fertile crescent (p. 33) mesopotamia (p. 33) city-state (p. 34) polytheism (p. 34) dynasty (p....
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Fertile Crescent (p. 33)Mesopotamia (p. 33)City-state (p. 34)Polytheism (p. 34)Dynasty (p. 35)Cuneiform (p. 35) Indo-Europeans (p. 40)
Warm Up: Key Terms
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Chapter 2.1The Ancient Near East
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Understand how the first known civilization in Mesopotamia influenced later civilizations in the region
Explain how Indo-European invaders both shaped the cultures of the Fertile Crescent and adapted to the civilizations they encountered there
Objectives: Day 3, 1/25/11
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Watch the following video clip about the rise of civilizations in Mesopotamia and copy the questions to answer during the video:
Video: From Nomads to Farmers
◦ 1. What does the word “Mesopotamia” mean?◦ 2. What two rivers was it located between?◦ 3. How did Mesopotamian’s control the river water?◦ 4. How did people become slaves in Mesopotamia?◦ 5. What group has the highest/most important job
in Mesopotamian society?
Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia and Sumer
The Cradle of Civilization
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The Fertile Crescent ◦ a band of fertile land that
forms an oasis in the midst of deserts and mountains between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf
Mesopotamia◦ Area between Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers◦ Means “between the
rivers”
Geography Promotes Civilization
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Sumer Developed the first
civilization Large cities appeared by
3000 B.C.◦ Eventually formed city-states
A political unit with its own government
Religion shaped life in city-states◦ Sumerians practiced
polytheism The worship of many gods
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Sumerians developed the world’s first known writing system◦ Known as cuneiform◦ Produced using sharp tools
called stylusses to make wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets
◦ Used to keep business accounts and other records
◦ Paid scribes to create written documents
Sumerian Writing
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Tribe called Amorites settled in Babylon on the Euphrates River near modern day Baghdad, Iraq
Hammurabi became king in 1792 B.C.◦ Most famous for his code of laws◦ Important because it was written
down for all to see No one could lie about it or make up
laws
Hammurabi’s Code
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Fertile Crescent Empires
Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Phoenicians
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As the Babylonian Empire declined, Indo-Europeans took over◦ Several tribes from the north that spoke related
languages The Hittites
◦ Warlike Indo-European tribe ◦ Settled in Asia Minor, present day Turkey◦ Used horse-drawn chariot
The Hittites
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Originally from northern Mesopotamia, near the city of Assur along the upper Tigris River
Built a large empire that included all of Mesopotamia, some of Asia Minor, and Egypt
Relied on military strength Produced great cultural
achievements such as library at Nineveh
The Assyrians
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Took over after Assyrian collapse
Made Babylon their capital
Nebuchadnezzar II became king◦ Rebuilt Babylon◦ Famous for building the
Hanging Gardens (one of the seven wonders of the ancient world)
The Chaldeans
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Built a wealthy trading society
Founded trading colonies, including Carthage
Greatest achievement was their alphabet◦ Consisted of 22 letters◦ Later modified by the Greeks
to create their own alphabet on which our own is based
The Phoenicians