© copyright awwa research foundation 2008 awwarf underground water storage research naruc winter...

© Copyright Awwa Research Foundation 2008

AwwaRFAwwaRF Underground Water Storage Underground Water Storage

ResearchResearch

NARUC Winter MeetingsNARUC Winter MeetingsCommittee on WaterCommittee on Water

Washington, DCWashington, DCFebruary 19, 2008February 19, 2008


Who Are We?Who Are We?

AwwaRF is a member-supported, AwwaRF is a member-supported, international, nonprofit organization that international, nonprofit organization that

sponsors research to enable water sponsors research to enable water utilities, public health agencies, and other utilities, public health agencies, and other

professionals to provide safe and professionals to provide safe and affordable drinking water to consumers.affordable drinking water to consumers.


AwwaRF SubscribersAwwaRF Subscribers

~ 900 utilities ~ 900 utilities 53 consultants53 consultants 16 manufacturers16 manufacturers


AwwaRF Funding AwwaRF Funding SourcesSources

(2007)(2007)Partners / OtherPartners / Other

7%7%

CongressCongress8%8%

VoluntaryVoluntary SubscriptionSubscription

85%85%


Where Funding GoesWhere Funding Goes(Strategic Goal Areas)(Strategic Goal Areas)

InfrastructureInfrastructureReliabilityReliability

25%25%

High Quality WaterHigh Quality Water40%40%

Efficient and CustomerEfficient and Customer Responsive OrganizationResponsive Organization

20%20%

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalLeadershipLeadership

15%15%

Sustainable Sustainable UndergrounUnderground Storaged Storage


Environmental Leadership Goal Environmental Leadership Goal AreaArea

Watershed managementWatershed management Source water protectionSource water protection Reservoir management and operationsReservoir management and operations Sustainable underground storageSustainable underground storage Conservation and demand managementConservation and demand management Desalination and salinity controlDesalination and salinity control Water reuseWater reuse Residuals managementResiduals management

Provide research to help water utilities demonstrate environmental Provide research to help water utilities demonstrate environmental leadership through protection and sustainable use of water resources, leadership through protection and sustainable use of water resources, development of alternative water sources, and proper management of development of alternative water sources, and proper management of

residuals.residuals.


What is Sustainable What is Sustainable Underground Storage?Underground Storage?

Water is captured from a sourceWater is captured from a source Water is recharged into an aquiferWater is recharged into an aquifer Water is storedWater is stored Water is recovered for useWater is recovered for use Water is usedWater is used

From National Academies, “Prospects for Managed From National Academies, “Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water,” Underground Storage of Recoverable Water,” October 2007October 2007


Terminology – The First Terminology – The First HurdleHurdle

Aquifer storage (and) recovery (ASR)Aquifer storage (and) recovery (ASR) Soil aquifer treatment (SAT)Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) Artificial rechargeArtificial recharge Managed aquifer recharge (MAR)Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) Sustainable underground storage Sustainable underground storage

(SUS)(SUS) Managed underground storage (MUS)—Managed underground storage (MUS)—

National Academies, 2007National Academies, 2007


Variations on the ThemeVariations on the Theme

Recharge MethodsRecharge Methods

Designed wellsDesigned wells Open boresOpen bores Infiltration galleriesInfiltration galleries Constructed ponds Constructed ponds

(“spreading basins”)(“spreading basins”) Natural or constructed Natural or constructed

stream channelsstream channels Abandoned quarriesAbandoned quarries

Water SourcesWater Sources

Surface water (esp. Surface water (esp. seasonal flows or seasonal flows or imported water)imported water)

StormwaterStormwater Treated wastewater Treated wastewater

(reuse)(reuse) Desalinated seawater Desalinated seawater

or brackish or brackish groundwatergroundwater


““How Come?”How Come?”

Capture and store seasonal flows or Capture and store seasonal flows or unused rights that are otherwise “lost”unused rights that are otherwise “lost”

Environmental restorationEnvironmental restoration Barrier to salt water intrusionBarrier to salt water intrusion Emergency supplyEmergency supply Improve water quality (natural Improve water quality (natural

attenuation, blending with attenuation, blending with groundwater)groundwater)


Potential Benefits as a Storage Potential Benefits as a Storage OptionOption

Avoid evaporative lossAvoid evaporative loss Secure—well protected from deliberate Secure—well protected from deliberate

tamperingtampering Often more cost-effective than other Often more cost-effective than other

optionsoptions Often more environmentally friendly Often more environmentally friendly

than other optionsthan other options


Where is Underground Storage?Where is Underground Storage?

Modified after Pyne, R. D. G., 2005, Aquifer Modified after Pyne, R. D. G., 2005, Aquifer Storage Recovery: A Guide to Groundwater Storage Recovery: A Guide to Groundwater Recharge Through Wells. Second Edition.Recharge Through Wells. Second Edition.


Considerations and Challenges:Considerations and Challenges:Hydrogeological IssuesHydrogeological Issues

Aquifer storage capacityAquifer storage capacity

Groundwater flow—loss of stored Groundwater flow—loss of stored water (% recovery)water (% recovery)

Impacts on groundwater and surface Impacts on groundwater and surface water hydrologywater hydrology

Site-specific feasibility studies a mustSite-specific feasibility studies a must


Considerations and Challenges:Considerations and Challenges:Water Quality IssuesWater Quality Issues

Natural attenuation (good)Natural attenuation (good)

Leaching from aquifer (bad)Leaching from aquifer (bad)

Recharge water impact on native Recharge water impact on native groundwater qualitygroundwater quality

Pretreatment needs—plugging and Pretreatment needs—plugging and cloggingclogging


Considerations and Challenges:Considerations and Challenges:Cost-Benefit IssuesCost-Benefit Issues

Feasibility, planning and design costsFeasibility, planning and design costs

Operational costsOperational costs

Monitoring costsMonitoring costs

Staffing / outsourcing costsStaffing / outsourcing costs


Considerations and Challenges:Considerations and Challenges:Regulatory FrameworkRegulatory Framework

Federal and most state reg programs Federal and most state reg programs not developed for underground storagenot developed for underground storage

Groundwater protection, non-Groundwater protection, non-degradationdegradation

Water rights / ownership of stored Water rights / ownership of stored waterwater

Recovery rates and allowable uses of Recovery rates and allowable uses of recovered waterrecovered water


AwwaRF Research HighlightsAwwaRF Research Highlights

Partnerships with CSIRO (Australia)Partnerships with CSIRO (Australia)

Both beneficial and negative changes in Both beneficial and negative changes in stored water qualitystored water quality

2618 published; 2974 pending2618 published; 2974 pending

2618—Water Quality Improvements During 2618—Water Quality Improvements During Aquifer Storage and RecoveryAquifer Storage and Recovery

2974—Water Quality Changes Associated With 2974—Water Quality Changes Associated With Aquifer Storage and RecoveryAquifer Storage and Recovery


AwwaRF Research Highlights AwwaRF Research Highlights (cont)(cont)

ASR Systems, Inc., Gainesville FLASR Systems, Inc., Gainesville FL

Technical considerations and best practicesTechnical considerations and best practices

Idea developed in 2004 workshop with Idea developed in 2004 workshop with National AcademiesNational Academies

To be published mid-2008To be published mid-2008

3034—Design, Operation, and Maintenance 3034—Design, Operation, and Maintenance Considerations for Sustainable Underground Considerations for Sustainable Underground Storage FacilitiesStorage Facilities


AwwaRF Research Highlights AwwaRF Research Highlights (cont)(cont)

University of MontanaUniversity of Montana

Tailored collaboration with Mountain Water Tailored collaboration with Mountain Water Company (Missoula, MT)Company (Missoula, MT)

Variables affecting quality of both recharge water Variables affecting quality of both recharge water (stormwater) and stored water(stormwater) and stored water

To be published in 2009To be published in 2009

4070—Quantifying the Capacity of Coarse-4070—Quantifying the Capacity of Coarse-Grained Vadose Zones to Treat Class V Well Grained Vadose Zones to Treat Class V Well Injected Storm WaterInjected Storm Water


AwwaRF Research – Other AwwaRF Research – Other Relevant StudiesRelevant Studies

487—Investigation of Soil-Aquifer Treatment for 487—Investigation of Soil-Aquifer Treatment for Sustainable Water ReuseSustainable Water Reuse

713—Aquifer Storage Recovery of Treated 713—Aquifer Storage Recovery of Treated Drinking WaterDrinking Water

2529—Comparison of Alternative Methods for 2529—Comparison of Alternative Methods for Recharge of a Deep AquiferRecharge of a Deep Aquifer

2539—ASR in Wisconsin Using the Cambrian-2539—ASR in Wisconsin Using the Cambrian-Ordovician AquiferOrdovician Aquifer

3043—Potential and Pitfalls for Sustainable 3043—Potential and Pitfalls for Sustainable Underground Storage of Recoverable Water Underground Storage of Recoverable Water (National Academies report)(National Academies report)


Thank You!Thank You!

Chris RayburnChris RayburnDirector, Research ManagementDirector, Research ManagementAwwaRFAwwaRF(303) 347-6188(303) [email protected]@awwarf.org

© copyright awwa research foundation 2008 awwarf underground water storage research naruc winter...

Documents

water utilities

hurdleaquifer storage

affordable drinking

aquifer storage recovery

seasonal flows

awwarf subscribers

high quality water40

groundwater recharge