Goal 12Goal 12US History ReviewUS History ReviewPresidential policiesPresidential policiesSupreme Court cases Supreme Court cases

Chief Justice Earl Chief Justice Earl Warren led the court Warren led the court toward a number of toward a number of landmark decisions in landmark decisions in the fields of the fields of civil civil rights and rights and individual liberties.individual liberties. Among these were Among these were the unanimous 1954 the unanimous 1954 decision, written by decision, written by Warren, ending Warren, ending segregation in the segregation in the nation's schools, nation's schools, Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Education of Topeka, KansasKansas

Title IX of the Title IX of the Education Education Amendments of 1972 Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that is a federal law that enforces men’s and enforces men’s and women’s equality in women’s equality in any educational any educational sports program or sports program or activity at any activity at any educational educational institution that institution that receive federal funds.receive federal funds.

Content: Block grantsContent: Block grants Block grants reduce federal involvement in Block grants reduce federal involvement in

state run housing projects state run housing projects the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development funds must be used to benefit Development funds must be used to benefit state residents. state residents.

After the Watergate After the Watergate scandal of the Nixon scandal of the Nixon [Republican] [Republican] administration administration

President Carter President Carter campaigned on the campaigned on the promise that he promise that he would not lie or would not lie or deceive the American deceive the American people and he won people and he won the 1976 presidential the 1976 presidential electionelection

U.S. oil consumption U.S. oil consumption was the was the major causemajor cause of ill shortages in the of ill shortages in the early 1970’s, mainly early 1970’s, mainly from gas inefficient from gas inefficient vehiclesvehicles

Arab-Israeli conflicts Arab-Israeli conflicts had produced a had produced a growing tension growing tension between U.S. and between U.S. and Arab countries, but Arab countries, but over consumption over consumption was the major was the major problemproblem

President Carter meet President Carter meet for twelve days of for twelve days of secret negotiations at secret negotiations at Camp David, the Camp David, the Israeli-Egyptian Israeli-Egyptian negotiations were negotiations were concluded by the concluded by the signing at the White signing at the White House agreeing to House agreeing to peace between Israel peace between Israel and Egypt.and Egypt.

Content: Content: Bakke v. RegentsBakke v. Regents, University of California. , University of California.  The Supreme Court first considered that question in The Supreme Court first considered that question in

1978, in the case of 1978, in the case of Bakke v. RegentsBakke v. Regents, University of , University of California.  Bakke, a white applicant to the UC-Davis California.  Bakke, a white applicant to the UC-Davis Medical School, claimed that he was denied admission Medical School, claimed that he was denied admission even though his test scores and grades were markedly even though his test scores and grades were markedly better than minority applicants who were admitted.  better than minority applicants who were admitted.  The Court found that Bakke had been denied equal The Court found that Bakke had been denied equal protection of the laws by UC- protection of the laws by UC-

Content: Cesar E. ChavezContent: Cesar E. Chavez A true American hero, Cesar was a Latino, a A true American hero, Cesar was a Latino, a

farm worker and labor leader; he mobilized farm worker and labor leader; he mobilized migrant workers to protest their working migrant workers to protest their working conditions, a crusader for nonviolent social conditions, a crusader for nonviolent social change; and an environmentalist and consumer change; and an environmentalist and consumer advocate advocate

Ronald Reagan domestic policy- The rich and Ronald Reagan domestic policy- The rich and prosperous do not pay taxes, "trickle down prosperous do not pay taxes, "trickle down economies" and the lower classes. Lower taxes economies" and the lower classes. Lower taxes on wealthily incomes would benefit American on wealthily incomes would benefit American society. society.

This policy led to a high Government deficit and This policy led to a high Government deficit and deficit spending deficit spending

The concept for the The concept for the Strategic Defense Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)Initiative (Star Wars) was designed for x-ray was designed for x-ray lasers in space to shoot lasers in space to shoot down Soviet missiles. down Soviet missiles. Reagan is credit for Reagan is credit for helping to end cold war, helping to end cold war, but it was already over. but it was already over. The concept required The concept required deficit spendingdeficit spending and and led to the largest US led to the largest US deficit in modern times deficit in modern times during the Reagan era. during the Reagan era. (today it is simply used (today it is simply used for your cell phones, so for your cell phones, so keep texting the Gov’t keep texting the Gov’t reads and hears reads and hears everything you write and everything you write and say)say)

On April 26, 1986, the On April 26, 1986, the fourth reactor of the fourth reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, exploded. Power Plant, exploded. The workers were The workers were performing an performing an experiment with the experiment with the reactor's safety reactor's safety systems during which systems during which the computer-the computer-controlled safety controlled safety systems were disabled.systems were disabled.

Countries began to Countries began to increase its regulation increase its regulation of nuclear power of nuclear power plantsplants

A malfunction had A malfunction had occurred in the occurred in the reactor's cooling reactor's cooling system in Unit 2. system in Unit 2. Radiation — an Radiation — an alarming word — was alarming word — was reportedly leaking reportedly leaking leading to an leading to an explosion and explosion and leakage of radiationleakage of radiation

United States United States increase its regulation increase its regulation of nuclear power of nuclear power plantsplants

President H.W. Bush saw President H.W. Bush saw Operation Desert Storm Operation Desert Storm as a mission as a mission to drive to drive Iraqi forces out of Iraqi forces out of KuwaitKuwait

Operation Desert Storm Operation Desert Storm was decision to restore was decision to restore Kuwait's sovereignty by Kuwait's sovereignty by military force. The military force. The ensuing air war and the ensuing air war and the effects of the economic effects of the economic embargo decimated embargo decimated Iraq's military Iraq's military infrastructure, severed infrastructure, severed communication and communication and supply lines supply lines driving driving Iraqi forces out of Iraqi forces out of KuwaitKuwait

NAFTA, the North NAFTA, the North American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement, went into Agreement, went into effect on January 1, effect on January 1, 1994. The Agreement 1994. The Agreement phases out most tariffs phases out most tariffs between the United between the United States, Canada, and States, Canada, and Mexico. Tariffs, which are Mexico. Tariffs, which are taxes on imports, taxes on imports, increase the price of increase the price of foreign goods and foreign goods and thereby benefit domestic thereby benefit domestic producers. producers. President President Clinton passage this Clinton passage this legislation in 1994 legislation in 1994

President Bill Clinton President Bill Clinton attempted health attempted health care legislation that care legislation that was responsive to was responsive to most Americans most Americans needs condemns the needs condemns the comprehensive comprehensive reform of totaling $1 reform of totaling $1 trillion health system-trillion health system-accounting for about accounting for about one-seventh of the one-seventh of the entire U.S. economy entire U.S. economy was never passed by was never passed by congress congress

President Clinton President Clinton used force in Bosnia used force in Bosnia an attempt to bring an attempt to bring an end to regional an end to regional conflict conflict

President Clinton President Clinton deployed forces to deployed forces to Bosnia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia Herzegovina, Croatia and Hungary as part and Hungary as part of the NATO of the NATO Implementation Force Implementation Force (IFOR) in Operation (IFOR) in Operation Joint Endeavor to stop Joint Endeavor to stop regional conflictregional conflict

Content: HispanicsContent: Hispanics Hispanics are the largest minority population Hispanics are the largest minority population

in the United States whose buying power has in the United States whose buying power has more than tripled during the past 15 years.more than tripled during the past 15 years.

Content: Diversity of AmericaContent: Diversity of America Promoting ethnic equality and fostering a Promoting ethnic equality and fostering a

culture of mutual respect for people from culture of mutual respect for people from different ethnic groups requires multiple different ethnic groups requires multiple teaching practices teaching practices

No Child Left No Child Left Behind Act NCLB:Behind Act NCLB: includes significant includes significant new accountability new accountability measures for all measures for all public schools.  It is public schools.  It is based on the based on the ambitious goal that ambitious goal that ALLALL children will be children will be proficient in reading proficient in reading and math by 2014. and math by 2014. The federal The federal Government Government

The Patriot Act is a U.S. law passed in the wake of the The Patriot Act is a U.S. law passed in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Its goals are to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Its goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists.and stopping terrorists.

Main Provisions of the Patriot ActMain Provisions of the Patriot Act:: Homeland Security National Operations CenterHomeland Security National Operations Center