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Fish Feed formulation from locally available raw material

Prepared By-Miss. Shraddha Rajendra Butte Patil

Under the guidance of –Mr. Ranajeet Shanbhag

Edited By- Mrs. Pallavi Ranajeet Shanbhag

VIGYAN ASHRAM, A/p- Pabal, Tal- Shirur, Dist- Pune

This manual is prepared under financial & technical support of “Department of Science & Technology (DST) AND PRAJ Foundation Technology development project.

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Table of Content

Sr.No. Description Page No.

1. Introduction

1.1 Feed QualityA. Complete diet for fish

1.2 Types of feed given in high density fish farming

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334

2. Procedure for preparation of fish feed from Ground -nut Cake (GNC), Rice husk

TABLE 1: Suggested standard pallet sizes used for feeding tilapia from hatching to market size

a. Soya Chuanks

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7

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3. Storage and preservation of farm made feed 7

4. 1.Feeding fisha. Feed can be offered to fish in ponds by one

of the several waysb. Procedurec. The fish’s feeding response depends

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5. 1.FCR (Feed conversion ratio)

Table 2.: Daily feeding allowances for different sizes of tilapias

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6. FCR can be calculated as6.1Advantages of calculating FCR :6.2Feeding frequency

111212


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Title:Fish Feed formulation from locally available raw material.

1. Introduction:

Fish feed is one of the major inputs in aquaculture production. Market fish feed is in high rate so we prepared fish feed by using raw materials like Ground Nut Cake and Rice husk which can made easily available in local markets and which costs low and can be farm made, having protein value about 30.66%. A good fish food for high density fish farming should contain all requirednutrients, high protein 32 to 48% which is standard protein value.

Objective:

Fish feed formulation from locally available raw materialas per fish’srequirement.

Existing Problems:

As we have just experimented on formulation of fish feed, we never thought upon the existing problems.

Scope of document:

This document will provide detailed information on following points-

Basic information ofingredientsused in fish feed formulation. Steps involved in formulation of fish feed from locally available material. Deciding Feed rate, Feeding frequency, and calculation of feed FCR (Feed

Conversion Ratio) as per stages of fish growth. Designing simple feeder for easiest and most convenient fish feeding.

The ideal fish feed must have properties as follows:

It should Provide the nutritional requirements as per stage of fish growth Should Achieve optimum growth with highest FCR (1.2 to 2.0) Should costs low per unit of FCR Minimum wastage while preparation

1.1Feed Quality:


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Fish, especially when reared in high densities, require a high-quality, nutritionally complete balanced diet to grow rapidly and to remain healthy.

The characteristics of our fish feed:

i. The ingredients used in for preparation of feed is finely ground, so that it will be easily to digestible to fish.

ii. The pelletsin our fish feed are uniform in color, so that it can be easily identified by fish.

iii. The feedis finely ground but if it is in powdered form then there are more chances of fish feed wastage than pellets.(Prepared Feed hassize about 2-3 mm)

iv. It is free from fungus, mould or any other microbial contamination.

A. Complete diets for fish supply the following ingredients for their optimal growth andgood health of the fish:

a. Protein: Protein levels32-48% for tilapia,Protein requirements generally are higher for

smaller fish. As fish grow larger, their protein requirements usually decrease. Protein requirements also vary with rearing environment, water temperature

and water quality, as well as the genetic composition and feeding rates of the fish.

b. Lipids:Lipids typically comprise about 15% of fish diets.c. Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are the most economical and

inexpensive sources of energy for fish diets.d. vitamins : Deficiency of vitamin has certain specific symptoms, but reduced growth is the

most common symptom of any vitamin deficiency. Fat-soluble vitamins responsible for vision, blood clotting, skin integrity and etc.

1.1. Types of feed given in high density fish farming :


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Although the methods of feed formulation vary from one region to another (as per source and availability of raw material), however it involves the processing methods which includes sourcing, mixing, pelleting, drying and storing.

There are three types of food used in fish ponds:

i. Natural Foodii. Supplementary Feedsiii. Complete Feeds

i. Natural Food:It may include live fish food like earthworms, sludge worms, and trash fish.

ii. Supplementary Feeds: It includes the terrestrial plants like algae, kitchen waste and azolla.

iii. CompleteFeeds:They are made from a mixture of carefully selected ingredients to provide all the nutrients necessary for the fish to grow well. *Homemade / farm made fish feed (ground cake + rice husk) which is floating fish feed.

2. Procedure for preparation of fish feed from Groundnut Cake (GNC), Rice husk:

This is done by using locally available materials like ground nut cake (GNC) and rice husk which is taken in 2:1 ratioi.e.weighing must be accurate to ensure that the feed ingredients are in the correct proportions.

Procedure:

Steps Description ImagesSteps

1.For preparation of feed take a 1 kg Ground Nut Cake (GNC) and 2 kg rice husk

Steps 2.

Add water in ground Nut cake until and unless it will not soaked properly as it is so hard.

Steps 3 After 10-15 min when ground nut cake get soften so that it can be easily crushed by


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hands (No need to add water after cake get soaked).

Steps 4 As it gets crushed into consistency like idli dough, slowly add rise husk and mix it properly.

Steps 5 Stir this mixture thoroughly.

Steps 6 Now the mixture is ready to roll into pellets (manually).

Steps 7 Let the ready pellets allow sun drying for 5-6 hours. After drying feed should be crushed in mixer or it should be crushed with the help of mortar and pestle. (It is quite time consuming).Finally we can have ready feed as shown in


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snap.

Note: The size of fish feed should be 2-3mm, as it has to float on water and to be in uniform size. If fishes are small then they can also easily eat that size of feed.

This can be done by careful selection of ingredients which are cheap but rich in nutrients for fish growth and optimum performance. The GNC contains the 40.6 % protein while the rice bran contains the 9.9 % protein which is helpful for optimum growth of fish.

Advantages:

It is much easier for the farmer to evaluate feeding response by using a floating feed and he can adjust feeding rates accordingly.

Costing:

Cost of fish feed is depend upon raw materials which we used as per there availability.

Example :

If the cost of 1 kg of rice bran is Rs.12/-while cost of 1 kg ground nut cake(GNC) isRs. 40/-. Then what will be the cost of totalfish feed?

Ans :

Given data,

Cost of 1 kg rice bran = 12 /-

Cost of 1kg GNC =40/-

Solution,

For preparation of fish feed we use 2kg of rice bran so,

Cost of 2kgricebran=2∗12

=24/-

And we use 1kg GNC

Cost of 1kg GNC =40/-

Total cost=cost of 2kgrice husk+cost of 1kgground nut cake

¿24+40


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= 64 /-

Now,

For 3 kg (1 kg GNC+2kg rice husk) cost is 64/-

For 1 kg of feed cost is,

(Let assume that X be the cost of 1kg feed)

3 kg – 64 /-

1 kg - X

X=1∗643

X = 21/-

For 1 kg of feed cost is 21/-

Table 1: Suggested feed size and feeding of tank-culturedtilapia.Weight of fish (grams) Standard feed size

0-5 0 to 0.5 mm0.5-5 0.5 to 0.85 mm5-18 0.85-1.2 mm

18-75 1.5-2 mm75-150 3 mm

Larger than 150 5 mm

a. Storage and preservation of farm made feed :i. Farm made feed should be used as fresh as possible.ii. It can be stored for a month it should not be stored longer than 90 to 100

days.iii. Use polythene / gunny bag to store the feed.iv. Avoid moisture contamination as far as practicable to keep the feed in dry

condition.v. The feed should be dried in sun for at least once in every fortnight to

prevent the fungal growth.vi. Fungal infested feeds are not advised to be used, that must be discarded/

destroyed.


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vii. Mice, rats, and other pests should be strictly controlled in the feed storage area, because they consume and contaminate feed and transmit diseases.

3. Feeding fish :

Feeding fish correctly means:

(i) Giving feed of the correct nutritional quality for the specified age / weight of fish

(ii) Feeding the right feed size for easy consumption(iii) Feeding at the right time(s) and interval

a. Feed can be offered to fish in ponds by one of the several ways: By broadcasting By demand feeder

By broadcasting:Broadcasting is a good method of feeding fish because the farmer can observe the behavior of the fish. This practice is labour intensive, especially in large fish farms.

By Demand Feeder:This is suitable for large-scale commercial fish farms. It operates through a

simple funnel shaped device with a trigger hanging into the water. A measured amount of feed is placed in the funnel and the feed is

released when the fish shakes the metal trigger.Advantage:The Automatic feeders save time, labour and money.Materials required:

Plastic bottle, thread, rubber, wooden stick, circular cut cycle rubber Description:

To avoid over or under feeding of fish in pond, we can design simple auto feeder. This feeder can be made from old PET bottle with pull threat. The detailed process of fabricating this feeder is explained below with photos of fabrication stages -

b. Procedure :


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For preparation of feeder conical plastic bottle is used and by using rubber spring action

Take waste (PET) plastic bottle of 1 to 2 Liter capacity

Cut bottle bottom to make it completely open. This is upper side of our feeder.

Now prepare ring from rubber sheet to make stop lock to the opening end (cap side) of bottle .

Fix a small stick and rubber band to rubber ring , this will act as auto opening for our feeder.


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Now fix this rubber ring + stick rubber band assembly to bottle in such way that, it will hold tied enough to stop feed flow (when it filled with feed) as shown in above photograph.

Now tiea string to ring cap. This string will be immersed in water so that fish can full it to get feed flow from fodder. Initially we may require to attach fish feed like earthworms / any other form of fish feed which will attract them to pull string. Once fish


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gets adapted to string system, whenever they are hungry they will pull string and get feed.

c. The fish’s feeding response depends:1. Suitability of the Feed: The feed’s appearance, smell, texture/feel and taste also

influence the fish’s appetite.2. Culture (Water) Environment:The most important water quality parameters that

affect feeding response in ponds are water temperature and dissolved oxygen. The warmer the water and more dissolved oxygen it has, the more active fish will be and the better their feed consumption and FCR.

3. Other water and environmental parameters:Pollutants in water, other water quality variables (notably ammonia and pH), handling, types of phytoplankton & zooplankton and social interactions etc.

Precautions should take while feeding:

i. Always give the feed at the specific time and same place.ii. Do not overfeed fish because it results in feed wastage, deterioration of water

quality and subsequently poor growth. iii. Uneaten feed will pollute the water and increase the cost of raising your fish. iv. Uneaten feed decomposes water may become low in dissolved oxygen.v. Do not feed on harvest day. Stop feeding fish 24 to 48 hours before they are

harvested.vi. Water temperature is most important while feeding.

4. FCR (Feed conversion ratio) :

How efficient an animal is at converting food into body mass,the required FCR ration varies with time.

It is depending on:

i. The fish’s size (i.e. its average weight) ii. The pond water quality - in terms of water temperature, dissolved oxygen and

pollutant levels. iii. Culture system used.


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The amount of feed to be provided to the fish per day and the feeding rate is dependent on the fish’s body weight.

a. The amount of feed required can be calculated as follows :

Feed required=average fish¿× Feed rat e (% )×Totalnumber of fish∈the pond

Example :

Iffish is 12 grams and the feed rate is 7% of its body weight, how much food should it be given per day?

Ans :

Amount of feed ¿be fed per day=12 (grams )∗7100

= 0.84 grams feed per fish per day.

If there are 500 fishes in the pond then,

Amount of feed ¿be fed per day=0.84 (grams )∗500

= 420gm

420gm of feed should require for 500 fishes.

Table 2:Daily feeding allowances for different sizes of tilapias:Weight of fish

(grams)Amount of daily feed

(% of fish weight)0–1 30–101–5 10–6

5–20 6–420–100 4–3

larger than 100 3–1.5

5. FCR can be calculated as :

FCR= Totalamount of feed given(kg)Totalamount of fish produced(kg)


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Good FCR for fish should be in between 1.5 and 2.The FCR never be more than 2.

a. Example :If a total weight fish are of 150 kg harvested from a pond and a total feed was fed 200 kg of to the fish during production, how much feed was required (used) to produce each kilogram of fish harvested?Ans:

FCR=200 kg(total amount of feed fed during production )

150(kg fishharvested )

= 1.33

6.1.Advantages of calculating FCR:i. Growth will be monitor.ii. Market cost of fish will be determined.iii. Feed efficiency can be maintained.

Feedefficiency=FCR∗Fishfeed cost

Note –Measuring FCR as per fish growth stages.

6.2.Feeding frequency:

The feeding frequency is the number of times fish in a pond are fed in a day.

The feeding frequency affects the efficiency of feed utilization (i.e. the FCR) so it is important to establish the optimal frequency of feeding so as to attain the best possible (optimal) FCR and uniform sizes of fish.

In Vigyan Ashram we feed the fishes 6 times in day.

Sr.no. Timingsfor feeding1. 7.00 AM2. 9.00 AM3. 1.00 PM4. 3.00 PM5. 7.00 PM6. 9.00 PM


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Conclusion: Homemade / farm made fish feed (ground cake + rice husk) is floating fish feed,

having protein value about 30.2%. It is low cost feed and any one can prepare.

Problems: While preparation of feed, unable to keep uniform size of pallets. Feed was not properly dried so feed got fungal attack. During terrace drying,due uncovered feed, it was eaten by birds also.

References:

Table No:1Feeding Tilapia in IntensiveRe-circulating Systems----by Marty Riche1 (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Table No 2: Feeding Tilapia in IntensiveRe-circulating Systems-----by Marty Riche1 (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.


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