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AnatomyAnatomy ◦ The study of the body structure and form

PhysiologyPhysiology◦ The study of the processes of living organisms, or

why and how they work PathologyPathology

◦ The study of the nature and cause of disease

HistologyHistology◦ Study of tissues

CytologyCytology◦ Study of cells

HomeostasisHomeostasis◦ Ability to maintain stable internal conditions –

state of equilibrium or balance ProtoplasmProtoplasm

◦ Basic substance of all life Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and

phosphorus

Hierarchy of structural organization

Body standing erect with arms to the side and palms facing forward, head and feet forward

PronationPronation◦ Turning a body

part downward

SupinationSupination◦ Turning a body

part upward

MedialMedial◦Toward the midline

LateralLateral◦Toward the side

Anterior / Anterior / VentralVentral◦ In front

Posterior /DorsalPosterior /Dorsal◦ In back

VentralVentral◦ Thoracic◦ Abdominopelvic

Abdominal Pelvic

DorsalDorsal◦ Spinal◦ Cranial

ProximalProximal◦ Closest to the point of origin

DistalDistal◦ Farther from the point of origin

InternalInternal◦ Within the body

ExternalExternal◦ Outside the body

SuperficialSuperficial◦ Toward or at the body surface

DeepDeep◦ Away from surface,

more internal

SuperiorSuperior(cranial or

cephalic)◦ Upper or above

InferiorInferior(Caudal)

◦ lower

FlexionFlexion◦ Decreasing the angle between two bones or

bending a body part

ExtensionExtension◦ Increasing the angle between two bones or

“extending” a body part

AbductionAbduction◦ Moving away the

midline

AdductionAdduction◦ Moving toward

the midline

SagittalSagittal ◦ Divides the body

vertically into right and left unequal parts

Medial or Mid-Medial or Mid-SagittalSagittal◦ Divides the body

vertically into equal left and right parts

Coronal / Coronal / FrontalFrontal◦ Divides the body

vertically into anterior and posterior parts

TransverseTransverse◦ Divides the body or

organ horizontally or into cranial / caudal parts

HeadHead◦Parietal: top of head towards the back and sides◦Frontal: forehead◦Occipital: base of head◦Auricular: ear◦Buccal: cheek◦Orbital: eye socket

◦Mastoid: behind ear◦Nasal: bridge of nose◦Mental: chin◦Submental: below chin◦Maxillary:upper jaw◦Zygomatic: cheek bone

NeckNeck◦ Larynx: front of neck◦ Trachea: front of neck◦ Cervical: back of neck

ThoraxThorax◦Axillary: armpit◦Clavicular: collar bone◦Sternal: midchest◦Costal: rib◦Scapular: shoulder blade◦Pectoral: chest◦Deltoid: shoulder area

Posterior TrunkPosterior Trunk◦Nuchal: back of neck◦Cervical: neck◦Thoracic: back of trunk◦Lumbar: at small of back or

lower back◦Sacral: pelvis, tailbone area◦Coccyx: tailbone◦Gluteal: buttocks

ExtremitiesExtremities◦Brachial: upper arm◦Antecubital: front of elbow◦Olecranon: back of elbow◦Carpal: wrist◦Phalanges: fingers, toes◦Manual: hand

◦Pollex: thumb◦Femoral: thigh◦Patellar: front of knee◦Popliteal: behind the knee◦Tarsal: ankle◦Pedal: foot◦Calcaneal: heel of foot