definite Abstract-general, nonspecific-old, good, bad, new, short, long, etc (people attach different meanings) Repeat key-words/phrases to emphasize important points Use signposts-transitions, previews, reviews Imagery-enhances meaning by making ideas concrete and evoking feelings & associations Imagery-using colorful/concrete words (adjectives & adverbs) Imagery-using figures of speech to enhance language and style and create a lasting impression Simile- Metaphor Personification Hyperbole Onomatopoeia Alliteration Parallelism- similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences Simile-explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Uses the words like or as Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet. Metaphor-Implicit comparison between two different things, without using the terms like or as. Millions of people in the worlds poorest countries remain imprisoned, enslaved, and in chains. They are trapped in the prison of poverty. Hyperbole-Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis I have a million things to do. If I cant buy that new game, I will die. Onomatopoeia-Words that sound like their meanings Buzz, hiss, swish, fizz, ring Personification-Giving human characteristics or feelings to an animal, object or concept Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep. Parallelism-similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences We defeated communism. We defeated fascism. We defeated them on the field of battle, and we defeated them on the field of ideas. Repetition-repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences in order to lend rhythm We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail. Alliteration-repeating initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words in order to enhance rhythm In a nation founded on the promise of human dignity, our college, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. Antithesis-the comparison of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure- A sentence that uses antithesis has two parts with parallel structures, but contrasting meanings. Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House but on what happens inside your house.