أجهـــزة الرصـــــد والمراقبــة emission monitoring equipment
DESCRIPTION
جامعة الدول العربية أمانة المجلس الوزارى العربى للكهرباء والأمانة الفنية لمجلس الوزارء العرب المسئولين عن شئون البيئة - الموسسة العامة القطرية للكهرباء والماء (كهرماء ) اللجنة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لغربى آسيا ( ESCWA ) برنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة ( UNEP ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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أجهـــزة الرصـــــد
والمراقبــة
Emission Monitoring Equipment
مهندس / ماهــر عـزيــز استشارى الطاقة والبيئة وتغير المناخ
9795-368-0122( 2)موبايل : < : اليكترونى <[email protected]بريد
العربية الدول جامعةالعرب الوزارء لمجلس الفنية واألمانة للكهرباء العربى الوزارى المجلس أمانة
البيئة - شئون عن المسئولينكهرماء ) ( والماء للكهرباء القطرية العامة الموسسة
آسيا ) لغربى واالجتماعية االقتصادية ( ESCWAاللجنةللبيئة ) المتحدة األمم (UNEPبرنامج
التدريبية طرق حول " الدورة فى األساسية المبادئالعربية " الدول فى الكهرباء بقطاع للبيئة الملوثة االبتعاثات حساب
الدوحة – / قطر 2012مايو 31- 29دولة
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Air Quality Continuous Emission
Monitoring for Power Station
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GENERAL
• The Erection of New Power Stations requires the assessment
of the Environmental Impact of the said power station on the
Surrounding Environment
• The assessment requires the Real Time Continuous Air Quality
Monitoring of the main criteria air pollutants
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GENERAL (Contd.)
• The Main Criteria Air Pollutants are:
o SO2
o NO, NO2, NOx
o CO
o PM-10 & TSP
Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Sigma Theta, and Temperature
are also measured on a Real Time basis
• The Air Quality Measurements Starts one year before firing
and one year after firing.4
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GENERAL (Contd.)
• After firing; it is mandatory to have Continuous
Emission Monitoring CEMS for each stack
• The CEMS are intended to measure source
pollution and not Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring.
• The type of analyzers used for the Continuous
Emission Monitoring have higher ranges than
those used for Ambient Air Quality because of
the higher concentrations that are measured.5
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GENERAL (Contd.)
• There are different internationally approved methodologies used
for conducting these measurements
• Air Quality Monitoring:
− Chemiluminescence• NO, NO2, NOx, NH3 Gas Analysis
− Pulsed Fluorescence
• SO2 and H2S Gas Analysis
− Non destructive IR Gas filter wheel correlation• CO so also CO2and HCL Gas Analysis
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GENERAL (Contd.)
– UV absorption
• O3 Gas Analysis
– Flame ionization detection
• Methane, Non-Methane and Total
Hydrocarbons Gas Analysis
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Main components of an Ambient air quality monitoring system:
• Gas analyzers
• Air Sample Intake and Sample Manifold
• Particulate monitors
• Meteorological sensors
• Data acquisition/logger and software
• Calibration system
• Environmentally Controlled shelter
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Measurement Principles
1. Nitrogen Oxides (NO-NO2 – NOx)
Chemiluminescence Principle:
• This method depends on the principle that nitric oxide
(NO) and ozone (O3) react to produce a characteristic
luminescence with intensity that is linearly proportional to
the NO concentration. Infrared light emission results when
electronically excited NO2 molecules decay to lower
energy states.
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2+ hv
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Measurement Principles (Contd.)
• Specifically, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) must first be
transformed into NO before it can be measured using the
chemiluminescent reaction. NO2 is converted to NO by a
molybdenum NO2-to-NO converter heated to about 325 °C.
• An ozonator is used to generate the ozone needed for the
chemiluminescent reaction. At the reaction chamber, the
ozone reacts with the NO in the sample to produce excited
NO2 molecules. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) housed in a
thermoelectric cooler detects the luminescence generated
during this reaction.10
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Measurement Principles (Contd.)
• In the (NO mode) the sample routes directly to
the reaction chamber as shown in Figure-1 and
the output of the reaction represent the NO
concentration in the sample.
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Measurement Principles (Contd.)
• In the (NOx mode) the sample routes through the
NO2-to-NO converter and then to the reaction
chamber and the output of the reaction
represents the NOx concentration in the sample.
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Measurement Principles (Contd.)
• The difference between the concentrations "NOx mode"
and the "NO mode" is used to calculate the NO2
concentration. The analyzer outputs NO, NO2, and NOx
concentrations.
• Typical NO - NO2 – NOx analyzer using
Chemiluminescence
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2. Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide CO & CO2Gas Filter Correlation using Non-Destructive Infrared (NDIR) Principle:
• This method uses a variation of infrared (IR) absorbance
spectroscopy. With this technique, the concentration of
individual pollutants in the sample is measured based on
that compound’s capacity to absorb infrared energy of a
specific wavelength. It uses band-pass optical filters rather
than a diffraction grating or prism to create an IR beam
with a limited range of wavelengths.
• CO and CO2 have an IR spectrum with a fine structure.
This allows them to be used in a gas cuvette as a specific
and highly selective optical filter to sensitize the analyzer
to just that gas.
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2. Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide CO & CO2Gas Filter Correlation using Non-Destructive Infrared (NDIR) Principle (Contd.):
• Gas Filter Correlation is based on a differential measurement between
the transmissions of two beams of light. Light is passed through a
sample gas first via a measure gas filter containing nitrogen and then
via a reference gas filter containing the target gas.
• When the target gas filter is in the beam, IR energy is pre-absorbed at
only the target gas wavelengths. With a measurement sample
containing the target gas in the cell, most of the energy at the specific
target wavelengths has already been absorbed, so little extra
absorption can occur. This gives an almost unchanged signal at the
detector.
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2. Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide CO & CO2Gas Filter Correlation using Non-Destructive Infrared (NDIR) Principle (Contd.):
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Sample cell
IR Source
Detector
Filter wheelwith gas filters
Target gasfilter
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2. Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide CO & CO2Gas Filter Correlation using Non-Destructive Infrared (NDIR) Principle (Contd.):
• When the nitrogen filter is in the beam, no IR energy is
pre-absorbed. The signals for the two filters are balanced
electrically. With a measurement sample containing the
target gas in the cell, absorption occurs at the specific
target wavelengths. The reference signal at the detector is
strongly reduced.
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Sample cell
IR Source
Detector
Filter wheelwith gas filters
Nitrogenfilter
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2. Carbon Monoxide & Dioxide CO & CO2Gas Filter Correlation using Non-Destructive Infrared (NDIR) Principle (Contd.):
• The resulting difference between signals produces a very
sensitive measurement output for the target gas. Potential
cross-interfering gases do not match up exactly to the
target gas fine structure, and therefore cause equal
reduction in both gas and nitrogen signals. Optical
degradation also causes equal losses.
• Since the signals are reduced equally there is no
difference and therefore no interference and no optical
effects.
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3. Sulfur Dioxides (SO2)
Fluorescence Principle:
• This method operates on the principle that SO2 molecules
absorb ultraviolet (UV) light and become excited at one
wavelength, then decay to a lower energy state emitting
UV light at a different wavelength.
SO2 + hv1 → SO2* → SO2 + hv2
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3. Sulfur Dioxides (SO2) (Contd.)
• The sample is drawn into the analyzer through the sample
bulkhead. The sample flows into the fluorescence chamber, where
pulsating UV light excites the SO2 molecules. The condensing lens
focuses the pulsating UV light into the mirror assembly. The mirror
assembly contains four selective mirrors that reflect only the
wavelengths which excite SO2 molecules.
• As the excited SO2 molecules decay to lower energy states, they
emit UV light that is proportional to the SO2 concentration. The
band pass filter allows only the wavelengths emitted by the excited
SO2 molecules to reach the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The PMT
detects the UV light emission from the decaying SO2 molecules.
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Typical SO2 analyzer using fluorescence principle is shown:
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4. Particulates (PM-10 & TSP)
Beta Ray Attenuation Principle
• On-line Particulate Monitor uses the beta attenuation
principle for measuring the growing particle mass during
sampling. This mode of operation permits a real time
measurement and an on-line output of the mass
concentration of the suspended particulate in ambient air.
• Due to this process very high measurement stability is
achieved. The air mass change in the active volume by
temperature and pressure is corrected.
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4. Particulates (PM-10 & TSP) (Contd.)
• A new section of the filter tape moves into the measuring
position (2). Ambient air is sucked through the inlet and the
sample tube. The airborne dust particles are deposited on the
filter.
• A single filter spot principle is used. This single filter spot
remains in the "chamber for particulate collection and
measurement" (2) until it is full loaded (typ. 1500 μg) Then the
full filter section moves out and a fresh filter section moves in
the measuring position (automatic filter change).
• A new cycle starts with an automatic zero adjustment of the
mass signal.
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4. Particulates (PM-10 & TSP) (Contd.)
• The „chamber for particulate collection and measurement“ (2)
and the filter is located between source (4) and detector (1). The
beta rays pass through the filter and the accumulated dust layer.
The intensity of the beta rays is attenuated with increasing dust
mass load, leading to a decreasing count rate R from the
detector. From the current count rate the filter load is calculated.
• During dust sampling (2), an increasing number of particles are
deposited. This dustlayer is growing up continuously. At any time
the signal output display the sampled mass on the filter spot.
This system is a so-called "direct observer" of the dust mass at
point (2).
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4. Particulates (PM-10 & TSP) (Contd.)
• All the time the mass value (in μg) on the filter spot is known, and
the speed the particle sampling is observed. The detector is also
sensitive for the natural alpha- and beta activity, which is absorbed
in the particles. This additional count rate results in an error of the
particulate mass determination.
• This error may be (in C-14 devices) as high as actual dust
concentration, especially after filter change or when the natural
activity concentration changes.
• The FH 62C14 has implemented a procedure to determine
separately the natural activity on the filter and to eliminate this
error. A compensated mass signal is the result.
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4. Particulates (PM-10 & TSP) (Contd.)
• From the temporal increase of the dust mass and the measured air
flow rate, the particulate mass concentration is calculated and
displayed.
• Using size-selective inlets (PM-10, cyclone, PM-2.5) the flow rate
has to be constant for preventing a cutpoint shift. Therefore a
RPM-regulated vacuum pump is used. The rotating speed is
controlled by the FH62C14 to keep the air flow rate constant.
• The influence of humidity in ambient and the danger of water
condensation in the sampling tube can be prevented using the
suction tube heater. This possible influence is only important to
consider at high humidity in the summer or at foggy days
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Gas Analyzers
• Main Advantages of the Gas Analyzers Used :
o High selectivity/negligible interference’s
o High accuracy/sensitivity
o Long term stability
o Minimal Consumables
o Easily Maintained
o Wide range of I/O available• Analog Outputs• Digital Inputs• Status Relays
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Particulate Monitors
• Methodologies used to measure TSP, PM10,
PM2.5, PM1:
o β-ray attenuation
o Oscillating micro balances
o Old Gravimetric technique
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β-ray attenuation
• Main Features& Advantages:
o Most Commonly Used
o Real-time, Continuous; measuring during sampling
o Low detection limit, high accuracy, and good resolution
o Automatic zero adjustment
o Accurate mechanical operation
o Volumetric air flow rate at the inlet with volumetric or
standard conditions concentration data output
o Processor controlled calibration of all sensors
o Detector Life ~10 years
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Meteorological Sensors
• The Meteorological Weather Parameters Measured
For Air Quality Applications are:
o Wind speed
o Wind direction
o Ambient temperature
o Relative humidity
o Barometric pressure
o Precipitation
o Solar & Net radiation
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Data acquisition/logger and software
• The Data Logger Consists of Data Storage &
Control Modules:
o Analog input modules
o Digital input modules
o Relay output modules
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Data acquisition/logger and Software Station
• Station Manager software that Provides a full interface of
the station: o Data display & processing
o Manual Calibration
o Automatic zero/span checks
o Power failures log
o Station Visit Log
• The Control System for the EMC Station Manager is the
EMC System Manager software that provides full interface
between different stations:
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Data acquisition/logger and Software Station
• The Control System for the
EMC Station Manager is
the EMC System Manager
software that provides full
interface between different
stations:
o Manual/Automatic data
polling
o Data display & processing
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Data acquisition/logger and software
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Calibration System
• Any Gas analyzer needs at least 2 point calibration to
linearize it’s response.
• The main components of a calibration system:
o Zero air generator
o Dynamic Gas calibrator
o Standard gas cylinders
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Environmental Controlled Shelter
• The shelter is designed to
have the following features :o Fixed or Mobile (mounted on a
trailer) depending on the required
application
o Air Sampling manifold and Intake
assembly
o Efficient thermal insulation
suitable for local weather
conditions
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Environmental Controlled Shelter
o Automatic fire fighting system
with two smoke detector types
o Instrument rack mounts for
easy handling
o Properly sized air conditioning
units
o Electric Power Supply
stabilization
o In shelter temperature
monitoring
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Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS)
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CEMS Basic Types
Cross StackIn Stack
• In-situ Monitoring
Chiller Others
• Extractive
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In-situ Monitoring: Cross Stack
• Opacity Monitoring
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In-situ Monitoring: In Stack
• Zirconia
• O2
• Catalytic Sensor
• Combustibles (COe –Carbon
monoxide equivalent)
• Laser diode spectroscopy
• CO, CO2, CO (low conc.) , CO2
(low conc.), O2, HCL, H2S, HF,
NO, N2O, H2O, NH3, HCN, CH4,
C2H2, C3H6, CH3l, CH3OH
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Extractive: Chiller System Main Features
Suitable for most applications
Suitable for a wide variety of pollutants
Especially good for saturated conditions
Dry Basis Measurement
Cannot be used to measure water soluble
components such as NH3
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Extractive: Flow Diagram Chiller System
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Extractive: Main Components Chiller System
• Sample conditioning system
• Gas analyzers
• Data logger and software
• Calibration system
• Environmental Controlled shelter
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Extractive: Sampling System Chiller System
• Sampling probe
• Heated sample
line
• Filters
• Cooler
• Pump
• Flow meters
• Pressure
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Extractive: Gas Analyzers Chiller System
• Paramagnetic
o O2
• Infrared Gas Filter Correlation
(GFC)
o CO, SO2, NO.
• Infrared Single Beam Single
Wavelength (SBSW)
o CO2
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Extractive: Gas Analyzers Chiller System (Contd.)
• Non-Destructive Infrared
(NDIR)
o CO, SO2, NO, NO2, CO2
• Chemiluminesence
o NO, NO2, NOx..
• Flame ionization detection
o Methane, Non-Methane
and Total Hydrocarbons
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Extractive: Data Logger and Software Chiller System
• The Data logger offers data
storage and control modules:
o Analog input modules
o Digital input modules
o Relay output modules
• Can be Easily integrated with
Allen-Bradely-Like PLCs
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Extractive: Data Logger and Software Chiller System
• The Station manager
software offers a full
interface of the station:o Complies with 40 CFR Part 60 and
40 CFR Part 75
o Data display & processing
o Manual Calibration
o Automatic zero/span checks
o Power failures log
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Extractive: Data Logger and Software Chiller System (Contd.)
• The System manager
software offers a full
interface between different
stations:
o Manual/Automatic data polling
o Data display & processing
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Extractive: Data Logger and Software Chiller System
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Extractive: Calibration System Chiller System
• NIST traceable Standard
Gases
• Supplied complete with dual
stage pressure regulators for
accurate controlling of gas
output
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Extractive: Environmentally Controlled Shelter• The shelter is designed to have the
following features:o Efficient thermal insulation suitable for
local weather conditions
o Automatic fire fighting system with two
smoke detector types
o Instrument rack mounts for easy
handling
o properly sized air conditioning units
o Electric Power Supply stabilization
o In shelter temperature monitoring
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station
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Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station
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THANK YOU61