gogadgetgal.com...contents introduction tools and skills 001 build a basic toolbox 002 master layout...
TRANSCRIPT
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CONTENTSINTRODUCTION
TOOLSANDSKILLS001BuildaBasicToolbox002MasterLayoutandMeasuring003ScrewItBetter004SmoothThingsOut005SplurgeonTheseTools006DrillDownonOptions007AvoidTearout008GettheRightDrillBit009SortOutSaws010DoItbyHand011UsetheRightTerms012GetintoaSpiral(Saw)013MeettheMulti-Tool
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014ScoutOutRouters015GetaGoodCompressor016GetsomeAir017RenttheBigStuff018PowerUp019GetStuckonGlues020ClampDown021GlueItRighttheFirstTime022SticktoIt023SealUpWindows024UseFoilTapeGently025WrapThreadSealTape026PressItDown027LevelUp028EnjoytheLaserShow029UseaMultipurposeSpeedSquare030GetYourGearTogether031ApplyYourPaint032CleanUp033OrganizetoOptimize034GetOutoftheShop035StoreSmarter036DealwithRust037RecycleWhatYouCan038GreaseItUp039WinterizeTools040FireItUp041RaiseanExtensionLadderProperly042ChoosetheRightLadder043KnowYourLadder(s)
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044BeStable045ReachNewHeights046SuitUpforSafety047PushItRealGood048SaveYourEars049ChargeAheadWisely050StoreItSafely051GettheLeadOut052AvoidAsbestos053TestforRadonGas054GetWired055ConnectItRight056GoNuts057PowerUp058KnowYourPipes059TrySomethingNew060UnderstandPlumbing101061KnowYourLimits062ChoosetheBestCaulkGun063SealItUp064CaulklikeaPro065MakeCleanupEasier066HandleHazardousWaste067StudyChemistry068DisposeofDebris
QUICKFIXES069InspectYourHome
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070WatchforWater071ChecktheExterior072GetUpontheRoof073CheckItOutInside074CheckPipesandDucts075GetaGoodFoundationENERGYEFFICIENCY076UnderstandInsulation077KnowYourMaterials078SearchforLeaks079FilltheGaps080LayaBetterBead081SealaLeakyDoorway082BeaHappyHacker083StayintheZone084SaveEnergy085JointheProgram086ChangeYourFilter087GetReadyforWinter088KeepWarmforLess089HittheDecks090FliptheDeckBoardsPLUMBING091CleartheClogs092TrythisSolution093PlungeaSink094UseaSnake(orNot)095CleantheMainDrain096KnowYourToilet097TroubleshootaTricklingToilet
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098GetaRoyalFlush099SolderCopperPipe100PlantheInstallation101SolderSafely102TackleTankTrouble103HandleBrassValves104JoinPVCPiping105ShutDownaLeak106ThawFrozenPipes107TryPush-FitConnections108UseSelf-FusingTapeELECTRICAL109LighttheBathroom110CookUpaKitchenScheme111KnowYourWiringBasics112UsetheRightBulb113UpdateFixtures114GetGrounded115KeepUpwithTechnology116TestYourGfci117KnowYourOutlets118AssessYourOptions119ReplaceaTwo-ProngedOutlet120ReplaceaStandardSingle-PoleBreaker121ChoosetheRightReplacement122TestaBadBreaker123InstallaNewThermostat124UpgradeYourThermostat125CustomizeLandscapeLightingAROUNDTHEHOUSE
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126FighttheFungi127SpotClean128TackleMajorDamage129SealYourHomeUpTight130KeeptheWaterOut131LookforMoisture132UpgradeYourLook133ComeUnhinged134PaintYourRegisters135HandleIt136InstallCustomClosetShelves137MountShelves138JointheIndustry139RemoveOldWallpaper140KnowtheScore141UseaChemicalStripper142StripwithSteam143SilenceaSqueakyFloor144StabilizeaFloor145RepairaCarpetBubble146GiveThreadsSomethingtoGrab147FindPartsontheWeb148UseWoodFiller149HideScratches150SteamItOutOUTDOORS151TakeCareofYourRoof152DoanInspection153ApplySomePressure154SluicetheSiding
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155WatchYourWood156PatchWoodRotwithPutty157PerformSurgery158UseTwo-PartEpoxy159PatchItUp160TaketheTube161CareforConcrete162GotoReformSchool163TreatYourself164TrySturdySoftwoods165SizeItUp166GoExotic167DoaDeckCheck168KeepItSparkling
WEEKENDPROJECTSPAINTANDTRIM169SprayIt170PicktheRightPaint171GettheRightSheen172FillaHole173MakeaPanelPatch174RepairPlaster175BattenDown176BitetheBullet177GetReadyforPrimeTime178BrushItRight179BeaHighRoller
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180TapeandProtect181PrepforOutdoorPainting182SpiffUpSiding183PaintConcreteFloors184PrepMetals185WorkwithWood186AddKnockdownTexture187ApplyFauxFinishes188KnowTrimBasics189FinishtheRoom190LearntoCope191LearnfromthePros192GetHigh193InstallCrownMolding194InstallOutsideCorners195ScarfItUp196ToolUp197GetaComplex198GoMiterless199InstallWainscoting200GoPrefab201FakeItWINDOWSANDDOORS202GetFilledInonFraming203KnowYourLimitations204WrapYourHeadAroundHeaders205PutItonaPlate206GetaTrim207SelectYourWindowStyle208GetaGreatLookWithGrids
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209BeEnergyEfficient210PickYourMaterials211MeasureaWindowforReplacement212ReplaceMetalWindowsinBrickHomes213DoItYourself(orGetHelp)214TrimYourWindows215JambOn216GiveYourWindowanApron217CasetheJoint218PutYourWindowonaStool219ChecktheExterior220GetAnchored221GoInside222AddAnotherDoor223KnowYourDoors224PullOuttheStops225PutInaNewWindow226ChecktheFinalFit227BrickYourWindow228ReplaceaPre-HungDoor229LearntoUseShims230DoubleUp231InstallaHandle-Set232InstallaDoorTrimKitINTERIORIMPROVEMENTS233ReplaceaFaucet234FixaShowerFaucet235GetaValveSetKITCHENSANDBATHROOMS236InstallaToilet
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237InstallLaminate238CleanUpaCounter239MakeCleanCuts240MakeContactProperly241CoverBigCounters242CoataCountertop243EdgeItRight244RefinishYourKitchenCabinets245TakethemApart246SandorStrip247ApplyNewPaint248PutItTogetherOUTDOORS249PreserveOutdoorWood250TreatNewWood251FixWeatheredWood252ApplyStainProperly253UseaConditioner254ImproveOldStain255InstallGuttersandDownspouts256ChalktheSlope257CutItDowntoSize258PreassembleYourGutters259Hang’EmHigh260GettheDownspoutsDone261FastenItYourself262SetaConcreteSlab263MakeaJoint264CureYourConcrete
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BIGPROJECTSTILE265WorkWellwithTile266PlanYourInstallation267PrepYourTiles268GettheRightLayout269InstallYourTiles270ApplySealant271MakeStraightCuts272NipItintoShape273WhetYourWetSaw274DrillTileAndGlass275InstallMosaicTileFLOORING276PutInaNewFloor277PrepYourSite278UseBarrierProtection279InstallaFloatingFloor280BeReadytoFloat281LaytheFloor282SetaSolidWoodFloor283ReadytheNewFloor284LayOuttheBoards285BeResilient286GetItReady287FloataVinylFloor288PeelandStickItDECKS
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289BuildaDeck290ConsiderYourDesign291LeadWithaLedgerBoard292GettheRightLayout293GetGoodFooting294InstallYourFraming295GetOnDeck296AddRailingstoYourDeck297SelectYourStairSystem298ConsiderYourOptions299MakeStairsSimplerFENCES300BuildaFence301PlanYourLayout302DigDeep303PostUp304String’EmUp305GoPicketing306MakeaBigFinish307GiveYourFenceaGateBUILT-INSHELVING308ShelveIt309DemolishaWall310CreateaCase311MakeYourShelves312InstalltheShelves313AddTrimWorkCARPET314PutInYourOwnCarpet315SeamtheSections
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316StretchYourCarpet317EdgeItOut318GoModularREPAIRWOODFLOOR319FindLostTreasure320FixDamagedFlooring321FinishtheFloor
INDEX
IMAGECREDITS
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DIYNATIONForacertaintypeofperson,thesoundofsurrenderistheringofaphoneastheycallarepairman.That’sme.IwillinvariablyattemptahomerepairorimprovementbeforeIpaygoodmoneytosomeoneelseforajobIcandomyself.
Doesthatmakemearrogant?Maybe.Stubborn?Absolutely.AmIacheapskate,too?Iprefertheword“frugal.”
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AndI’mnotalone.Fromlong-runningtelevisionprogramslikeThisOldHouseto
cablechannelssuchasHGTVandtheDIYNetwork,itshouldbeobviousthatdo-it-yourselfhomeimprovementisn’tapassingtrendsomuchasalifestylethat’sbeenembracedforyearsbyhard-workingindividualsfromcoasttocoast.Imean,heck,thefirstsettlersbuilttheirownhomeslongbeforebuildingdeveloperswerethrowinguphigh-risecondos,andwe’resimplycarryingthetorchofthatrichtraditionofself-reliance.
Forsomeonetofollowthispathrequiresanindependentspirit,awillingnesstobreakalittlesweatand—maybemostimportant—aneagernesstolearnnewthings.
IcameaboardaseditorofExtremeHow-Toin2003withacollegedegreeandaraftofworkexperiencefromtimespentlaboringinasteelfabricatingplant,analuminumwarehouse,ashippinghub,aframingshop—Icouldgoonandon;Ievenoncehadagigsellingknives(andhatedit).AlthoughIwasnohomeimprovementexpertatthetime,Iwasyoungandambitiousandeagertolearn.Iwasunafraidtotrynewthings,andnomatterwhatchallengesIfaced,I’dfigurethemoutonthejob.
IthenspentmanyyearsstudyingallthethingsIrealizedIdidn’tknowabouthomeimprovement.
That’swherethisbookcomesin.Acollectionofhundredsoftried-and-truetechniquesandprotipsforsuccess,wecoverthemostcommonDIYprojectsinsideandoutsidethehome.ForyearstheaimofExtremeHow-Tohasbeentodemystifyprofessional-gradeprojectsforthedo-it-yourselfer,toequipourreaderswiththeknow-howto“buildityourself,andbuilditbetter.”
Ifyou’rewillingtolearnnewthingsandyoudon’tworryaboutgettingyourhandsdirty,thismanualwillhelpconqueryourrepairsandremodelswithouteverhavingtosay“Isurrender.”
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READTHISFIRSTIfyou’renewtohomeimprovement,getreadyforawildride.It’safunandsatisfyingjourney,butasyourprojectsgrowmoreambitiousthansimplefixesandminorimprovements,you’llfindthebigjobscanrequirealotofwork—muchmorethanyou’llseeeditedintosplit-secondTVclipsonyourfavoritehomeshow.Anyjobcanberifewithunforeseenpitfalls,buttrial-and-errorcanbeapowerfulteacher.
Thebestwaytominimizeerrorsistogatherasmuchinformationasyoucanpriortobeginningyourproject.TheInternetisagoldmineofhome-improvementinformation,fromExtremeHow-
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To’swebsitetomanyothers.You’llfindallsortsofhelpfulvideosonYoutube—it’samazinghowdetailedsomeofinstructionalclipsare.Forlargeprojectslikedeck-buildingorshedconstruction,buyabookdedicatedtothesubjectthatdetailsthevariousdesignoptionsandtechniquesforconstruction.Anothergreatwaytosoakupknowledgeistoobserveajobsite.Forexample,ifyouspendafewminuteswatchingaroofingcrewtearoffandreplaceahome’sshingles,youmightquicklydecidethatsinceyoucan’tbeinthatmanyplacesatonce,mayberoofingisaprojectbestlefttotheprofessionals.
GETAPERMITSomeprojectswillrequireapermitfromyourlocalbuildingdepartment.Ingeneral,buildingcodesaredevelopedbyindustryassociations“toprovideminimumsafetystandardsforahome’soccupants,theenvironmentandthepublicatlarge.”Thecodesareadoptedandenforcedbylocalgovernmentsandvarybasedonlocalpoliticalissues,environmentalregulations,andsoforth.Checkwithyourlocalbuildinginspectortodeterminealllocalrequirements.
Althoughcodesvaryfromstatetostate,apermitisgenerallyrequiredforremodelingprojectsthatinvolvechangestothebuilding’sexistingfootprint,electricalsystemorplumbing.Addingnewwindowstoexistingwallsusuallyrequiresapermit.You’relikelytoneedapermitforprojectsthatgobeyondasimplerepairorcosmeticimprovement,suchas:•addingsupportingwallsorremovingload-bearingwalls,•in-groundconcretepooloraporch/deck,•replacingtheroof,•backyardshed,•concretesidewalks,drivewaysandslabs
Whenapermitisfiled,cityofficialswillusuallyinspecttheworkcompletedatdifferentstagestoensureitcomplieswithcurrentsafetyandhealthbuildingcodes.
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Whenworkisdonetorefreshthehome,however,apermitisnotusuallyrequired.Updatingkitchencabinetsandcountertops,forexample,doesnotrequireapermit.Otherremodelingupdatessuchasflooring/ceilingcoverings,painting/papering,tilingorcarpetingcanusuallybedonewithoutapermit.Evenifapermitisn’trequired,certainprojectsmayrequirelicensedprofessionalsforstructural,electricalandplumbingwork.Ifyou’renotsure,checkwithyourlocalcityorcountygovernmentoffice.
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THERIGHTTOOLSFORTHEJOB
Somethingsyoulearnthehardway.Forexample,Ioncedrilledintomyhand.OnaseparateoccasionInearlyelectrocutedmyself.Whiletoolsforhomeimprovementcancertainlyprovehandy,their
associatedworkcanoftenbehazardous,especiallyifyoudon’tknowwhatyou’redoing.
It’ssmarttoalwaysusetherighttoolforthejobandtouseitthewayitwasintended.Andthoselittleinstructionmanualsthatareincludedbythemanufacturer—readthose,too,becauseit’smorefuntolearntheeasyway.
Myfirsttoolboxwasagiftfrommydadandcontainedyourbasichammer,screwdriver,pliersandawrench.Itgrewovertheyears.ThesedaysIhaveabackyardgaragetostoreallmystuff.Youmightneverrequirequitethatmuchroomforyourequipment,butthemoreprojectsyoutakeon,themoreyourtoolcollectionwillexpand.Startwiththebasicessentialsandadditemsasyouneedthem.Beforeyouknowit,toolcollectingwillgetinyourblood,andyou’llstartpickingupgadgetsthatyoumightnotneedtoday,butyoumightneedsomeday.
Thischapterwilloverviewcommontoolboxessentialsaswellashighlightingsomeslightlymoreobscuredevicesthatmightjusthelpyournextprojectgosmoothly.We’lloffersomebasicinstructiononhowtousethem,andprovideprofessionalinsight
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thatyouwon’tfindintheproductliterature.We’llshowwhentograbtherightglue,andwhentousetherightclamp.You’llgetsomegoodadviceonhowtogearupforasafeworkarea,aswellashowtokeepthehouseascleanaspossiblewhileyourepairandremodel.So,getreadytoreviewsomecooltoolsandlearnhowtogetthemostoutofthem.
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001BUILDABASICTOOLBOXFromsimplefix-upstomajorhomeimprovements,therighttoolsmakeallthedifference.NoviceDIYersshouldassembleatoolboxwithahandfulofessentialtoolsthataremostwidelyapplicabletoanyjob.Additionalmaterialscanbepurchasedasrequired,expandingyourarsenalasyourexperienceandskillsetimprove.Chooseatoolboxwithamplestoragespaceforlarge,irregularitemssuchasahammerandsquare,butonethat’slightandcompactenoughforeasyportability.
HAMMERFromhangingapictureframetobuildingawall,therighthammerisanessentialhouseholdtool.You’llfindspecializedmodelsforheavy-dutyframingandforfinewoodwork,butagoodbasicmodelshouldbemediumweight(16to20ounces)withasmooth-facedhead,ripclaw,andnon-woodhandle.
SCREWDRIVERSWhetheryou’reputtingsomethingtogetherortakingitapart,therightscrewdrivermakesallthedifference.You’llfindvarious
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typesofscrewsineverythingfromwoodworkingtoautomotivework,andeachtyperequiresamatchingscrewdriver,soyou’llneedavariety.Commonscrewtypesincludeflat-head,Phillips,square-drive,Torx™,andPozidriv.
TAPEMEASUREThetapemeasurewilllikelygetthemostmileageofallyourtools.A25-to30-foottapewillsufficeformostjobs,bigandsmall.
UTILITYKNIFEYoucanusearazor-sharputilityknifetoopenuppackages,cutroofshingles,triminsulation,andsomuchmore.Chooseamodelthatoffersconvenientin-handlestorageforextrablades.
TORPEDOLEVELThishandytoolutilizesabubblevialtocheckforlevelandplumbonanythingfrompictureframesandshelvestofenceposts.Althoughlongerlevelsaremoreaccurate,atorpedolevelcomescloseandfitsinatoolbox.
SPEEDSQUAREThisisaveryhandytoolusedforsimplemeasuring,drawingstraightlines,andmarkingangles.Italsomakesagrade-cuttingguideforacircularsaw.
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CHALKLINEAnothermemberofthemarkingandmeasuringfamilyoftools,achalklinecanbeveryusefulwhenworkingwithdrywall,roofing,floorinstallation,oranyotherunusuallylargepieceofconstructionmaterial.
SAFETYGOGGLESArguablythemostimportantitemtokeepinatoolboxisapairofsafetygoggles.Thesewillobviouslyhelpkeepdangerousparticlesoutofyoureyeswhilecuttingorperformingdemowork,buttheycanalsobewornwhilepaintingtoprotectfromflyingspecks.
WOODCHISELA½-inchwoodchiselisusefulformanydifferentapplications,notjustcarvingandshapingwood,asit’sactuallyintendedtodo.Muchtothemanufacturer’schagrin,chiselscanbeusedaseverythingfromaminiatureprybartoapaintscraper.Keeptwochiselshandy:Oneforcuttingwoodandanotherforgeneralusage.
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WRENCHESAvailablewithadjustablejawsorwithfixedbox-enddesigns,wrenchesprovideafirmgripforlooseningandtighteningbolts,nuts,andotherfacetedfasteners.
PLIERSAvailableinmanysizesanddesigns,plierstightlygraspandholditemsthatcan’tbeheldbyyourfingersalone.
TONGUE-AND-GROOVEPLIERSTheadjustablemouthoftongue-and-groovepliersmakesthistoolhandyforgrabbinglargeitemsaswellassmall.Itsprimaryuseisforgrabbingplumbingfixturestoobigforstandardwrenches,andthelonghandlesprovideplentyofleverage.
LOCKINGPLIERSKnownbythebrandnameVise-Grip,thistoolworkslikeadjustablepliersbutlocksintoplacewithincrediblegrip,freeingyour
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handsforotherwork.
ALLENWRENCHESAppliances,machinery,andpowerequipmentoftenhavescrewswithahexagonalrecesssetintheirheads.ThesescrewsrequireAllenwrenches,whicharesmallL-shapedtoolsinsetsofbothmetricandimperialmeasurements.
SOCKETWRENCHSETThesemodularsystemsincludeawrenchhandleandindividualsocketsofdifferentsizes,aswellasextendersandadapters.Thesteelsleeveofthesocketslipsoverahexagonalnutorbolthead,andthewrench’sratchetingactionturnsthefastenerinonlyonedirectionwhile“freewheeling”intheotherforfasttighteningandloosening.
TOOLBELTAgoodtoolbeltwillkeepyourtapemeasure,pencil,fasteners,andothersmallitemsrightatyourside,savingyourepeattripsback
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andforthtothetoolboxtosearchforandretrievesupplies.
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002MASTERLAYOUTANDMEASURINGYou’veprobablyheardthephrase,“measuretwice,cutonce.”Thefollowingtoolshelpmakethatareality.
FRAMINGSQUAREThemetalL-shapedframingsquarehasa24-inchleg(theblade)andashorter16-inchleg(thetongue).Therigid90-degreeheelcaneasilyverifytheaccuracyofrightanglesfoundinsideandoutsidecorners.Mostframingsquaresalsocomewithreferencetablestoassistindeterminingroofpitchandcalculatingrafterheights,alongwithothergeneralapplications.
T-SQUAREForlargeareas,drywall,andsheetgoods,aT-squarecanbeusedtomeasureandmarkstraight,accuratelinesupto48inches.Itcanalsobeedge-clampedinplaceandusedasaguideformakingstraightcuts.COMBINATIONSQUAREThecombinationsquareconsistsoftheblade(ametalruler)andastock,whichslidesalongthebladeandmaybecompletelyremoved.Athumb-screwtightensthestockinplace.Thecombosquarecanbeusedtocheckinsideandoutsidecornersfor90and45degrees.Itcanbeusedasamarkinggaugetodrawaparallellineagainstanedge,andthebladecanbeusedtomeasurethedepthofaholeormortise(notch).Thestockfeaturesabubblevialforcheckinglevelandplumb.
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LEVELSBotha2-footanda4-footlevelarehandyfordeterminingifanobjectisindeedlevel.Whenthebubblerestsevenlybetweenthemarksonthevial,thetoolislevel(orplumb).Thelongeralevel’slength,thegreateritsaccuracy.However,inmanycasesa4-footlevelistoolongandcumbersomeforasmalljob,makingthe2-footversionabetteroption.
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003SCREWITBETTERAsyourprojectsgetmorecomplex,you’llwanttoconsideraddingtoyourscrewdrivercollection.
MULTIPURPOSEThisoptioncanreducethenumberoftoolsyouneedtocarrywithyou.Avarietyofbits,usuallystoredinthehandle,insertintoahexagonaldriveshaft.Comparemodelstofindthebestbitselectionforyou.
MINIEyeglasses,mobilephones,computers,andpersonalelectronicsoftenhaveverysmallscrews,whichinturnwillrequireverysmallscrewdrivers.Minisareavailableinflat-head,Phillips,Torx™,Pozidriv,andmore.
RATCHETINGAswithasocketwrench,thequick-driveratchetingactiondrivesscrewsfastwhile“freewheeling”intheoppositedirection.Thiseliminatestheneedfortheusertoreleaseandre-gripthescrewdriver,savingtimeandlabor.
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CORDLESSArechargeablebattery-poweredscrewdrivercanbefittedwithanynumberbitsinawiderangeofsizesanddrive-styles.Whenyou’redealingwithalotofscrews,you’llappreciatethehigh-productiveefficiencythisbasicpowertoolbringstoyourprojects.Keeponeonthechargerforgrab-and-goconvenience.
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004SMOOTHTHINGSOUTWhetheryou’reremovingpaintorpreppinganewpieceoffurnituretostainandfinish,sandingwillbeanecessarystepintheprocess.Theabrasiveparticlesinthesandpaperaregradedandnumberedas“grit,”indicatinghowcoarseorfinetheseparticlesare.AgoodapproachforaDIYeristoselectthreegritstohaveonhand.Startwiththesandpaperthat’sjustcoarseenoughtogetridoftheworstsurfacedefects.An80-gritsandpaperisusuallyagoodplacetostart.However,coarsegritswillleavefinescratchesonthewood,sothenextstepwillbetoturntheselargescratchesintosmallerscratcheswithafinerpaperofaround120-grit.Forthefinalsandingphase,sandpaperat220-gritwillworkformosttypesofwood.Woodwithdensegrainmayrequirefinergrits,suchas320-grit,toremovethelastofthescratches,thusresultinginasmooth,ready-to-finishsurface.Powersandersdotheworkforyou.Smallpalmsanderscansmoothawoodsurfaceinpreparationforstainingandsealing.Aggressivebeltsanderscantearawayanoldwoodsurfacewithferociousefficiency.Andoscillatingdiscsandersstrikeabalancebetweenaggressivematerialremovalandfinish-sanding.
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005SPLURGEONTHESETOOLSManypeoplefindthemselvesbuyingexpensivetoolstheyalmostneveruse.Besmartaboutpurchases,butsometimesitdoesmakesensetospendthemoney,asinthefollowingcases.
STUDFINDERIfyouplantohanganythingheavyonawall,you’llneedtomountitintoasolidstudinthewall’sframing.Todoso,youmustfirstlocatethestud.Whenpassedoverawall,anelectronicstudfinderusesinternalsensorstofindthestudandsignalitslocationforyoutomark.
WORKLIGHTSTask-specificlightingintheformoftripodflashlightsorLEDheadlampsaregreatforDIY.Theselow-wattage,low-heatlightscomeinhandybeneathsinks,insideclosets,andinanyworkcircumstancewhenthepowerhasbeenshutoff.
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NAIL-PULLINGPLIERSRemodelingworkwillusuallyinvolvedemolition,whichoftennecessitatesremovingallthosenailsandfastenersinstalledbytheoriginalbuilder.Ahammerclawwon’tgrabontoaheadlessbradnail,andstandardpliersdon’tofferadequateleverageforpullingthemout.Toremovepeskyoldnails,investinspecialtypliersconstructedwithanangledheadtogripandprythemloose.
LASERMEASURINGDEVICEArelativenewcomertothehardwarestoreshelves,thistoolisalsocalledadistancemeter,rangefinder,orlaser“tape”measure,dependinguponthemanufacturer,andisgreatfortakingprecisemeasurements.Onceyouhavethelaseraimed,justpressabuttonandthedevicecalculatesthedistanceandthendisplaysitonthescreen.Thismeasurementistakenwithprecisionlaseropticsthataccuratelymeasurethedistanceofthebeamthathitsatargetobject.
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006DRILLDOWNONOPTIONSYou’llfindawiderangeofelectricdrillsincordedandcordlessversions.Withacordeddrillyouwillalwayshave120voltsofpower,morethanenoughjuicetopowerthebiggestdrillthatyou’reapttouse.Abattery-poweredcordlessdrilloffersfreedomofmovementwithoutbeingtetheredtoanoutlet,butitrequirestimetorechargethebatteryand,dependingonthesizeofthedrill,thebatterycanaddsignificantsizeandweighttothetool.Specificallydesignedandgearedtoboreholesinavarietyofmaterials,drillscomeinarangeofpowerclassesandtoolsizes,butmostDIYerspreferacordlessdrill/drivercombo.Herearesomeotheroptionsaswell.
DRILL/DRIVERAcombinationdrill/driveroffersvariablespeedadjustmenttofunctionasaversatiledrillaswellasapoweredscrewdriver.Theabilitytoreducespeedandtorqueincreasesusercontrolforscrewdrivingapplications.
IMPACTDRIVERSpecificallymadeforfasteningapplications,animpactdriveremploysaninternalanviltodelivermuchhigherrotational
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torquethanconventionaldrill/drivers.Whenthepowerneededtodrivethefastenerexceedsthetorqueofthetool’srotationalforce,adrivegearwithtwomatchinglugsstrikestheanviltonudgethebitalong.
HAMMERDRILLFasteningitemstoconcreteormasonryoftenrequiresboringahole,insertingananchorofsomesort,thenboltingorscrewingtheiteminplace.Drillingpilotholesintothesehardermaterialsismosteasilyaccomplishedwithamasonrybitattachedtoahammerdrill,whichusesanelectro-mechanicalhammeringsystem.Thisconsistsofagearassemblythatdeliversanimpacttothechuckrangingfrom20,000tomorethan50,000blowsperminute.AgoodchoiceforaDIYerisan18-voltdrill/driverthatoffersahammer-drillfunction.
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007AVOIDTEAROUTTodrillperfectholesinfinewoodworkwithnotearout,therearetwopossiblemethods.
METHOD1Useabackerboardthat’sclampedtotheworkpiece.Selectagood-qualitybitwithastartingpointandsidecutters,suchasaForstnerorbradpoint.Thebittreatsthetwoclampedpiecesofwoodasasinglepiece.
METHOD2Forapplicationsinwhichapreciseholeisnotrequired,useaspadebittodrilloutthehole.Whenyou’vejustaboutpiercedthebackside,stopandfliptheworkpieceover.Usetheholepiercedthroughthebacksideoftheworkpieceasacenteringguide,andfinishofftheholefromthebackside.
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008GETTHERIGHTDRILLBITDrillbitsareindispensabletools,andnewtechnologiesaregivingallthesetoolboxstaplesmorecuttingpowerthaneverbefore.Thestandardtwist-typedrillbitisthemostcommonlyproduceddrillbitavailable,andit’ssuitedforawiderangeofgeneral-purposetasks.However,theworldismadeupofalotofdifferentmaterials,andtherightbitmakesabigdifferenceindrillingperformance.
BitType:Spade
Description:Hasaflat,paddle-likeshapewithtwocuttingedgesflankingaspur,whichguidesthetrajectoryofthedrilling
Uses:Forquickdrillingoflargeholesintendedforrough-inworksuchasframing,plumbingandelectricalwork;theaggressivecuttingandhigh-speedactioncanleaveasplinteryhole
BitType:Countersink
Description:Hasanadjustabletwistbitthatlocksintothecountersinkbodywithasetscrew
Uses:Allowsyoutosimultaneouslypre-drillscrewholesinwoodandcountersinktheholesforrecessed
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screwheads
BitType:Twist
Description:Pointangleisbetween90and150degrees;118degreesisthemostcommonpoint
Uses:Sharperpointsworkforaggressivecuttingintosoftermaterials;theshallowertipisdesignedfordrillinghardermaterialssuchasdrillingsteel(butrequiresastarterhole)
BitType:Forstner
Description:Forstnerbitshaveacenterspurasaguideandradialcuttingedgesthatshearwoodfibersattheedgeandbottomofthehole,creatingasmoothborewithanexactdiameter
Uses:Forstnerbitsarethebestchoicefordrillingprecise,flat-bottomedholesinwood.Theycancutontheedgeofablockofwoodtocreatechannelsandcanalsobeusedtocreateoverlappingholes
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BitType:Concrete/masonry
Description:Hasachisel-liketungstencarbidetiptobreakupstone,brick,orconcrete,whiletheflutespullbackthechippedmaterial
Uses:Excellentforinstallingwiringandplumbingintoexistingconcrete,blocks,orbricks,aswellasdrillingpilotholestosetfastenersintoconcrete
BitType:Bradpoint
Description:Hasaspurwithasharppointinthetip
Uses:Thebradpoint’stippenetratestheworksurfacetoholdthebitinposition,whilethesharpcornersdrillacleanholeinwoodorplastic
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BitType:Holesaw
Description:Acup-shapedbitsetwitharepeatingpatternofteeth
Uses:Madetocutoutlargecirclesorcoresofwoodfortasksrangingfromplumbingtoinstallingdoorknobs
BitType:Glassandtile
Description:Somefeaturespear-pointedcarbidetips;somefeatureholesaw–typecylinderswithdiamond-gritcuttingedges
Uses:Accuratedrillingforfastenerholesinceramictile,marble,china,mirrors,andglass.Thebitsareidealfordrillinginbathroomtileorwallmirrors.(Usewaterspraytocooldownthecutting)
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009SORTOUTSAWSFrommetalandmasonrytoplasticsandwood,you’lluseasawonvirtuallyeverymajorhomeproject.There’sawiderangeofoptionsoutthereforbothgeneralandspecificuses.Hereareallthebasicsyou’relikelytorunintoasyouplanbasichomeDIYprojects.
HANDHELDCIRCULARSAWNootherpowersawcanperformasmanycuttingtasksinsuchanaffordable,storage-friendlypackage.Ripping,crosscutting,plungecuttingandmore;circularsawsdoitallandcanevenmakepartialkerfs,bevelededges,andcompoundangles.
MITERSAWFromdeckbuildingtointricatefinishcarpentry,amitersawutilizesacircularbladetocrosscutboardsatthecriticalanglestobuildinsideandoutsidecorners.Ifyouhaveacompoundmitersaw,notonlycanyouturnthesawforamiter,youcantiltthebladetocutabevelaswell.
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TABLESAWAlthoughtablesawscancrosscutshortboards,theirprimarypurposeistoriplongboardsintothinnerworkpieces.Acircularbladeprotrudesthroughasmoothtablesurfacetocutthematerialasyoufeeditintotheblade.Sincetheuserguidesthematerialalongaripfence,tablesawsoffersuperiorcontrolandaccuracyforlongripsandbevels.
JIGSAWAlsocalledsabersaws,jigsawsareexceptionallyusefultoolsformakingtight,intricatecuts.Thetraditional“jigsaw”puzzle’stightlycurvedandcomplexnetworkofcutoutpiecesdemonstratesthesaw’smaneuverability.Thestraight,narrowbladecanmakecurves,smallholes,anddetailedcutsthatlargerbladescan’taccomplish.
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RECIPROCATINGSAWSimilarindesigntoajigsaw,areciprocatingsawislargerandmoreaggressive.Theseversatilestraight-bladedtoolsaredesignedtomakecutoutsandcutoffs,disassemblewoodframing,trimbranches,maketoughcutsintightquarters,andmuchmore.
BANDSAWCommonlyusedtocutcurves,abandsawconsistsofapairofwheelsthatholdanarrowbandoftoothedmetal.Thisbandridesonthewheelsinthesameverticalplane,andasteeltableisusedtoguidetheworkpieceintothecuttingedge.Abandsawcanripthicklumberintothinnerslabsaswellascutmetalandothermaterials.Portableversionsarealsoavailable.
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010DOITBYHAND
HANDSAWSThebasichandsawisgoodforlarge,roughcuts,plusitworkswhennopowerisavailable.Whenusedwithamiterboxforimprovedaccuracy,handsawscanalsomakeangledcuts.
COPINGSAWSHandsawswithathin,flexibleblade,theyareusedtomakeverysmall,detailedcutsforjoiningtrimcarpentrysuchascrownmolding.
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011USETHERIGHTTERMSDifferentsawsaremadetomakedifferentcuts,soyoushouldknowalltheterms.
RIPCUTToripaboardistocutitintothinboardsofequallength,sawingparalleltothewoodgrain.
CROSSCUTThismeanstocutaboarddownintoshorterlengthsofequalwidth,sawingperpendiculartothewoodgrain.
MITERThisreferstoanangledcrosscutforjoiningtwoboardsatanangledjoint.
BEVELAbevelisacutthatismadewhenthesaw’sbladeistiltedatanyangleotherthan90degrees.
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012GETINTOASPIRAL(SAW)
FromdrywallandcarpentrytoflooringandHVAC,veryfewtoolsoffertheversatilityofaspiralsaw. Originallydesignedtomakedrywallcutoutsaneasychore,theRotoZipisaconstruction-gradespiralsawthatusesthincylindricalbits,similartodrillbits,butwiththeabilitytomakelateralcutsalongtheshank.Equippedwiththerightbit,thetoolcancutthroughvirtuallyanybuildingmaterialupto1inchthick.ARotoZipcanalsobeequippedwithacircularsawattachment.
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Smallerrotarytools,suchasaDremel,functioninthesamemanner,buttheyoperatewithvariablespeedandcanbeoutfittedasdetailsandersforworkingaroundoddshapesandsmallnooksinwoodwork.Whenequippedwithsmallsandingdrums,Dremelsarefrequentlyusedforcraftprojectsandmillwork,suchaswindowanddoorcasings.
Boththeheavy-dutyRotoZipandtheDIY-friendlyDremelareavailableincordedandcordlessmodelsandusuallycomewithmultipleattachments.Spiralsawsaregenerallyusedwithadepth-gaugeattachmentthatrestsflushagainstthecuttingsurface,andthebitisraisedorloweredviaanadjustablesleevearoundtheheadofthesaw.Therightbitscancutthroughawiderangeofmaterialfromwoodandmetaltotileorcementboard.
Forgroutremoval,youcanselectanangleddepthgaugeforyourspiralsawtoslidesmoothlyalongthetilesurface.Theseattachmentsareusedinconjunctionwithspecializedheavy-duty,grout-removalcuttingbits.
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013MEETTHEMULTI-TOOLTheoscillatingmulti-toolisquicklybecomingamust-haveitem,asitcanequipavarietyofdifferentbladesfornotchingwood,cuttingmetal,removinggrout,sanding,makingelectricalcutouts,andmuchmore.Byutilizinghigh-speedoscillation,theseversatileinstrumentscanscrape,sand,makecutsflushwithadjacentmaterials,andmore,usingabroadassortmentofaccessoryblades.Thisallowstheusertoperformeitherfinedetailworkortotacklemoreaggressiveapplications.
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014SCOUTOUTROUTERSRoutersareusedtohollowoutor“rout”anareainthefaceofaworkpiece.Therouterhasabroadbaseandabitprojectingbeyonditsbaseplate.Dependingontherouter,thebitcanbeguidedintotheedgeofaworkpieceorplungedintothesurface,whereitcutsanynumberofstraight,curved,ordecorativeprofiles.
FIXEDBASEThetool’sbaseplateisattachedinafixedpositiontothemotor,whichisagreatsetupforcuttingaprofileintheedgeofaboard.Smallertrimrouterstakeadvantageofthefixed-basedesigntocutdownontoolweight,whichmakesthemeasiertomaneuver.
PLUNGEROUTERBoththemotorandcutterheadslidealongguidebarsthatareattachedtothebase.Plungerouterscanbegincuttingthecenterofapieceofwood,wheretherouterbitisloweredor“plunged”intotheworkpiece.However,plungeroutersoftencostmoreandareheavierthanfixed-basemodels.
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015GETAGOODCOMPRESSORThemostpopularaircompressorsamongDIYersandprosaremidsizeportableunitsthatcanbecarriedtoajobsitewhilestillprovidingamplepower.Herearefactorstoconsiderwhenmakingachoice.
OUTPUTThemostimportantratingforanysizeaircompressoristhestandardcubicfeetperminute(SCFM)output.Todeterminethesizeofcompressoryouneed,firstconsiderthetoolsyouwilluse.ThetoolthathasthehighestSCFMratingwillbeyourguidelineforchoosingacompressor.Forthebestresults,purchaseacompressorwithanoutputof1.5timesthatrating.Forexample,ifyouwanttouseanimpactwrenchthatrequires5.0SCFM,youwouldpurchaseacompressorthatputsout7.5SCFM.Ifyouanticipateusingmultipletoolssimultaneously,addtheSCFMrequirementsforalltoolsthatwillbeusedatonetime,andmultiplythesumby1.5.
TANKSIZEIfyou’llbeusingtoolsthatrequireahighvolumeofairforcontinuoususe,suchasapneumaticsander,thenyouneedalargertank.Ifyouonlyintendtousethetoolforintermittentuse,yourcompressorcanhaveasmallertanksize.Forintermittentuse,youcansavemoneybychoosingaunitwithasmallerpump/motor(themostcostlypartoftheunit)andalargertank.AlargeenoughtankwithapumpthatexceedstheSCFMrequirementofyourtoolswillallowthecompressortimetocoolbetweencycles.Toolsrequiringonlyquickburstsofair,suchasbradandfinishnailers,willdeplete
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thetankmuchmoreslowly,soa2-to6-gallontankshouldsuffice.
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016GETSOMEAIRAirpowerisgreatwaytotakeyourhomeshoptothenextlevel.Whetheryouneedtorunanythingaframingnailerorasandblaster,therightaircompressorcanhandlethejob.Theseversatile,economicalmachines,provideasinglepowersourceforawiderangeoftools.Smallinflatorscanairupbasketballsandleakycartires.Larger,compressorscanbeusedinconstruction;therearealsoprofessional-gradestationarymodelsforcarpentryshopsandautomotivegarages.
Anaircompressorisonlyasusefulasthesetofpneumatictoolsthatdothework.Theyrequireconnectiontoacompressorhose,butairtoolsoffersignificantadvantagesovertheirelectriccousins.Theydon’tneedtheirownmotors,soairtoolsaremorecompact,lighter,andeasiertohandle—withlessmovingpartstomalfunction.
Versatilityisanotheradvantage.Youcaneasilyswitchtoolsatasinglecompressor,includingaratchetwrench,paintsprayer,anglenailer,finishnailer,orimpactwrench.
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017RENTTHEBIGSTUFFAheavy,bulkyitemlikeaplatecompactorcanbenotonlycostprohibitive,butrequirestoragespaceandmaintenanceaswell.However,yourlocalequipmentrentaloutletcanprovideyouawell-maintainedtoolatareasonableprice,andthentakeitbackoffyourhands.Somepubliclibrariesevenmaintainatoollibrarywithequipmentthatlocalscancheckoutforlittleornocost.
Commonrentalitemsincludegeneratorsforremotepowersupply,platecompactorsfortampingdownfoundationsandpatios,jackhammersforconcretedemolition,andblowersforinstallingcelluloseinsulation.Ifyou’reworkinginthedarkyoucanrentlightingequipment.Ifyou’reworkinginthecold,youcanrentakeroseneheater.Checkoutyourlocalsuppliertoexplorethemanyrentaloptions.
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018POWERUPYoumaywanttolookintoageneratorthatcanbeusedifthepowergoesdownforanextendedtime.Youwillneedanadequateelectricaltorunlargeappliancesormultipletoolssimultaneously.High-powergenerators,however,costmoretopurchaseandrequiremoreroomforstorage.
Tocalculatewattagerequirements,firstmakealistofallelectricaldevicesyouwillbepoweringatonetimewiththegenerator.Nexttoeachdevice,listthegreateroftherunningorstartingwattage.(Ifonlytherunningwattageforadevicewithanelectricmotorisknown,estimatethestartingwattagetobeatleastthreetimestherunningwattage.)
Ifwattageisnotgivenonthenameplate,thewattagemaybecalculatedbymultiplyingthenameplatevoltagebynameplateamperage.Forexample,120voltsX5amps=600watts.
Addthewattagesforalldevicesonyourlist.Chooseageneratorwithahighercontinuousoutputratingthanthesumtotalwattage.
Youcanincreasethenumberofdevicesyourgeneratorcanpowerbystaggeringtheloadonthegenerator.Forexample,youcouldalternatelypoweryourrefrigeratorandairconditionerforlimitedperiodsoftime.
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019GETSTUCKONGLUESTheglueaisleofahardwarestoreisclutteredwithcountlesstubesandbottles,anditcanbeprettytoughtodeterminetherightproductforthejob.Thetablebelowshouldhelpdeterminethebestadhesivefortheapplicationathand.Foranyhomeproject,it’shelpfultoknowtheglue’ssettingtime(howlonguntilit’sinitiallybonded),dryingtime(whentheadhesiveisdry),andcuringtime(whenit’sfullybonded).Erronthesideofcaution:Keeptheprojectclampedlongerthanneededtoavoidmessyandannoyingfailures.
TYPEOFGLUE
Woodglue
USEDFOR
Asthenamewouldsuggest,it’sforjoiningwood.
SETTINGTIME
20to30minutes
DRYINGTIME
1hour
CURINGTIME
24hours
Superglue
USEDFOR
AlsosoldasKrazyGlue,cyanoacrylatesaregoodchoicesformetal,glass,ceramics,plastic,andrubber.
SETTINGTIME
5to15minutes
DRYINGTIME
1hour
CURINGTIME
24hours
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Siliconeadhesive
USEDFOR
Oftenusedinplumbingprojectsorforglassrepair;cratesaflexible,waterproofbondformetal,glass,rubber,wood,andceramics.
SETTINGTIME
5minutes
DRYINGTIME
1hour
CURINGTIME
24hours
Epoxy
USEDFOR
Epoxyconsistsoftwoparts—anadhesiveresinandanactivator/hardener—thatmixtoformanextremelydurable,waterproofbondthatworksbestonrigidsurfaceslikemetal,ceramics,andplastics.
SETTINGTIME
5minutesto2hours
DRYINGTIME
12hours
CURINGTIME
24to48hours
Hotglue
USEDFOR
Thiscomesinstickformandmustbeusedwithheatedglueguns.Itcreatesfast-setting,moderatelystrongbonds,idealforlightweightmaterialsandtemporaryadhesion.
SETTINGTIME
15to30seconds
DRYINGTIME
5to10minutes
CURINGTIME
24hours
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Sprayadhesive
USEDFOR
Thisgluedispersesinfinedropletstoprovideathin,uniformbondingsurfacethatworksbestonlightweightmaterialssuchaspaper,fabric,andsmallorthinpiecesofplastic,wood,andmetal.
SETTINGTIME
Low-tackformulaswillgiveyouafewminutesbeforeitsets;high-tackwillsetinstantly
DRYINGTIME
30minutes
CURINGTIME
24hours
Expandableglue
USEDFOR
KnownunderbrandnamessuchasGorillaGlue,thesepolyurethane-basedproductshavefoamingpropertiesthatexpandandfillcracksinthematerialtocreateanextremelydurablebondoncecured,idealforheavy-dutymaterialsincludingwood,metal,ceramics,glass,plastic,andstone.
SETTINGTIME
Variesdependingontype
DRYINGTIME
1to2hours,or30minutesforfast-drytype
CURINGTIME
24hours
Constructionadhesive
USEDFOR
Thisindustrial-gradeadhesiveissoldincaulkingtubesusedinconjunctionwithfastenersforadheringplywood,cementboard,treatedlumber,andotherbuildingmaterials.Polyurethane-basedversionsareavailableforbondingplastics,vinyl,ceramics,mirrors,granite,andmarble.
SETTINGTIME
15minutesto1hour
DRYINGTIME
24hours
CURINGTIME
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24hoursto7days,dependingonproduct
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020CLAMPDOWNHerearetheclampsyoushouldconsideraddingtoyourburgeoningtoolbox.
C-CLAMPThemostbasicandversatilememberofthisfamilycanbeusedtoholdtogetheritemsyou’regluing.Typicallymadeofsteelorcastiron,theytightenusingalarge,threadedscrew.
SPRINGCLAMPSTheyresemblegiantclothespinsandmakeahandythirdhandtoholditemsforsmallrepairs,painting,orgluing.
BARCLAMPSAnadjustablelowerjawslidesonabartobracketthework,andathreadedscrewtightenstheclampwithimpressiveforce.Considerinvestinginavarietyofsizes.
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PIPECLAMPSClamphardwarethatyouaddtoyourownpipe.Cutthe½-inch-or¾-inch-diameterpipeaslongorshortasyouwantit.
BENCHCLAMPSTheylooklikeonlyhalfaclampbecausebenchclampsareboltedtoaworkbench,andthesingleupperjawholdsworksecurelydownontothetabletop.
STRAPCLAMPUtilizingaflexibleband,strapclampsaredesignedforclampingrectangular,round,oranyirregularlyshapedprojects.
ANGLECLAMPSApplymultidirectionalpressureto90-degreemiteredcorners.
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BENCHVISEOftenusedformetalwork,thisheavy-dutymetalclampistypicallyboltedtoaworkbenchandusedtoholdanobjectsecurelywhileworkisperformedonit.
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021GLUEITRIGHTTHEFIRSTTIMEWhengluingwoodpiecestogether,makesureallsurfacesaresmoothandclean.Theadhesivecanbeappliedwithaglue-bottleapplicatortip,butit’simportanttoevenlycoatthewoodsurface.Thinstripsofwoodcanbeusedas“paddles”tosmoothoutbeadsofgluetomorethoroughlycoatthesurfaceofnarrowjointpieces.Ifcoatinglargersurfaces,suchaswhengluingdownveneers,arolleristhebestchoiceforasmoothandthoroughapplication.
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022STICKTOITTherighttapecanworkwondersforquickrepairs,andsomearemadeforspecificpurposesaroundthehouse.Herearethemostwidelyusedtapesforthedo-it-yourselfcrowd..
TYPE
Ducttape
USES
Thisisanexcellentgeneral-purposetapeforquickfixes,temporarybonds,andemergencyrepairs.Useittobundlewires,seamtogetherfloorunderlayment,orpatchavacuumhose.
GOODTOKNOW
Newerversionshavetwicetheadhesiveasstandardducttape.
Notmeantforuseonducts!
Foiltape
USES
Thistapeisthebestchoiceforuseonhomeairducts.
GOODTOKNOW
High-qualityadhesivefoiltapeismoretolerantoftemperaturechangesandcreatesatightersealthanducttape.
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Painter’stape
USES
Useittomaskoffareasforcrispcolorlinesandtoprotectareasyoudon’twantpainted.
GOODTOKNOW
Somenewversionsaretreatedwithanabsorbentpolymerthatreactswithlatexpaintandinstantlygelstoformasealagainstpaintbleed.
Electricaltape
USES
Usethistobundleandspliceelectricalwires.
GOODTOKNOW
Mostcommonlymadeofvinyl,it’sthinandstretchabletoprovidelong-lastinginsulationofelectricalwires.
Self-fusingtape
USES
Thisisanon-tacky,silicone-rubbertapethat,whenstretchedandwrappedaroundhoses,cables,andpipes,fusestoitselftoformaseamlessrubberybondthatiswaterproofandinsulateselectricalconnections.
GOODTOKNOW
ThishandymultipurposerepairtapeissoldunderbrandnamessuchasRescueTapeandMightyFixittape.
Threadsealtape
USES
Thistapeisathinpolytetrafluoroethylenefilmusedforsealingpipethreads.
GOODTOKNOW
Itlubricatestheconnectionforadeeperseatingofthethreads,anditalsofillsminordeformitiestocreateabetterseal.
Drywalltape
USES
Combineitwithjointcompoundtoseamdrywalltoprepareanewwallorceilingforprimerandpaint.
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GOODTOKNOW
It’savailableinpaperandfiberglassversions.
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023SEALUPWINDOWSWindowinsulationkitssoldathardwarestoresandhomecenterscomewithdouble-sidedadhesivetapeandalargesheetofplasticfilm.Applythetapearoundthewindowframeonallfoursides,andthenapplythefilmontothetapesoitcompletelycoversthewindow,creatingasealedairspace.Cutawaytheexcessfilmanduseahairdryertoheat-shrinkthefilmsoittightensthesealandshowsnowrinkles.
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024USEFOILTAPEGENTLYMeasureandcutthelengthoftapeyouneedbypullingitofftherollandholdingitagainsttheductseam.Foiltapehasapaperbackingthat’sremovedpriortoapplication.Peelabout2inchesofbacking,applytheadhesiveendtotheseamwithonehandwhileholdingthebackingwiththeother,andslowlypeelitawayasyouwraptheseam.Foiltapeisverytacky;iftheadhesivesidefoldsonitself,it’lltearbeforereleasing.Pressdownthetapeevenlywithastraightedgesuchasacreditcard.
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025WRAPTHREADSEALTAPEEmploythreadsealtapeonanythreadedplumbingconnections(notgas)thatdon’talreadyhavearubberseal.Aftercleaningthemalethreadsofapipewitharag,placetheendofthetapeonthesecondthread(notfirst),holditinplacewithonehand,andwrapthetape3to6timesinthesamedirectionthatthefittingwillbetightened,whichisusuallyclockwise.Wrappingagainstthethreaddirectionmightcausethematingthreadstounwrapthetapewhentheconnectionisscrewedtogether.
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026PRESSITDOWNPaintrollersandbrushesleaveaslightlyuneven,stippledsurfaceonthewall.Whenyou’remaskingaroomtorepaintit,theflatundersideofthepainter’stapecanbridgetheseirregularitiesandcausepainttobleedpastthetapeedge.Tohelpimprovesurfacecontactwiththewallandensurethebestadhesion,useasmallrubberrollertopressdownthetape.
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027LEVELUPJustabouteveryonehasusedabasiccarpenter’slevelorasmalltorpedolevel.Theyarestillincrediblyusefultools,butwideningyour(level)horizonsmaybehelpfulforawiderrangeofDIYprojects.Herearesomeoptionstoconsider.
6-FOOTLEVELThisoptionisevenmoreaccuratethana4-footerforcriticalinstallationssuchasdoorinstallation,wherethehingesneedtobeperfectlyplumbforthedoortoswingproperly.
STRINGLEVELThelongeralevelis,thegreateritsaccuracy.Sometimesthehardwarestoredoesn’tcarryaversionthat’slongenough,inwhichcaseastringlevelcanhelpsavetheday.Pullastringtightbetweentwo
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pointsthenhookthestringlevel(ashortcartridgewithabubblevial)ontoit.Keepadjustingthestringuntilthebubblereadslevel.
MAGNETICLEVELThisoptioncanattachtopipesandothermetalobjectstodeterminelevelorplumb,anditfreesyourhandswhileyouwork.
POSTLEVELAbifoldlevelwithmultiplevials,thiscanbestrappedaroundafencepostorsupportcolumntocheckforplumbinseveraldirectionsatonce.
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028ENJOYTHELASERSHOWIfyou’reanambitiousDIYerwithahousewhereyou’llbepainting,installingtrimwork,hangingpictures,mountingshelvesorcabinetry,thenalaserlayouttoolmaybewellworththeinvestment.Toprojectperfectlyplumbandlevelguidelinesontowallsandceilings.Werecommendbuyingamodelthateasilymountstoacommoncameratripodsoyoucanpositionitatanylocationwithadjustableheight.
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029USEAMULTIPURPOSESPEEDSQUARETheSpeedsquareisafive-in-onelayouttoolthatoffersahandybalanceofsimplicityandversatility.ASpeedsquareisaveryuseful90-degreeshapethatmakesaquickmarkinggaugeforsimplecrosscuts.
Thelongsideisorientedat45degreesforuseasamitergauge.
Thelipofthetoolholdsitsquaretotheedgeofaboard.
The¼-inch-spacednotchesareexcellentforguidingacarpenter’spencilasyouslidethesquaredownitslengthforripcuts.
Markedgradationsmakeiteasytoreadandmarkaccuratedegreesforangledcuts.
Onceyou’vemarkedacrosscut,simplyslideovertheSpeedsquareanduseitsstraightedgetoguideyoursaw’sfootplateduringthecut.
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030GETYOURGEARTOGETHERPaintingahome’sinteriorishandsdownthemostpopularDIYproject.Newcolorscandramaticallychangearoom’sdécorandcompletelyalterthelookandfeelofthelivingspace.Herearetheessentialtoolsyou’llneedforyourbasicpaintingtoolkit.
PAINTER’STAPEEssentialformaskingoffanythingyoudon’twanttopaint.
PAINTBRUSHYourgo-toapplicationtoolsfortrimwork,details,andtightspots.
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PAINTROLLERAppliespainttolarge,flatsurfacesquicklyandefficiently.
PAINTTRAYHoldsamodestamountofpaintorprimerwhileyoupaint.
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DROPCLOTHProtectsflooringandfurniturefromaccidentalmesseswhilepainting.
SANDPAPERANDABRASIVESSmoothdownsurfacesinpreparationforpainting.
PAINTSCRAPERRemovesold,loosepaintandprepssurfacesfornewpaint.
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031APPLYYOURPAINTPaintjobsneedbrushesforfinedetailandtrim,androllersformainsurfaces.Here’swhattouse.
BRUSHESForlatexpaintyou’llneedsyntheticbristles;foroil-basedpaintorvarnish,chooseagood-qualitynatural-bristlebrush.Thebetterthequalityofnaturalbristles,thesmootherthepaintfinishwillbe.You’llregretbuyingasupercheapbrushwhenthebristlesfalloutofthebrushandsticktoyournewpaintsurface.Brushhandlesaremadeofavarietyofwoodorplasticsandcomeinseveralshapesandsizes.Chooseahandlethatfeelscomfortableinyourhandforthetypeofworkyou’redoing.Smallertrimbrushesareintendedfortightspaces,andsomehavetaperedbristlestogetintogroovesandcorners.Largerbrushesarelessaccuratebutapplypaintmorequickly.Keepavarietyofbrushesonhandforremodelingandmaintenance.
ROLLERSTheseessentialtoolsareavailableinsmall3-and4-inchmodelsfortightorsmallspaces,aswellasstandard12-inchsizesforpaintingwalls.Paintrollersconsistofacage(theskeletalframethatspinsonahandle)andacover(thefabriccylinderthatappliespainttothewall).Thecoverconsistsoftherollernap,whichismadefromnaturalorsyntheticfibers.Thenapisavailableinvariouslengthstoapplydifferentfinishes.Ingeneral,⅜-or½-inchnapmakesagoodgeneral-purposerollercover.
NAP
¼inch
USES
Smoothsurfacesonnewwalls,ceilings,doors,andtrim
⅜inch
USES
Smoothtolightlystippledwalls
½inch
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USES
Mostwallsandmedium-roughsurfaces,includingtexturedplasterandconcrete
¾inch
USES
Roughsurfacessuchastexturedwalls,concrete,andmasonry
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032CLEANUPThere’snothingworsethancrustybrushesandothertools,sobesuretocleanuppromptlyandcorrectly.Rollercagesandpainttrayscanbecleanedwitheithercleanwaterormineralspirits,dependingonthetypeofpaint.Disposablerollercoversshouldbediscardedafteruse.Brushescanbealittletrickier.Whenusingwater-basedlatexpaint,it’ssmarttocleanyourbrushesevery2hours.Here’show.
STEP1Removeexcesspaintfromthebristleswiththeedgeofapaintscraperandthenrinsethebristleswithwater.
STEP2Mix1gallonofwarmwaterand½cupoffabricsoftenerinabucket.
STEP3Whiskthebrushthroughthemixturefor15secondsandallowthefabricsoftenertoreleasethepaint.
STEP4Removethebrushandspinitthoroughlytodispelthewater,thenwipeitdryonatowel.
Ifyou’vebeenusingoilpaint,you’llneedmorespecializedcleaningsupplies.Aswithlatexpaint,startbyremovingexcesspaintwithascraper.Next,cleanthebrushwithmineralspiritsforabout10secondstobreakdownthebindersinthepaint.Spintheexcessoutofthebrush,thencleanitfor10to20secondsindenaturedalcoholtostripouttheoils.Finishbywhiskingthebrushfor10secondsinthefabricsoftenermixturetoreconditionthebristles.
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033ORGANIZETOOPTIMIZETheworkbenchisusuallythehubofallyourshopoperations.Acommonheightforworkbenchesisjustacoupleofinchesbelowtheuser’swaistline.Thesurfaceshouldbeclearandflat,anditssizecanbebuilttofityourneeds—beforeyoubuildorpurchaseabench,besureitmakessenseforthesizeofyourmiterand/ortablesaw.
Manypeopleoftenaddanextensionpaneltotheirworkbenchthatcanfolduplevelwiththetabletopforworkwithlargepieces,andthencanunlockandfoldoutofthewaywhennotneeded.Lockablewheelswillalsoallowyoutoeasilymovethebencharoundandthensecureitinastationaryposition.Anddon’tforgettooutfittheareawithacomfortablestool.
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034GETOUTOFTHESHOPWhatifyoudon’thaveawholegarageoraspareroomtomakeintoaworkshop?Althoughyoucanoptimizeinteriorspaceswithshelvesandotherwallstorage,you’reultimatelylimitedbythesizeofyourhouse.Butoverlookedareasofthehomecanbemodifiedtoprovideextrastoragespace.Convertthespacebeneathastaircaseintoacloset,buildaplywoodbinunderyourdeck,addagardenshedforlawntools,orinstallasubfloorintheattictocreatestoragespaceabovethejoists.Withalittlecreativethinking,youcanfindanumberofstorageoptionsoutsidethetypicalworkspace.
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035STORESMARTERYoucanaddsignificantsquarefootageofelevatedstoragespacebybuildingshelves.Wall-mountedshelvescanbehungwithstore-boughtbracketsscrewedintotheframingstuds.Two-tieredshelvescanbebuiltwithsimplelegsandrailsmadeof2X4sandshelvingmadeof2X6sor2X8s.Screwornailtheshelvestogetherandthenusediagonalbracingtokeepthestructuresquare.Someworkshopshelvesutilize2X2ladderbracketswiththree-tieredplywoodshelving.Stylesvary,butmostshopshelvesarebuiltwithsimpleconstructionfrominexpensivematerials.
WALL-STORAGESYSTEMSPopularbecausetheymakeuseofotherwiseunusedwallspacetoorganizetoolsandsupplies,manyofthesesystemsconsistofslat-wallpanelsfastenedtothewall,whichholdvarioushooks,shelves,andstrapstokeepitemsoffthefloor.
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PEGBOARDPANELSThesepanels,whicharemountedtothewall,havelongbeenpopularforstoringsmallitemsincludingwrenchesandscrewdrivers.Awiderangeofhooksandholderscanbemountedtothepegboardholeswithalmostlimitlessversatilitytokeepyourhandtoolshandy.
TOOLCABINETSBiggercabinetsareanexcellentoptionforseriousDIYerswhohavealotofequipmentthatneedstobesortedbytypeandapplication.Thenumberofdrawersvaries,andmanyversionsincludecasterwheelstoeasilyrollthecabinetaroundtheshop.
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036DEALWITHRUSTToavoidrust,alwaysstoremetaltoolsawayfrommoisture,anddrythemthoroughlyiftheygetwet.Routinelywipeoffgreaseandgrime,whichcanaccumulategritthatwearsdownmovingpartsandinterfereswiththeirfunction.Keepconstructiontoolsrustfreewithanoccasionallightcoatingoflubricatingoil.Availableinliquidandsprayversions,itdeliversacolorlessoilcoatingthateasesstickingparts,andthethin,wetfilmcanalsoprotectthetoolsagainstwearandcorrosion.
RENEWRUSTYTOOLSFirst,cleanoffthetoolusinghotwateranddetergent.Forlightrust,usesteelwoolorfine-gritsandpaper;scrubtherustoffinthoroughcircularmotions.Forheavycorrosion,useawirebrush.Rinsewithwater,drythetoolandthenapplyasufficientamountofsolventorWD-40toanyleftoverrustandscrubitaway.Repeatuntilthetoolisclean,andapplyaprotectivecoatoflubricantbeforestoringit.
HANDLETOUGHJOBSRenewmultipletoolsormachinerywithsmallcomponentsbyusingaliquidrustremover,whichmakesevendeeprustdisappearwithoutscrubbing.Someremoversrelyonharshchemicals,butEvapo-Rustisanenvironmentallyfriendly,water-basedproductthatcomesina3.5-gallonbucketwithadipbasketsosmallpartsdon’tgetlost.
GONATURALCombinesaltandlemonjuiceinacontainer,thenapplythesolutionwithsteelwool.Thesaltworksasanabrasive,andtheacidinthelemonjuicecutsthroughcorrosion.Leavethesolutiononthetool’ssurfaceforawhilebeforescrubbingtoagitatetherust.Oncethecorrosionhasbeenremoved,cleananddrythetoolwitharag.
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037RECYCLEWHATYOUCANWhatbuildingmaterialcanberecycledandhowvariesfromcitytocity;checkwithyourlocalauthoritiestobesureyou’redoingitright.Onegoodthingisthatrecyclingservicesforhazardousmaterialsarebecomingcommon,atleastforsomeofthemorecommonitemssuchasmotoroil,electronics,andbatteries.
Infact,96percentofalllead-acidbatteriesarerecycled.Thisincludesautomobileandlawnmowerbatteries.Almostanyretailerthatsellslead-acidbatteriescollectsusedbatteriesforrecycling,asrequiredbymoststatelaws.Notonlyisrecyclingyourbatteryaresponsibleenvironmentaldecision,buttherecyclerwilltypicallyofferyouabattery-core“credit”thatreducesthecostofyourreplacementbattery.
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038GREASEITUPLubricantshaveawiderangeofuses—theycanloosentightparts,protectagainstrustorotherdamage,andmakethingsrunmoresmoothly.Herearethecommontypesyou’llsee.
MULTIPURPOSESPRAYPopulargeneral-useproductthatprotectsmetalfromrustandcorrosion,penetratesstuckparts,displacesmoisture,andlubricatesalmostanything.
PENETRATINGOILQuicklyloosensanycorrodedbolts,nuts,andpartsonhinges,clamps,orfrozenshafts/pulleys.
SILICONESPRAYProvidessuper-slipperyprotectioninaclear,non-stainingfilmtopreventrustandcorrosion;protectsrubbergasketsandpreventsstickingincoldtemperatures.
WHITELITHIUMGREASEIdealall-weatherapplicationbecauseitwill
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notfreezeormelt.Provideslong-lasting,heavy-dutygreasecoatforjoints,hinges,andconnections.
LUBRICATINGOILProtectsobjectsagainstmoisture,stopssqueaks,andloosensanystickingpartsonlocks,hinges,andgaragedoorrollers.Preventsrustandcorrosiononsparkplugs,coils,wiring,hand/electrictools,andoutdoorpowerequipment.
DRYLUBRICANTAlong-lastingdryfilmthatcutsfrictionandprotectsagainstwaterandcorrosionwithoutstaining.Lubricatesandsilencesslidesandglides,windowtracks,extensionladders,controlcablesonsnowblowers,andmore.
CHAINLUBRICANTStaysinplacetohelplubricateandpreventcorrosiononfast-movingchainsorwirecablessuchasagaragedooropener,chain-driveequipment,throttle,andbrake.
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039WINTERIZETOOLSAfterthelawnandgardenseason,you’regoingtowanttorepairandwinterizeyouryardtoolssoeverything’singreatshapewhenthetimerollsaroundtogetoutdoorsagain.Evenifyouliveinaclimatewhereyou’llbeusingsomeofthosetoolsmostoftheyear,theturnoftheseasonsisagoodtimetotakealookatyourtoolshedandseewhatneedslovingcare.
MAINTAINTHELAWNMOWERIfyouhavemajorsmall-engineorlawnmowerproblems,havethemtakencareofinfallratherthanwaitingforspringwhenallrepairshopsarebusy.Sharpenorreplacelawnmowerblades.Draintheoilandreplaceitalongwiththefilter.Drainthegasoraddafuelstabilizertoenginesinlawnmowers,pressurewashers,generators,orsimilaritems.Doanyminorrepairswhileit’seasiertogetpartsduringtheoff-season.
STRINGITALONGGetreadyforspringbyreplacingthelineinstringtrimmers.Incoldwinterclimates,makesurethesnowblowerisworkingproperly.
DON’TIGNOREHANDTOOLSCleanandsharpenallgardeningequipmentsuchasrakes,hoes,shovels,andshears,andgiveallwoodenhandlesacoatingoflinseedoil.
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040FIREITUPDon’twaitforawintertimepoweroutagetodiscoveryourgeneratordoesn’tfunction.Exerciseyourgeneratorevery4weeks.Starttheengineandletitrunfor10to15minuteswithasmallloadpluggedin,suchasalamporfan.Exercisingthegeneratormonthlywilldryoutanymoisturethathasaccumulatedinthewindings,whichcouldotherwisecausecorrosion.
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041RAISEANEXTENSIONLADDERPROPERLYTheeasiestwaytoraisealongextensionladderistodoitwithtwopeople.Oneperson“foots”thefirstrung,holdingthebottomoftheladdersecurelytotheground,asthesecondpersonwalkstowardthehousewiththeotherendoftheladder,raisingitwiththefirstperson’shelp,asneeded.
STEP1Ifyouneedtoraisetheladderalone,itneedstobecollapsedtoitsshortestheight.First,bracethefootoftheladderagainstthewallandwalkitslowlytowardthebase,rungbyrungandhandbyhand,untiltheladderisupright.Restthetopoftheladderagainstthewall,roof,orothersolidsurface.Thenliftthebaseouttoaslightanglewhereitcantemporarilyrestwithoutyoursupport.
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STEP2Extensionladdersareequippedwithalanyardandpulleytohelpextendtheladder.Tousealanyard,firstfootthebottomrung,thencarefullytilttheladderbackwardwithonehand,andpulltheropewiththeothertoextendtheladderasnecessary.Becarefulofhazardstonearbypowerlinesorotherpeople.
STEP3Anextensionladdershouldbesetwiththebase1footawayfromthewallforevery4feettheladderreaches,orroughlya75-degreeangle.
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STEP4Onceyou’vegotitpositionedright,youneedtosecurethefeet.Thebaseoftheladdershouldrestonlevelgroundwiththefeetflippedintoposition.Onawoodendeck,youcannailaboarddownbehindthefeettoactasacleatandpreventslippage.Whensettinguponunevenground,ithelpstodigasmalltrenchbeneaththehighfootoftheladdertolevelthebase.
STEP5Makesurealllocksareengagedandthattheladderissupportedsecurelyatallcontactpoints.Ifitseemstheleastbitunstable,tieropestotheladderstilesbeneaththelowestrungandanchorthemtosomethingsolid.Youcanalsosecurethetopoftheladderusingropeorwirefastenedtoacoupleofeyescrewsmountedintothehouse’sfascia.
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042CHOOSETHERIGHTLADDERYourworkenvironment,includingthephysicalsizerestrictions,isprobablythemostimportantfactorindeterminingthetypeofladdertouseforagivenjob.Plentyofpurpose-builtladdersareavailableforspecificjobs.Alongextensionladder isrequiredforaccessingtheroofofmultilevelhomes,whilesmallerA-frameladders andfold-outstepladders makesenseforinteriorjobslikeinstallingcrownmolding.Multipurposeladdersofferaversatilesolutionthatcombinesladdertypesintoasingleunit.ByarticulatinglikeanA-frame andalsoextendingandcollapsingjustlikeanextensionladder,amultipurposeladdercanserveasastepladder,anextensionladder ,
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evena90-degreeladder(forgettingclosetowalls).ByadjustingthelengthofeachsideoftheladderindependentlywhenintheA-framemode,amultipurposeladdercanalsogiveaccessoverunevengroundandstaircases.Plus,youonlyhaveoneladdertostore.
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043KNOWYOURLADDER(S)Laddersareessential.Theycanalsobeawkward,bulky,andhardtostore.Here’swhattoconsiderwhenselectingone.
MATERIALSLaddersareconstructedfromoneofthreebasicmaterials:wood,fiberglass,andmetal(aluminum).Ifyou’reworkingnearelectricity,ametalladdershouldberejectedsincealuminumconductselectricity.However,iftherearen’tanyelectricalsourcesinyourworkarea,aluminumiseasiertotransport.
HEIGHTAladdermustbelongenoughthattheclimberdoesnothavetostandonthetoprungorstep.Ontheotherhand,astraightladderistoolong,forexample,ifceilingheightprohibitstheladderfrombeingsetupattheproperangle(roughly75degrees).Likewise,anextensionladderistoolongiftheladderextendsfartherthan3feetbeyondtheuppersupportpoint.Inthiscase,theportionoftheladderextendingabovetheuppersupportpointcanactlikealeverandcauseitsbasetomoveorslideout.Safetystandardsrequirealabelontheladdertoindicatethehigheststandinglevel.
FITTheladderthatyouselectalsomustbetherightsizeforbothyourbodyandthejobathand.Checktheladder’sdutyrating—themaximumsafeweightcapacityforthetaskathand.Inotherwords,thedutyratingofagivenladderhastobegreaterthanthetotalweightofnotjustthepersonclimbingbutalsotheirtools,supplies,andanyotherobjectsplacedupontheladder.Ifthetotalloadoutweighstheladder’smaximumcapacity,theladdercouldfeasiblycollapse.
DUTYRATING
TypeIII200-poundcapacity
LADDERUSES
Aneconomicaldesignforlightuse
TypeII225-poundcapacity
LADDERUSES
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Abasicdesignforthosewhodon’tusealaddermuch
TypeI250-poundcapacity
LADDERUSES
Agoodall-aroundladderformoststandarduses
TypeIA300-poundcapacity
LADDERUSES
AmoreruggedladderfortheseriousDIYer
TypeIAA375-poundcapacity
LADDERUSES
Anextra-toughladderforprofessionaluses
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044BESTABLEForworkonextensionladders,consideraddingastabilizeraccessorytothetopladder.Stabilizersgenerallyconsistofextensionbraceswithrubberpadsthatgriptheworksurfacetohelpkeepthetopfromslippingsideways.Theseaccessoriesdistributetheloadtopreventdamagetomaterialslikemetalsiding.Ladderstabilizersarealsomadewideenoughtospanwindowopenings,andtheyholdtheladderawayfromthebuildingforeasy,unobstructedaccesstoguttersandoverhangs.
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045REACHNEWHEIGHTSWhenclimbingaladder,you’llwanttoemulaterockclimbersbyusingthe“threepointsofcontact”ruletoreducethechancesofslippingandfalling.Atalltimesduringascentordescent,theclimbershouldfacetheladderandhavetwohandsandonefoot,ortwofeetandonehand,incontactwiththeladdercleatsand/orsiderails.Whenworkingatopaladder,keepthecenterofyourbeltbucklebetweentheladdersiderails(orwithinthewidthofthecleats)ratherthanreachingorleaningtoofartooneside.It’salsosmarttousetowlinesoratoolbelttokeepyourhandsfreewhenclimbing,orrecruitanassistanttohandyoutheitemsyouneed.Wearonlyslip-resistantshoes,preferablywithheelsandheavysoles,topreventfootfatigue.
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046SUITUPFORSAFETYRemodelingahomecomeswithsomesafetyhazards,sotoavoidinjuriesyou’llneedtoweartherightprotectiveequipment.
SAFETYGLASSESCrucialforshieldingyoureyesfromflyingdebrisduringdemolition,sawing,drilling,andmore.They’reavailableinmanystylesandtints,fromstylisheyeglassversionstogogglesthatsealaroundtheperimeteroftheeyearea.
WORKGLOVESProtectfromblisters,cuts,andrepetitivestressabrasiontothehands.Workglovesvarygreatlyinstyle,andsomeincludepaddedpalmsandfingerstoabsorbtheshockandvibrationofpowertools.
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RUBBERGLOVESWhenworkingwithpaintorchemicals,rubberglovescanprotectyourskinfromburnsandirritationaswellasstickymessesthataretoughtocleanup.You’llalsoappreciatethemwhenworkingondirtyplumbingprojects.Thinnitrileglovesallowdexteritywhenpaintingandstaining,butheavierrubbergloveswithextendedcuffsworkbestformessyplumbingchores.
KNEEPADSOftenoverlookedbyinexperiencedDIYers,kneepadsdon’tjustreducethewearandtearofworkingonyourknees.Youshouldviewthemasacomfortitemthattakesthepainoutofinstallingnewfloorsandbaseboards—oranyjobswhereyouworkinakneelingposition.
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RESPIRATORFreshairisapopularconceptforalotofgoodreasons.Useasimpledustmasktopreventinhalingsawdustduringbasiccarpentrywork,oruseafilteredrespiratorforworkaroundharshchemicals,whencuttingcementboard,andsoon.
WORKBOOTSYourfeetaresusceptibletothreeprimaryinjuriesduringconstructionwork:twistingtheankle,awoundfrompuncturingthesoleoftheshoe,oranobjectfallingonyourfootfromabove.Aqualityworkbootcanfirmlysupporttheanklejoint,protectfromnailsandsharpobjectswithitsthick,solidsole,andsteel-toedversionscanevenprotectyourtoesfromfallingboardsorconcreteblocks.
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HARDHATSNotjustforconstructionworkers,youshoulduseahardhatanytimeyou’representbeneathafallinghazard,whetheracrewofworkersisreplacingtherooforyou’recuttingadeadbranchoutofatree.
SAFETYHARNESSFall-protectionequipmentsaveslives.Attachedtoasecureareaoftheroof’sframingbyalanyard,thesevest-likeharnessesarerequiredforworkingonroofsoranyelevatedsurfacewhere,ifyoufall,itwouldbebetternottohittheground.Manydifferentoptionsareavailabletosuitindividualsize,comfortneeds,andworkinghabits.
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047PUSHITREALGOODWhenrippingboardsonatablesaworroutingboardsonaroutertable,theworkpieceshouldbepushedforwardandfirmlyagainsttheripfence,guidingitintothebladeorbit.Usea“pushstick”topushtheworkpiececompletelypastthebladetocompletetheriporrout.Apushstickisatoolmadefroma15-inchpieceofwoodwithbeveledandnotchedendstonudgetheendoftheworkpiececlearofthebladeandoffthetable.Thissimpletoolkeepsyourhandsawayfromthebladewhilecuttingandisalsousefulforclearingthetableofanywoodscraps.
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048SAVEYOUREARSAskanold-timecarpenterabouthearingprotection,andtheresponseislikelytobe:“What’dyousay?”Exposuretonoiseiscommoninconstruction,andhearinglossisprevalent.DIYersshoulduseearmuffsorearplugstoprotectagainstnoisefrompowertoolssuchasaircompressors,impactdrivers,circularsaws,andthelike.
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049CHARGEAHEADWISELYYoucanperformmostelectricalworkinsidethehomesafely,butit’sstillimportanttoshutoffthepowersupplybeforegettingonthejob.Shutoffthecircuityou’reworkingonatthecircuitbreakerboxbyflippingabreakerswitchorunscrewingafuse.Thisboxshouldbelabeledtohelpidentifytheappropriatecircuits,butyoushouldalwaysverifythatthepowerisoffbytestingthelinewithavoltagemeter,whichshouldreadzeroifthereisnoelectricalcurrent.Testallthewiresintheoutletbox(notjusttheonesyou’reworkingon),becausemorethanonecircuitmightberunningintothebox.
Whilethepowerisoff,postasignonthebreakerboxwarningotherpeoplenottoreconnectpowerwhileyou’reworkingontheelectricity.Usetoolswithrubber-insulatedhandles,andavoidtouchingmetalwhileworkingaroundelectricity.Wearnon-conductiverubber-soledshoes,andneverdothistypeofworkinawetenvironment.Mostimportantly,don’tattemptanelectricalrepairorinstallationunlessyouknowwhatyou’redoing.
Repairstotheoutdoorservicedropandthewiresthatfeedthemainshutofftothebreakerboxshouldbelefttoyourutilitycompany.
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050STOREITSAFELYWhenitcomestoDIYhomeimprovement,“safety”shouldbeyourmiddlename.Theimproperstorageofhouseholdchemicalscanbehazardoustoyourfamily’shealthandtheenvironment.
CONTAINCORRECTLYStoreallchemicalsintheiroriginallabeledcontainersthatlistdirections,ingredients,andfirst-aidstepsincaseofaccidentalpoisoning.Usechild-resistantpackagingcorrectly,andclosethecontainertightlyforstorage.
KEEPAWAYFROMFLAMEStoreflammableliquidsoutsideyourlivingareaandfarawayfromanyignitionsourcesuchasafurnace,car,outdoorgrill,orlawnmower.
BEPESTICIDESMARTDon’tstockpileanypesticides;buyonlytheamountthatyou’llneedinthenearfutureorduringtheseasonwhenthepestsareactive.Followallstorageinstructionsonthepesticidelabel,andkeepthemoutofreachofchildrenandpets.Ifatallpossible,storeallpesticidesinalockedcabinetinawell-ventilatedareaandneverincabinetsnearfood,animalfeed,ormedicalsupplies.Avoidstoringthemwherefloodingispossibleorwherethechemicalsmightspillorleakintowells,drains,groundwater,orsurfacewater.
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051GETTHELEADOUTHomesbuiltasrecentlyas1978mayhavepaintthatcontainslead.Dustandchipsfromdisruptedordegradedleadpaintcancauseserioushealthproblemsfortheoccupantsofthehouse.Teststicks,whichareavailableathomecentersandpaintstores,caneasilydetectthepresenceofleadinpaint.Followthemanufacturer’sinstructionswhentestingthepaint;thetipofthestickshouldturnredifitcontainslead.Forguidanceonhowtohaveleadpaintsafelyremovedfromyourhome,contactthelocalauthoritiesortheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyatwww.epa.gov.
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052AVOIDASBESTOSAsbestoscanbefoundinbuildingmaterialsmanufacturedbefore1978,suchasvinylandlinoleumflooringandtexturedceilingspray.Ithaslong,thinfibersthatcandamagethelungswhenbreathed,whichcancausescarringthatcanleadtocancer.Undisturbedasbestosusuallyposesnodanger,andinsomecasesthematerialcanbecoveredwithnewflooringtocontainit.
Donotattempttoremoveasbestosyourself.Standardrespiratorswillbeinadequate,andanydamagedasbestoscansendairbornefibersthroughoutyourhouse.Checkwithstateandlocalguidelinesaboutprofessionalasbestos-removalserviceslocatedinyourarea.
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053TESTFORRADONGASRadongassoundslikesomethingoutofascary1950ssci-fimovie,butit’sanactualdangeryoushouldtakeseriously.Radonisaradioactivegasthatoccursnaturallyinsoilfromthebreakdownofuranium.Itcanriseupfromcracksinahome’sfoundation,orthroughothercracksorholes.It’sacancerriskthat’sassociatedwithasmanyas20,000deathsayearintheUnitedStatesalone.
Thegoodnewsisthatyoucantestforradonsimplyandcost-effectively,andifyoufindhighlevels,therearesimplestepsthatyoucantaketomitigatethedanger.Newerhomeshavelikelybeenbuilttoberadon-safe,butyoushouldstilltestforthegas,justtobesure.
Youcan’tsee,smell,ortasteradon,butitcanbedetectedwithasimplehometest,whichyoucanpurchaseathome-improvementstoresoronlinethroughanumberofothersources.Followtheinstructionscarefully;ifyouhaveaquestionableresult,testagaininaweek.
Ifyoushoulddiscoverthatyourhomeiscontaminatedbyradongas,don’tpanic.Thereareseveralprovenmethodsyoucanemploytoreduceradoninyourhome;themostcommonisa“soil-suctionsystem,”apipe-and-fansystemthatpullsradonfrombeneaththehouseandventsittotheoutside.Sealinganyfoundationcracksorotheropeningswillmakethissystemmoreeffectiveandcost-efficient.Researchwhatisthebestforyourhome’sstructureandthenactaccordingly.
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054GETWIREDTypicalelectricalsupplywireforhomeusecomesinaninsulatedsleevethatcontainsthreewires.Theblackwirecarrieselectricalcurrentandisusuallycalledthe“hot”wire.Thewhitewireis“neutral,”and,finally,abarecopperwireisthegroundwire.Whenelectricalwiresarejoinedeachofthemmustbehookedtoitsmate:blacktoblack,whitetowhite,groundtoground.Otherwise,thecircuitwillnotwork.
USETHERIGHTSIZEElectricalwiringcancomeindifferentgauges,orsizes.Thesmallerthenumber,theheavierthegauge.Heavier-gaugewireisthickerandcancarrymoreelectricalcurrentwithoutoverheating.So,forexample,12-gaugewireisheavierandwillcarrymoreofaloadthan14-gaugewire.
MATCHTHEBREAKERSElectricalwireandcircuitbreakersaredesignedtoworkintandemandmustcorrespondcorrectlyinsize.Forexample,14/2-gaugeelectricalwireisratedtoamaximumof15ampsandshouldnotbeusedwithanycircuitbreakerlargerthan15amps;12/2-gaugewiringisratedtoamaximumof20amps.Thesetwosizesarethestandardusedinmosthomestodayforlightingandwalloutlets.
BESAFEItisimperativetoknowthepropergaugewireandcircuitbreakerrequiredforanygivenapplication.Ifthewronggaugewireisusedwiththewrongsizebreaker,itcanresultinafireoramalfunctioningelectricalcircuit.
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Iftoosmallawireisusedwithahigh-ampbreaker,thewirecanoverheatandcatchfirebeforethebreakerevertrips.Ontheotherhand,ifawireistoolargethenthebreakermaycontinuouslytrip,disruptingthecircuitbeforethewireeverreachesmaximumload.
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055CONNECTITRIGHTReplacinglightswitchesandwalloutletsaregreatDIYprojects.Buildingcodeslimithowmanyoutletsand/orlightsaparticularcircuitcanhaveandevenwheretheycanbeplaced.Consultyourlocalandstatebuildingcodesbeforebeginninganyelectricalwork.
Switchandoutletsaresimilarinthattheyhavescrewsonbothsidesforconnectingwires.Thegreenscrewsareforthegroundwires,thesilver/stainlessscrewsareforthewhiteneutralwires,andthebrass-coloredscrewsarefortheblack“hot”wires.Wiresareattachedbybendingtheendintoahookshapethatfitsaroundthescrewsoneachsideoftheoutletorswitchtomakeasecureconnectionwhentightened.
LIGHTSWITCHESToconnectaswitch,routetheendsofthetwowiresintotheswitchbox,striptheends,andthenconnectthewhitewirestogetherwithawirenut.Connectthegroundwirestogetherbysecuringthemaroundthegreenscrewonthebottomoftheswitch.Theblackwiresareeachattachedtotheswitch,onetoeachbrassscrewontheright-handside.
PLUGSReceptacles(plugsoroutlets)areallconnectedinarow,sotospeak,
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byattachingthewhitewirestothesilver/stainlessmetalscrewsononesideandconnectingtheblackwirestothebrassscrewsontheotherside.Thegroundwireconnectstothegreenscrewatthebottom.
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056GONUTSForapplicationssuchaswiringalight,thefixture’swiresarejoinedtotheelectricalsupplywireswithwirenuts.Likethewireitself,wirenutscomeindifferentsizestoaccommodatethevariousgaugesofwire.Toconnect,stripbacktheinsulationfromtheendsofthewires,holdthembetweenyourfingers,anduseplierstotwistthewirenutontotheendsinaclockwisedirection.
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057POWERUPEveryDIYhomeownershouldhaveageneralunderstandingofthewiringthatrunsthroughoutthehouse.Electricityenterseveryhomebytravelingthroughapowermetersuppliedbythelocalutilitycompany,then,inmostcases,throughamaster200-ampcircuitbreaker,andthentothehome’sbreakerbox.Theflowofelectricityisspreadovernumerouscircuitstodifferentpartsofthehomebyfirstpassingthroughindividualcircuitbreakersthatserveasasafetymechanismtopreventthesystemfromoverloading(andshort-circuiting).Ahome’selectricalsystemisdesignedtoworkoff120voltswiththeexceptionofcertainmajorappliances,suchasanelectricclothesdryer,whichrunsoff240volts.
Beforeyoudoanything,alwaysdisconnecttheelectricalpowersupplybeforeworkingwithanypartoftheelectricalsystem.Useavoltagemeteronthecircuittoverifyitisoff.
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058KNOWYOURPIPESArangeofpipescarrywatertoandthroughyourhome,andtheymaybemadeofavarietyofmaterials.Here’swhatyoumayfind.
PVCThemostcommonlyusedplasticpipingmaterial,PVC(polyvinylchloride)wasdevelopedtoreplacecastironandgalvanizedsteelpipebecauseit’slessexpensive,easiertoinstall,andwillnevercorrode.It’smadeforbothpressurizedandnon-pressureapplications,includingDWVapplications,sewerhookups,waterservice,irrigation,andconduit.
CPVCPVC’s“cousin,”thissimilarmaterialhasanincreasedchlorine
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contentthatallowsittowithstandawiderrangeoftemperatures.ManybuildingcodesrequiretheuseofCPVCasopposedtoPVCforhot-waterapplications;checkthoserelatedcodesbeforebeginninganyrelevantproject.
ABSArigidplasticpipedevelopedforDWVsystems,typicallyblackordarkgrayincolor.It’sinexpensiveandeasytocutbutissusceptibletocrackingovertimeandisnotallowedbysomelocalplumbingcodes.
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COPPERAvailableaseitherrigidpipeorflexibletubing,copperhasbeenthemostpopularsupplylineusedinresidentialsystemsinthelastseveraldecades.Itisdurable,resistanttobacteriaandcorrosion,andunaffectedbyultravioletrays,soitcanbeexposedforoutdoorapplications—andit’salsorecyclable.
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059TRYSOMETHINGNEWCross-linkedpolyethylene(alsocalledPEX)isbecominganewstandardforindoorpipes.Thisstuffisresistanttoextremetemperaturesandstressaswellastochemicaldamagefromacidsandalkalines.Thematerialisflexibleandsuitableforuseintemperaturesbelowfreezingandupto200degreesFahrenheit,includingpotablewater.PEXiseasytothreadthroughstudholeswithoutbindingagainstthewoodlikearigidcopperpipecando.Whenapipereachesacorner,simplybendtheflexiblepipethroughthecornerstuds—nojointisnecessary.WithPEXsupplyline,fewerjointssavetimeandreducethelikelihoodofaleak.PEXislessexpensivethancopper,andPEXjointscanbemadewithsimplequick-connectcouplers.
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060UNDERSTANDPLUMBING101EveryDIYershouldhaveaworkingknowledgeofthehome’splumbingsystem.
THEBASICSWaterentersyourhouseunderpressurefromyourlocalutility’smainsupplylineandthenflowsthroughpipestovariousfixtures.Gravitythenmovesthewaterthroughadrainsystemintoaseptictankorcitysewer.You’llwanttoknowwherethewatercomesintoyourhouseandwherethemainshutoffvalveis.
SUPPLYLINESAsfreshwaterentersthepropertyitpassesthroughawatermeter,andthenasplitinthelinesendswatereitherdirectlyintotheplumbingfixturesortothewaterheater.
FIXTURESPlumbingfixturesareconnectedtotheplumbingsystemtodeliveranddrainwater(sinks,tubs,showers,washingmachines,andsoon).Beforewaterreachesthefixtures,itusuallypassesthroughashut-offvalveprotrudingfromthewall(ortwovalves,ifhotwaterisalsoused).Thesevalvescanstoptheflowofwatertorepairorreplacethefixture.Aseparatevalveinsidethefixturedeliverswatertotheuserwhenopened.
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DRAINLINESWastewaterdrainsfromthebottomofplumbingfixturesthroughaP-traporS-trapjustbelowthedrainopenings.Thetrapsconsistofbendsinthepipetoholdwater,formingasealagainstsewergases.
Allthesedrainpipesleadtoadrain-waste-vent(DWV)stack,themainverticalpipeleadingtothesewerline.TheDWValsoventsoutdoors,usuallyupthroughtheroof,toreleasesewergases.Ithelpsequalizepressureinthesystemsowaterflowsfreely.Sincewaterandsewagetraveldowndrainsbygravity,adownwardslopemustbemaintainedthroughoutthesystem.
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061KNOWYOURLIMITSDon’tattemptaplumbingprojectifyoudon’tknowwhatyou’redoing.Afloodedhomecancostthousandsinrepairsandflooringreplacement,whichisalotmoremoneythanaplumberwouldhavechargedtofixtheproblemthatyoubungled—andyou’llstillneedthatplumberintheend.Thoroughlyresearchhowtoperformanyrepairorinstallation,andwhatmaterialsandsuppliesyou’llneed.Seekexpertadviceforanyquestions,andexpecttogetwet.Plumbingprojectsaremessy,timeconsuming,laborious,andoftenuncomfortable(everspentmuchtimeworkingbeneathasink?).Proceedwithcautionand,whenindoubt,hireapro.
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062CHOOSETHEBESTCAULKGUNCaulkgunsarerelativelyinexpensivetools,soitmakessensetopayjustalittleextraforagunwiththerightfeatures.
SPOUTCUTTEREverytubeofcaulkwillneedtohaveitsspoutclipped,andthere’snoreasontolugaroundanextrapairofsnips.Lookforagunwithanintegratedspoutcuttertypicallylocatedinthehandle.
SEALPUNCHThissupersimplefeatureshouldcomeoneverygun,butitdoesn’t.It’sasmallmetalrodthatflipsoutfrombeneaththeguntopuncturethecaulktube’sinteriorseal,soyoudon’thavetomonkeyaroundwithawirecoathangerorothermakeshiftimplement.
PLUNGERTYPECaulkgunsuseoneoftwodrivemechanisms:ratchetrodorsmoothrod.Ratchetrodshavevisibleteeththatareratchetedforwardbyadrivearmwhenyoupullthetrigger.Smoothrodsaredrivenbyaspring-loadedpressurebarandgenerallyhavetwicethethrustforsmootherbeadcontrolandlesshandfatigue.Thesmooth-rodvarietyusuallycostsmore,however,andsomehaveatendencytowearoutandslipwhenthetriggerispulled.
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063SEALITUPCaulkisavailableinasometimesbewilderingrangeofoptions—flexible,waterproof,mildewresistant,paintable,andmore.Yourbestbetistoreadthepackagingcarefullytoensuretheusesandfeatureslistedmatchthejobathand.
TYPE
SILICONESEALANTS
PROS
•Waterproof•Workswellinkitchenandbathroom;availablewithadditivesthatfightmoldandmildew•Easytoremoveandreplacewhenthebeadgetsgrimy
CONS
•Messyandsticky
•Manyvarietiescannotbepainted
NOTES
Readthepackagecarefullytoseeifitcanbepaintedandwhatadditivesithas
ACRYLICCAULK
PROS
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•Economical•Canbepainted•Easytoapplyandcleanup
CONS
•Notwaterproof•Notveryflexible•Maycrackovertime
NOTES
Onlyappropriateforinteriorprojects
HYBRIDCAULK/SEALANT
PROS
•Combinesattributesofsiliconeandacrylic•Comesinvarietiesforinteriorandexteriorusage
CONS
•Moreexpensive
NOTES
Thesepro-gradesealantscostmorebutdeliverexcellentresults
FIRE-RESISTANTCAULK
PROS
•Fireresistant
CONS
•Moreexpensive
NOTES
Usedaroundelectricalwiresandfixturesasanadditionalsafetymeasure
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064CAULKLIKEAPROCaulkingcanbeappliedtodoorframes,moldings,andcasings;exteriorsiding;andanywheregapsneedtobefilled.Herearesomecommonapplications.
SEALBIGJOINTSTosealajointlargerthan¼-inchwide,useafoambackerrodasafillerbeforeapplyingthecaulk.Therodsareacheaperwaytofilltheemptyspace.Plus,whenthecaulkisappliedoverabackerrod,itwillforman“hourglass”shapewithlargesurfaceareasofadhesionatthesidesofthejoint.Thiscaulkbeadwithstandsjointmovementbetterthananyother.
CAULKATUBWhencaulkingabathtub,firstfillthetubwithwater.Theweightwillpullthetubdownwardandmaximizethesizeofthejoint.Applyaflexible,waterproofcaulkingalongtheedgeofthetubinfullcontactwithbothverticalandhorizontalsurfaces.Oncethebeadisdry,thenyoucandrainthewater.
REMOVEOLDSEALANTTogetridofanoldgrungybeadofsiliconeforreplacement,cutthrougheachsideofthebeadusingautilityknifeandpullitawaybyhand.Withanyluck,mostofthebeadwillstayintactasastrip.Toremoveanyremainingsealant,scrapeatitwithapaintscraperheldatashallowangle.Finishupbyscrubbingthesurfacewithmineralspiritsandanabrasivepadtogetridofanyresidue.Oncecleananddry,applyanewbeadofsealant.
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065MAKECLEANUPEASIERRemodelingcanbemessybusiness,particularlyifitinvolvesanysortofdemolition.Dustanddebrishaveanuncannyknackforspreadingthroughouteverycreviceofthehomeifleftunchecked.Acleanjobsitekeepsthehousespick-and-spanandeveneliminatessafetyhazards.
Youcantakeprecautionarymeasuresasyouworktosavelotsoftimeduringcleanup.
Protectcarpetandhardwoodbycoveringyourfloorswithcontractor’spaper;tapesheetstogetherandattachthemtothebaseboardsoftheroom.
Acanvasdropclothcanmakeaflexibleandreusableprotectivecoverforirregularshapessuchasbathtubsandstairs.
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Sealoffthedoorwaysleadingtoconstructionareaswithplastictoinhibitdustfromcirculatingthroughoutotherrooms.
Placeaboxfaninanopenwindow,pointingittoblowoutside.Oncealldemolitionisfinished,sweepthefloorinthedirectionofthefantosendthedustoutthewindow.Onoutdoorprojects,usetarpstocoverthesurroundingground.
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066HANDLEHAZARDOUSWASTECertaintypesofhouseholdchemicalsqualifyashouseholdhazardouswaste(HHW),whichcontaincorrosive,toxic,ignitable,orreactiveingredients.Thesecanincludepaints,cleaners,oils,batteries,andpesticidesthatcontainpotentiallyhazardousingredients.Theywillcontaminateseptictanksorwastewatertreatmentsystemsifpoureddowndrainsortoilets,andtheypresenthazardstochildrenandpetsifleftaroundthehouse.Althoughfederallawallowsdisposalinthetrash,manycommunitieshavecollectionprogramstoreducethepotentialharmposedbythesechemicals.Callyourlocalenvironmental,health,orsolid-wasteagencyforthetimeandlocationofyourHHWcollectionprogram.
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067STUDYCHEMISTRYFromcleaningupspillstorepaintingwalls,chemicalcleanersprovideapowerfulsolutionforcertainhouseholdtasks.Youshouldalwaysweareyeprotectionanddonheavy-dutyrubbergloveswhenusingtheseproducts.Followthemanufacturer’sinstructions,andremembertoproperlystoreanddisposeoftheseoranymaterialsthatcouldbehazardous.
TSPTrisodiumphosphateisanalkalinetypecleanerthatdissolvesgreaseandcancleaneverythingfromlaundrytoconcretedriveways.
MINERALSPIRITSThisisapetroleum-basedsolventformulatedtodissolveoil-basedpaints.
MURIATICACIDAlsoknownashydrochloricacid,thishighlycorrosivechemicalisusedtocleanmasonry.
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068DISPOSEOFDEBRISDebriscanbecollectedfordisposaloutsidethehomewithawheelbarrow.Insidethehome,youcantossitallinto3-millimeterplasticcontractorbags.Fordebriswithnailsorjaggededgesthatmightteartheplastic,Demobagsarewoven,tougher,andmoretear-resistant.
Youcanhaulthebagsofdebristoyourlocaldump,whichwilllikelychargeadisposalfee.Or,forlargerprojects(orlackofatruck),considerWasteManagement’sBagsterbags.This“dumpsterinabag”canbepurchasedathomecentersandunfoldstooffera3-cubic-yardcapacity,withnocontainerusagefees(unlikefull-sizedumpsters).FilltheBagsterwithupto3,300poundsofwaste,andthenscheduleyourcollectiononlineorbyphone.
Majorremodelingjobsthatrequirerentalofafull-sizedumpsterwillusuallyinvolveacontractor,whoshouldbeheldresponsibleforjobsitecleanup.Onjobssuchasrooforsidingtear-offsthatinvolvelotsofnailsandfasteners,aresponsiblecontractorwillhaveaworkercanvasthesurroundinggroundwithamagneticbroomtocollectallthedebris,sothatnailsdon’tend
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upstuckinsomeone’sheelortire.
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BEAHOME-IMPROVEMENTHERO
Whenaproblemarisesandtheothermembersofyourhouseholdarewailingandgnashingtheirteeth,it’salwaysnicetobethehero.Tostopamessyleakortounclogatoilet—thosearefeatsofgreatstrengthand
brilliance,andyourfamilywillsurelysingyourpraisesasyoucometotherescue.
Thischapterwillshowyouthetypicalsystemsandcomponentsofahouseandhowtomakequickfixesthatcansavethedaywithoutdelay.Everyhomeownershouldhaveafirmgraspofhowtheirhomefunctionsasasystem,fromtheinsulationtoelectricalwirestothemoisturebarriersthatprotectthelivingspacefromwaterintrusion.Abasicunderstandingofthesehousecomponentswillhelpyoulocateproblemsandmakesimplerepairs.Plus,youcanidentifyareasinneedofimprovement.
Wedelveintobasicplumbingtechniquesandelectricalwork.LearntosoldercopperpipeandjoinPVCplumbing.Learntoreplacealightfixtureandhowtowireanelectricaloutlet.Maintenanceisanothermajorfocus,becauseit’ssmartertomakeasmallearlyrepairthanpaytofixmajordamagelater.You’llevenfindadviceonhowtoconductyourownhomeinspection,muchlikeaprodoes.Whetheryouneedtopatcharottingwindow,silenceasqueakingfloor,orfightmoldinthehousehold,weshowhowtogetitaccomplishedwithminimalheadache.Keepthisbook
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insafe,dryplacetograbwheneveryouneedtoafastanswer.
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069INSPECTYOURHOMEThepurposeofaprofessionalhomeinspectionistoexaminethegrounds,structure,andmechanicalsystemsfordefects,brokenorobsoletecomponents,andanydamagefromweather,rot,orwearandtear.Makingyourownannualhomeinspectioncanhelptodetermineanynecessaryrepairsyoucanmaketopreventbiggerproblemsinthefuture.Ahomeinspectionwillhavethreemajorconsiderations:water,safety,andHVAC(heating,ventilation,andairconditioning).Forexample,theprimaryconcernforasite’sgroundsisensuringthatwaterdrainsawayfromthehouse.Anotherareatoinspectisthesidewalks,makingcertainthatcrackswon’tbeatriphazard.
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070WATCHFORWATERWatershouldalwaysbediverted10feetfromthehousefoundation.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbyusingaguttersystem’sdownspoutextensions,splashblocks,ordownspoutdrains.Thegradingshouldbeslopedawayfromthehouse,dropping6inchesforevery6feet.Poordrainagecanleadtoaccumulatedhydrostaticpressureagainstthehome’swalls,whichcancausebasementwallstobuckle,orleadtowatererosion,whichcanweakenthehome’sfoundation.
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071CHECKTHEEXTERIORAhome’sexteriorrevealsalotaboutpotentialissuesyoumayface.Here’swhattocheckfor.
PLANTINVASIONInspecttreeovergrowththatcausesexcessiveshade,whichcancontributetomildewandrotonthehouse.Overgrowntreesandshrubsthatcontactthehousecanleadtopestinfestationandshouldbetrimmedback.
WALLTROUBLEAnyevidenceofbulgingorbowingexteriorhousewallscouldindicateaproblemwiththestuds.Studscanwarpifwaterhaspenetratedthewallandcontactedthewood.
ATIGHTSEALUseapickorawltoprodatthewoodcasingandtrimofyourdoorsandwindows.Lookforpeelingpaintandsoft,spongywood.Makesurethattheflashingisinstalledaboveandaroundthewindowstodivertwater.Atthedoors,checkthethresholdsfornormalwearandtearandanywoodrot.Allofahome’swoodtrimissusceptibletorot;checkforwarping,splitting,peelingpaint,andmissingcaulking.Cutawaydeterioratedcaulkingandreplacewithanewhigh-qualityexteriorsealant.
DECKDAMAGECheckeverysingledeck,porch,andbalconyforstructuralintegrity.Foranydecksattachedtothehouse,paycloseattentiontotheledgerboardconnection,whichispronetorotandwaterdamageifimproperlyinstalled.Ifdamaged,itcanbeacommoncauseofdeckcollapse.
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072GETUPONTHEROOFCheckallthesebasicroofingcomponents,too.
SURFACEUsealadderandbinocularstoinspecttheroofexterior.Missingordamagedshingles,orguttersfullofgranules,indicateaneedforreplacement.Checkallroofpenetrationsforwornormissingroofflashings.Lookoutforbowing,expansion,orwavinessintheroofdeck,indicatingaproblemwiththeframing.
CHIMNEYLookforcracksinthechimneyorevidenceofanysmokeescapingthroughmortarjoints.Adistortedordiscoloredraincap,creosoteflakesontheroofandground,ordamagedroofingmaterialcouldindicateadangerouscreosotebuildupinthechimney.
GUTTERSInspectguttersanddownspoutsforleaksorcracks.Ensurethatthey’refreeofleavesorotherdebristhatimpededrainage.Guttercovershelpkeepthemclog-free.
EXTERIORWALLSChecktheexteriorsidingforstructuralintegrity,secureattachment,andsignsofrotorwaterpenetration.Weepholesinbrickandveneershouldbeopen.Lookforcracksinstucco—duetoexpansionofplywoodsheathingbeneath—thatcanallowmoisturetopenetrate.Inspecttheexteriorinsulatingfinishsystem(EIFS)withamoisturemetertocheckunseenareasbehindthewallsurface.
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073CHECKITOUTINSIDEAfterexaminingahome’sexterior,it’stimetolookinsideforthefollowingthings.
WATERDAMAGEExamineallsurfaces,doors,andwindowsforanywaterissues.Checkthebasement,fireplace,andattic.Stuckinteriordoorscanbeasignthatthefoundationismovingduetowaterpressure.Awallorceilingmaysagifit’sbeenexposedtowater.Plasterwallsexposedtowatercanloseallstructuralintegrity.Onwallsthathavewoodpaneling,ensurethepanelsaren’tbowedorwarped,whichcouldindicatemoisturebehindthewall.Theatticneedsproperventilation;humiditycanoriginatefromabathroomventthatterminatesintheattic,aswellasfromroofleaks.Findandrepairthesourceimmediately.Inbathrooms,checkouttheceilingbeneaththeshowerpansforsignsofmoisture.Testbehindtilingusingamoisturemeter.
STRUCTURALISSUESPoppingnailsmightbeasignofinadequatewallframing.Checkforanyfloorframingproblemsinthebasement.Lookfor
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twisted,damaged,orrottedjoiststhatcancauseaweaknessinthefloorarea.Saggingfloorsmaybecausedbyasaggingmainbearingbeam.Checkceilingsfornailpops,cracks,orsagsthatcouldindicateunderlyingstructuralproblems.Iftheceilingjoistsarecausingtheceilingtosag,thiswillputstressontheadjacentwallsaswellastheceiling.
ELECTRICALSAFETYCheckallsmokedetectors,anduseathree-prongcircuitanalyzertoensurethatoutletsworkintheproper120-voltrange.Wiringproblemscancauseshocks,sparks,fires,equipmentfailuresorpoorperformance.Lowvoltagemaybecausedbywiringtoosmallfortheelectricalload,overlylongcircuits,orconductorswithahigherresistancewhenoperatingathightemperatures.
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074CHECKPIPESANDDUCTSChecktheplumbingpipesroombyroomforleakage,corrosion,andadequateinsulation.Inolderhomes,theplumbingmaybelead,whichisahealthhazard.Applyamagnettometalpipes.Ifthemagnetadheres,thepipeismadeofgalvanizedsteel;ifnot,it’slikelyaleadpipe.Onewaytoverifythatthehousehasadequatewaterpressureistoturnonallfaucets.Asteadystreamofwatershouldcomefromeachone.Ifnot,thepipediametercouldbetoonarrow.Aprofessionalinspectoroftenchecksforgasleaksinplumbingandapplianceswithabattery-operatedcombustiblegasdetector;youcanbuyoneatahomecenter.TheHVACsystemisn’tinspectedforsafetyorwater,butforitsperformance.Inoldersystems,aninspectorwouldopenthefurnacetoinspecttheflamesandotherparts;newerfurnacescannotbeinspectedinthatmanner.HVACsystemscanbepoweredbyelectricity,gas,oroil,andcanbeconfiguredasforcedair,boiler,steam,orradiantsystems.Ifyouaren’twellversedinthetechnologyofyoursystem,thenit’sagoodideatohaveyourhome’sHVACsysteminspectedannuallybyacertifiedtechnician.
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075GETAGOODFOUNDATIONInspectcrawlspacesandbasementsforsignsofwaterpenetrationorcracksinfoundationwalls.Waterforcedthroughbelow-gradewallsindicatesdrainageproblemsoutsidethehome.Checkfoundationandretainingwallswitha4-footlevel.Iftheylistorbowfromexternalpressure,theymayeventuallycollapse,andyoushouldconsultastructuralengineer.
CRACKSHairlinecracksinafoundationmaysimplybecosmetic(occurringasthefoundationcures),buttheyshouldstillbemonitored.V-shapedcracks(wideattop,narrowatbottom),oronesextendingthewall’sfullheight,arelikelycausedbyunevensettlementofthefootingandwillusuallyworsenovertime.Afloorslabthatcracksorheavesupwardmayindicateahighwatertable.Installfootingdraintilestocounteracttheissue.
DRAINAGEIfahomehasasumppump,drainageisapossibleissue.Checktheoutsidefoundationperimeterforrutsonthegroundorbarespotsfromerosion,whichindicatesmorewaterflowthanthesoilcanabsorb.Installationofdrainageconduitcanprovideasolution.
WOODROTUseascrewdriverorawltocheckareasforwoodrotordecayinsidetheframing.Woodrotiscausedbyafungusandisasdamagingastermites.Inspectframingmembersnearthegroundforsignsoftermiteinfestation,suchasmudtubeslinedwithdirt.Termites’wingsfalloffeasily,soapileofwingsisanothercluetotheirpresence.
EXTERIORWALLSCheckexteriorsidingforstructuralintegrity,secureattachmentandsignsofrotorwaterpenetration.Lookforfunctionalweep-holesinbrickandbrickveneer.Instucco,checkforcracksduetotheexpansionoftheplywoodsheathingbeneathit.Cracksofanysizeinthestuccowillallowmoisturetopenetrate.WheninspectingtheEIFS,useamoisturemetertoinspectunseenareasthatmightcontainmoisturebehindthewallsurface.
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076UNDERSTANDINSULATIONInsulationhelpskeepahomewarminthewinterandcoolinsummer.Itsavesenergy,lowersyourutilitybills,andcanmakesforamorecomfortablehome.Anyexteriorwallsthatseparateconditionedandunconditionedspacesshouldbeinsulatedtocreateathermalenvelope.Thereareseveralinsulationproductsdesignedforspecificuses.Forthebestenergyefficiency,youshouldcombineseveralofthemtomakeatotalinsulatingsystem,includingproductsforinsulatingthefoundationwalls,exteriorwalls,crawlspace(underfloor),floors,basementwalls,HVACducts,andmore.Herearesomeotherthingsyoushouldknow.
MINDTHEGAPMaintainaminimum3-inchspacebetweenanyelectricalfixturesandtheirsurroundinginsulation.Thisismandatedbyelectricalcode,andifnecessaryyoucannailwoodbarriersbetweenceilingjoiststokeeptheinsulationaway.
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KNOWTHER-VALUEInsulationlevelsaredeterminedbytheR-value,ameasureoftheinsulation’sabilitytoresistanyheattravelingthroughit.ThehighertheR-value,thebetterthethermalperformance.
Yourrecommendedinsulationlevelwilldependuponthegeographicareawhereyourhomeislocated.AccordingtotheDepartmentofEnergy,thewarm,southernregionsofthecountryshouldhaveenoughatticinsulationtoachieveavalueofR-30toR-60.Thenorthern,colderareasoftheUnitedStates,meanwhile,requireatticinsulationofatleastR-49tobeproperlycosteffective.
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DOTHEMATHTheamountofinsulationthatyouneedtoachieveacertainR-valuedependsonthetypeofinsulationthat’sbeingused.Forexample,3½inchesoffiberglasswillachieveR-13,while2inchesofrigidfoampolystyreneachievesR-10.TheR-valuewillbeprintedonthepackageoftheinsulationproductsothatyoucaneasilycalculatehowmuchisrequired.R-valuesofindividualproductscanbeaddedtoachieverecommendedlevels.Forexample,anR-38addedtoanR-11resultsinR-49.
Ahome’sexteriorwallsshouldincludebothamoisturebarrierandinsulationinstalleduponconstruction.AnyotherareasofyourhomethatyoudeterminetohaveinadequateinsulationcanusuallyberetrofittedtoincreasetheR-value.
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077KNOWYOURMATERIALSAwiderangeofinsulationproductsisavailabletototallyenvelopeandinsulateabuilding.Themajortypesofinsulationincludefiberglass,blow-in,sprayfoam,rigidfoam,andvarioustypesofloosefill.Herearethebasicsoneachkind.
TYPE
Fiberglass
TYPICALUSAGE
Commonlyusedinwalls,attics,andcrawlspaces.
YOUSHOULDKNOW
•Themostcommonlyusedtype.•Inexpensiveandeasytoinstall.•Availableinrolls(cuttosuit)andbatts(precutlengthsavailablefor8-and9-footwalls).
PROTIPS
Ifyouinstalladditionalfiberglassinsulationoverexistingatticinsulation,besuretouseunfacedrollsorbatts.Whenthejoistcavityisfull,installthesecondlayerofunfacedinsulationovertheceilingjoiststoreduceheatlossthroughthewood.
Blow-in
TYPICALUSAGE
Agoodchoiceforinstallingalargeamountofinsulationinenclosedwallsorinnarrowspaces,likebetweenceilingjoistsincrampedattics.
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YOUSHOULDKNOW
•Achievesuniformcoverageeveninhard-to-reachareas.•CaneasilybedonebyaDIYerwithaweekendtospare.
PROTIPS
Tofillenclosedwalls,anaccessholecanbecutinthewallboardneartheceilingtofillthestudcavity.Oncefilled,theholecanbepatchedorconcealedwithtrimmolding.
Sprayfoam
TYPICALUSAGE
Popularinnewconstruction,wheretheexposedframingcanbefilledwithoutobstruction.
YOUSHOULDKNOW
•Thefoamexpandstoprovideaflexiblefoamblanketofmillionsoftinyaircells,fillingbuildingcavitiesandsealingcracksandcrevices.
•Driesquickly,andanyexcessmaterialcaneasilybetrimmedoff,leavingasurfacereadyfordrywall.
PROTIPS
Mostspray-foamproductsaredealer-installedandarriveonatruckwithalotofcomplexequipmenttosealawholehouse.However,somecompaniesmakeproductsavailabletothedo-it-yourselfhomeowner.
Forroomadditions,remodels,andtargetedareasintheatticorbasement,checkintodisposableself-containedpolyurethanekits,whichareengineeredforprofessionaldutybutarealsoeasytouse.
Rigidfoam
TYPICALUSAGE
Canbeusedtoretrofitbasementsandotherareasofahomewherethereisnotenoughroomforbattsorblow-in.
YOUSHOULDKNOW
The4X8polystyrenesheetsareavailableathomestoresinthicknessestypicallyrangingfrom½to1inch.
PROTIPS
Thematerialiseasytocutwithastraightedgeandautilityknife,andinstallationissimilartofiberglassbatts.
Radiantbarrier
TYPICALUSAGE
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Blocksthesun’sraysfromtransferringheattoyourattic,reflectingupto96percentofsolarenergyandsavingonairconditioning.
YOUSHOULDKNOW
Incoolerweather,ithelpstokeepanyradiantenergyfromleavingtheroof,thusreducingheatlosssothatyoudon’thavetoblastthefurnaceasmuch.
PROTIPS
Variousradiantbarrierproductsareavailablethatinstallasflexiblesheetingthatfastenswithstaples,orasfriction-fitpanelsthatsnapbetweenrafters.
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078SEARCHFORLEAKSWhetherfromdrywall,carpentry,flooring,orHVAC,airleaksrepresentmoneyoutthewindow.Incoldweather,warmairrisesintotheatticofthehome.Asitenterstheattic,itleavesthelivingspace,whichyou’repayingtoheat.Italsopullsincoldairfromothercracksandcrevicesinthehome,arounddoorsandwindows,andthroughthebasement.Inessence,theseleakscreateaviciouscyclethatcandrainawayenergyandmoney.Inspectyourhomecarefullyforanyleaks,whichcanbedifficulttofindwhenhiddenbeneathinsulation.Somecommonproblemareasincludetheattichatch,plumbingvents,wiringholes,recessedlights,andthesoffitboxesthatcontainthem.
LIGHTACANDLEAsimplewaytocheckforairleaksistouseaburningcandle.Onacool,windyday,closealldoorsandwindowsandturnoffthefurnace.Turnonalltheventfansinthehousetoencouragetheleaks.Movethelitcandlearoundtheedgesofdoorsandwindows.Lookforthesmoketoflutterortheflametoflicker,whichindicatesaleak.
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TESTTHETEMPSIftemperaturesdiffermorethan1or2degreesinvariousareasofaroom,itmaybepoorlysealed.Useweather-strippingand/orcaulking,thenretakethetemperatures.(Ifthedifferencespersist,youmayhaveanHVACairflowproblem.)
KNOWYOURWEAKNESSCertainspotsinthehomeareparticularlyvulnerable.Checkroundthefurnaceflueortheductchaseway(theboxthathidestheducts)forleaks.Next,investigateindoorareasincludingheatinganddryerventpenetrations,gapingbaseboardsandcracksalongsillplates,andfloor-to-walljunctions.Ontheoutside,lookforleaksatthebottomofsidingedgeswheretheymeetthefoundation,alonggarageceilingandwalljoints,andallelectric,gas,andA/Cpenetrations.Alsoexaminethebasementrimjoistsandallwindowsanddoors.
DOANAUDITConsiderinvestinginaninfraredthermometer,foraDIYhomeenergyaudit.Foraslittleasahundredbucks,handheldlaser-sightedtoolscandetectenergylossarounddoorsandwindows,insulation,ductwork,andotherareasthroughoutthehome.
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PROTIPAPPLYCAULKSprayablereleaseagentscanpreventcaulkfromstickingtothesurroundingareas,makingshapingthejointthatmucheasier.Similarly,maskingthejointwithpainter’stapecanalsohelptoeliminatemessifyouarenotfullycomfortablewithyourprowesswithusingcaulk.
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079FILLTHEGAPSSealleaksbetweenmovingpartswithweatherstripping.Usecaulkingbetweennon-movingparts.Youcanuseawidevarietyofproducts,suchascaulkandfoambackerrods,siliconeorwater-basedsealants,orrollsoffoam.Anotherpopularsealantisspray-inexpandablefoam,whichcomesinanaerosolcan.It’simportanttoselecttherightinsulatingfoamforthejob;toomuchexpansioninthewrongplacecanputunwantedstressontheconstruction.Use“nowarp”formulaaroundwindowsanddoors.
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080LAYABETTERBEADCaulkingisanecessaryevil.Applyingthestuffisamessyjob,whetheryou’resealingthehomeorfillingjointsontrimtoachievethefinishedlookthatseparatesprofessionaljobsfromamateurattempts.Controlandconsistencyarethekeystoabettercaulkbead.
STEP1Cleantheworkareabeforeapplicationtopromoteadhesion,topreventdebrisfromdisruptingapplicationofthebead,andtokeepanyunsightlydirtfrombeingembeddedinyourfreshcaulk.
STEP2Cutoffthetipofthetubeatastraight90-degreeangle.Startatthetiptokeeptheholesmall.Iftheholeistoobigyou’llsacrificecontrolofthebead.Puncturethesealinsidethenozzlewithastiffwireorthinrod.
STEP3Withthetubeloadedinthecaulkgun,pullthetriggerseveraltimestoadvancethecaulktothetipofthenozzle.Releasepressurefromtheplungeranytimeyou’renotapplyingcaulktopreventexcessfromsquirtingoutofthe
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gun’stip.
STEP4Beginatthehorizontaljoints.Toensurethatafullbeadadherestobothplanesofthecaulkjoint,restthetipofthenozzleequallyonbothsurfaces.Depressthetriggerwithonehandtoforcecaulkintothejointasyoustabilizethegunandmovethebeadwiththeother.
STEP5Keepthegunata90-degreeangletothewallforconsistentapplicationandeasyvisibility.Movesteadilytokeepthebeadasconsistentaspossibletoavoidgaps.Ifyoucrossanyverticaljoints,caulkafewinchesupordownthejoints,whichmakesiteasiertoconnectthecaulkbeadslater.
STEP6Fillinalltheverticaljoints,tyingthemintoyourhorizontalruns.Wetashortwoodendowelorshapingtool,anddrawitstipoverthebeadtoscrapeawayexcesscaulkandtopressitintoaconcaveshape.Keepplentyofpaper
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towelsforcleanup.
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081SEALALEAKYDOORWAYEventhemostenergy-efficientHVACsystemscanstillcostplentyifwarmorcoolairiswastedthroughleakydoors.Asahousesettlesovertime,doorframesoftenshift,creatingagaparoundtheperimeter.Ageneralruleofthumb:Ifyoucanseelightbetweenthecloseddoorandthejamb,youhaveaproblem.Ifthishappenstoadoorleadingoutdoorsortoanunconditionedlivingspace,itequatestoleavingawindowcracked.Thesolutionhereistoinstallasimpleweather-strippingkit.
WHATYOU’LLNEED:•Weather-strippingkit•Drillordriver•Measuringtape•Hacksaw
Hardwarestoressellseveralvarietiesofweatherstripping,butthebesttypefordoorshasarigidaluminumbaralongwithasoftrubbergasket,calledabulb.Thebulbcompressesagainstthecloseddoortopreventthepassageofairandmoisture.Thekitsareusuallysoldwiththreepieces—oneforthetopandtwoforthedoorsides(screwsincluded).Thepiecesoftencomeinstandarddoorheights,butanyofthethreecomponentscanbetrimmedtosize.
STEP1Measurefromthedoorsilltotheupperjamb.
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STEP2Cuttheweather-strippingtolengthusingahacksaw.
STEP3Closethedoorandpresstheweather-strippingfirmlyontoit.
STEP4Drivescrewsintotheslots,butleavethemallloose(predrillholesiffasteningintoametaldoorframe).Repeatforthedoor’soppositeside.
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STEP5Closethedoorandpositionthestripssothatthegasketiscompressed.
STEP6Measurebetweenthesidestripsforthetoppieceofstripping.
STEP7Cutthetopstriptofit,andfastentightlyinplacewhencompressed.
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STEP8Closethedoorafewtimestocheckthesealandmakeminoradjustments.Retightenuntilyou’vecompletelyclosedoffthegap.
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082BEAHAPPYHACKERAhacksawisaframe-typesawthatcutsmetal.Thebladeisreplaceable,thin,andflexible,withfinehardenedteeththatareheldintensionbytheframe.Plentyofpeopleownahacksawbutfeeluncomfortableusingit,sincecuttingmetalcanbetricky.Herearebasichintsforhappyhacking.
STAYSHARPHacksawbladesarecheap;there’snoexcuseforusingadullone.Buyaboxofatleasttwodifferentteeth;changeabladewhenitbeginstograb.
STIFFENUPFlexibilityisyourenemyhere.Ifyourbladeisn’tscrewedinastightaspossible,it’spossiblethatitmaytwistorflexduringsawing,makingtheprocesslessefficient(andyourarmsmoresore).Tightenthenutuntilthebladeistotallyrigid,thenseeifyoucantightenitalittlemore.
TRYTHETEETHBladesrangefrom14to32TPI(teethperinch);coarserbladesaresuitedforsoftmetalslikebrassoraluminum,andfinerbladesarebestforthin,hardermaterials.Usetherightbladetoensureaprecisioncut.
PRESSHERE,PLEASEKeepinmindthattheblade’steethfaceforward,socuttingwillonlyoccurontheforwardstroke.Youshouldn’tbeusinganypressureatallonthebackstroke.
STROKESMOOTHLYUselongstrokesthatallowyoutouseasmuchofthebladeaspossibleoneachpass.Pushfirmly,butnotsohardthatyoubendthebladeormovemorequicklythanthesaw’scapabilities,andmaintaina
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smooth,constantpace.LubricatetheteethwithalittleoilorWD-40tocutdownonfrictionandhelpremovemetalparticlesfromtheteeth.
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083STAYINTHEZONEZoneheatingisanefficientmethodforoptimizingthewayyouwarmyourhome.Typicaloccupantsspend80percentofthetimein20percentofthehouse,soitmakessensetoonlyheatorcooltheareathat’scurrentlyinuse.Abasictechniquewithanexistingforced-airheatingsystemistoadjusttheventsintheunoccupiedrooms.Donotclosetheventscompletely,however.Sealingtheventsclosedcoulddecreaseairflowthroughtheairhandler,causepressureimbalances,andputstressontheductconnections.Closingventsby75percentcanbeeffective.(Theventclosesttothethermostatshouldalwaysbeopen.)
SPACEHEATERSAsimpleandcost-effectivewaytosupplementyourcentralheatingsystemiswithaplug-inheater.Themostcommonareceramicspaceheaterswithfan-forcedair.Availableinawiderangeofdesigns,thesearesafe,compact,andidealforheatingspacesupto150squarefeet.
INTEGRATEDSYSTEMZONINGThisinvolvesasetofmultiplethermostatsconnectedtoacontrolpanelthatoperatesdifferentdamperswithintheHVACductwork.Radiantfloorheatingisanotheroptionforcontrollingheatzones.
FORCED-AIRSYSTEMSTheseworkbestinsidehomeswherethedifferentzonescanbeisolatedfromeachotherbyclosingdoors.Avoidshuttingofftheheatentirelyinanunusedpartofyourhome,becausecondensationcould
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formoncoldinteriorwallsurfacesandleadtomold.Also,keepallroomsataminimumof50degreesFahrenheitduringthewintertokeepwaterpipesfromfreezing.
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084SAVEENERGYHeatingandcoolingsystemcostsaccountforapproximately45percentoftheaveragehome’sutilitybill,orabout45centsofeverydollar.Forlowerbills,uselessenergy.
Onegoodwayiswithmodernenergy-efficientwindows.Theseincludespacersystems,inertgasfillings,andspecialglassoptionsthatreduceenergyusageby34percentcomparedtonon-coated,single-panewindows.Thespacebetweenthedoublepanesmaybefilledwithargon,anodorless,colorless,nontoxicgassixtimesdenserthanair.Thisdesignpreventsairinfiltrationandactsasanaddedbarriertopreventharmfulultravioletraysfromenteringthehome.Low-E(emissivity)glassalsohasatransparentmetallicoxidecoatingtoreflectheat.
Aluminumstormwindowsareanotheralternative,installedoverexistingwindowstoinsulateandblockdrafts.SomestormwindowsevencomewithLow-Eglass.
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085JOINTHEPROGRAMProgrammablethermostatsautomaticallyadjustyourhome’stemperaturesettingsseveraltimesadaytofityourlifestyle.Theycansavemoneyonenergycostsandallowyoutoprogramwhenthesystemshouldscalebackonheatingorcooling.Inwinter,settheheattokickonduringyourcommutehomesoyoustepintoawarmhouse.Insummer,keepairconditioninglowinthemorningtoavoidcoolinganemptyhousewhileyou’reout.
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PROTIPSTAYDRY,KINDAIndoorhumidifierssootheirritationfromdryair,butanyexcesshumiditycanbreedmoldorbacteria.Idealhumidityinyourhomeshouldbekeptbetween30and50percent.
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086CHANGEYOURFILTERBediligentaboutregularlyreplacingthefiltersthatremovedustfromtheairasitcirculatesthroughtheHVACsystem.Mostsystemsusedisposablefilters.Somefurnaceshaveanelectrostaticfilter,whichisasturdymetalfilterthatneedstobecleanedeveryfewmonths.Ineithercase,acloggedfilterhindersairflow,andyoursystemhastoworkhardertogetthetemperaturesetbyyourhome’sthermostat.
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087GETREADYFORWINTERWhenthetemperaturedropsandcoldweatherrollsin,it’stimetoprepareyourhome—insideandout—forthewinterelementsbecause,yes,winteriscoming.Sealingoffairleaksandinstallingadequateinsulationaretwoofthemosteffectivewaystosaveenergy,butyoureffortsshouldn’tendthere.Whengivingyourhouseitsannualphysicalexam,don’toverlookanyofthesecrucialareas.
WINDOWSIdeally,yourhomeshouldhavedouble-paneandlow-emissivitycoatedwindowglass.Youcanalsoinsulateyourwindowsusingheat-shrinkplasticinsulation.Oneoptionforwooden-framewindowsistocovertheoutsidewithheavyplastictoreducecoldairinfiltration.Staplethesheetingovertheoutside,leavinga4-inchoverhangattheperimeter.Securetheedgeswithwoodenfurringstrips,fastentotheoutsidewindowframe,thentrimofftheexcessplastic.
HVACHaveanHVACtechniciandoafullinspectionofyourfurnaceforproperperformance.Ifthefurnaceismadeofold-fashionedsheetmetalductwork,considerreplacingitwithinsulatedducts,includingtheplenum.Ifyouusepropaneorheatingoil,ensurethatthetankhasbeenfilled.
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PLUMBINGInsulateoutdoorhosebibsandexposedplumbing,includingthoseinunheatedcrawlspaces.Ifyougoonawintervacation,leaveyourheatsettoatleast50degreesFahrenheitsopipesdon’tfreeze.
GUTTERANDROOFReplacewornordamagedshinglesorflashing.Anicedamisaridgeoficethatformsattheedgeofaroof,preventingmeltingsnowfromdrainingandcausingbacked-upwatertoleakintothehome.Topreventicedams,cleanyourgutterstoensureproperdrainage,andinstallguttercoverstopreventdebrisaccumulation.Properatticventilationremovesheatandkeepstheroofdeckevenlycooltopreventmeltingoftheice.
FIREPLACECHIMNEYSHaveaprochimneysweepinspect,clean,andrepairanyfireplaces,flues,orwoodstoves.Addchimneyorfluecapstokeepoutbirdsandpests.Tuck-pointorrepairanyloosemasonry,andmakesurethedampersworkonfireplacesandstoves.Storeawinter’ssupplyoffirewoodandkindlingawayfromthehouse(forsafety),andcoveritforprotection.
ATTICInspecttheatticforevidencethattheweathersealofthehousehasbeenbroken.Checkforanywetordampinsulationandmoldy,rottedatticraftersorceilingjoists,anyofwhichcouldindicatealeakyroof.Addressanyproblemsbeforetheycanworsen.
BASEMENT/FOUNDATIONInstallcoversoverthecrawlspaceventilationopenings.Coverbasementwindowswithplasticshields.Rakeleavesanddebrisawayfromthefoundation.Sealfoundationcracksandotheropeningstokeepoutmiceandotherpests.
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088KEEPWARMFORLESSEnergybillsaren’tgettinganylower—evenifyou’vedoneyourinspectionproperlyandfixedeverythingyoucan,youwillstillneedtoturnontheheatthiswinter.Hereareafewwaystominimizeyourheatingcosts.
ADJUSTYOURFANItmaysoundcounterintuitivetoturnonaceilingfaninthewinter,butmostceilingfanshaveaswitchthathastwosettings.Thecounterclockwisesettingcoolsaroomduringthesummer.However,sinceheatrises,duringwinterthefan’sclockwisesettingforceswarmairdownwardintothelivingspace.
ADDMOISTUREAnyonewho’sspentasteamysummerintheSouthcanattestthathumidairfeelswarmerthandry.Foramorecomfortablerest,andtosoothesinusesirritatedbycold,dryair.useahumidifier.Bothcool-and
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warm-misthumidifiersareavailable,andeithercanhelpmakearoomfeelwarmer.
LETTHESUNSHINETheradiantheatofthesuncanbeharnessedtokeepyourhometoastywarmbystrategicallyadjustingtheblindsandcurtains.Onsunnydays,openupthecurtainsthatfacesouthwardtoletinthesunlight.Youshouldremembertokeepthecurtainsclosedatnight,however,inordertoprovideanextrainsulatingbarrierbetweenyourhome’sinteriorandthecoldoutdoorair.
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089HITTHEDECKSSweepawayleaves,needles,andbranchesfrombetweenthedeckboardsandoffthesurface.Debriscanretainwaterandleadtomildew.Mildewshouldberemovedfromadeckassoonasitappears.Makeamildew-killingsolutionwith3quartsofwater,1quartofoxygenbleach,and¼cupofammonia-freeliquiddishwasherdetergent.Applywithagardensprayer,letset,thenrinseclean.Fortougherstains,useasoftbristlebrush.
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090FLIPTHEDECKBOARDSInsomecasesofweathereddeckboards,youcantrypryingthemupandflippingthemover.Theundersideoftheboardsareofteningoodconditionbecausetheyhavebeenhiddenfromwaterandsunexposure.Ifso,justturnthemover,fastenthemdown,andthenstainandsealthemforaneconomicalwaytorenewyourworndeck’sappearance.
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PROTIPTHINKAHEADTakecareofproblemwithsmallenginesinyouryardworkmachinery,orsimilarissues,inwinter,insteadofspringwhentherepairshopsarebusy.Drainoilandreplaceitalongwiththefilter.Drainthegasfromlawnmowersandsimilarequipment,oraddafuelstabilizertoallengines.
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091CLEARTHECLOGSPlumbingcanbeaverymessy,smelly,andaltogethernastyjob,butifyourpipesareclogged,youcanoftensolvetheproblembysimplyfollowingtheguidelinesdetailedhere.
Gravitycarrieswaterawayfromappliancesandsinks,andoutofthehouseviadrainpipesranginginsizefrom1¼to4inchesindiameter.Thesizeofthepipedependsonthesizeofthefixture.Eachfixturealsohasatrapthatholdswatertosealoffsewagegases,andthetrapsarehandyforcatchingwaywardobjectsthatgodownsinkdrains,suchastoothbrushesorhairclasps,whichcanberescuedbyunscrewingthetrap.Itwillbeeasiertounclogaslowdrainthanitistoopenonethatiscompletelystopped,solookforsignsofasluggishdrain.Pourscaldingwaterdownthepipetoloosenanygreasebuildup.Ifthisdoesn’tsolvetheproblem,checktheotherhouseholddrains.Multiplecloggeddrainsmeanacloginthemainpipe.Herearesomedecloggingmethodstotry.
TYPE
Cup-styleplunger
WHATITIS
Themostcommonclog-fightingtool,foundinjustabouteverybathroom
WHENTOUSE
Bestforsinksandshowerdrains
Flangedplunger
WHATITIS
Variationontheclassicstyle
WHENTOUSE
Designedtobemoreefficientinatoilet;flangemakesitlessusefulinsinksandshowers
Cylinderplunger
WHATITIS
Newdesignallowsfordrawingwaterintoacylinderandthenpushingitoutwithsuddenforce
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WHENTOUSE
Goodfortoiletsanddrainclogswithstandingwater
Plumbingsnake
WHATITIS
Flexiblesteelcablethatworksitswaythroughthedrainpipe
WHENTOUSE
Ifclogsarefartherdownadrainpipe
Compressedair
WHATITIS
Cartridgeshootsairdownthepipe,blastingtheclogaway
WHENTOUSE
Ifyoudon’thaveasnakeorwouldliketoavoidremovingyourtraps
Chemicalproducts
WHATITIS
Variouschemicalsthatdissolveclogs
WHENTOUSE
Usejudiciouslyinsinksandtubs;notforuseinatoiletorlaundryoutflow
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092TRYTHISSOLUTIONChemicalclogremoverscanbehelpfulinopeningtheoccasionalpluggedpipe.Butdon’tbesuckeredbythinliquidproducts.Ifyoupourawaterycleanerdownasluggishdrain,it’llgorightbytheclogandintothedepthsofyourplumbingsystem,leavingtheproblemstuckinthepipe.Chooseathickerproductthatstickstotheinsideofthepipe.Chemicalcleanersuseeitheranacidorabasetodissolvestubbornclogsandorganicmatter;thethickerproductshaveimprovedcoverageandbettercontactwithblockage.Allowthecleanertositasdirected;followwithrunningwatertotestthedrain.
Chemicalcleanerscomewithafewredflags.Thefirstisthattheactiveingredientisoftenchlorinebleach,whichisbadforseptictanksbecausebleachcankilloffthebeneficialbacteriainasepticsystem.Bleach-basedproductsarebestsuitedforsystemslinkedtoacitysewer.Also,laundrydrainclogsareoftenduetoaccumulatedclothingfibers.Liquiddrainersdon’tdissolvethoseparticles,soallofthoseclogswillhavetoberemovedphysically,notchemically.Furthermore,liquiddraincleanersarenotintendedforeveryhouseholdclog.They’renotdesignedtoremovethewastethatmaybecloggingyourtoilet.
Thegeneralruleofchemicalcleaners:Readtheinstructionsonthelabelandonlyuseitasintended.Alwaysuseinawell-ventilatedarea,andwear
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rubbergloves.Don’tuseaplungerifaliquidcleanerisinthedrain,becauseyourisksplashingcausticchemicalsontoyourskin.Anddon’tpourinaliquidcleanerifthedrainiscompletelyblockedoryouwillbefacedwithasinkfullofcausticwater—anothermessthatyou’llhavetodealwithafterward.
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093PLUNGEASINKMostpeoplethinkofplungersintermsofclearingastoppedtoilet,butthey’realsogreatforblockeddrains.Useasimpleplungerwithalargeenoughsuctioncuptocompletelycoverthedrain,creatinganairtightsealaroundit.Fillthesinkwithwatertocompletelycoverthesuctioncup(itmayhelptocoattherimofthecupwithpetroleumjelly).Sealoffanyotheroutlets,suchastheoverflowdraininsinks,tocreateavacuum.Pushoutanytrappedairbeneaththecupandgivetheplungerabout15vigorousup-and-downpumpingstrokestojoltloosetheclog.Thismighttake3to5setsofstrokes.
Ifaplungerdoesn’tworkandyouendupneedingtoopentheP-trapunderneaththedrain,thenuseawrenchtodisassembleandinspectthetrap.Oftenthetrapiscongested,andathoroughcleanoutandreplacementisallthat’sneeded.
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094USEASNAKE(ORNOT)Toclearstubbornclogsfartherdownthedrainthanaplungercango,aplumbingsnakeisahandytool.It’sbasicallyaflexiblesteelcablethatgoesthroughthepipework,physicallyremovingclogs.However,thesnakedoesn’tworkverywellintightturns,soremovetheP-trapandthehorizontaltraparmfromtherearwallfirst.
Insertthesnakedirectlyintothedrainpipe.Ifsnakingatub’sdrain,removetheoverflowplateandrunthecabledownthetube.Pushthesnakeintothepipeuntilyourunintotheobstruction.Trytohooktheclogbytwistingtheplumbingsnake’shandle;onceit’shooked,pushthesnakebackandforthtohelpbreakuptheobstruction,thenflushwithcoldwater.
Ifyoudon’thaveaplumbingsnake,orifyouwanttoavoidremovingthetraps,tryoutoneofthenewclog-removalproductsthatshootcompressedairintothedrainandforcetheclogtomove.Someproductsareavailableindisposablecans.AnothertypeisareusabledevicethatusescartridgesofcompressedCO2.Oncethecartridgeisloaded,pressdownfirmlyonthetoolhandle;aneedlepuncturesthecartridge,sendingapowerfulburstofairintothedrain,instantlyuncloggingit.
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PROTIPFILLYOURBLADDERAnotherdrain-clearingtoolisthereusablerubberdrainbladder.Thisattachestoastandardgardenhoseandisinsertedintothepipe.Whenthewateristurnedon,thebladderexpandsintothepipewhilesendingapowerfuljetofwaterdownthedraintoforceouttheclog.
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095CLEANTHEMAINDRAINIfmultiplefixturesareclogged,youmayneedtoclearthemaindrainline.Locatetheclean-outplugsonthelargedrainpipesinyourbasementorcrawlspace;theymaybeinagarageoroutdoors,alongthefoundationofthehouse.Eachplughasacapwithasquarefittingatthetop.Removethecapwithawrench.(Besurenooneusesthefacilitieswhilethemaindrainlineisopen.)Useaplumbingsnaketobreakupanyclogsintheopenmainline,runningitinbothdirectionsofthepipe.
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096KNOWYOURTOILETAtoiletissomethingthateveryoneneedstohaveworking.Itmustfillandflush,andifallisinproperworkingorder,atoiletwilldosowithminimalnoiseandhassle.Whilefairlysimpleindesign,overtimeanyofthesetoiletcomponentscanwearoutandcorrode.Thiscanleadtoproblemswithflushingandrefillingthetank.
FILLVALVEAttachedtoawater-supplyconnectorthroughthebottomofthetank,thefillvalvecontrolstheflowoffreshwaterintothetoilettank.Thetwomainvalvetypesusedtodayarethetraditionalfloatball(alsocalledaballcock)andthefloatcuptype.
FLUSHVALVEThisvalveconsistsofaflapper(or“stopper”or“tankball”)thatalignsoverthedrainandisattachedtotheoverflowpipe.Itregulatesthedischargeofwaterfromthetanktothebowl.
OVERFLOWPIPEOftenattachedtotheflushvalve,thispipesuppliesrefillwatertothebowlandpreventsoverflowofthetank.
TANKLEVERConsistingofaleverarmandaflushhandle,thetankleverallowswatertoflowintothebowlbyliftingtheflapperwhentheflushhandleispressed.
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097TROUBLESHOOTATRICKLINGTOILETYoumighthearfreshwatertricklingintothetankwhenyouhaven’tflushedthetoilet.Here’showtofigureoutwhat’shappeningandfixit.
CHECKTHEVALVESLookdowninsidetheoverflowpipe.Ifwaterisrunningthroughtherefilltubeintotheoverflowpipe,checkthefillvalve.Forballcock-typefillvalves,thefloatballrodwillbeatthetopofthetank,withahollowplasticorcopperballontheright-handend.Ifitisbentinanydirection,thencarefullystraightenitbyhand.Iftherodisstraightandthefloatballdoesnotlightlyrestonthetank’swatersurface,itprobablyhasaleakandrequiresreplacement.
LOWERTHELEVELThetank’swaterlevelmayalsobesettoohigh.Lowerthewaterlevelbymovingtheadjustmentcliplocatedontheballcocklink.Simplysqueezethesidesoftheclipandthenpushdownonthelinktoadjustthewater.Floatcup–typefillvalvesalsofeatureawater-leveladjustmentcliplocatedonthecupmechanism.
LOOKFORCORROSIONLookforanystickingorcorrosioninthelever.Ifyoudoseerust,replacetheentiremechanism.
CLEANYOURSEALRemoveanybuildupbeneaththefillvalveseal.Todothis,shutoffthewaterandremovethetopoftheballcockorthefloatcupvalve.Covertheopeningwithanupside-downglass.Turnthewateronandoffafewtimes,andanybuildupshouldbeflushedbythewaterstream.Turnthetopoverandrinseitunderafaucet,thenreattach.
FIXTHEFLAPPERThetricklingwatermaybeduetoaleakyflapper.Iftheflapperisdirty,youcansimplycleanitwitharagtoremoveanygrimeorbuildup.Ifthestopperisdamagedorworn,itcansitaskewandnotsealproperly.Replaceitalongwiththevalveseat.Ifyou’vetriedalloftheseaforementionedmethodsandthewateriscontinuingtorunthroughtherefilltube,thenthefillvalvesealisprobablydefectiveandrequiresreplacement.
GOBEYONDIfyouhearwatertricklingbutyoudonotseewaterrunningfromtherefilltubeintotheoverflowpipe,checktheplacementoftherefill
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tube.Therefilltubeisthesmallvinyltubethatstretchesfromthefillvalveonthelefttothehollowpipeontheright.Iftherefilltubeisstuckdowninsidetheoverflowpipe,raisetheenduntilitisjustabovethetopofthepipe.Theadaptershouldhooktothetop.Ifnoneofthesetroubleshootingtipswork,theoverflowpipeorflushvalvemaybecorrodedorleakingandneedreplacement.
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098GETAROYALFLUSHAtoiletthatdoesn’tflushproperlycanbebothgrossandannoying.Inspecttheshut-offvalveatthewall;thewatersupplymightbeofforpartlyshut.Justturnthevalvecounterclockwisetoopenit.Then,tightenthetopoftheballcockorfloatcup.Makesureitlockstightlyintoplace.Insomecases,thechainbetweenthetoiletleverandtheflappermayhavedetached.Ifthisisthecase,thechaincaneasilybereattachedorreplaced.
Ifthetoiletbowldoesn’ttotallyflushorwon’tfillproperly,theholesundertherimcouldbelimitingthewaterflow.Useacoathangerorstiffwiretoclearthemofanyobstructions.Next,tightenthesetscrewattachingtheflushhandle;remembertoallowasmallamountofplayupanddown.Ifthehandleorsetscrewiscorroded,thenreplacetheentiremechanism.Also,besurethattheflapperisclosingonlyafterthetankisemptied.Finally,adjustthechain,allowing½inchofslack.Testflushafewtimes,andyoushouldbeallset.
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099SOLDERCOPPERPIPEMostAmericanhomeshavecopperwaterlines.Solderingistheprocessofjoiningtwocopperorbrasssurfaceswithmetalbyheatingthesoldertoalittleunder750degreesFahrenheit.Whenthejointcools,itwillbeasstrongasthepipe.Youneedafewbasicspecializedtoolstoworkwithcopperpipe,andthey’reworthputtinginyourtoolbox.Here’swhatyou’llneedtoget.
PIPECUTTERThistoolallowsyoutomakeaclean,squarecuttoensureagoodjointeverytime.
FOUR-IN-ONETOOLThistoolwillquicklyremovedirtandoxidizationfromtheinterioroffittingsandtheexteriorofcopperpipeinboth½-and¾-inchsizestoincreaseyourchancesofasuccessfulsolderjob.
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PROPANETORCHYoucanuseahandheld,self-containedunitforbasicsoldering.Getonewithanauto-ignitefeatureandlockingON/OFFswitchorbutton.
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100PLANTHEINSTALLATIONFornewplumbinginstallation,plantohaveasfewsolderedjointsaspossibletoreducethechanceofleaks.Determinethematerialsrequiredforthetask,andhavethemaswellasextrapartsonhandbeforebeginning,includingallflux,solder,pipe,valves,andelbowsformaleandfemaleconnectors.Notethatbuildingcodesrequireleadlesssolderfordomesticwaterlines,becauselead-basedsoldercanleachintothewaterstandinginthepipe.
STEP1Measure,cut,anddry-fitallparts.Thiswillensurethattheprojectworksbeforesoldering.Makecertainthereisnostrainontherunofpipeorjoints,becausestresscanresultinfailureovertime.
STEP2Assembleandcleanallpartstoremoveanysurfaceoxidation.Cleanboththeexteriorofcopperpipeandtheinteriorofallfittings.Whenthisisdonecorrectly,thepipeorfittinginteriorwillshinelikeanewpenny.
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STEP3Applyalightcoatofself-cleaning,non-acidfluxtoallmatingsurfaces.Useasmall“fluxbrush”forthistask.Thepurposeofthefluxistoremoveanyunseensurfaceoxidation,toetchthecoppertopromoteadhesion,andtohelpthesolderbondwellwiththecopperpipeandfitting.Reassemblethepieces.You’rereadytosolder!
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101SOLDERSAFELYAlwayswearsafetyglassesandgloveswhensoldering.Iftheprojectrequiresoverheadsoldering,neverstanddirectlybelowthework.Next,followthestepsbelowtoensureajobwelldone.
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STEP1Pullabout12inchesofftherollofsolderandbendthetop3inchestoformarightangle.Thiswillmakeiteasiertodepositsolderallaroundajoint.
STEP2Beginheatingthefittingfirst,thenapplyheattothepipe/fittingjointwithabackandforthmotion.Whenthepipeandfittingreachthepropertemperature,thesolderwillmeltwhentouchedtothejoint,andtheheatwilldrawthesolderintothejoint.Thefluxwillbubbleandsmokeslightly.
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STEP3Makesuretofillthejointcompletely.Useadampragtoquicklywipeoffanyexcesssolderfromthejoint.Continuesolderingalljointsinthismanner.(Whilesolderingaroundwoodenframingmembers,becarefultoavoidafire.)
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102TACKLETANKTROUBLEAnumberofthingscouldbecausingissueswithhowthetoilettankfunctions.Herearesomecommonissues.
FILLITUPIfyourtankisrefillingslowly,ornotatall,youwillneedtocleanthefillvalveinterior.Shutoffthewateratthewallconnection,liftthefloatarmandtwisttheballcockorfloatcuptopuntilitunlocks.Useacoathangerorothersimilarstiffwiretogentlyscrapeouttheinsideofthefillvalve.Holdanupside-downglassoverthevalveopeningandturnthewateronandoffthreeorfourtimestoflushdepositsfromtheinside.Rinsethefillvalvetopunderafaucettocleantheseal,andthenreplacethetop,turningitclockwiseuntilitlocks.Turnonthewatersupply.Ifthetankstilldoesn’tfillproperly,replacethepipethatrunsfromthewalltothetoilet.Braidedstainlesssteeltoiletconnectorsarepreferred.
KEEPITQUIETIfthetoiletistooloudwhenrefilling,makesuretheshut-offvalveatthewalliscompletelyopen.Also,inspecttheangleadapter,whichistypicallyarigid,plasticelbowontheendoftherefilltube.Tweaktheadapterslightlytowardtheinsidewalloftheoverflowpipetoensurethatfreshwaterhitsthepipewallacoupleofinchesfromthetopbeforerunningtothebottomofthetank.Ifthisdidn’tdothetrick,replacethefillvalve.
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103HANDLEBRASSVALVESBrassvalvesrequirespecialtreatmentwhensoldering,andtherearetwocommonlyusedapproaches.Thefirstistoremovethevalvestem(alongwithitsrubberwasher)fromthevalvebodyandattachthepipebysoldering.Oncethevalvehascooled,reinstallthevalvestem.Donottrytosolderthevalvewiththesteminplacebecausetheheatfromsolderingwillmelttherubberwasherandthusrenderthevalveineffective.
Thesecondmethodinvolvesusingafemalethreadedvalveandattachingmalethreadedcouplingstotheendsofthecopperpipe.Afterthepipeandcouplingscool,threadthemintobothsidesofthevalve.
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PROTIPSEALWITHLIQUIDSOLDERForsmall,targetedrepairs,liquidsoldersofferastrong,water-resistantalternativetoconventionalhotsoldering.Oncethesemoltenmetalsareapplied,thebondshouldbeclampedtogether,thenleftundisturbedforupto24hoursinordertoachievemaximumstrength.
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104JOINPVCPIPINGPVCisthemostcommonlyusedplasticpipingsinceit’scorrosion-resistant,cost-effective,andpromisesalongservicelife.PiecesarejoinedwithPVCcement.Eachtypeofplasticpipeismadeofdifferentmaterialsandrequiresitsownblendofcementtoensureaproperbond.Here’showtoputitalltogether.ThesesamestepscanbeusedtojoinCPVCpipeaslongasyouuseCPVCcement.
MEASURETheendsofPVCpipingwillslideinsidethefittingsuptotheshoulder.Whenmeasuringpipelength,alwaysmeasurethedistancebetweentheshouldersofthefittings;transferthismeasurementtothepipe.
CUTMakethecutasstraightandsquareaspossible,usingastandardhacksaw,mitersaw,orreciprocatingsaw.
DEBURRUseautilityknifeorfiletoremoveburrsfrominsidethepipejoint.
CLEANForgoodadhesionandastrong,leak-freejoint,lightlyscufftheendsofthePVCwithfine-gritsandpapertoremovethesheenandanydirt.Clearoffdustwithacleanrag.
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DRY-FITAssembleeverythingtobesureit’sthecorrectlength.Theorientationofcertainfittingsiscriticaltoplumbingdesign.Makedirectionalreferencemarksonthepiecesforeasyrealignmentduringfinalassembly.Markthedepthofpipeconcealedbythefittingtoguidewheretoapplytheprimerandcement.
PRIMEApplyPVCprimeraroundtheentireendofthepipe,aswellastheinsideofthefitting.TheprimertemporarilysoftensathinlayerofthePVCmaterial,allowingthecementtocreateastrong,leak-freebondbetweenthepipeandfitting.
CEMENTBrushPVCcementoverthepipeendandinsidethefitting,completelycoveringthecontactsurfacesofthejoint.
CONNECTSlidethepipeintothefittinguntilitpressesfirmlyagainsttheshoulder.Givethepipeorfittinga¼-inchturntospreadtheadhesiveandmakesureitcompletelysealsthejoint.Makesurethereferencemarksonthefittingsareproperlyaligned.Holdthejointforatleast30secondsasthecementcures.
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105SHUTDOWNALEAKIfyouhaveawaterleak,firstshutoffthewatersupply.Ifyouhavealeakatatoilet,sink,washingmachine,orbathtub(withexposedplumbing),shutoffthewateratthevalveslocatedatthefloororwall,beloworbehindthefixture.Butthosearen’ttheonlyonesthatyouneedtoknowabout,soreadon.
MAINSHUTOFFVALVETostopanyleaksupstreamofthefixturevalves,youneedtoclosethehouse’smainshutoffvalve,allowingyoutoopenupanypipewithinthehouse.Locateitpriortoanemergency,checkitperiodically,andthenkeepitmaintained—ifyoudon’tknowwherethiscrucialvalveis,everyminutespentsearchingforitduringanemergencycouldresultingallonsmorewaterspillingintoyourhome.Thevalvedoesn’tgetusedoften,sodon’tletitrustandbecomenonfunctional.Tolocatethemainwatervalve,lookaroundtheinsideperimeterofyourhouseatthegroundlevel.Followastraightpathfromtheoutdoorwatermetertothehomeforthemostlikelylocation.Lookforaccesspanelsinthewalls,whichoftenconcealthevalve,orcheckyourhomeinspectionreport.
OUTDOORSHUTOFFVALVEIfthepreviousoptionsfail,oryouhaveanoutdoorleakintheyard,thenshutoffthewatermainoutside.Lookforaroundorrectangularsteelorironlid.(Note:Incoldclimatesthelidmaybecoveredwithsandordirttopreventpipesfromfreezing).Removethelidtoaccessthewatermeterandvalve.Stormrunoffmayhavecoveredoutdoorvalveswithdirtormud,requiringyoutoclearitwithahandspade.Connectedtothewatermeteristhewatercompany’sshutoffvalve,whichusuallyneedsaspecialwrenchandcanbeverydifficulttoturn.Checkforanadditionalresidentialvalveonthehousesideofthemeterthatusesanutorhandletocloseit,whichisthesimplestoption.Ifthere’snoresidentialvalve,uselockingpliersandelbowgreasetoturnoffthecompanyvalveuntiltheleakcanbefixed.(Specialwrenchesforoutdoorvalvesarealsosoldinhardwarestores.)
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PROTIPUSEPLUMBER’SEPOXYYoucanquicklyfixaleakypipewithplumber’sepoxy.Followthemanufacturer’sinstructions,andusetheclaylikeepoxyribbontoformasealaroundtheleak.Turnonthewaterandcheckforanyleaks.Thiswillonlybeatemporarysolution,however,untilpermanentrepairscanbeperformed.
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106THAWFROZENPIPESIfpipeshavefrozen,shutoffthewaterandinspectthemfordamageduetoexpansionfromfreezingwater.Ifthepipeisundamaged,drainitbyopeningadownstreamfaucet.Useahairdryerorheatguntowarmthepipeandmelttheblockage.Youcanalsowrapthepipeinatowelandpourhotwaterintothetowel.Afterthepipehasthawed,turnonthewatersupplyandcheckagainforanyleaks.
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107TRYPUSH-FITCONNECTIONSIt’ssometimesnecessarytocompletelyrepairapipeand/orjointtomakearepair.Push-fitconnectionsprovidethefastestandeasiestmethodtoconnectPEX,copper,orCPVCpipe.Push-fitconnectionsutilizeacompressionfittingtojointhepipes,requiringnosoldering,clamps,orglue,andthey’recertifiedupto200PSIand200degreesFahrenheit.Here’showtomakeapush-fitconnection.
STEP1Makeasquarecutontheendofthepipe.
STEP2Sanddowntheroughedges.
STEP3Somepush-fitconnectionsusearingfittedintheendofPEXpipetokeepitsroundshapewhiletheconnectorcrimpsoverit.Markthedepthofthepipethatgoesinthepush-fitconnection.
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STEP4Pushthefittingtogethertothedepthmarksothatit“clicks,”thenthepermanentconnectionwillbecomplete.
STEP5Whenapipegoesinthefitting,stainlesssteelteethgripittightly,andtheO-ringcompressestocreateaperfectseal.AdisconnecttoolreleasestheO-ringtoeasilychangeandreusevalvesandfittings.
Push-fitplumbingconnectionsrangeinsizefrom⅜to1inch,availableascouplings,elbows,tees,connectors,reducers,andendstops.Morethanjustaquickfix,theseconnectionscanbeusedforallsortsofnewplumbinginstallations.
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108USESELF-FUSINGTAPESincethewaterfoundindrainpipesisnotunderpressure,leakscanoftenbefixedusingself-fusingsiliconetape.Stretchalengthofthetapeandwrapitaroundtheproblemarea,overlappingthetapeandmakingsuretocoverthesurfaceonbothsidesoftheleak.Thetapewillfusetoitselftoformawaterproofseal.
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109LIGHTTHEBATHROOMPeoplespendagreatdealoftimelookingintothemirror,andtheynaturallywanttoseethemselvesinacomplimentarylight.Startyourdesignforthebathroomlightingschemewiththevanitymirror,whichtypicallyhasthebrightestlight,thendecidewhatambientoraccentsourceswillworkthebesttocomplementthevanitystation.Layerthelightsourcestofillingapsandreduceglare.
Remember:Recessedorcannedlightingisnotidealforabathroom’sonlylightsourcebecauseittendstocastashadowacrosstheface.Theroomdecorisbetterwhenthedesignandfinishofthelightfixturesworktogetherwithalltheplumbingaccessories.Awiderangeoffixturestyles,shapes,sizes,andfinishesareavailable.Herearemorehintstobrightenthesmallestroominthehouse.
WATCHTHEWATERShowersneedlightfixturesdesignedforuseinwetareas.Ifyouhaveroom,tablelampscanaddasoft,humantouchtobathrooms—butplacethemawayfromwatersources.
TAKERECESSTubsneedgoodgenerallight,whichcanbeprovidedbyarecessedfixture.Toavoidglare,aimthelightbeamattheoutsideedgeofthetub.
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SHINEONWindowsprovideopportunitytoaddnaturallightingorreplacetheelectricaloptions.
LIGHTUPTHENIGHTThetoespacebelowvanitiesandcabinetscanbelinedwithropelightingforanicenight-light.
GETYOURGLOWIndirect(orcove)lighting,withitshiddenlightsource,addsasoft,warmglowtothebathroom,butispurelyaesthetic.
LOOKYOURBESTForthemirror,lightingfromwarmfluorescentverticalwallsconcescanprovidethekindofevenfacialilluminationthateliminatesdarkcirclesandshadows.Halogenlightingabovethevanityprovidescross-illuminationwhenusedinconjunctionwithwallsconces.
GOHIGHCeilingfixturessuspendedoverheadcanprovideaneleganttouchwhileaddingextralight.
GETREADYTOREADFocusedfloodlightsorhalogenfixturesoverthecommodecanprovidegoodlightforreading(youknowyoudoit).
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110COOKUPAKITCHENSCHEMEToday’skitchensareoftenthehuboffamilyliving.Thelightingshouldbesuitableforreading,payingthebills,feedingthekids,andmore.Asinglekitchenlightsourcemeansthatworkaroundtheperimeterofthiscentrallightisrelegatedtothedimmerareasoftheroom.Theproperlightingschemedependsonthesizeandcomplexityofthekitchen.Smallerkitchensmayrequireonlyacentraloverheadfixturecoupledwithunder-cabinettasklightingplacednearyoursinkandstove.Largerkitchensmayrequireacombinationofgeneral,task,andaccentlighting.
PREPAREBEFORESHOPPINGWhenvisitingalightingshowroom,bringphotosofyourkitchenandtakenoteoftheroom’sdimensions.Howtallistheceiling?Wherearethedoors?Howmuchspaceistherebetweenthecabinetsandthecountertop?Thisinformationwillhelpdetermineyouroptions.
STARTWITHTHEBIGFEATURESKitchentablesandislandsarefocalpoints;lightthemupfirst,thendesignyourschemeoutward.Trypendantlightingorafixturewiththreelightsoveranisland.
CREATEABALANCEDMIXThebiggestmistakeisoverlookingsubtletiesinyourlightingscheme.Recessedlightingcancreateablanketof
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light,butitdoesn’tilluminateexactlywhereyouneedit.Don’tjustaddmorerecessedfixtures,whichwilljustover-saturatetheroomwithlight.Combinelightingtypes,andrememberthatdimmerswitchesaddflexibility.
CHOOSEANICEFINISHThetopmosttrendsindecorativefinishesforkitchenfixturesinclude:wroughtiron,oftenusedinrustandearthtones;pewterandsatinnickelfinishes,wherebrassusedtobepopular;paintedfinishes;andcoloredglass,asopposedtoplainwhite.Ofcourse,fashionschange,andyoumaynotwanttoremodeloften,sogowithwhatyouloveoverwhat’sinstyle.
DON’TOVERLOOKDETAILSUnder-cabinetlightingcanreduceshadowsonthecounterandaddcriticallighttoworkspace.Mini-pendantsmountedoverakitchenislandcanmakecountertopactivitieseasierforeveryone.Andsteplightsaroundanislandpreventstubbedtoesduringmidnightsnackruns.
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111KNOWYOURWIRINGBASICSInmodernwiring,individualwiresarebundledtogetherinsideasheathedcable.Inolderhouses,knobandtubewiringisusedinplaceofcables.Whateveryourwiringsystem,thewhitewireisusuallytheneutralwire,andtheblackistheliveor“hot”wire.Anyredwiresarehot,too.Theunsheathed,exposedcopperwiresaregroundwires.(Note:Insomecases,awiringinstallationmayhaverequiredawhitewiretobehot,inwhichcaseitshouldhavebeenmarkedwithblacktape.However,justbecauseitshouldbemarkeddoesn’tmeanthatitwasmarked.)Manylightfixturesdon’thaveblackandwhitewire,inwhichcase,lookforaribonthewiresheathingtodeterminetheneutralwire.
Ifonlyasinglecable,oronesetofblackandwhitesupplywires,entersthebox,thenthefixtureisattheendofthecircuit.Thisiscommon—butisnotguaranteed—withceilingfixturesandallowsforthesimplestmethodofinstallation.Iftwocables(ortwosetsofblackandwhitewires)enterthebox,thenyourfixtureisinthemiddleofacircuit.Ifalightisinthemiddleofacircuit,youwillhavetotwistmultiplewirestogether.
TYPE
Two-wirewithground
WHATITIS
DESCRIPTION
Ablackwire,awhitewire,andanuninsulatedgroundwire
Three-wirewithground
WHATITIS
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DESCRIPTION
Usedwiththree-wayandfour-wayswitches,andhasablackwire,whitewire,redwire,andanuninsulatedground
Knobandtube
WHATITIS
DESCRIPTION
Atwo-wiresysteminwhichindividualwiresareinsulatedwithwhiteorblacktreatedfabric
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112USETHERIGHTBULBWhenpurchasingalightingfixture,checkitsmaximumwattage.Abulbwithmorewattagethannecessarycanpresentafirehazardfromtheexcessheat.Wattageindicatesthepowerabulbconsumes—notthelightthatitgenerates,measuredinlumens.Ifyou’regettingexcesslight,uselower-lumenbulbs.
PROTIPGETHUNGUPManyceilingfixturesareoftenpositionedabovefocalpoints,suchasadiningroomtable.Agoodruleofthumbistoinstallthefixtureabout30inchesabovethetable.Toshortenachain,cutittolengthwithmetalsnips,andthencutthewiring6incheslongerthanthechain.
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113UPDATEFIXTURESYourprimaryconcernwhenyouareselectingareplacementfixtureistoensurethattheboxandceilingwillsupportthefixture’sweight.Ifanewfixtureweighsaboutthesameastheoldone,theexistingelectricalboxwilllikelysuffice.Ifitsnewreplacementisheavier,theceilingboxmayneedtobereplaced.Havealloftheworkprofessionallyinspectedwhenyou’redone.
STEP1Turnoffthepoweratthebreakerboxbyflippingacircuitbreakerorunscrewingafuse.Useavoltagetestertomakesurethepowerisoff.
STEP2Useaworkplatformfastenedtoaladdertosupporttheweightoftheoldfixturewhileyouremovethemountingscrewsfromtheelectricalbox.Withthescrewsout,pullofftheboxcoveranddisconnectthewiringbyunscrewingthewirenutanduntwistingthewirepairs.
STEP3Organizethefixture’scomponents,suchasthecanopyandhanging
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hardware.Ceilingfixturesvarygreatlyinstyleandconstruction,asdotherelatedcomponentsandtheassemblyprocess.Anyqualitylightingmanufacturerwillincludeassemblyinstructionsforthemodel;usuallyyouneedtouseonlyascrewdriver.
STEP4Threadtheboxcover,mountingstrap(whichscrewsintothejunctionbox),andanyothernecessarypartsoverthewireandchainbeforeinstalling.
STEP5Stripabout¾-inchofinsulationfromtheendofeachwire.Matchthefixturewirestothesupplywiresbycolor(seeitem111).Twistexposedendstogetherclockwise,securingthemwithaUL-listedwirenut.Groundwirescanbeconnectedtoagroundscrewonthejunctionboxorjoinedtothesupplygroundusingawirenut.
STEP6Installalightbulbtotesttheconnectionbeforeinstallingthefixture.Ifitwon’tlightup,youprobablyhavealooseconnection.Oncethelightfunctions,protectconnectionsbywrappingelectrician’stapearoundthewirenuts.
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STEP7Ifyouhaven’tyetinstalledthemountingstrap,screwittothejunctionbox.Thenscrewthethreadedmountingstemonthechainsolidlyintothemountingstrap.Coverupthejunctionboxwiththecoveror“canopy,”andsecureitinplacewiththelocknutincludedwithyourlightfixture.
STEP8Installtheglassandlightbulbs.Balancelightoutputbyusingseveralsockets;usehigher-wattagebulbsforfixtureswithfewersockets.
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114GETGROUNDEDAgroundfaultcircuitinterrupter(GFCI)isatypeofelectricaloutletthathelpsprotectpeoplefromshocksduetohazardousgroundfaults.Groundfaultsoccurwhenanelectricalcurrent“leaks”orfollowsanunsafedirectioninsteadoffollowingitsintendedpath.Whenagroundfaultoccursandelectricityfromanappliancepassesthroughtheperson’sbody,theresultingshockcancauseseriousinjuryorevendeath.GFCIsdetectwhencurrentisleakingfromanelectricalcircuittogroundandautomaticallyshutoffthepoweratthereceptacleinafractionofasecond.
GFCIsnotonlyprotectwhat’spluggedintothembutalsoprovidefeed-throughprotectiontoordinaryoutletswireddownstream(otheroutletsonthesamecircuit).TheULstandardhasbeenrecentlyupdatedtorequirethatGFCIsbeself-testing,whichincorporatesanauto-monitoringfeatureintotheGFCIs,beginninginmid-2015.
INDOORSBathrooms,kitchens,laundryrooms,oranyotherplacearoundthehousewithawatersourcewithin6feetofthereceptacleneedsGFCIprotection.Remember:Electricityandwatercanbeadeadlycombination,sokeepappliancessuchasradiosorhairdryersawayfromsinks,tubs,orpools.
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OUTDOORSProtectoutdoorreceptacles,includinganyaroundpools,decks,andpatios,usingGFCIswithweatherproofcovers.Plugpoolpumps,hottubs,andanyoutdoorappliancesintoGFCIoutlets.
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115KEEPUPWITHTECHNOLOGYTechnologyismovingfast;electricaladvancementsarenoexception.Hereareacoupleofcooloptionsforyourhome.
USBENABLEDOfferingasimplesolutiontochargeawiderangeofelectronicdevices,thenewerduplexelectricalreceptaclesnowoftencomeequippedwithaUSBinterface.Increasinglypopularinhomesandbusinesses,thesereplacethestandardACduplexreceptacleandeliminatetheneedforbulkyadaptersbyincludingasetofintegratedUSBchargingports.Thesenewreceptaclesmakeiteasytoquicklychargevirtuallyanyapplicableelectronicdevice,includingsmartphones,tablets,e-readers,MP3players,cameras,andmore.
WIRELESSSWITCHESAnothernewhomeelectricaltrendisthegrowingpopularityofwirelessswitches.Thesebattery-poweredswitchescontrolhomelightingoptionsbyradiofrequency.Theadvantagehereisthatyoucanplace
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thelightswitchanywhereinthehomewithouttheneedtowireitintotheelectricalsystem,whichsavesalotoftimeandwork.Mountittoanywallsurfaceorevenholdthedeviceinyourhand.Afewofthenewswitchescanwirelesslycontroluptofivelightsourcessimultaneouslyfromanywhereinthehome.Oncetheswitchisinstalled,itsearchesforinstallabledevicesandultimatelysynchronizesitselfwiththem,grantingremote-controlcapability.UsingZ-wavewirelesstechnology,theswitchoperatesonadedicatedradiofrequencysoitdoesnotinterferewithWi-Fiorotherwirelesscommunicationsinthehouse.
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116TESTYOURGFCIGFCIssoldtodayofferimprovedprotectionbyautomaticallyblockingtheoutlet’sresetbutton(ensuringthatnopowerisavailable)ifthey’reimproperlywired.Withbothnewerandoldermodels,it’simportanttoperiodicallytestyourinstalledGFCIs(followingthemanufacturer’sinstructionsasyoudoso)toensurethey’reworkingproperly.
STEP1PluganightlightorlampintotheGFCI.
STEP2TurnthelightonandpushtheTESTbuttonontheGFCI.TheGFCIshouldtripandthelightshouldgooff.
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STEP3PresstheRESETbuttontoresettheGFCI;thelightshouldcomebackon.
STEP4IfthelighteitherdoesnotgooffwhentheTESTbuttonispressedordoesnotcomebackonwhentheRESETbuttonispressed,thedeviceismalfunctioningandshouldbereplacedatonce.
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117KNOWYOUROUTLETSThebasicoutletintheUnitedStateshasapairofverticalslots,theleftslightlybiggerthantheright.Theleftslotisneutral,therightslotis“hot”;theholecenteredbelowthemistheground.Outletsandplugsvaryaroundtheworld,butthesebasiccomponentsarefoundeverywhereinsomeconfiguration.
Weprobablydon’thavetotellyouwhygroundingissoimportant,butitbearsrepeatingsinceagoodgroundcanliterallymeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.Mostofthethingsyoupluginaremadeofmetal,oratleast
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havesignificantmetalcomponents,makingforapotentialshockrisk.Ifawirecomeslooseinsideanappliance,contactingmetalinsidethecase,theentireobjectisnow“hot,”andanyonewhotouchesitcangetanastyshock.Ifit’spluggedintoagroundedoutlet,asitshouldbe,thatchargewillflowstraighttogroundinsteadoftryingtogothroughyouinapotentiallydeadlyway.
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118ASSESSYOUROPTIONSIfyouliveinahomethatwasbuiltbeforethe1970s,itlikelyhasatleastsometwo-prongedoutlets.Thenow-familiarstandardgrounded,three-prongedmodelfirstappearedbackinthe1960sandbecamemandatoryforhomesbuiltafter1974intheUnitedStates.Olderhousesweregrandfatheredinundermostbuildingcodes,soyoumaynotberequiredtoreplacetheoutlets—butyoushouldconsiderit.Ifmoneyandtimeisnoobject,thebestthingwouldbetoreplacealltheoldoutletswithgrounded,three-prongoutlets.Butiftimeandmoneyaretight,herearesomeoptions.
INSTALLAGFCIAtwo-prongedslotthat’ssafebyyourbedisarealriskinakitchenorbathroom(oranywhereelseitmightgetwet).AGFCIisasafersolution(seeitem114).YouneedtoputawarninglabelonanyungroundedGFCI(thelabelscomeintheboxwhenyoubuyone)andit’snotassafeasafullygroundedoutlet,butitwillprovideprotectionagainstelectricalshocks.
REPLACEITENTIRELYSensitiveappliances(suchasacomputerorplasmaTV)shouldbepluggedintoanoutletthathasaproperlygroundedcircuitallthewaybacktothecircuitbreakers.ADIYerwhoiscomfortablewithelectricalworkcaneasilytakecareofthis.
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119REPLACEATWO-PRONGEDOUTLETThefirststepbelowisabsolutelycrucial—donotcontinueifthemetalboxthat’sholdingyourcurrenttwo-prongedoutletisnotgrounded.Evenwhentheoutletisn’tgrounded,theboxusuallyis,soit’sunlikelytobeanissue.Theboxesinolderhomesaregenerallywiredwitharmored(orBX)cable,whichhasaflexiblemetaljacketthatessentiallyservesasagroundingwireforthebox.
STEP1Checkforground.Insertoneprongofacircuittesterintotheshorterslot(thehotone),andtouchtheothertooneofthescrewssecuringtheplasticcoverplate.Thetestershouldlightuptoindicateaproperground.Ifitturnsoutnottobegrounded,youcanstillinstallaGFCIsafely,butinstallingathree-prongedreceptaclewillbeajobforanelectrician.
STEP2Iftheboxisgrounded,turnoffthepoweratthebreakerpanelorfusebox,thenunscrewthecoverplatefromthewall,removethereceptacle,anddisconnectitfromallwires.
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STEP3Toconnectthenewreceptacle,attachthe“hot”blackwiretothebrassterminalintheboxandthewhiteneutralwiretothesilverone.
STEP4Twistoneendofan8-inchgroundingwire(orpigtail)aroundthegreengroundscrewintheoutletbox,andtighten.Ifagroundscrewisn’tpresent,youcanbuyoneinahardwarestore.
STEP5Securetheotherendofthegroundingwiretothegreengroundingterminalonthenewthree-prongedreceptacle.Screwthenewreceptacleintothebox.
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STEP6Turnonthepower.Useacircuittestertomakesurethecircuitisworking.
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PROTIPUSEAUSBPORTAreyouannoyedbyyourphonetryingtosyncwhileyou’rebusyworking,orjusthavetoomaydevicespluggedintoyourphoneandnotenoughofthecharging-cordadapterplugsthatarealwaysunderfootuntilyoureallyneedone?Severalmanufacturersmakearelativelyeasy-to-installthree-prongedoutletthatalsoincorporatesaUSBport,soyoucanchargedeviceswithoutanadapter.Beawarethatthey’realmosttwiceasthickasastandardreceptacle,whichmaybemorethananolderjunctionboxisengineeredtohandle.Checkfirsttoavoidwastingtime.
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120REPLACEASTANDARDSINGLE-POLEBREAKERWhenreplacingacircuitbreaker,standonarubbermatorapieceofplywoodtoinsulateyourselfagainstanelectricalshock.Useaninsulatedscrewdriverandinsulatedwirestrippers.Mosthouseswillhaveacombinationpanel,withamainbreaker,andthenallthebranchcircuitbreakersbelow.
STEP1Removethecovertothebreakerpanelandtestthebreakertoverifythatitisfaulty.
STEP2Beforeshuttingoffthemainbreaker,firstshutoffallbranchcircuitbreakers.Double-checkwithavoltagemeterthatthefaultybreakerandadjacentbreakersareshutoff.Mosthomeswillhave“pushin”or“stabin”typesofbreakers.
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STEP3Useascrewdrivertodisconnectthewirefromtheloadterminalofthebreaker.Bendthewireoutoftheway.
STEP4Carefullyprythedefectivebreakeroutofitsposition.Takenoteastohowthebreakerlocksintopositioninthepanel.
STEP5Connecttheloadwiretothenewbreaker.Withthenewswitchoff,pushitfirmlyintoplace.Reattachthewiretotheloadterminal.
STEP6Afterthecoverisbackon,turnonthemainbreakerandthen,onebyone,allindividualbreakers.Testallsystemstoseeifeverythingisnormal.Replacethepanelcover.
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121CHOOSETHERIGHTREPLACEMENTCircuitbreakersaredesignedtoprotectyourwiresfromcarryingtoomuchcurrentbytrippingoffanoverloadorashortcircuit.Wheneveryouneedtoaddanewcircuit,you’llneedtoinstallanewcircuitbreaker.Occasionallyanexistingcircuitbreakerfailsandneedstobereplaced.Youcansafelyreplaceacircuitbreakerinyourelectricalpanelifyoutaketheproperprecautions.
Beforeyoudoanything,gatheralltheinformationthatyoucan(thebrandname,partnumber,breakersize,breakertype,andsoon)todeterminetheproperreplacement.Althoughsomebreakersareinterchangeable,manyarenot,eveniftheylooksimilar.Replacingwiththewrongbreakercanbedangerousandmayvoidyourbreakerorpanelwarranty.Checkthebreakerpaneldoorforinformationaboutwhichbreakersarecompatiblewithyourpanel.Herearesomecommontypesyoumayfindyourselfdealingwith.
CIRCUITBREAKERTYPE
Standardcircuitbreaker
WHATITDOES
Monitorstheflowofelectricityasitentersthehome.
Single-polebreaker
WHATITDOES
Protectsoneenergizedwireandsupplies120Vtoacircuit.They’regenerallyrated15or20amps,occupyoneslotonabreakerpanel,andarethemostcommonbreakersinahome.
Double-polebreaker
WHATITDOES
Typicallyoccupiestwoslotsonabreakerpanelandconsistsoftwosingle-polebreakersandasharedtripmechanism.Theysupply120V/240Vor240Vtoacircuit,protecttwoenergizedwires,andrangeincapacityfrom15to200amps.Double-polebreakersarerequiredforlargeapplianceslikedryersandwaterheaters.
GFCIcircuitbreaker
WHATITDOES
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Cutspowertothecircuitwhenthey’retrippedbyanoverloadofcurrent,ashortcircuit,oraline-to-groundfault.AllGFCIbreakershavetestbuttonsonthefrontandcoiledwires.TheyfunctioninthesamewayasGFCIreceptaclesbutprotectanentirecircuit,eliminatingtheneedforGFCIreceptaclesonthatcircuit.
AFCI(arc-faultcircuit-interrupter)breaker
WHATITDOES
Protectsagainstanunintentionalelectricaldischargeinwiringthatcouldcauseafire.Oncethebreakersensestheabnormalelectricalpath,itinstantlydisconnectsthedamagedcircuitbeforethearcbuildsenoughheattocatchfire.AFCIbreakerslooklikeGFCIbreakerswithtestbuttonsandcoiledwires.Theonlywaytotellthemapartistoreadthefineprintonthebreaker.
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122TESTABADBREAKERBeforeyoureplaceacircuitbreaker,makesurethatyou’vecorrectlydiagnosedtheissue.
STEP1Unpluganydevicesalongtheproblemcircuit,turnoffalllights,andfliptheswitchonthebreaker.Ifitresets,youcanthenreconnecttheelectronicdevicesoneattimeandturnonthelightstodeterminewheretheproblemis.
STEP2Turnoffthebreakerbeforepluggingeachitembackin,andthenresetthebreaker.Thispreventsadangeroussurgeofcurrentshouldyouhaveashortcircuitinadevice,whichcansendaveryhighamountofelectricalcurrentbeforethebreakertrips.
STEP3Ifthebreakerwon’treset,testitwithavoltagemeter.Ifthemeterdoesn’treadvoltageontheloadterminal,evenwhenallknownloadsaredisconnected,thenthebreakerisprobablyfaultyandneedsreplacement.
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123INSTALLANEWTHERMOSTATThermostatinstallationisafairlysimplejob.Allthat’stypicallyrequiredisaslottedscrewdriver,asmallPhillipsscrewdriver,ahammer,anelectricdrill/driver,a -inchbit,andtwoAAbatteries.
STEP1Cutpowertothethermostatandfurnace.Removethethermostat’scover,whichisusuallyfastenedwithplasticpushtabs.
STEP2Unscrewtheoldunit.Thewiresmightbemountedtothethermostatorwallplatebyscrews.Eachwirewillbewrappedincolor-codedinsulationthatcorrespondstotheterminalsontherearofthenewthermostat(orwallplate).Whenconnectedtotheexistingthermostat,allofthesewiresareusuallymarkedwithacodeletter.Itmayhelptolabelthemtoavoidconfusion.Thenumberofwiresinasystemcanvaryfromtwo(forheatonly)toasmanyaseight.
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STEP3Disconnectthewiresandthenunscrewthewallplatefromthewall.
STEP4Pulloutthewiresandclipthemsotheydon’tslidebackthroughthehole.Thenscrewthemtothecolor-codedterminalsonthenewwallplate.
STEP5Attachthewirestothematchingmountingscrewsofthenewunit.Ignoreanywiresthatwerenotconnectedtotheoldthermostat.Pushextrawiringbackintothehole.Iftheholeinthewallbehindthewallplateislargerthannecessary,sealitwithinsulationtopreventairfromenteringthethermostatandaffectingitstemperaturereading.
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STEP6Useatorpedoleveltomakesurethenewwallplateisplumb,thenscrewtheplatetothewall.Drywallmountingrequiresfirstpredrillingtheanchorholeswitha -inchbitandhammeringindrywallanchorstohousethescrews.Youmaygetlucky,asintheinstallationshown,iftheper-existingdrywallanchorsfromtheoldthermostathappentolineupwiththescrewholesonthenewunit.Ifnonewdrillingisrequired,simplylineupthemountholesanddriveinthescrews.
STEP7Fastenthethermostattothewallplate.Ontheunitshown,thethermostatattachesusingpress-releasetabsatthetopandbottomoftheunit.BesurethethermostatissettoOFFandthefanswitchissettoAUTO.InsertthetwoAAbatteries.Switchonthemainpowertothefurnace.
STEP8Programthethermostataccordingtothemanufacturer’sguidelines.You’llsoonbesavingenergyandmoney,andhelpingtheenvironment.
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124UPGRADEYOURTHERMOSTATProgrammablethermostatsautomaticallyadjustyourhome’stemperaturesettingsseveraltimesadaytofityourlifestyle.Theseunitscontainnomercury,aremoreaccuratethanmanualthermostats,andcanalsosaveyoumoneyeachyearinenergycosts.
Programmablethermostatsincludefourdefaultperiodsperday.Theymaintainaccuracywithintwodegreestokeepthetemperaturesteady.Thenewestprogrammablethermostatsalsohavedigitalbacklitdisplays,touch-padscreenprogramming,voiceand/orphoneprogramming,andotherhelpfulfeatures.
You’llfindthreetypesofprogrammableunits,eachofthemequallyeasytoinstall.
TYPE
7-daymodels
DESCRIPTION
Thebestchoiceifyourdailyschedulechangesoften.Theseofferthemostflexibilitybyallowingyoutosetdifferentprogramsfordifferentdays.
5+2-daymodels
DESCRIPTION
Usethesamescheduleeveryweekdayandanotherscheduleforweekends.
5-1-1-daymodels
DESCRIPTION
KeeponescheduleMondaythroughFriday,anotherscheduleonSaturdays,andathirdonSundays.
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PROTIPHAVEASMARTHEATEROnenewadvancementinthermostattechnologyisamodelthatlearnsthetemperaturesyoulikeandprogramsitselfinaboutaweek.Thethermostatturnsitselfdownwhennooneishometohelpyousaveenergy,andyoucanevenconnectittoWi-Fiforremotecontrol.Thenewtechevenalertshomeownerswhentemperaturesdroptohelpavoidfrozenpipes.
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125CustomizeLandscapeLightingOutdoorlightsystemsarewiredupusingeitherline-voltageorlow-voltagepower.Heavy-dutyline-voltagewiringplugsintoGFCIoutdooroutlets,andthewiresshouldbeburiedinaconduit.Themorecommonlow-voltagesystemsplugintoatransformer.Thewiresofalow-voltagesystemarethinandcanbeburieddiscreetlyinthesoil.
Homecenterssellmulti-fixtureDIYkitsforlow-voltagesystems.Orpurchaseindividualfixtures,wiring,andtransformerseparatelyandcustomizeasystem.Smallplasticfixturescostaslittleasafewdollars.Moredurablemetalfixturesareabouttwiceasexpensive.
STEP1Chooseatransformer,orpowerpack,thatoffersawattageoutputgreaterthanthetotalwattageofallthelightfixturesinthesystem.Forexample,let’ssayasystemincludesfour7-wattfixtures,two11-watt,andtwo35-wattfixtures:7+7+7+7+11+11+35+35=120wattstotal.Inthiscase,youwouldneedtohaveatransformerthatoffersacapacityofatleast121watts.(Somearealsoequippedwithbuilt-intimingand/orphotocelldevices—popularfeaturesformanyhomeowners.)
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STEP2Determinethenumberandstyleoffixturesyouneed.Walktheperimeterofyourhome,notingareastoilluminate.Sketchtheplanongraphpaper,notingkeyfeaturessuchastrees,shrubbery,paths,decks,andpatios.(Spacepathlightsaminimumof10feetapart.Dependingonwattage,floodlampswillcastlight20to40feet.)
STEP3Locatea120-voltGFCIoutletforyourpowerpack.Certainmanufacturersoffer“weatherproof”outdoorpowerpacks.Professionalsstilldosuggestkeepingthetransformerinsidetoavoidtheelements,whichrequiresyoutodrillthroughawalltorunthecable.Thetransformershouldbemountedwithin3feetoftheoutletandatleast1footabovetheground.
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STEP4Determinethelengthofcableyou’regoingtoneedforthisprojectbymeasuringthedistancefromtheoutlettothefarthestfixturelocation.Includethelengthofcablethatbranchesoffthemainline.Allowforseveralfeetofextracable.Cableforlow-voltagesystemsisavailablein8-,10-,12-,and16-gaugesizes.Theappropriatecablesizedependsonthemaximumlengthofrunfromthetransformerandthetotalwattageofthelightsintherun.Checkthecablemanufacturer’srecommendations.
STEP5Diganarrowchannelforthecableatleast6inchesdeepfromthetransformertoeachfixturelocation.Ateachfixturelocation,createaloopofcable(about2feet)fortheattachmentofthefixture.
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STEP6Placeeachfixtureatitsdesiredlocation,attachingthefixturetothepropermountingdevice.“Surfacemounts”areusedforplacingfixturesontreesorstructures.“Groundmounts”arestakesorspikesdrivenintothegroundtosupportthefixture.
STEP7Connecttheleadwireofthefixturetothecablerunbysplicingthewirestogetherusingwirenuts(applyasealantandelectricaltapetopreventcorrosion,orsolderthewirestoensureastrongconnection).Cableconnectorsareaquickwaytospliceafixture’sleadwiretothecablerun;somemanufacturersevensupplytheconnectorsalongwiththefixtures.
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STEP8Pluginthetransformer,connectallofyourcablerunstothetransformerterminals,andturnonthesystem.Ifthere’sanytrouble,recheckallwiringconnections.Oncethesystemfunctionsproperly,fillinthecabletrenchthatyouduginstep5,andyou’rereadytolightupthenight.
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126FIGHTTHEFUNGIMoldisatopconcernforindoorairqualityinhomesnationwide.Moldandmildewarebothfungiandsharemanytraits.Theythriveinwarm,moist,andhumidenvironmentsandonsurfaces.Theycanblackenthegroutlinesinyourshower,discolorthewalls,darkenyourdecks,orrotwoodanywhereinoraroundthehome.Fromcausingmustysmellstoseriousallergicreactions,indoormoldandmildewcanbeapeskynuisanceorahealthhazard.
KNOWTHEDIFFERENCEMoldistypicallyfuzzyinappearance andcanbeseeninmanycolors,includingblue,green,yellow,brown,gray,black,orwhite.Moldcancausestructuraldamagetohomesovertimeandleadtohealthproblems,includingrespiratoryproblems,migraines,andmore.Mildewwillusuallygrowinaflatpattern andmaybepowderyordowny.Powderymildewusuallystartsoutwhiteandthenmightlaterturntoyellow,brown,orblack.Downymildewusuallystartsoutyellowandlaterturnsbrown.Likemold,itcanalsoleadtorespiratoryproblemsandallergicreactions.
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TELLBYSMELLMustyodorscanbeasignofmoldgrowth,butsuchasmellmayalsoindicateaninfestationofmice.Microfungalgrowthofmoldandmildewcansometimesbedifficulttospot.Tryshiningaflashlightnearlyparalleltothelowerportionofwallorlegoffurniture.Lookforanyfuzzywhite,paleyellow,orblue-greenspots.Thesearelikelymoldcolonies;whendisturbed,thesporescanbecomeairborneandemitamustyodor.
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127SPOTCLEANWhenyou’recleaningupmildewandmold,ventilateyourworkarea;severalcleanserscangiveofffumesthatareharmfultobreathe.Wearrubbergloves,anduseafacemasktoavoidbreathinginsporesandanyfumesgivenoffbythecleaningproduct.
Forasimplehouseholdsolution,mix¼cupofbleachpergallonofwater,sprayonsurfacesshowingmoldgrowth,andletdryfor10minutes.Nevermixbleachandammonia,whichcreatestoxicchlorinegas.
Bleachisoftenusedtokillsporesandcleansurfaces,butithasharshfumesandcanbetoxic,andthemoldcanreturn.Also,whenitattacksthesurfacemold,itleavesaresiduethatpreventsotherantimicrobialproductsfrompenetratingtothemoldrootsorhyphae.Ifyou’vetreatedanareawithbleach,cleantheareawithwarmwateranddetergent;oncetheareaisdry,
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applyacommercialantimicrobialproducttothesurroundingareaaswellaswhereyouactuallyseethemoldandmildew,toensureyouremovealltraces.
Removeanyitemsthatcannotbethoroughlycleaned,suchasinsulation,carpeting,anddrywall,andreplacethosewithnewmold-freematerials.
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128TACKLEMAJORDAMAGEIfyourhomehassufferedanywaterdamagefromflooding,sewagebackup,orplumbingproblems,itwillbepronetoamoldinfestation.Theworstpartofthisisthespeedwithwhichmolddevelops—fromonly24to48hoursofwaterexposure.
DRYOUTSetoutfansanddehumidifiers,andmovewetitemsawayfromwallsandoffofthefloors.Findoutthesourceofmoistureandthenpreventitfromworseningtheproblem.
TOSSTHETRASHItemsthathaveabsorbedmoistureandhavemoldgrowingonthemneedtobethrownout.Iftherehasbeenflooding,removethesheetrockalevelabovethehigh-watermark.Anykindofporousmaterialthatshowsvisiblesignsofmoldshouldbethrownaway.
CLEANUPSurfacemoldgrowingonanynonporousmaterialscanusuallybecleaned.Thoroughlyscrubcontaminatedsurfacesusinghotwater,non-ammoniasoap,detergent,orcommercialcleaner.Useastiffbrushtoscruboutallcontaminants.Rinsewithcleanwater,andcollecttheexcessrinsewateranddetergentwithawet/dryvacuum,amop,orasponge.
DISINFECTApplyableachsolutionorantimicrobialcleanertosurfacesthatshowanymoldgrowth.Aneffectivewaytoeliminatemoldandmustysmellsinlargeorinaccessiblespacesistousea“coldfogger.”Afoggerwillcreateamold-controlmistthatdistributesthecleanerevenlythroughoutthelivingspace,evenintohard-to-accessareas,crushingthemoldsporesasitdries.
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LOOKOUTBealerttothesignsofmoldreturningtotheareasofpastinfestation.Ifitdoesreturn,repeatcleaningstepsor,incasesofheavyinfestation,seekprofessionalhelp.Regrowthisusuallyasignthatthemoisturehasnotefficientlybeencontrolled.
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PROTIPSPOTTHEPRIMESUSPECTTopreventgrowthonpaintfilm,newermold-killingprimersnowcontainanEPA-registeredantimicrobialagent.Youcanapplytheprimerdirectlytoanyproblemareaswithoutextensivepreparation,andpaintoverandkillanysurfacemold,mildew,andodor-causingbacteria.Thiswater-basedprimercanbeusedonnonporousinteriorandexteriorsurfacesandisrecommendedforbathrooms,basements,windowframes,andmore.
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129SEALYOURHOMEUPTIGHTAswe’vediscussedalready,watercanbeyourhome’sworstenemy,causingcosmeticandstructuraldamage,andleadingtomoldandmildewinfestations.Watercanseepinanumberofways,sobesurethatyourhome’sexterioriswellsealed.
ROOFReplaceanymissingordamagedshingles.Lookforanyexposedorprotrudingnails;replacethemwithlargerhot-dipgalvanizedtypesiftheflashingisgalvanizedsheetmetal,orstainlesssteelnailsiftheflashingismadeofstainlesssteel.Removemossandlichengrowthanywhereontheroofusingabroomorgardenhosethathasaspraynozzle.Removedebrisbuildupinvalleysandatwall-to-roofintersections.Inspectflashingaroundchimneyandpenetrations.Ifflashingiscrackedorpulledoff,callforexpertrepairs
GUTTERSANDDOWNSPOUTSCleangutterswithablower,hose,orbroom.Ahosecanhelppinpointleaksandothertroublespots.Useguttercementoncracks,orreplacetheguttersectionsaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.Replacerustedscrewsandensuredownspoutsdrainawayfromthehouse.
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WINDOWS,DOORS,ANDSIDINGInspectandrecaulksiding,windows,utilitypenetrationsanddoors.Placeafoambackerrodinanyseamsmorethan½inchwideor¼inchdeep.Checkthatalloftheweatherstrippingarounddoorsandwindowsissealedtightlytopreventmoisturefromentering.Inspectallstuccoandbricksurfacesforcrackedmortar;repairitwithpatchkitsfromyourhardwarestore.Keepaminimum6inchesofclearancebetweenthesidingandtheground.
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130KEEPTHEWATEROUTYouryardisaprimesuspectinwaterdamage.Checkthefollowingareatobesurethewaterstayswhereyouwantit:outdoors!
SPRINKLERSWateryourplants,notyourhouse.Redirectlawnsprinklerssotheydonotwetthesiding,windows,orfoundationwalls.Overwateringyourlawnorplantscancreatemoistureandmoldproblemseveninsummer.
LANDSCAPINGTrimplantlifeawayfromthesiding.Largeshrubsorvegetationmayneedtobemovedifthefoliagepersistentlycontactsthehouse’ssiding,windows,orutilitypenetrationssuchasdryervents.Treerootscaninterferewithperimeterfootingdrainsystems,disruptingtheflowofwaterawayfromthehouseandcausingdampnessorfloodingalongthefoundationandintothebasement.Designyourlandscapingtominimizepotentialrootblockageofundergroundpipes.
DRAINAGEMakesurethattheperimetergroundisslopingawayfromthefoundation.Ifanydownspoutsdead-endnearthefoundation,addsomesplashblockstoredirectwaterawayfromthehome.
Inspecttheoutdoordeckconnectiontothehouse.Thisisamajorsourceofwaterintrusionthatoftengoesunnoticed.Thisledgerconnectionshouldbeflashedandhavesufficientspacebetweentheledgerboardandthedeckboardstoallowdrainageawayfromthehouse.
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131LOOKFORMOISTUREOnceyou’vecheckedwaysthattheexteriorofyourhomemightbelettingwaterin,it’stimetomoveindoorsandinvestigatethesecommonproblemspots.
VENTILATIONInstalltimersonbathroomandlaundryfans,andrunfansfor20minutesaftershowers.Yourbath/kitchen/laundryfanductsshouldventoutsideandneverterminateintheattic.Donotventyourdryersinsidethehome.Useanapprovedaerosolfoamsealanttosealaroundanyceilingpenetrationsthatmayallowmoistairtoflowintotheatticspace.Placefoamrubberinsulationgasketsaroundatticspaceaccesspanels.
ATTICBeonthelookoutforwaterstainsontheundersideoftheroof,rustednails,anddiscoloredmoldysectionsonanysurface.Ifyoufindanyofthesewarningsigns,lookforthesourceofthemoisture,possiblyafaultyventthatisn’tdirectingairtotheoutside.Alsocheckthatthereisroomforairtoflowfromtheeaves(soffitvents)intotheatticspaceandouttheupperroofvents.
KITCHENANDBATHInspectplumbingfixturesundersinksandtoiletsandaroundshowerandtubenclosures.Lookforstains,cracks,andmoldoncaulkandrepairasnecessary.Usetileandmarblesealersannuallyorasrecommendedbymanufacturers.
BASEMENTCheckyourbasementandcrawlspaceforanymoistureproblems:standingwater,moldonfloorjoists,orrustonmetalfasteners.
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Replacelooseormissingbattinsulation.Ifthecrawlspaceisnotinsulated,installa6-millimeterpolyethylenevaporbarrieroverexposedground.Ifyoufindseriousmoisturedamageorstandingwaterineitherthecrawlspaceorbasement,callacontractortorepairandcorrectthesourceoftheproblem.
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132UPGRADEYOURLOOKKnowinghowto“accessorize”isthewaythatmanyfashionistasdescribetheirpenchantforflauntingjewelry;someinteriordesignershavethatsameoutlookonhouseholdhardware.Ifyouconsiderthevastnumberofknobs,pulls,hinges,handles,andevenheatingregistersthatpermeatethehome,youmayrealizethathardwaremakesupamajorcomponentandcanreallymakeavisualstatement.Classycabinetknobsandprettydrawerpullscanmakeanoldpieceoffurniturelookdecadesnewerandhelpfocustheoveralldesignofaroom.
GOCLASSICAtraditionalruleofthumbhasbeentomatchmaterialstotheexistingdécor,forexample,bychoosinggraniteknobstomatchthecountertops,orpurchasingpullswiththesamemetalandfinish,suchasstainlesssteelwithstainlesssteel,andcopperwithcopper.However,thatideatookholdwhentherewaslessofanassortmentofdecorativeoptions.Withsuchanamazingarrayavailabletoday,allthoseoldrulesaretakingabackseattoamoreintuitiveapproachinwhichanythinggoes,aslongasitlooksgood.
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MAKEITMODERNModernoptionsnotonlyincludecrystal,ceramic,andwoodbutalsoawiderangeofmetalfinishessuchasbrushednickel,antiquebrass,zincplate,andmanymore—toomanytolist.Hardwarestoresandhomecentersofferplentyofchoicesforinspection,butthewidestselectionandbestcostsavingsformajorhousepurchasesareoftenfoundwithonlineretailers.
Styleisapersonalchoice,butsizeisnot,andyourselectionofcabinetanddrawerhardwarewillofcoursebelimitedinsize.Whenyouremoveapieceofhardware,thereplacementshouldfitthesamemountingholes,orcoverthem.Forpaint-gradefurniturepieces,youmaygetawaywithfillingtheoldholes,repainting,anddrillingnewlocations,butthisisn’trecommendedwherewoodgrainisexposed.
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133COMEUNHINGEDWhenorderinghardwareforcabinets,you’llalsoneedmatchinghinges.Thefinishshouldmatchthedécor,andnewhingesshouldmatchthesizeandshapeoftheoldones.Face-framecabinetshaveaframeoverthetopoftheopeningandneedface-framemountedhinges;otherhingeshavearecessedoverlay.Checkhowmuchoverlaythehingesneed.Cabinetdoorscompletelyontopofcabinetfacesrequireafulloverlayhinge.Ifthere’sonlyapartialoverlay,usea⅜-inchinsethingedoorthatcompletelyconcealsthehingefromsightwhenthedoorisclosed.
Tochangehingesonacabinet(orwhenreplacingadoor),removethelowerhingesfirsttokeeptheunsecuredweightofthedoorfromstressingthelowerhardwareortearingthewood.Fastenthenewtophingefirst,andstoreoldhardwareuntiltheswapiscomplete.Ifthenewboltsaren’tright,youmaybeabletousetheoldones.
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134PAINTYOURREGISTERSReplacinganold,uglymetalHVACregistercanridtheroomofaneyesore.However,replacingawholehousefullofthemcangetprettyexpensive.Overtime,metalHVACregistersaccumulaterustandgrime.Youhavethreeoptions:leavethemasis,replacethem,orpaintthem.
Paintingisdefinitelyacheaperimprovement,andcompaniesaremakingsomeverycoolnewspray-paintformulasthatmimicthelookofantiquehammeredmetal,namelycopper,bronze,andsilver(althoughmorecolorsareavailable).TheregistershownherewasthoroughlycleanedandthengivenacoatofRust-Oleum’s“HammeredBronze”paint.Afterward,itlookedbrandnewandstylish—forafractionofthecostofreplacingit.
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PROTIPMOUNTUPWheneveryouneedtomakenewmountingholesinhardwood,alwayspredrillthefastenerholestopreventsplittingthewood.Totightenaloosehingescrew,removethescrewandtappiecesoftoothpickintothescrewhole.Cutthetoothpicksflushwiththecabinetface.Reinsertthescrew,andthetoothpickmaterialshouldtightentheconnection.
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135HANDLEITMostcabinetdoorhandleshavetwomountingholesthatyouneedtomatchpreciselywhenreplacing;spacingisnotuniversal.Measurethehandleorpullatthepointbetweenthepairofholestotheclosest⅛inch.Removal(alongwithreplacement)willrequireonlyascrewdriver,usuallyonethathasaPhillips-headtip.Youmightstill,however,comeacrossanescutcheon—aplatebehindcertaintypesofdrawerpulls—butthesecanberemovedwithasmallcat’s-pawtoolor(carefully)priedupwithaputtyknife.
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136INSTALLCUSTOMCLOSETSHELVESOrganizingaclosetbyaddingshelvessupportedby1X2woodcleatsisafairlysimpleprocedureandcanaddmuch-neededstorage.
STEP1Marktheelevation(topsurface)ofeachplannedshelfonthebackwallofthecloset.Whenyou’remarkingtheelevation,takeintoaccountthethicknessofeachshelf(often¾inch)aswellastheheightofthecleats(1¾inch).
STEP2Marklevelhorizontallinesalongthewalltoindicatethetopsoftheshelves.Thenmarkoutsecondaryhorizontallinesthatindicatethebottomofeachshelf.
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STEP3Cut1X2woodstripsintocleatsthatfitflushbetweenthesidewallsofthecloset.Positioneachcleatalongthelowerlinethatindicatesthebottomoftheshelfandfastenitintothewallstudsusinganairnailer.
STEP4Levelandfastenthesidesupportcleatstothesidewalls,whichintersectflushwiththerearcleat.Thesidecleatscanbecuttomatchthedepthoftheshelves,ortheycanextendallthewaytotheoppositewallifyouplantoinstallfullshelvesonthreewallsofthecloset.
STEP5Cuttheshelfmaterialtofitoverthesupportcleatsandflushagainstthethreewalls.Fromthebottom,tilttheshelvestoinstallthemoverthecleats,andfastenthemintothecleatswith1½-inchnails.Shelvesareoftenbuiltfrom¾-inchMDFstockorotherpaint-gradewoodproduct,whichyoucanthenfinishtoyourpreference.Forwraparoundshelvesmountedtothreewallsofthecloset,consideraddingverticalpartitionstocompartmentalizethestoragespaceforincreasedorganization.
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137MOUNTSHELVESTheeasiestwaytomountashelfonawallisbyusingtheright-angleshelfbracketscommonlysoldathomecentersandhardwarestores.They’reavailableinawidearrayofstyles,finishes,andweight-bearingcapacities.TheseL-shapedbracketsmountintowallstudsusingstrongscrews,andtheshelfisthenscrewedtothebracket.
SMALLSHELVESYoucanfirstlocatethestudcenterswithanelectricstudfinder.Measurethedistancebetweenthestudswhereyou’llmounttheshelves.Onthebottomoftheshelf,centerandthenmarkthecorrespondingbracketlocations.Screwthebracketstotheshelveswiththereararmsflushwiththebackoftheshelf.Leveltheshelfonthewallandscrewthebracketsintothewallstuds.
LONGSHELVESYoumightfinditeasiertomarkalevellineonthewalltoindicatethetopoftheshelfbrackets.Lineupthebracketsalongthelineandscrewthemsecurelyintothestuds.Centertheshelfoverthebracketsandmountwithscrewsfrombelow.
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PROTIPFLOATYOURSHELVESFloatingshelvesaremadetohoveronthewallwithnovisiblebracketsormountinghardware.Therebeingnobracketstocontendwith,theshelvescanoftenbesituatedmorecloselytogether,thusgrantingmoreroomformoreshelves.Floatingshelvesarebasicallymadeofflat,hollowboxes.Dependingonthemethodofconstruction,thehollowshelfmountstoeithermetalrodsorawoodencleatthatfitinsidetherearoftheboxandsupportsitfromwithin.Therodsorcleatarefastenedsecurelyintothewallstudsforthestrongestholdingpower.
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138JOINTHEINDUSTRYYoucanmakerugged“industrialstyle”shelvesusingsupportbracketsmadefrom¾-inchthreadedgalvanizedpipe,floorflangesandendcaps.Assemblethebracketsfromthepipecomponentsandcoatthemusingablackspraypaintwithahammeredfinishforawrought-ironappearance.Theshelvescanbecutfrom2×lumberandstainedtoyourpreference.Fastenthroughtheflangesofthebracketsintothewallstudsusingheavy-dutywoodscrewsforsturdyholdingpower.
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139REMOVEOLDWALLPAPERRemovingwallpaperissometimesanecessaryevilifyouplantogiveyourwallsapro-qualitypaintfinish.Paintingoverwallpaperwillnotconcealseamsorkeepthepaperfrompeelingincorners.Plus,anypaintcancausethepapertowrinkleorbubble.Forthebestresults,youshouldremovethewallpaperbeforepainting.
Lookforanyloosecornersorseams,andifyoudon’tfindone,makeone.Givetheloosetabaslow,controlledyank.Youmightbeabletopeelawaylargesectionsofpaperbyhandwithlittleeffort.Movealongthewall,pullingoffallthepaperyoucan,becausethefollow-upmethodsrequiremoretimeandwork.Useadropclothtocatchthedebris.
Thepaperwon’talwayscompletelycomeawayfromthewallwhilepullingitoffbyhand,however.Theadhesiveonthebackcanbestubbornlyfusedtothepaperfaceofthedrywall.Toremovethepaperwithoutdamagingthewallsurface,youwillneedtoweakenthechemicalbondoftheglue.Therearetwowaystodothis:aliquidwallpaperstripper,orasteam-poweredstripper.
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PROTIPPREPBEFOREPAINTINGAfterremovingwallpaper,washthewallseveraltimestoremoveglueresidue.Usefreshwaterandasponge.Otherwise,theresiduewillimpairthebondingofthepaintandcauseittopeel.Useaboxfantohastenthedryingprocess.Oncethewalliscompletelydry,applyacoatofprimer,thenpaint.
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140KNOWTHESCOREBeforeyouremovewallpaper,youshouldfirstuseaperforationtooltoabradethepapersothatitcanabsorbliquid(whetherchemicalsorwater).Thistoolissoldatmosthardwarestores;it’sbasicallyapalm-sizehandlethathouseswheeledspurs.Applyjustenoughpressuretoperforatethepaperwithoutdamagingthedrywall.Alternatively,scorethepaperwiththeedgeofawallscraperinacrisscrosspatternwith6-inchspacing.
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141USEACHEMICALSTRIPPERUsingachemicalwallpaperstripperisoneoftheeasiestandleastexpensivemethodstodothejob.Here’showtodoitright.
STEP1Mixtheliquidwallpaperremoverwithhotwater,accordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.
STEP2Useapaintrollerorspraybottletoapplytheremovertotheperforatedpaper.Waitabout10minutesfortheremovertoweakentheadhesive,andthenpeeloffasmuchasyoucanwithyourhands.
STEP3Forstubbornswathsofpaper,lightlyusea3-inchscraperatashallow
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angletoscrapethepaperwithoutnickingthewall.
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142STRIPWITHSTEAMIfyoufrequentlyremodelorredecorate,considerinvestinginasteam-poweredwallpaperstripper.Thesetoolseliminatetheneedtousechemicalsandcanbereusedoverandover.Thesimpleststeamersrequireonlythattheuserfillthetankwithwaterandplugthecordinanoutlettostarttheheatingelement.Oncethewaterheatsup,thesteamthatisgeneratedescapesthroughahose.Attheendofthehoseasteamplatecollectsthesteamoveratargetedarea.
Justholdthesteamplateflattothewallpaperforabout10seconds.Thesteamwillheatanddampenthepaper,whichloosenstheglue.Movetheplateontothespotimmediatelynexttotheonejuststeamed,fromwhichthepapershouldeasilycomeoffwithalittlebitofencouragementfromawallscraper.Thispatternshouldallowyoutocontinuouslyremovepaper.Don’tforgetthatsteamishot;waterwillboilat212degreesFahrenheit,sobecarefulwhenusingasteamer.
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143SILENCEASQUEAKYFLOORFloorsqueaksarecausedbyflexingofmaterialsintheflooringorsubfloor,whichusuallyrubsagainstanailoradjoiningfloorboardtocreatethenoise.Alooseboardisacommonculprit.
USEASHIMTheeasiestwaytofixafloorisfrombelow.Ifthefloorisaboveabasementorcrawlspace,youmighthaveexposedfloorjoists;thesimplestsolutionistotightentheconnectionbetweenthesqueakyfloorandthejoist.Wedgeashimbetweenthetopofthejoistandthesubfloor.Useahammertotapinjustenoughmaterialtoclosethegapandtightenthejoint.Constructionadhesivecanholdtheshiminplacewhenthewoodcontracts.
SCREWITIfyouknowwhichboardshavecomeloose,youmightbeabletotightenthemfrombelowwithascrewandalargewasher.Drillapilotholeupthroughthesubfloorusingadrillbitslightlynarrowerthanthescrew.Considerthethicknessofthesubfloor,alongwiththefinishedflooring,anduseashortenoughscrewthatwon’tpenetratethroughthefinishedfloorwhendrivenin;itspointshouldremain¼inchbelowthefloorsurface.Insertthescrewandwasherintothehole,drivingitupthroughthesubfloorintothefloorboard,pullingthelayerstogetheragainstthewasher.
ADDACLEATForlargerareasthathavemultiplelooseboards,wedgeawoodcleatbeneaththesubfloorandfastenittothefloorjoist.Positiona1X4or1X6cleatagainstthejoistandthesubfloorandpropitinplacewitha2X4.Hammer-tapthe2X4towedgethecleattothesubfloor.Fastenthecleattothejoistwith2-to3-inchnailsorscrews.
BRIDGETHEGAPIfthefloorsqueaksacrossalargearea,thefloorjoistsmightbeshiftingasthehousesettles.Toreinforcethem,naildiagonalbridgingbetweenjoistsinanXpattern.Youcancutyourownpiecestofitorpurchaseprecutwoodenormetalbridgingfromahomecenter.
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144STABILIZEAFLOORAfloormaybesolidlyconstructedandadequatelysupportedbutstillhaveadegreeof“bounce”orvibrationwhenpeoplearemovingthroughouttheroom.Thisisusuallynotamajorproblem,butshouldbeaddressedifyourplantoinstallatilefloor,becauseanyminoramountofdeflectionwithinthesubfloorcouldresultincrackedgroutorflooring.Ifyoucangainaccessbeneaththesubfloor,youcanconstructaperpendiculargirderandpierstohelplevelthejoistsandstabilizetheframingwithadditionalsupportthatconnectstotheground.
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145REPAIRACARPETBUBBLEA“bubble”inawall-to-wallcarpetisanareaoftherugthatliftsabovethesubfloorandcreatesunsightlyhillsorridgesinthefinishedsurface.Itcanbeexpensivetohavethecarpetprofessionallyrestretchedtoeliminatethesebubbles.However,there’sasimpleandlow-costmethodtorepairthecarpetthattakesonlyafewminutestocomplete.Allyouneedisabottleofcarpet-seamglue,alargesyringe,pliers,andatowel.
STEP1Analyzethelayofthecarpetthroughouttheroomtolocatealltheareasofloosecarpetingthatneedtoberepaired.Purchaseenoughcarpet-seamadhesivetoaddressthesquarefootagethatyourequire.
STEP2Usingalargesyringe,justliketheonesusedtoinjectmarinadeintoyourThanksgivingturkey,drawglueintothesyringe.
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STEP3Useplierstogentlyliftthecarpetoffthesubfloor/paddingatthemidpointofthebubble.Piercethecarpetwiththesyringeandanglethetiptowardtheedgeofthebubble.
STEP4Depresstheplungerandthenrotatethesyringesotheglueisappliedinacircularpattern,coveringasmuchoftheloosecarpetareaaspossible.Asyouemptythesyringe,drawtheneedlepartiallyoutofthecarpetsothegluecontactsthecenterofthebubbleaswellastheperiphery.
STEP5Workingfromthecenteroutward,pressthecarpetfirmlyintotheadhesiveandspreadthegluebeneaththecarpet.Ifyouhavealaminaterollerorrollingpin,putittowork.
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STEP6Placeaflatweightovertherepairedareatoprovideclampingforcewhiletheadhesiveissetting.Heavyboxesorbookswillworksolongastheypressthecarpetflatintotheglue.Keeppressureontheglueaccordingtotheadhesivemanufacturer’srecommendeddryingtime.
Repeatallstepsofthisprocessforanyareasofthefloorthatshowsignsofbubblingand,withanyluck,yourcarpetshouldeventuallystaydownandbubble-free.
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146GIVETHREADSSOMETHINGTOGRABScrewsoftencomeloosebecausethewoodthatsurroundsthethreadshasbeenwornout,oftenduetothewearandtearfrommovementovertime.Totightenascrew,thethreadsneedmorematerialtobite.Tofixthis,simplyaddwoodtothehole.
Dependinguponthesizeoftheholeworninthewood,youcanfillitusingawoodengolftee,barbecueskewers,ortoothpicks;intheeventofasizableholeyoucaneventryusingawoodenchopstick.Inapinchyoucouldevenwhittlesomescrapwoodsliversusingapocketknife.
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Insertthewoodpickintotheholeasdeepasitwillgo,thencutitflushwiththemouthofthehole.Repeatthisstepuntiltheholeispacked.
Reinsertthescrewandtightenwithascrewdriver.Thethreadsofthescrewshouldcrushagainstthenewwoodfiberswithoutwardpressuretomountsecurelyinsidethehole.
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147FINDPARTSONTHEWEBSometimesasimplerepairwon’tbeenoughtofixtheproblem,andyouneedareplacementpart.Whenitcomestofurniture,thosevariousparts—sofalegs,metalbrackets,casterwheels—oftenhaveuniqueshapesthataren’tsoeasytofindatthelocalhardwarestore.Foraspecificcomponent,trylookingonlineforfurniture-partsupplierswhoofferawidevarietylegs,clamps,adapters,mirrorsupports,daybedparts,sleepersofamechanismsandmanyotherspecialtyitems.Insomecases,youcanevenemailthesupplierapictureanddescriptionoftheitemyouneed,andaproductspecialistwillhelpyoufindtherightpart.
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148USEWOODFILLERFixinglargerdingsanddentsmightrequiretheuseofwoodfiller.Alsocalledwoodputtyorwoodpatch,thissubstanceusuallycomesintwovarieties:water-basedandsolvent-based.Theproductisperfectforrestoringanydamagedareasinwoodtolike-newcondition.Solvent-basedfillershavelongbeenthemainstayinwoodworking,butnewwater-basedfillersperformaswellassolvent-based.
Keepmorethanonecoloroffilleronhand.Ifyou’retryingtomatchthewoodclosely,havingavarietyofcolorsallowsyoutomixuptherightshadetomatchtheitem.Water-basedandsolvent-basedfillerarebotheasytomix.
TYPE
WaterBased
PROS
Freefromsolventfumesandeasytohandle.Noacetoneorturpentine.Won’tdryoutinthecan.Easytohandleandcleanup.
CONS
Notasmanycolorchoices.Driesmoreslowly.
SolventBased
PROS
Thechoiceofmostprofessionals.Worksbetterinlargerareas.Largerselectionofgraincolors.
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Looksmorenatural.
CONS
Chemicalsmell.Difficulttodisposeof.Can’tworkitinsmallerspacesduetofumes.
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149HIDESCRATCHESScratchesareadrag,especiallywhenvisibleinanicepieceofstainedwoodfurniture.Useapermanentinkfelt-tipmarkertocolorthebarewood.Ifyoudon’thaveasetofcoloredmarkershandy,homecentersandhardwarestoresusuallystockfelt-tippedstainpensmadebypopularwood-staincompaniesincolorsthatmatchthemostpopularfurnituretones.Thistechniquedoesn’tactuallyrepairthescratchsomuchashideit,butit’sthequickestfixyou’llfindforconcealingunsightlynicksanddings.
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150STEAMITOUTIntheeventthatyoudentorscratchfinishedwoodoffurniture,flooring,apictureframe,orsuch,youcanoftenmakearepairbydampeningandheatingtheareatoraisethewoodgrain.Todothis,useaverysmallbrushtoapplyasmallamountofwatertothescratchordent.Thenuseahotlaundryironcoveredwithasoftclothtoheatthearea,whichshouldcausethefiberofthewoodgraintoswellandrefillthedent.
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151TAKECAREOFYOURROOFAnolderroofmaydevelopblackstreaksorstains,usuallycausedbyalgae.Chlorinebleachorsodiumhydroxidesolutionthatisappliedusingnon-pressuremethodswillkillblackalgaeandgenerallyremovestainswiththerinsephase,butthiswillnotpreventthealgaefromreturninginjustafewmonths.Thesemethodscanalsoacceleratethecorrosionofmetalgutters,flashings,andfasteners;chlorinecanalsobeharmfultosurroundingplantlife.
Tryacleanerdesignedforroofs,suchasDefyRoofCleaner,ablendofdetergentsandanonpollutingchemicalmadeofsandandsodaash.Withspray-on/rinse-offapplication,thiscleanerwillremovealgaewithoutdamagingtherooforharminganyofthesurroundingvegetation.
Youcanthenfollowuponcleaningwithastain-blockingagenttoinhibitnewgrowth,orinstallzincstripsattheroofline.Whenrainwaterflowsoverthezinc,itgenerateszincoxide,aharmless,invisiblesubstancethatcoatstheroofsurfaceandinhibitsthegrowthoffungus,moss,andalgae.Toinstallzincstrips,startateitherendoftheroofpeakandtheninstallacontinuousrowundertheridgeline.Applyroofingcementalongthesealantedgeandslidethestripundertheshingle,leavingthelowerhalfexposedtotreattherainwater.
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152DOANINSPECTIONAtleasttwiceeachyearyoushouldfullyassessyourpropertytomakesurenomajormaintenanceissueshavegoneunnoticed.Herearekeyspotstocheck.
LANDSCAPINGCheckthatallirrigationpathsareclearandunobstructedtodivertrunoffawayfromthehouse.Pullweedsandshovelawaybrush,leaves,orotherorganicmatterthatblockdrainage.
DRAINAGEInspectallguttersanddownspoutsfordrainblockage.Aputtyknifeorevenaspatulamakesagoodtooltoscoopawaythedebris.
FOUNDATIONSRemoveanydeadwoodnearthehousefoundation—it’sdinnertotermites,luringthemtoyourhome.Evenmulch(whichtermitescan’teat)shouldbekept12to14inchesawayfromthehometoavoidprovidingthemoist,darkenvironmenttheylike.
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PROTECTYOURWOODDeadleaves,downedlimbs,andotherorganicmattercanthreatenanywoodstructuresaroundthehome.Shovels,gloves,rakes,andwheelbarrowswilllikelybetheonlytoolsyou’llneedtoremoveit.Apoweredblowercanmakequickworkofclearingrubbish.Keepyourdecksandporchescleanfromleavestoreducemoldandmildewstaining.
Forsimilarreasons,youalsoneedtocleanthebottomsofdeckpostsandfences.Accumulatedorganicmattercanretainwaterandtransferittothewood,whichmaywickmoistureintotheendgrain,contributingtorotandprovidingapathwayforpestinfestation.
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153APPLYSOMEPRESSUREPressurewasherscanworkwondersonmetal,masonry,andconcrete.ThePSI(poundspersquareinch)ratingofapowerwasherreferstothepressurethatthewasherunitiscapableofproducing.Pressurewashersratedupto2,200PSIaregenerallyusedonlyforlight-dutycleaningofmudanddirtfromsidewalksandlawnequipment.Washersrated2,200to3,000areintendedformorefrequentuseorlargerjobs,suchascleaningsiding.
Choosingtherightnozzlecanmakeaworldofdifference.Mostmanufacturersofferarangeofoptionsthatattachtoawasherwandwithastandardquick-coupler.Somenozzlessprayafinefanofwaterforeasycoveragewhensprayingacleaningagent.Whenyouneedtoblastawaytoughstainsonconcrete,switchtoazero-degreenozzle,whichshootsaconcentratedjetthatcancutthroughstubborndirtanddiscoloration.
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154SLUICETHESIDINGMetal,concrete,andmasonrysidingcanbecleanedfairlyeasilywithalong-handlescrubbrushorapressurewasher.Manyoftherecentspray-onbleachproductsaredesignedtocleanoncontact,requiringonlyarinsecoattodothejobwithouttheworkofscrubbing.(Itneverhurtstoscrub,though.)
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PROTIPCLEANSTUBBORNSTAINSTotackletoughstainsmarringyourbrickmasonry,tryscrubbingwithawirebrush.Theharshabrasionwilloftenremovethestainbyactuallyscrapingawaythematerial’ssurface.
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155WATCHYOURWOODWhenwoodisexposedtosunlight,itcandamagethefibers,causingthesurfacetoturngrayovertime.Whenit’sintheshadeandexposedtomoisture,moldandmildewcanbecomeaproblem.
POWERCLEANThemostdirectwaytorenewtheappearanceistosandorpressure-washthesurface.However,sandingcanbeverydifficultandtimeconsumingforlargeareas,andpressurewashingmustbeapproachedwithcaution,becausetoomuchpressurecandamagethewoodsurface,removingthegrayandgreenbutcausingthesurfacetofuzzorsplinter.Whenusingapowerwasher,limityourpressuretonomorethan1,000or1,200PSI,andcarefullyworkinthedirectionofthegrain—neveragainstit.
SCRUBITDOWNAlessaggressivebuteffectivemethodofcleaningistoscruboutdoorwoodwithalong-handled,stiff-bristlenylonbrush.Somebrushesevenattachtoagardenhoseandfeaturenozzlesthatdirectpressurizedwaterrightinfrontofthebroomheadforthemostefficientscrubbingaction.
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156PATCHWOODROTWITHPUTTYWoodrotistheresultofatypeoffungalinfectionthatdestroyswood.Itisasdamagingastermiteorotherinsectinfestation,anditcanwreakhavoconwoodenwindows.Ifthewindowsaren’tmaintainedwithpaint,caulk,andglazing,thenwoodrotcantakeholdandcompletelyruinthecasing.However,insomecasesyoucancatchtherotandmakerepairsbeforeacompletewindowreplacementisnecessary.TryDurham’sWaterPutty,apowderproductthathasbeenaroundmorethan80years.Thepowderismixedwithwateronsiteandcanbeusedtorepairdamagedwoodifappliedproperly.Theputtyisalsoeasytouseandeasytocleanup.
STEP1Removedamagedmaterialandwoodrotwithascrewdriver,chisel,shopvac,andsoon.
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STEP2Inamixingcontainer,addalittlewateratatimetothepowderandthenstirwithapaintstickuntilyouachieveaconsistencysimilartothickpancakebatter.
STEP3Applytheproductinlayersup¼inchthickatatime.Alloweachapplicationtodrybeforeaddingmoreproduct.
STEP4Oncethedamagedareaiscompletelyfilledanddried,sandtheareasmooth.Itisalsoimportanttofinishtherepairbysealingitwithawaterproofingproductsuchasexteriorprimerandpaint.
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157PERFORMSURGERYInsomecases,thebestsolutionmaybetocutoutthedamagedsectionofwood,carefullycutareplacementpieceofpressure-treatedwoodtothesameshapeanddimensions,andthengluethepieceintothewindowcasingwithahigh-quality,exterior-gradeadhesivethatacceptspaint.Anoscillatingmulti-toolequippedwithaplungebladeisanexcellentdeviceforcuttingouttheproblemarea.
STEP1Removeallloosewood,dust,anddebris.Acleanworkareawillmeancleanrepairsaswell.
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STEP2Coatallsidesofthereplacementpieceofwood—anddothesamewiththedamagedarea—usinganexteriorprimerbeforefasteninginplace,inordertoaddanextrameasureofmoistureprotection.
STEP3Aftergluingandnailingorscrewinginthereplacementpiece,filleveryholesandseamwithexterior-gradewoodputty,andthensandthejointssmooth.Applypaintablewaterproofsealant,primer,andmatchingpainttocompletetherepair.Forextraprotection,coatallsidesofthewoodreplacementwithexteriorprimer/paintbeforeinstalling.
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158USETWO-PARTEPOXYAnothergreatfixforpaintedwindowcasementsreliesonatwo-partpolyurethane-basedwoodrepairfiller.It’ssoldasakitincludingaresinandhardener,whicharemixedtogethertocreatealighttanepoxy.Thefilleristhinenoughtofitintosmallgapsandcracksbutthickenoughthatyoucanmoldit.And,unlikesomeotherwoodfillers,itdoesnotshrinkorcrack.Thedownsidetotheepoxyisthatit’sverysticky,whichwillmakeittrickytoworkwithanddifficulttocleanup.However,theupsideisthatthematerialcanbemoldedintoathree-dimensionalwoodreplacementthatcanbecutorroutedintoshape.Ifyouneedtoreplaceadamagedsillcornerorchippedmoldingprofile,youcanformtherepairfromtheepoxyandcutthefinalshapeonceit’sdry.
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159PATCHITUPTopatchuplargerholesorcracks,youcantryVinylConcretePatcher,aself-bondingmixthat’smadeforrepairinganybroken,chipped,orlooseconcreteandmasonry,aswellasfillingcracksupto2inchesdeep.Thematerialisavailableintubsora40-poundbag.Itwilladheretoallproperlycleanedsurfacesandcanbetroweledtoafeatheredgeof inch.
STEP1Chiselawaycrackedorcrumbledmaterials,squaringofftheedges.Evenbetteryet,youcanundercuttheedgeswithachiselandhammer.
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STEP2Useawirebrushtoscrapeawaycrumblingmaterialsandtoroughenthesurfaceifithasbeenfinishedsmooth.Therepairproductshouldnotbeappliedoverpaintedsurfaces.Cleanawayalldebrisandrinsewithwater.
STEP3Beforeapplication,dampentheareawithcleanwater.
STEP4Applythemixwithatrowel,usingheavytrowelpressuretoforceitintothecrack.Overfillitslightlyandthentrowelitsmoothtomatchwiththe
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surroundingconcrete.Ifthecracksaredeepitmaybenecessarytoapplyinaseriesof¼-inch-deeplayers,allowingthemixtodryfor2hoursbetweenlayers.Cleanthetoolsimmediatelyafterwardwithwater.
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160TAKETHETUBESomeconcretecrack-repairproductsfitintoacaulkgunandarereadytoapply.Sashco’sSlabconcretecrackrepaircaulkoffersgoodadhesionandelasticityforalong-lastingfix.Theproduct’swater-basedformulaisalsoeasytoapplyandcleanup.Justaswithcaulk,fillthecracklevelwiththeproductandsmooththetopofthebead.Theformulaevenoffersaheavilytexturedrepairthatmatchesthesandtextureintheconcrete.Whenusedwithafoambackerrod,thecaulkwilladheretojointsupto3incheswide.Anumberofpatchingproductscomeineasy-to-usesqueezetubes,suchasBlacktopCrack,usedforrepairingcracksinasphaltdriveways.
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161CAREFORCONCRETEConcreteisaverydurablebuildingmaterialandcanalsobeaestheticallypleasing.Overtime,though,concretecandeteriorate.Mostrepairprojectsarefairlysimpleusingsomeofthespeciallyformulatedpatchandrepairproductsavailablethesedays.
Variousspecialconcreterepairproductsareuser-friendlyandhavedistincttraitssuchasfastsettingtimes,ahighfinalstrength,oranincreaseddegreeofresistancetocrackingandchipping.
Formostrepairsyou’llneedafewtools:acoldchisel,ball-peenhammeror8-poundsledgeforlargerareas,protectivegoggles,andapairofgloves.Useabrushandbroomforcleaningup,andapointedtrowelforapplication.Ifyou’reresurfacingstepsandslabs,thenyou’llneedanedgertoo.Youmayalsoneedlumberforformingmajorrepairs.Preptherepairareaproperlybeforeapplyingtheconcreteproduct.Removeallcrackedandcrumblingareas.Forlargerareas,useasledgeandcoldchiseltobreakawaythinorlooseedges.Sweep,vacuum,orhoseawaydirtanddebrisdowntoasolidbase.
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162GOTOREFORMSCHOOLLargerrepairjobs,suchasbrokencornersorslabsofwalkways,usuallyrequirere-forming.Thefirststepistoremovethebrokenareadowntothegravelfill.Ifthegravelfillhasdeteriorated,digdownacoupleofinchesbelowgroundlevelandaddanewgravelbase.Use2X4orothermaterialtore-formthearea.Thetopsoftheformboardsshouldbeevenwiththetopedgesoftheadjoiningconcretesurface.Formsshouldbelevelandshouldfollowthenaturalgrade.Stakesshouldbedrivenintothegroundtosupporttheformsevery4feet.Theyshouldalsobecutoffevenwiththetopoftheforms.
Packaged,ready-mixconcretecanbeused.Mixtheconcreteproduct,thentrowelorshovelitintotheform.Roughlysmoothitupwithatrowel,thencutaroundanyformswithanedger.Allowtheconcretetostiffenslightlyuntilallwaterhasevaporatedfromthesurface.Oncethesurfaceturnsdull,smoothandcompacttheconcretewithatrowel.Keepthetrowelpressedfirmlydownonthesurfaceandflat.Usetheedgingtoolaroundtheedgestosmooththemup.Foratextured,nonskidsurface,useawoodfloatorbroomforfinishing.
Covertherepairwithaplasticsheet,orperiodicallyspraywithagardenhosetokeeptheconcretedampfor5to7days,whichhelpsthehardening,or
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curing,process.Concretethathasbeenmoist-curedwillbeapproximately50percentstrongerthanthatexposedtodryair.
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163TREATYOURSELFYouwillbesadlydisappointedinyouroutdoorconstructionprojectifyoutrytobuilditusinganymannerofwoodproductsthatwerenotmeantforexterioruse—yourworkwillmorethanlikelyendupswelling,twisting,rotting,hostingacolonyofinsects,oranycombinationofthesevarioustragicoutcomesinaveryshortamountoftime.
Formany,ifnotmost,outdoorprojects,youwillbelookingatpressure-treatedwood,whichhasbeeninfusedwithvariouschemicalsthathelpprotectitfromtermitesandotherinsects,aswellasfungaldecay.
Oftenmadefrompineorfir,treatedlumberhasanaturalappearance,anditsresistancetotermitesandrotisamajoradvantageforoutdoorprojects.Betteryet,itisaplentifulandrenewableresource,andisalsousuallythemosteconomicalchoiceavailable.
Inaddition,itcansupportmoreweightandspanlongerdistancesthancedar,redwood,orotherwoods.Forthisreason,manyoutdoorstructures,suchasdecks,areframedwithandsupportedbytreatedlumber,evenifadifferenttypeofwoodorothermaterialisusedforthefinishedsurfaces.
Treatedwoodcanbefoundinavarietyoflumbergrades,fromknot-free,close-graingradestolowergradesthathavemoreknots,splits,andwane(missingcornersofthewoodwherethebarkonceexisted).Youcanfindthegradedesignationstampedoneachpieceofwood.
Generally,thehigherthelumbergrade,thehigherthecost.Selecttherightboardbyoneofthreecategories,whichshouldbeindicatedprominentlyontheproductlabel.Theyareasfollowsbelow:
ABOVEGROUNDUSEBestfordecking,fences,andrails.
GROUND-CONTACTUSEGreatforposts,beams,andjoists.
BELOW-GRADEWorksforsupportpoststhatarepartiallyburiedbelowgradeandforpermanentwoodfoundationsandplanters.
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164TRYSTURDYSOFTWOODSForapplicationsthatdon’trequirepressure-treatedwoods,orifyouwanttominimizethechemicalsyou’reusing,thereareagoodnumberofattractivehardwoodsusedforoutdoorprojectsthatpossesssomenaturalprotectionagainstinsectsandotherdamagingfactors.Herearesomeofyouroptions.
WESTERNREDCEDARThiswood’snaturalfiberscontainnaturalcompoundsthatmakeitnaturallyinsect-andmoisture-resistantwithoutchemicaltreatments.Plus,theeven,consistentgrainandlowdensitymakecedarlesslikelytoswell,warp,cup,andtwistthanotherwoods.Asaresult,itliesflatandstraight.Cedarisalsofreeofthepitchandresinfoundinothersoftwoods—aqualitythatmakesitidealforafairlywiderangeoffinishes,whetheryouchoosealightlytintedsemi-transparentstainoratwo-coatsolid-colorfinish.
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REDWOODNotonlyisredwoodstrongandbeautiful,itisnaturallyresistanttoinsects,rot,anddecay;itcanalsowithstandhighheatandpressure.Itshrinksandswellslessthanotherwoodswhenexposedtowater,whichmeansthatit’slesslikelytowarp,split,orcheck(crackparalleltothegrain),makingithighlydurableforbuilding.Itisoneofthemostpliablesoftwoodspecies,makingiteasytosaw,nail,anddrill.Redwoodisalsolightweightandhaslittletonopitchorresins.Itisextremelyeasytopaint,stain,andglue,andaredwooddeckcanberestoredrepeatedlywithminimaleffortandcost.
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CYPRESSWhileactuallyasoftwood,cypressgrowsalongsidehardwoodsandisusuallygroupedwiththeminmanufacturing.Itsnaturaldurabilityisagreatbenefitforexteriorapplications.Cypressgeneratescypressene—itsownpreservativeoil—whichmakesitsheartwoodnaturallyresistanttoinsects,decay,andchemicalcorrosion.Theseinherentstrengthsmakethewoodanidealchoiceforlong-wearingoutdoorprojectssuchasfences,decks,docks,andsiding.
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165SIZEITUPChecklocalbuildingcodesforspecificminimumlumbersizesrequiredinyourarea.Dependingonthesizeofthestructure,supportpostsareusuallymadefrom6X6or8X8beams.Railingsystemsrequire4X4posts.Deckboardsareoftensoldin4X6-inchsizes,oryoucanuse2X6lumber.Avoidusinganyboardswiderthan2X8fortheflooringbecauseoftheirtendencytocup.Thelengthofdeckboardswilldependonthestructure’sdesign,andinsomecasesyoucanpurchaseboardslongenoughtoinstalloverthejoistswithnoendjointsbetweenthem.Thesizesofjoistsandbeamswilldependonthesizeandjoistspanofthestructure.
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166GOEXOTICSomelumberyardshavebegunspecializinginbringingexoticwoodstothemarket,suchasmahogany ,andlessfamiliarrainforesthardwoodssuchasipe andPau-Lope .Theseunusualwoodscanofferararebeauty,aswellashardnessanddurabilitythatfarexceedthatofconventionallumber.Thedurabilityisagreatadvantageforoutdoorprojectsbutcanalsopresentavarietyofchallenges.Typically,thesetypesofwoodsareverydense,makingitdifficultforstainstobeabsorbed.Theirhighamountofnaturaloilsalsomakethemresistanttopenetrationandrequirespecialstepsforfinishapplication.Andofcourse,“exotic”alsomeansyoucanexpecttopaypremiumprices.
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167DOADECKCHECKYoushouldgiveyourdeckafullcloseannualinspectionandfixanythingyoufind.Thiswillensureyearsoffunctionandbeautyoutdoors.
CHECKTHEBOARDSLookoutfordamagesuchassplitting,warping,andmajorchecking.Replaceentireboardsifyoushouldfindanyseveredeterioration.
TIGHTENUPMakesurenofastenersarecomingloose.Agoodwaytodothisistowalktheentiredeck,backandforthalongthejoists,whilebeingalertforanyweaknessorinstability.Checkfornailsthathaveliftedorscrewsthatshowsignsofsignificantweakening.Replacefastenerswithanysignificantrustorcorrosion,becausetheycandeterioratethesurroundingwood.Replacewithqualitydeckingscrewsorspiral/rink-shanknails.
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PUSHITInspectrailingsandbanistersbypushingthemtomakesurethereisnogive.
FLASHITFlashingisametalorplasticguardthatdirectswateroutandawayfromsensitiveareasthatarepronetoholdingmoistureandthereforebeingweakened.ApieceofproperlyinstalleddeckflashingshouldbesomewhatL-shaped.OnelegoftheLrunsupbehindthesiding,theotheroverthetopoftheledgerboard.Besurethattheflashingattheledgerboardisstillsound,andbepreparedtoreplaceitifnecessary.Also,makesuretheproperledgerfastenersareused.Acceptablefastenersincludethrough-bolts,½-inchgalvanizedlagscrews,orheavy-dutystructuralscrews—butnotnails.
CHECKCONNECTIONSChecktheframingconnections.Wherethejoistsmeettheledgerboardthereshouldbemetalhardware(joisthangers).Nailsdrivenatanangle(“toe-nails”)arenotasufficientstructuralconnection.Boltsinpost-to-beamconnectionsshouldbe½-inchindiameterandgalvanized.
STEPUPMakesurestairsareofproperrise(height)andrun(depth).Thecombinedriseandrunofacode-approvedstairshouldbenomorethan17inches:ideally7-inchrise,10-inchrun.
BRACEYOURSELFTheposts,beams,andanglebracingshouldbetheappropriatesizeandspacedproperly.Yourlocalbuildinginspectorcantotellyouwhat’stheexpectedstandardwhereyoulive.Generallyspeaking,deckpostsshouldbeaminimum6X6andspaced6feetoncenter.
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PROTIPKEEPTHEPRESSUREOFFShouldyouuseapressurewashertocleanyourdeck?Youcan,butfirstyoushouldchecktheindustryassociationwebsiteofthewoodspecies(pine,redwood,cedar)todetermineifpower-washingisrecommended.Alwaysuseaslowapressureaspossible,andtrytoneverspraycloserthan12inchestothedeck.
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168KEEPITSPARKLINGWithregularmaintenance,theweatheredlookofdecksusuallycanberevivedwiththeapplicationoftherightdeckcleaner.Evenifyourdeckisseveralyearsold,it’seasytorestoretheoriginalcolorandbeautyofthewoodbyapplyingacleaningsolutionandwoodbrightener.(Followthemanufacturer’sguidelinesforproperuseandtomakesureyou’reusingtherightproductforyourdeck’swoodspecies.)
CLEANITUPDeckcleanersandrestorersgenerallyfallintooneofthreecategories—chlorinebleaches,oxygenbleaches,oroxalicacid-basedformulas.Chlorinebleachesareespeciallyeffectiveatkillingmoldormildewspores—acommoncauseofdiscolorationandstaining.Oxygenbleachesareeffectiveatremovingmildewstainsandweatheredgrayresiduefromsunlight-degradedwooddecks.Oxalicacidproductsareusefulbrightenersforawooddeckbutnotveryeffectiveforremovingmildew.
CONTROLMILDEWIfyoudohaveamildewproblem,treatyourdeckusinganoxygenorchlorinebleachandwatersolution(typically1:3,bleachtowater)andfollowupbyusinganoxalicacid-basedproducttobrightenthewoodcolor.Productswithoxalicacidandbleacharealsoavailable.Theywillworkondeepstains,mold,andmildew,butthesearecommercial-gradeproductsandshouldbehandledverycarefully(pre-rinseand/orcoverplants,andshieldsidinganddoors,toprotectfinish).Moldandmildewmayrequireanadditionalroundofscrubbingandapplicationofbothableach/watersolutionandoxalicacid.
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GETITDONEBYMONDAYTheycallyoua“weekendwarrior”becauseyou’renotonlyfiercelyfightingthemanyobstaclesofahomeimprovementproject,you’rebattlingtimeaswell.
Theclockisticking,andthejobhasgottobecompletedbecauseMondaymorningwillbeheresoon,andthenyou’llhaveadifferentjobtodo(sheesh).Butyoutakeastand.Youstaretheclockinthefacewithsteelyeyesandyouspitonthegroundtoshowyouhavenofear,becauseyou’reawarrior.Ontheweekend.
You’vegatheredyourtools,you’vemasteredthequickfixandyou’rereadytoconquernewfrontiers.Well,nowisthetimetostudyup,becauseasyourhomeprojectsgrowmorecomplexyou’llfindagreaterlikelihoodforerror.
Anderrorsaren’tyourstyle.Butyou’reuptothechallenge.Powertoolsareyourweapons,
andyourstrategyissketchedonnotepadwithalotofchicken-scratchmeasurements.Theshabbydoorthatneedstogo;you’vegotareplacement.Theroomthatneedstobepainted;you’vegotitcovered.Needtopouraconcreteslab?Nosweat(well,maybealittle).Yourlivingroomandconnectinghallwaywillsoonbelinedwithbeautifulcrownmolding,andmaybeevenachairrail.
Withtherightsuppliesandalittleknow-how,youcanknockouttheseprojectsandmore.Nobody’sgoingtostopyou,andneitherarethetimeconstraints.Becausethisistheweekend.Thisisyourhome.Andyou’reatwar.
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169SPRAYITPaintsprayerscanspeedupthejobandgetintoallthecracksandcrevicesthatarehardtoreachwithbrushesorrollers.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenworkingwithroughsurfacessuchasbrickorstucco.Herearesomeoptions.
HANDHELDForsmalltomid-sizejobs,anelectrichandheldsprayercandotheworkfourtimesasfastasabrush,witheasycleanup.Someofthelatestmodelsofferadjustablespraypatterns,variablespeeds,andflexiblesuctiontubesthatletyousprayatanyangle.
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HVLPHighVolume/LowPressuretechnologycanputaveryfinefinishonsmalltomediumjobs.Thelowpressurecondensesthepaintforcontrolledcoveragewithminimaloverspray,andthesprayereasilydisassemblesforfastcleanup.Thistypeworksbestwithstains,sealers,urethanes,varnishes,lacquers,orthinnedpaints.
AIRLESSForbothlargejobsandsmall,applyingpaintwithanairlesssprayerisaquickandefficientmethodthatalsohastheadvantageofofferingupaconsistent,uniformcoverageonarangeoftextures.Thedownsideisthatthecleanupforlarger-volumemodelscanbearduousandtime-consuming.Somenewerairlesssprayers,however,haveapumpandpaintcupbuiltintothespraygun,whichofferslesspaintcapacitybuteasiercleanup.
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TEXTUREForaddingtexturetowallsorceilings,therighttoolforthejobiscalledatexturesprayer,or“hoppergun,”whichutilizesahoppersetabovethenozzletoloadthematerial(forexample,drywallcompoundorpopcorntexture).Simplyfillthehopperandselectyourspraynozzledependingonthetextureyoudesire.
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170PICKTHERIGHTPAINTYou’reatthepaintstore,facedwithendlesschoices.Whatdoyoudo?Yourfirstdecisionisbasedonwhatyou’repainting—aninsideoroutsidesurface.Youdon’twanttousethewrongpainthere,asexteriorpaintsoftenhaveafungicideorUVblockertogivebetteroutdoorperformance,butthesechemicalsmayposeadversehealtheffectstothehome’soccupantswhenusedindoors,whereaninterior-gradepaintwouldbeabetterchoice.
Nextthinkaboutthesubstrate—thatis,whatmaterialyou’reapplyingthepaintto.Woodanddrywallareeasytopaint,butsomeplasticmaterials,metal,concrete,andmasonrymightrequirespecialprimersandpaintstoensurethebestadhesion.Furthermore,thechoiceofpaintcolorcanimpactthematerial’sperformance.Forexample,vinylsidingwillwarpfromheatbuildup,soverydarkcolorsarenotrecommended.Asageneralrule,don’tpaintvinylsidingortrimanydarkerthanthecoloroftheoriginalsiding.(Makesureyourpaintisformulatedtosticktovinylsiding,consideringvinyl’stendencytogreatlyexpandandcontract.Recentadvancesinpaintcompositionoffernewoptionsthatworkwellonvinyl.)
OIL-BASEDPAINTSOil-basedpaintsareusuallycomposedofpigmentsdissolvedintoamineralspiritsuchaspaintthinner.Thesealsorequiremineralspiritsforcleanupandtakelongertodry,butthetrade-offisaharderfinish.
LATEX-BASEDPAINTSAnemulsionsuspendedinwater,theseproductstypicallywilldryfasterandareeasiertocleanup,requiringonlywater.Today’simprovedlatexproductscanbeusedinnearlyallapplicationsthattraditionallycalledforanoil-basedpaint.
ENAMELAbroadclassificationforanyfinishingmaterialsthatdrytoasmoothfinish;thetermoncereferredonlytooil-basecoatings,butsomenew
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latexproductsarealsoreferredtoasenamelpaints.
Whateveryouchoose,refertothemanufacturer’srecommendationsforspecificusageinstructions.
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PROTIPTONEITDOWNIfyou’replanningaboldcolorforabigproject,considergoingacoupleofshadeslighter.Viewingcolorsonasmallpaintswatchcancreateadifferentvisualimpactthanseeingthemonthewallsofaroom.Largesurfacesintensifycolor,andyoumightendupwithaloudercolorthanyouintended.
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171GETTHERIGHTSHEENHowglossydoyouwanttogo?Afewthingstoconsiderinthepaintaisle.
FLATPAINTSThesepigmentscanconcealimperfectionsinwallsandothersurfaces,makingthemagoodchoiceforceilingsandroomsthataren’texposedtomuchmoistureorheavysoiling(bedrooms,homeoffices,andlivingrooms).
HIGHGLOSSThesepaintstendtohighlightimperfectionsinwallsandwoodwork,buttheyaredurable,stain-resistant,andmucheasiertocleanthanpaintswithlessgloss.Ahigh-glosssheenisidealforbaseboards,windows,moldings,andplayrooms.
SEMI-GLOSSAcompromisebetweenthetwoextremes,thisoptionprovidessomeofthebenefitsofeach.Semi-glosscanbeusedonthewallsandcabinetsofbathroomsandkitchens.Additionalsheensincludeeggshellandsatin,whicharelessshinythansemi-glosspaints.Theyhighlightnicksandimperfectionsless,butsincetheyhavealittlegloss,they’restilleasiertocleanthanflatpaints.
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172FILLAHOLEOvertime,wallsareoftendamagedfromaccidentalimpact,andcrackscanalsodevelopfromthehousesettling.Picturesandartworkarerearrangedtoupdatetheinteriordécor,leavingbehindfastenerholes.Minordrywalldamagecanbeeasilyrepairedwithaputtyknifeandvinylspacklingorlightweightjointcompound.Cleantheholesandrecesstheedgesbelowthewallsurfacewiththeblunthandleofaputtyknife.Usethebladeoftheknifetofilltheholewithrepaircompoundflushwiththewall.Allowtodryovernightandreapplyasneededifanyshrinkinghasoccurred.Lightlysandsmoothifnecessary.Coattherepairwithtwocoatsofprimerbeforepainting.Someofthenewspacklingpastesareformulatedwithprimeralreadyintheproduct,whicheliminatestheextrastep.
Foranylargerholes,youcantryanaluminumscreenpatchsoldathardwarestoresin4-,6-,and8-inchsizes.Useonethatislargerthanthedamagedareaonallsidesbyatleastaninch.Trowelonthefirstcoatofdrywallcompoundsothescreenisbarelyvisible,thenallowtodryovernight.Followwithawidercoatofcompound,featheringtheedgessmooth8to12inchesoutsidethepatch.Allowtodry,thenaddathirdcoat,sandingasneededtoblendtherepairwiththesurroundingwall.
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173MAKEAPANELPATCHForbigrepairswhereyouneedtoreplaceasizablesectionofdrywall(forexample,fromwaterormolddamage),tryusingapanelpatch.
First,cutoutarectangularareaofdrywallaroundthedamagedarea,aligningitsedgesalongthecenterofthewallstuds .Thisshouldgive¾-inchofsolidnailingsurfaceontwoedgesoftherepair(plusthe2Xfloorplateiftherepairextendstothefloor).Toprovideanailingsurfaceattheunsupportededgesofthehole,toe-nail2Xblockingbetweenthestuds.
Next,measureandcutarepairpanelslightlysmallerthantheholeandfastenitinplacebydrivingdrywallnailsthroughthepanelandintothesolidframing .Applyfiberglasstapetotheseamsandfinishtherepairbyfillingupthenailholesandfinishingalljointswithsuccessiveapplicationsofcompound .
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174REPAIRPLASTERForplasterrepairs,youcanuseapowder-basedproductcalledplasterpatch,whichhasadhesivesthatbondtotheexistingplaster.Beforeapplyingthefirstcoat,removeanylooseplasterandundercuttheedgesoftheholeasitapproachesthewoodlathtobetteranchorthepatching.Preparethedamagedareabysoakingwithwater,thenmixthepatchproductsmooth.Applythefirstcoatwithaputtyknife,inathinlayer(⅛to¼inch).Scorethewetcompoundwithanailforbetteradhesionofthesecondcoat.Allowtodrycompletelytoavoidcracking,andapplythenextcoatinasimilarmanner.Continueuntiltheholeisfilled,featheringtheedgesofthefinalcoat.Sandlightlytosmooththepatch.
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175BATTENDOWNAbattenpatchisgreatforlargerrepairsorforworkingonyourceiling,wheregravitytugsattherepairbeforethemudsets.Thekeytothisrepairistoinstallbattensbehindthedrywall,asfasteningbackers.Forthesebattens,usethinstripsof1Xlumberorthickpaintmixingsticks(thinoneswillsplit).
YOU’LLNEED:Drywall•Settingcompound•Drywalltape•Cordlessdrill/driver•Screws•Awood-cuttingsaw(possibly)
STEP1Firstsquareuptheholeasnecessary.
STEP2Cutacoupleofbattensatleast2incheslargerthanthehole.Workabattenintoitandpositiontheendsalongthebackofthedrywall.Withafirmgriponthebatten,grabyourdrillanddriveadrywallscrewthroughthewallintotheendofthebatten.Drivethescrewsintotheendsofeachofthebattens,pullingthemsnugagainsttherearsideofthedrywallandcreatingasturdywoodennailingsurfacebehindthedamagedarea.
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STEP3Measureandcuttherepairsectionofdrywalltoslightlysmallerthanthehole,theninstallit.Fastenwithdrywallscrewsintothewoodbattens.Applyfiberglassmeshtapetotheedgesofthehole.Trowelonsuccessivecoatsofcompound,spreadingthemud,featheringtheedgessmooth,andsandingasneeded.
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176BITETHEBULLETThebulletpatchisaneasyoptionforlargeholes.Here’showtouseit.
STEP1Cleanoutthehole,thengiveitarectangularshapeusingautilityknifeordrywallsaw.
STEP2Cutablankofdrywallbiggerthanthehole.Exposea“plug”ofdrywall¼-inchsmallerthantheholebyscoringthebackoftheblankinatic-tac-toepatternofcross-cuts.Youshouldcutthroughthecoreofthedrywall,butnotthepaperface.Carefullypeelthegypsum(chalky,whitematerial)awayfromthepaper.Besuretoleavethepaperflangesurroundingtheplugintact,toserveasintegratedtapewhenyoumudit.
STEP3Applyathincoatofmudtothewallaroundthehole,thenplacethepatchonthewallandlightlypressthepaperintothewetcompoundwithyourfingertips.Don’tpressontheplugdirectly.
STEP4Applyasmallamountofdrywallcompoundtolubricatetheedgeofa6-inchputtyknife,andpressitoverthepapertosqueezethemudoutattheedges.Acoupleofpassesensuresatightbond.Then,wipealightfeather-coatonthefrontofthepaperandsmoothdownallroughspots.
STEP5Letthefirstcoatdry,thenapplythesecondwitha10-inchbroadknife,spreadingthecompoundandfeatheringtheedgestoblendwiththewall.
STEP6Afterthesecondcoatdries,lightlysandwith100-gritabrasiveandapplyathirdcoatofcompoundasnecessary.
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177GETREADYFORPRIMETIMEStartingwithagoodprimerwillensurethetruestcolorforyourtopcoat,nomatterthesurfaceyou’reworkingwith—walls,cabinetry,ortrim.Beyondthetruercolor,primeroffersstain-andodor-blockingpropertiesandalsoprovidesamoreenduringtop-coatfinish.Ifyou’vedoneanydrywallpatches,it’sessentialthatyouprimebeforepainting.
Onethingtoconsideristhatprimingwillneverhurtanything.Ifindoubt,primeit.Anditdefinitelyhelpstouseaprimerifyou’repaintingalightercoloroveradarkerone.Fordarksoverlights,youcanuseatintedprimertoreducethenumberoftopcoatsyou’llneedtoachievethedesiredcolor.
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178BRUSHITRIGHTToloadabrush,dipitonly1to2inchesintothepaint.Gentlytapthebrushagainstthesideofthecontainer,firstoneside,thentheother.Theextrapaintwillstayinthecontainerandleaveyouwithaloadedbrushforfieldpaintingorcuttingin.
“Cuttingin”istheartofdrawingastraightlinetoseparatetwocolorsusingonlyapaintbrush—nomaskingtapeorotheraid.Whencuttingin,alwayskeepafullyloadedbrush.Usingitparalleltotheareatobecut,letthebrushopenupintoasemiovalandthenbringitintothelineyouarecutting.Followthelineuntilthepaintbeginstobreakup.Repeatthisprocedure,workingintothepreviouslypaintedarea.
Ifyoufindcuttinginfree-handedtoodifficulttomaintainacrispline,simplymaskoffthelineswithpainter’stape.However,avoidpushingpaintbeneaththetapewiththebrush,whichcancausethepaintlinestobleed.
Also,don’tpaintbydippingthepaintbrushrightintothecan.Itwillpickupdebristhatmakesitswaybackintothesourcecanandendsupcreatingspecksandlumpsinthepaint.Inaddition,theairinteractingwiththepaintinthecanwilldryitprematurely.Instead,loadthepaintintoaseparatelightweightcontainer,workingwitha½-inchpourofpaint.Refreshthepaintoftentokeepitinafluidstate.
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179BEAHIGHROLLERRollersgetthejobdonequicklywithaconsistentsurfacetexture.Here’showtodoitright.Alwaysstartwithafreshrollercover—wornoutonesmayfrayandleavedebrisinyourpaint.Haveastashofextracoversonhandincaseyouneedtoreplaceone.
PRECONDITIONThisoftenoverlookedstepiscrucialtoproperperformance.Everysyntheticcoverrequiressomeformofpreconditioning.Beforeuseinlatexpaints,rinsethecoverunderrunningwater,thenspinittoremoveexcesswater.Beforeusingoil-basedpaints,thecovershouldbelubricatedinthesolventusedtothinoutthepaint.Anymohaircoversshouldalsobepreconditionedinthesolventusedforpaintthinning.(Lambskinrollercovershavenaturaloilsanddon’trequireanypreconditioning.)
PAINTFillthepainttraynomorethanone-thirdoftheway.Loadtheentiresurfaceofyourrollercoverwithpaint,rollingitslowlydownthetray,thenbackseveraltimessothecoverabsorbs.Usethetray’sgridtopreventanyoverloading.Whenpaintingwalls,startatthetopandworkdownward.Rollalarge“W”inaspaceabout3by3feet.Thenfillinbetweenthegaps,blendingintoyourinitialstrokes.Alwaysworkfromtheunpaintedintothepaintedsurface.Repeatthisprocesswhenyoustartanewarea.
Afteryourproject,cleanallrollers,brushes,andrelatedpaintequipment
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immediatelyandstoreinaclean,dryplace.
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180TAPEANDPROTECTWhiledoingprimingandpainting,DIYerscanusepainter’stapetomaskoffallareaswhereonecolormeetsanother,suchaswindowordoortrim,accentwalls,etc.Whenapplyingtape,usearollerorputtyknifetoburnishittothesurfaceyou’remaskingforthebestseal.Alwaysremovethetaperightafteryou’vefinishedpainting,topreventpaintfrombridgingoverthetapeandpeelingwhenyouremoveit,thusmessingupthecrisppaintlines.
Coverupeverythingyoudon’twantpaintedwithaplasticorcanvasdropcloth,andpassonthecheapest,thinnestplasticsheets.Thethickertheplasticsheets,themoredurabletheywillbeandthebettertheywillremaininplacewithoutwaddingupbeneathyourfeetandexposingthefloororfurniture.Ifyou’repaintingalargeroom,covertheentirefloorwiththickplasticandsealtheseamswithtape.
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181PREPFOROUTDOORPAINTINGPreparingasurfacebeforeapplyingatopcoatisthefirstcriticalphaseofanypaintproject.Exteriorjobsrequireextrastepstobattleoutdoorexposure.Paintisdesignedtoformafilm,soitpeelsifitcan’tadheretoasurface.Itdoes,however,stickwelltosubstratesthatdon’tshiftbeneaththepaint.Justaboutanymetalisanexcellentsubstrate.Aluminumsidingisagoodexample;paintcanlastforyearsonaluminum.Woodandother“moving”surfacesthatcontractorexpandduetomoistureortemperaturechangemayrequiresomeextrapreparatorystepstominimizepeeling.
CHECKTHEWEATHERWeatherconditionscanhaveagreatimpactonhowwellpaintholdsup.Theworstconditionsareextremeheatorcold.Thepainthastochemicallybondtothesurfacethatitiscovering,andthisbondingwillonlyoccurifthesolvent(waterormineralspirits)inthepaintisevaporatingataslowormediumpace.Planyourpaintingdaysforcoolertemperaturesandtrytopaintanyareasafterdirectsunlighthasleftthemfortheday.
CLEANWELLBeforepriming,makesuretheexteriorsurfaceofyourmaterialisfreeofdirt,grease,mold,mildew,oranyotherdebris.Removeanyloosened,peelingpaintalreadypresent.Flatputtyknivesor“pull”scrapersworkwellforthis.
SANDITSomesubstratescanbesandedsmoothwheretheoldpaintmeetsthebaresurface.Forbestpaintadhesiononanyglossysurfaces,scuff-sandthesurfacebeforepainting.Butkeepinmind,therearesomesituationswheresandingwon’talwaysbethebestidea.Someolderexteriorhousepaintscontainlead,andsandingoffthistypeofpaintwillendupcreatingtoxicleaddust.
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WASHUPYournextstepistowashoffthesurface.Regularliquiddishsoapmayworkfine,althoughitdoesproducealotofsuds.Youmayoptforanon-soapydetergentsuchastrisodiumphosphate(TSP)togetridofdirtandgrease.Cleantheentiresurfacewithaspongeorscrubbrush.Ifanymoldormildewispresent,useamildew-removingsolution.Quicklyrinseandallowthesurfacetodrythoroughlybeforepriming.Allowporoussurfacessuchaswoodorbricktodryforaminimumoftwodaysbeforecontinuing.
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182SPIFFUPSIDINGTopreparealuminumsiding,scrubitwithdetergent,rinsethoroughly,andletitdryforseveraldays.Pressurewashersworkwellforthisjob.Removeallmildewandresidualchalkfromtheoldfinish;paintwillnotsticktoachalkysurface.Replaceanyloosecaulk.Toprimealuminumsiding,useathinnedmetalprimingpaint.Tryamixtureofonepintofpaintthinnertoonegallonofhigh-qualityoil-basedprimer.Considerhavingtheprimertintedtohalfthestrengthofthecolorofyourfinishpaintforeasiertop-coating.
Cleanvinylsidingthesamewayaswell.Anoxygenbleachsolutiondoesagoodjobofremovingmildewfromvinylandwon’tharmthevinylortheplantsinyouryard.Primingvinylisnotnecessary,butdoremoveanyrustfrommetalareasandcoatthosewithagoodrust-inhibitiveprimer.
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183PAINTCONCRETEFLOORSBeforeyoustartthewholeprocessofpaintingyourconcretefloor,you’llwanttotesttobesureyoudon’thaveanymoistureissuesinthearea,becauseifyoudo,theconcretewon’ttakepaintproperly,andyoureffortwillbewasted.
Totestthiseasily,justtapea2-foot-squarepieceofplastictothefloorandwait48hours.Ifafterthatperiodyouseediscolorationormoistureundertheplastic,skippainting.
Otherwise,youcancleantheflooroffwithadegreaserandthenroughenitusingawirebrushandanacid-basedsolution(agoodexampleisoneparteachhydrochloricacidandwater)tohelpthepaintbondtotheconcrete.Rinseyourfloorthoroughly,letitdryfortwotothreedays,andthenpaint.
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184PREPMETALSStartbycleaningawayanycorrosionwithawirebrushandsandpaper.Metalshouldbeprimedonthesamedayitiscleaned.Oil-oralkyd-basedmetalprimersthatcontainhighquantitiesofrust-inhibitivepigmentsgivethebestresultswhenprimingrustysteel.
Unfinishedgalvanizedmetaloraluminumshouldbewipeddownthoroughlyusingadegreasingcleaner,thenrinsedoffanddried.Lotsofbothwater-andoil-basedpaintsworkwellformetals,butbesuretousethepaintsthatarecompatiblewithyourprimer.Mostmanufacturersindicatewhattypeofprimershouldbeusedforaparticularfinishcoat,andviceversa.
Specialpaintsdesignedtostanduptohightemperaturesareavailableforpaintingcentralheatingpipesandradiators.
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185WORKWITHWOODOutdoorwoodcanbethetoughestmaterialtopaint.Itstendencytoexpandandcontractcantakeatollonthestrongestofpaints.Withpaintasitsonlylineofdefense,ifanyexposededgesorseamsaren’tpainted,severewoodrotcandevelopwithinjustafewyears.Everywoodsurfacemustbeprimedfirst,usinganexteriorwoodprimer.
PREPITPaintwilladherewelltowoodifallthewoodhasbeenprimedbeforeinstallation.Sealingthewoodcompletelyrequirespaintingandprimingallcutedgesaswellastheboardfaces.Thecutendsareoftenwhereendgrainisexposed;thisiswhereitiseasiestforwatertoenterthewood.Absorbedwatercanmigrate5or6inchesinfromtheendoftheboard,whichiswhyyouseetheedgesorbottomportionsoftrimboardsflake.
SEALITUseexterior-gradecaulktosealtheendgrain.Wipethecaulkwithamoistspongeassoonasithasbeenappliedtoproduceaclean,smoothjoint.Ifpaintingsiding,caulkalljointsbetweenthesidingandtrimboards,butdonotcaulkthebottomedgeofclapboardsiding.(Thesmallcrackonthistypeofsidingallowsittomoveandallowsvaportoescape.)Applyarust-inhibitiveprimertoanyexposednails.Countersinkthenailsandfilltheholeswithexteriorspacklingcompound.
PRIMEITOil-basedprimerisagreatchoiceforwoodprojectsbecauseitpenetratesdeeplyintowoodfiber.Thissealswoodsuchascedarandredwoodthatcanproduce“bleed”stainswhencoatedwithwater-basedproducts.
PAINTITToaccommodateforthemovementofwood,ithelpstousepaintwithsomebuilt-inflexibility.Acrylicresins(paintglue)offerthegreatestamountofflexibility.Thesepaintswillresistbecomingbrittlelikeolderoil-basedpaints,andtheycanalsowithstandmanyyearsofsubstratemovement.
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186ADDKNOCKDOWNTEXTUREAddingtexturetoawallisapopularwaytoaddcharactertoaroom.Knockdowntextureisapopularoptionthathasanaged,stucco-likeappearance.It’ssprayedontoaprimedsurfacewithahoppergunand,afterthetexturehascompletelydried,coatedwithwhite-pigmentedshellacprimerandasatinorsemi-glossfinishcoat.
STEP1Loadthehoppergunwithpowder-baseddrywallcompoundmixedtoaconsistencysimilartopancakebatter(youcanalsoemployaspecialtexturecompoundthat’sformulatedtoinhibitmoldgrowth).
STEP2Testyourspraypatternonscrapmaterialuntilthemudmixisattheconsistencyyouwant.Differentnozzlesandadjustabletipsenableyoutouseavarietyofspraytechniques.Adjustingtheaircompressor’soutputpressuremayalsohelpfine-tunethespray.
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STEP3Spraythetexturingcompoundontothewall,movingoveritinbig,evenstrokestocovertheentiresurfacefromthetoptobottomwithafairlyconsistentamountofsplatter.Thelargestdollopsofthecompoundshouldeachbeaboutthesizeofapenny.
STEP4Nowit’stimeforyouto“knockdown”thesprayeddollops.You’llneedabroadknifeorlargedrywalltrowel.Ifyou’renotskilledwithatrowel,useonethathasroundedcorners(orgrindthemyourself)tokeepfromdamagingthewallsurface.Afterthecompoundsetsfor15to30minutesandbecomestacky(butnotcompletelydry),holdthetrowelataveryshallow,flatangleandworkitfromtoptobottom,bottomtotop,inverticalstrokesoverthedollopsofcompound.Theobjectivehereisnottosmearordisplacethedollops,buttoremoveanypeaks.Theverticalmotionofthetrowelwillpullthemudupwardanddownward,thusgivingthewallthatrough,texturedfinish.
STEP5Allowthetexturetodrycompletely(foratleast24hours),thenapplyashellacprimerandpaintwithyourcolorofpreference.
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187APPLYFAUXFINISHESFauxfinishtechniquescanadddepthandcharactertotheinteriordécor.Paintsblendedwithcomplementarycolorsandglazescancreateartisticeffectsandtexturestodistinguishthelookfromstandardpaintjobs.Beginwithanon-porousbasecoatofacryliceggshellorsatinfinishpaint.Thefinishpaintwillbeyourbasecolor,andmosteffectsarecreatedbyapplyingatranslucentglazeofadifferentcoloroverthebase(althoughsomeeffectsrequiresolidcolors).
Theglazemodifiestheappearanceofthebasecoatbypartlyconcealingitwithatranslucentfilter.Theglazingtechniquecanbe“positive”or“negative.”Withapositivetechnique,youmethodicallyaddglazetothewalltoenhancethedécorofthebasecoat.Withanegativetechnique,youcoverthebasecoatwithglazeandthenuseatoolsuchasaspongeorragtoremoveit,revealingthebasecolorbeneath.
SPONGINGThispositivetechniqueutilizesaseaspongetoapplytwotothreeaccentcolorstoabasecoatforcasualtoelegantlooks.Spongingcancreateasoft,mottledlookonanythingfromwallstotrim,andevenfurniture.
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STIPPLINGAnothertechniquesimilartospongingusesaspecialbrushtocreatethepattern.Pouncethebrushoverthebasecoatlightly,usingjustthetipsofthebrush,toapplythetranslucentcolor.Thebrushshouldbecontinuallyrotatedtodeveloparandompatternwithnovisiblesquareedges.
DRAGGINGThispopularnegativetechniqueisgreatforbothwallsandfurniturepiecesthathavelargeflatsurfaces.Firstapplytheglazewitharoller,andthencreatethepatternbypullingaspecial,dry“draggingbrush”downwardthroughthewetglaze,removingstreaksofglazetorevealthebasecoat.
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RAGROLLINGApositiveornegativetechnique,ragrollingcreatesdramaticpatternsthrougheitherrollingonorrollingofftheglaze.Inbothtechniquesaraggingcloth,roller,orpadisusedtocreatetheeffect.Torollon,applytheglazetotherag,twistitintoacylindricalshape,andthenrollitacrossthesurfacetocreatethepattern.Torolloff,applytheglazewitharoller,andthendampentheragwithwater,rollitintoacylindricalshapeandrollitoverthewetglazetoremovesomeofthetopcolor.
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188KNOWTRIMBASICSTrimmingoutaroomisahotprojectforaDIYhomeownerwhowantstodramaticallyaccentotherwiselacklusterceilings,walls,orwindows.Alongwithtraditionalbaseboards,chairrails,crownmoldings,andcasings,ahomeownercanalsoconsideroptionssuchasfireplacemantels,cornices,medallions,andmore.Herearesometermsyoushouldknowbeforeyoustart.
BASEBOARDMOLDINGThisborderoftrimdecorationhidesgapsandimperfectionsatthefloor-to-ceilingtransition.Varioussizesandprofilesareavailable.Thebaseboardsaregenerallyattachedtothewallstuds,footplate,andwallboardwithfinishnails.
CHAIRRAILSThishorizontalmoldingtypeisusuallyplacedabovewainscotingorusedtodividetwowallcolors.Usuallysetneartheheightofchairs,itsoriginalpurposewastoprotectthewallfromthescuffingofchairbacks,buttodayit’scommonlyusedasadecorativeelement.
CROWNMOLDINGThisoptioncoversthetransitionpointbetweenthewallandceiling.Availableinmanydifferentshapesandsizes,itcanbeinstalledasasimpletrimprofileorcombinedwithotherpiecesofmoldingtoproduceelaboratearchitecturaldisplays.
CASINGThetrimthatsurroundswindowsordoorsisavailableinoptionsrangingfromsimplecraftsmanstyletrimtomulti-piecemoldingsandcrossheadsforamoreelegantappearancetotheframe.
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PROTIPGETPRIMEDYoumightconsiderprimingandpaintingallthetrimpiecesforyourprojectbeforeyouinstallthem.Thiswillreducethetimeyouspendworkingonyourknees(forbase)oraladder(forcrown)andlimityourpost-installationpaintingtotouch-upwork.
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189FINISHTHEROOMWhencopingthemolding,followtheinstallationsequenceshownhereforthebestappearance.Beginonthewallthatisoppositethedoorandinstallapiecethatissquareatbothends,flushbetweenthetwoadjacentwalls.Thisway,anyonewalkingintotheroomseesthebestsideofthejoints.Onthetwoadjacentor“side”walls,copethejointswheretheymeettheinstalledmolding,butcuttheoppositeendssquareandbuttthemagainstthe“doorwall.”Thefourthwallmoldingshouldbecopedinbothcorners,butthejointsonthe“doorwall”aretheleastnoticeableintheroomincaseofanyminorimperfections.Allmoldingsshouldbefastenedsecurelyintosolidframingwithtwonailsdrivenatoffsetanglesperstudlocation.
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190LEARNTOCOPEWheninstallingtrim,it’stemptingtocut45-degreemitersatthecornersandhopeforasurefit.Theproblemisthatmostwallsaren’t90degrees.Joiningtwo45-cutmoldingpiecesmaygiveyouasquarejoint,butasquarejointmaynotworkforyourcrazycorner.Eventheperfectmiterjointcanendupdevelopinggapswhenthewooddriesandcontractsinwinter.
Unlikemiterjoints,copejointshaveonetrimpiecebuttedagainsttheadjacentwallatthecorner.Thejoiningtrimpieceiscarefullycuttonestagainsttheprofileofthefirst.Thesejointseliminatetheproblemofout-of-squarecornerswheninstallingtrim,andthey’relesslikelytorevealagapwhenthewoodshrinks.Todoitright,followthesesteps.
STEP1Buttthefirstpieceofmoldingintothecornerandfasteninplace.
STEP2Cutthesecondpieceofmoldingjustafewincheslongerthanitsfinallength.Then,ontheintersectingendofthesecondpiece,cuta45-degreeinsidemiter.
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STEP3Runacarpenter’spencilalongtheedgeofthemiteredprofile,whichdoesthejobofmarkingtheshapeforbettervisibility.
STEP4Clampthesecondpieceofmoldingtoaworksurfacesecurelyandusethecopingsawtocutalongthepencilline.Itmayhelptoanglethebladetoback-cutthemolding.Keepthebladeabout inchtothewastesideofthecutline.
STEP5Whenmostofthewoodisremoved,useafiletofinishthecutandcleanuptheprofile,revealingashapededgethatwillbetheonlypointofcontactbetweentheintersectingpiecesofmolding.Removeallthewoodforwardoftheprofiletocreateasocketthatfitsoverthefaceofthefirstpiece.Arattailfile,whichhasaround,slendershapeworkswellforfine-tuningsmallcurvesandedges.Aflatfilewillworkwellonsquareedges.
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STEP6Test-fitthemoldingagainstthefirstpiece.Checkforanygapsandsandorfileawayanyhighspotstoensureagoodfit.Nailthemoldingintoplaceandfinishoffbycaulkingtheseam.Proceedaroundtheroomtocompletetheinstallation.
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191LEARNFROMTHEPROSUpgradingtrimcanbeafairlysimpleandrelativelyinexpensivewaytoupgradearoom.Andtherearesometipsandtrickstomakeiteveneasier.
MATCHITUPEnsurethateachlengthofthecrownmoldingyoupurchasehaspreciselythesamespringangle,width,andthickness.Thisisveryimportantbecausebuildingsupplystorespurchasetheirowntrimfromseveralmanufactures,witheachusingtheirdifferentfabricationstandards/tolerances,andanydissimilarpieceswon’tfittogethercorrectly.
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GETSQUAREAlwayscheckthesquareofyoursawbeforeyoubegin.Foreverydegreeyoursawisoutofalignment,youwillgettwicethaterrorineachjointthatyoucut.
BEEFUPForoptimalstrength,besuretouseadhesiveineverysinglejoint.
FILLITCaulkalljointsandthetopandbottomofyourcrownandtrim.Useashrink-freespacklingfornailholes.(Caulkingnailholeswillleavevisibledimples.)
GOLONGDonotnailanycloserthan6inchestothejointforlongpiecesofcrownortrim.Forshortpieces,youcangluethejointand/oruseadhesiveunderthetrimpiece.
BECAREFULWhencuttingthemoldingortrimtoyourdesiredlength,itisbesttomakethefirstcutatleastahalfinchintothewastesideofthecrownortrim,andthenmakesmallcutsuntilyoureachyourlengthmark.
TRYTEMPLATESTrybuildingasetofcrownmoldingortrimtemplatestohelpguideyourbladeorientationwhenmakingthecuts.Maketemplatesforright-handandleft-handcutsforbothinsideandoutsidemiters.
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PROTIPTHINKBEYONDTHEWALLSFireplacemantels,built-inbookshelves,barareas,andmoremakegreatcandidatesfordecorativetrimenhancements.Insteadofcrowningawall,usemoldingtocreateskirtingforamantelshelf.Useapieceofbaseboardturnedupsidedowntolinetheupperportionofabookcase.Thinkoutsidetheboxwhendesigningandselectingyourtrimpackages,anddon’tfeellimitedbythetraditionaluseofthematerials.
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192GETHIGHAceilingmedallionisaneasytrimupgradethataddselegancetoahanginglightfixture.Someceilingmedallionscomeintwohalvesforsimpleapplicationoveranexistingfixture.Othersaresingle-pieceproductsthatrequireremovalofthefixture.Somemedallionsaremadeofthinplasticandinstallwithtwo-sidedtape,butwepreferthesolidurethaneversionsthatcanbesecurelygluedtotheceiling.Toinstall,allyou’llneedisapowerdrill/driver,ahandfuloftrim-headdrywallscrews,woodfiller,andsomeconstructionadhesive.
Tobegin,test-fitthemedallionandmakenoteifitneedstobecentered,incasethebaseofyourlightisslightlysmallerthanthemedallion’sinsidediameter.Whenyou’resatisfiedwithitsposition,marktheceilingaroundthemedallion’sperimeterforeasyreplacementafteryouaddtheadhesive.Liberallyapplybeadsofadhesivetoitsbackside (usepolyurethaneglueforurethanemedallions).Replacethetwohalvesaroundthebaseofthelight,interlockingthejoint .
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Countersinkafewtrim-headdrywallscrewsthroughthemedallionandintotheceilingjoiststoholdthetrimpiecewhilethegluesets .Concealthesmallscrewheadswithplasticwoodfiller.Caulktheseamsandpaintifdesired.
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193INSTALLCROWNMOLDINGCrownmoldingcanaddgreatlytoaroom’soveralldécor.Here’showtosuccessfullycompletethejobinastandardsquareroom.Onenicethingaboutceilingtrimisthattherearegenerallynodoorsorotherroomopeningstocontendwith.Thissimplifiesthelayoutsomewhat,butyoushouldplantheinstallationaccordingtothelocationsofthecopedjoints(seeitem189).
STEP1Startbyusingastudfinderandpenciltomarkthewallstudsandceilingjoistsaroundtheperimeteroftheroom .Markjustoutsidethemoldinglocationsoyou’llknowwheretodrivethenails.
STEP2Thefirstpieceofmoldingrequiresnoangledcuts,thusmakingittheeasiesttoinstall.Measurethewall,thenmakea90-degreecuttotrimthemoldingtolength.Useapoweredmitersaworahandsawwithmiterbox.
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STEP3Fastenthemoldingintothewallandtheceilingframingwithfinishnails .Ahammerandnailwillsuffice,butit’sprettyeasytodentthemoldingthisway.Abetter(andmuchfaster)toolforthejobisapneumaticnailgun,suchasabradnailerorfinishnailer.
STEP4Here’swhereyoubeginthecopingpartofthejob.Measurethewallandthenmarkyourmeasurementsontotheintersectingendofthesecondstripofmolding.Cuta45-degreeinsidemiteratthemark .
Whencuttingcrownmoldingonamitersaw,youwilltypicallyhavetocutitupsidedownandbackward,sothesaw’sbaserepresentstheceilingandthesaw’sfencerepresentsthehousewall.With45-degreeinsidecorners,thecutshouldbemadesothelower,longerpointofthemolding(whenpositionedonthewall)meetsthemarkyoumadeforthemolding’soveralllength.
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STEP5Copethemitercutandcheckforfitonthewall.Cuttheuncopedendsquaretofitagainsttheoppositewall.Buttitagainstthefarcornertomeetanothercopedpiece .Repeatthisprocessforthemoldingstripthatintersectstheotherendofthefirstpiece.Completetherestoftheroomaccordingtotheinstallationsequenceforcopedjoints.
STEP6Thefinalmoldingstriponthefourthwall,abovethedoor,iscopedatbothends.Admittedly,itisdifficulttosuccessfullyfitapieceofmoldingthathasbeencopedatbothends.Tomakethiseasier,youcanfiteachcopedcorneronaseparatepieceofmoldingandcutascarfjointtojointhetwopiecesinacontinuousrun(seeitem195).
STEP7Withallthemoldingsolidlyfastenedintoplace,fillupthenailholesandsealseamswithahigh-qualitycaulkorwoodfiller.Sandthecaulkafteritdriesandthen“spot”primetheseamsandnailpatches.Oncetheprimerdries,maskoffthemoldingandfinishupwithacouplecoatsofyourfavoritesemi-glossorhigh-glosspaint.
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194INSTALLOUTSIDECORNERS
Toinstallmoldingatanoutsidecorner,firstcopetheendofthemoldingoppositetheoutsidecorner.Holdthatstripalongthewall,nestingthecopeupagainsttheprecedingpieceofmoldingsothattheotherendrunslongoverthecorner.Markthecutlinewherethemoldingoverhangsthecorner .Dothesamefortheintersectingpiece.Cutmitersatthemarksonbothpieces.
Tocutoutsidecornersoncrownmolding,positionthemoldingupside-downandfaceuponthemitersaw.Ideallyyou’llneedtomakea45-degreecutononeendofonepiece,andanother45ontheintersectingpiece .However,wallsareoftenoutofsquare,sofirstchecktheanglewithananglegaugeandthencutitaccordingly.
Installthepiecesbyapplyingabeadofcarpenter’sgluetothejointandsecuringwithfinishnails.Youcanthensmooththejointbyrunningthe
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roundededgeofanailsetoverittopressthefibersclosed .Forthick,heavymoldingsorproblemgaps,drillpilotholesatthetopandbottomofthejoint,anddrive4dfinishnailsperpendicularthroughonemoldingintotheendoftheother.
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195SCARFITUPUseascarfjointanytimeyouneedtojointwopiecesofmoldingalongastraightrunofthewall.Tomakethisjoint,cutoppositemitersonthetwomoldingpiecesandnailthejointsecurelyoverawallstud.Makethecutsoitanglesawayfromthedoorwaytobetterconcealthejoint.Afterfasteningthefirsthalfoftherunoverthestud,copethecornerendofthesecondpiece.Then,cutasupplementarymiteronitsoppositeend,leavingthestripjustalittletoolong.Test-fitthislastpieceandthencutwaytheexcessonthemiteruntilitfitssnuglyintothescarfjointwithnovisiblegap.
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196TOOLUPAfewsimpletoolscanmakeyourtriminstallationmucheasier.
LASERRANGEFINDERAprecisesetofwall-to-wallmeasurementsarecriticalforinstallingcrownandbasemolding.Althoughatapemeasurewillwork,alaserrangefinderwillmakethetaskeasier.Justaimthedevicefromonecornertotheother.Withonlyapushofabuttonyou’llhavetheexactmeasurementrecordedindigitalreadout,andyou’rereadyforatriptothesawtocutthemoldingtomatch.
CROWNMOLDINGHANGERSIfinstallingcrownmoldingbyyourself,checkthelocalhardwarestoreforthesehandytime-savers.Tousethem,tackinacoupleofnailsabout6feetapartjustbelowtheceiling.HooktheCrownHangersonthenails—they’resoldtwoperset.Then,hangthestickofmoldingonthetwobrackets.Afterthat,youcanadjusteachofthehangersbyslidingthebracketsupwardandfinger-tighteningwithalocknut,whichpositionsthemoldingagainsttheceiling,readyforfastening.
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197GETACOMPLEXCrownmoldingandcasingarebothavailableinsimplegeometricprofilesaswellaselegant,intricateprofilesthatmimiccomplexclassicaldesigns.DIYerscanpurchasethesemoldingspreformedatthefactoryortheycustom-buildtheirownfromindividualtrimstripssoldathomecenters.
Dentilmolding,forexample,iscomposedofaseriesofrepeatingrectangularblocksthatadddepthandcharactertomillworksuchasfasciatrimandcrownprofiles.Thisparticularmoldingstylehasbeenpopularforcenturies,buttraditionalinstallationwasoftenatime-consumingandlabor-intensiveprocessthatrequiredcombiningalltheindividualpieces.
Today,woodmoldingsareavailablewithallofthedentilmoldingpre-attachedtotheprofilebythemanufacturer.Forpaint-gradetrim,syntheticmoldingsoffersimilardesignadvantages.Youcanpurchasesingle-piecepolyurethanefoamorvinylmolding,whichweighslessandresistsshrinkage,peeling,andotherproblemsassociatedwithbuilt-upwoodmolding.Plus,withpaint-gradeprojects,minorerrorsintheinstallationcanberepairedwithcaulkandpaintedover.
Someofthelarger,moreelaboratelycraftedmoldingshaveagapattherearthatcanmakeittoughforthenailstopenetratefullythroughtothehouseframing.Tocreateasolidnailingsurfaceonwhichtohangthemolding,youcaninstallwoodenblocksalongtheperimeteroftheceiling.Measuretheangleofthemoldingprofileusingacombinationsquare,thencuttriangularblocksfromscrapwoodtofitbehindthemolding.Nailtheblocksevery16
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inchesintothewallstuds.Then,nailthemoldingintotheblocks.Don’tbeafraidtogetcreativeanddevelopyourownmoldingsfromanyof
therangeofshapesandprofilesonthemarkettoday.Practicetheassemblyonaworkbenchandmakesuretokeepyourrevealsconsistent.(The“reveal”istheexposureofonetrimpiecebeneathanother.)Makesureyourmoldingissecurelyattachedwithnailsandglue(ifnecessary),andtheskywillbethelimitonthedesignsyoucancomeupwith.
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198GOMITERLESSSkippingthemiteringprocessisabigtime-saver,andyoucandoitwithcrownmoldingsystemsthatusecornerblocksinsteadofmitercutsateachjoint.Youjustmakesquarecutsonthemolding;there’snoneedtomeasureanglesorthink“upsidedownandbackward,”andeachcutcanbemadewiththemoldingflatonthebaseofthemitersaw.
Beginbydrawingalayoutoftheroomanddeterminewhatmaterialsyouneed.Payattentiontocorners;whenorderingyoumustspecifytheexactnumberofcornerblocks,andwhethertheyareorientedoutsideorinside.
Withthematerialsready,applyurethane-basedadhesivetotherearanduppersurfacesofthecornerblock.Presstheblockintopositionatthewall/ceilingtransition andnailitsecurelythroughtherecessedareasofthecornerpiece.Proceedaroundtheroom,installingallofthecornerblocksthesameway.
Next,measurehowlongyou’llneedeachpieceofmoldingtobetofitbetweenthecornerblocks .Cutthemoldingtofit,erringonthesideoftoolong.Checkfitbeforeinstalling ;adjustasneeded.(Forurethanemoldings,add⅛-inchtoevery5feetoflinearrun.)
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Positionthemoldingonthewallsoitcloselyfollowstheprofileofthecornerblock,whichisslightlylargerthanthemoldingforauniformrevealatthetransition.Eachblockshouldappearasaslightlylargeraccentpieceateachcornerofthelayout.Positionthefirstendagainstthecornerblockandfasteninplace,movingfromoneendtowardthecenter.Nailthemoldingintothewallstudsevery16inches .
Iftwolengthsofmoldinghavetojoininthemiddleofawall,themiterlesssystemalsocomeswithdividerblocks.Thelengthsofmoldingcanbecutsquareandinstalledrightagainsttheflatsurfaceofthedividers.
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199INSTALLWAINSCOTINGTheterm“wainscoting”referstonearlyanysortoftreatmentyougivetothelowerportionofawallincontrasttotheupperportion.Thiswillofteninvolveasystemofpanelscappedbyachairrailthatlinesthelowerwallasadecorativeenhancement.Onetraditionaltype,beadboard(shownbelow),ispopularwithDIYersbecauseofitsnarrowrepeatingpattern,whichmakesiteasytohideacutbetweenpanels.
Plantheinstallationsothatthefullpanelsaremostprevalent,withcutpanelslocatedinalessconspicuousareas.Makestrategiccutsinordertocontinuewithafullrepeatingbead-boardpatternfromonepaneltotheotheruntilthewainscotingmeetsacorner.
Applyconstructionadhesivetothebackofeachpanelandfastenthemintothewallstudswithbradnails.(Theruleofthumbisthatthewainscoting
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panelsareusuallyone-thirdtheheightofthewall.)Installallthepanelsperfectlylevel.Gapsatthefloorcanbeconcealedwithbaseorshoemolding.Finally,nailthetrimprofileofyourchoiceontopofthepanelingtoserveaschairrail.
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200GOPREFABRaisedpanelwainscotinggivesaroomamoreformalappearance,popularindiningrooms,foyers,andhallways.Assemblingthesepanelsfromscratch,however,willrequiresomecarefulmeasurementandshrewdcarpentryskills,plusalotoftimeandlabor.
OnewayforaDIYertocutthelaborinhalfistoordercustomizedwainscotingthatisshippedtoyourhomeaslarge,singlesectionswithallthedecorativepatternsroutedintotheMDFpanels.Ratherthanpiecingtogethereveryrail(horizontalpiece)andstile(verticalpiece),theselargepanelscanbeinstalleddirectlytothewallsothatthejobprogressesasmuchas8linearfeetatatime.Thesinglepanelsarealsolesspronetopaintcracking,becausetherearenorailorstilejoints,whicharepronetoexpansionandcontraction.
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WainscotingAmericaisasupplierthathelpsstreamlinetheselectionprocesswithanonlinedesigntool.Firststepistoselectyourpreferredstyleandtheheightofyourpanels,andthenyouchoosefromanumberofotherparameters.Basedonyourcarefulmeasurementsofeachwall,thewebtoolwillproduceavisualrepresentationofyourpaneldesign.Makeadjustmentsuntilyou’resatisfied.Thepanelsthenshiptoyourhome.
Thepanelsareinstalledoverthewallboardusingacombinationofconstructionadhesiveandbradnailsdrivenintothewallstuds.Theseamsbetweenpanelsareconcealedwithanoverlappingrabbetjoint.Thechairrailisinstalledwithglueandnails,andtheentireprojectisfinishedwithcaulk,spackling,primer,andpaint.
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201FAKEITFauxwainscotpanelinghasmadeitswayintotoday’shomesbecauseit’seasytoinstallandsavestimeandmaterial.Installingfauxpanelingbasicallyentailsattachingmoldingstothewallstocreatethelookandeffectofsolidwainscotingpanels.Themoldingsaremiteredtocreateasquareorrectangle,andthewallandmoldingsarepaintedonecolortolooklikesolidwainscot.
Forcurvedwalls,flexiblemoldingcanbeappliedtosimulatecurvedpanels.
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202GETFILLEDINONFRAMINGWhenreplacingwindowsordoors,DIYerswillhavetounderstandthebasicsofwallframing.It’susuallyeasytoreplaceanewwindowordoormatchingwiththesizeanddesignoftheexistingunit.Ifthenewunitislarger,majorframingreconstructionwillberequiredtoaccommodatetheinstallation.
Thewallsofahouseconsistofbottomplatesthatarenailedtothesubflooring,orpossiblyattachedbyanchorboltsontoaconcreteslab.Studsarethennailedtothebottomplates,andthetopplatesarenailedtothestuds.Thestudscarryalltheweightofthestructureabovethem,soanytimethereisaninterruptioninthosestuds,suchastheroughopeningofawindowordoor,theoverheadloadmustbedistributedandwellsupportedbyaheaderandtrimmerstuds.
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203KNOWYOURLIMITATIONSTheroughopeningdefinedbythewallframingmeansthatreplacementwindowsanddoorsarelimitedtomatchingsizesunlessyouwanttoreconstructthewallframe.Insomecasesyoucaninstallwindowsthataretallerthantheoriginalwindowsbyremovingandreconstructingtheheightofthesillplate.However,toincreasethewidthofawindowordoor—ortoaddawindowordoorwhereonedoesnotexist—willrequiretemporarilysupportingtheoverheadstructurewhileyouopenthewallandreconstructtheheaderstoaccommodatethelargerunits.
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204WRAPYOURHEADAROUNDHEADERSHeadersarestructuralframingmembersmadefromdoubled2-inchlumberthatbridgetheroughopeningofadoororwindow,supportingtheoverheadweightthatwouldotherwisefallonthemissingstuds.Thelumber’ssizedependsonthespanoftheopeningandwhetherornotitisaload-bearingwall.
Forload-bearingwallswithanopeningof4feet,a4X4(doubled2X4)shouldbeadequateaslongasthewoodisDouglasfirorstronger.Openingsbetween4and6feetrequireadoubled2X6.Therequiredsizeoftheheader
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increasesasthespangetswider;theycanbelargerthannecessary,butnotsmaller.
Theheadershouldbeexactlyasthickasthewallstuds.Becauseadoubled2X4(nominal)measuresonly3inches,anda2X4(nominal)wallstudis3½inches,blockingbetweenthe2Xmembersofaheaderisrequiredtoincreasethethicknessoftheheader.Half-inchplywoodordrywallisusuallyusedasamiddleboardtocarrytheloadandensuretheheaderhasaflushnailingsurfacewiththedrywall(inside)andsheathing(outside)onbothsidesofthewall.Rigidpolyurethanefoamcanalsoaddinsulationtotheheader.Forsmallerheaders,thedistancebetweentheheaderandthetopplatemaybetakenupbypartial,or“cripple,”studs.
Fornon-load–bearingwalls,theheadersimplyservestodefinetheroughopeningofadoororwindowandprovideapropernailingsurfaceforjambs,drywall,andsheathing.Headersmadeofdoubled2X4areadequatefornon-load–bearingwallsupto72inches,butuse2X6forlongerspanstoavoidsagging.
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205PUTITONAPLATEThebottomedgeoftheroughopeningofawindowisdefinedbyasillplate.Thesillplateisahorizontalframingmemberthesamesizeasthewallstuds,whichthewindowsitson.Cripplestudsareinstalledbeneaththesillplatetosupportthewindowandtocreateaflushnailingsurfaceforthewallboard.Alwaysmakesurethattheroughopeningisplumb,square,andtruefordoorsandwindows.
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206GETATRIMTrimmerstudsareinstalledundertheendsoftheheadertosupportitsweightandhelpdefinethesidesoftheroughopening.Thesestudsarenailedflushagainstfull-lengthwallstuds(called“king”studs)andrunbeneaththeheadertothebottomplatetotransfertheoverheadloadtothegroundorlowerlevelofthehome.Trimmerstudsmustbethesamethicknessasthewallstudsandheader.
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207SELECTYOURWINDOWSTYLEWindowsareavailableinmanystylesandoperatingtypes.Yourlifestyleanddecorativepreferencewillhelpdeterminewhichtypewillmatchyourlong-termexpectationsforyourhome.
SINGLEHUNGThetopsashofthewindowstaysfixed,whilethebottomsashliftsopenandtiltsinforeasycleaning.
DOUBLEHUNGBothsashesondoublehungwindowslifttoopenfullyandtiltinwardforeasycleaning.
PICTURETheselargewindowsarefixedanddon’topenorclose.
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CASEMENTThesashishingedononesideofthewindow,andopenslikeadoorbyturningthecrankhandleatthebase.
AWNINGThesashhashingesatthetopanditopensoutwardwhenyouturnthecrankhandleatthebase.
DOUBLESLIDERPairedsashesthatareopenedandclosedbyslidingfromsidetoside.
SINGLESLIDEROnesashthatisfixedanddoesn’tmove,whiletheothersashopensandclosesbyslidingfromsidetoside.
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BAYAtrioofwindowsmulledtogetherateither30-or45-degreeanglesthatextendoutwardfromtheframeofthehouse.
BOWSimilartoabaywindow,bowwindowsareevenmoreroundedinappearancebecauseeachofthe3,4,or5litewindowsaremulledata10-degreeangle.
GARDENTheseextendoutwardfromthehouseandfeaturefunctionalcasementsidelites.Theyaredesignedtoshowcaseplantsorcollectibles.
GEOMETRICFixedwindowsthatdonotopenorclose,butareavailableinavarietyofstylishshapes.
GARDENDOORGardendoorsoperatelikenormaldoors–theyswingopen.
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Gardendoorscanhaveonefixeddoor,orbothofthedoorscanswinginorout.
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208GETAGREATLOOKWITHGRIDSWhenorderingwindowsyou’regoingtohavetomakeadecisionongrids,whichcanaffecttheoveralllookofthehome’sexterioraswellasitsinterior.Here’swhattothinkabout.
CONSIDERTHESIZEIfawindowlooksabitlargeforaroomoryouwanttoaccenttheunit,it’stimetothinkaboutgrids.Basically,grids(whichcansometimesbecalledgrills,grillesormuntins)dividealargewindowintosmallerviewingunits,called“lites.”
PICKANDCHOOSEThegridsthemselvescanbethin,flat,sculptured,groovedorevenround.Differentwindowmanufacturersofferavarietyofselections.
KNOWYOURTERMSVerticalgridsgoinanupanddowndirectionontheglassofthewindow.Horizontalgridsgosidetoside.Youdon’tnecessarilyneedtohavebothverticalandhorizontalgridsinawindow.
MATCHPATTERNSGridpatternsshouldmatchinallthewindowsonthesamefloorandonthesamesideofthehouseforaunifiedlookontheexterior.
VISUALIZEAGRIDTakeasheetofnotebookpaperandthenfolditinhalf.Theresultingsizeshowstheaveragesizeofglasssurroundedbygrids.Generally,litesingridpatternsshouldbenosmallerthan8incheswideand6inchestall.Thelargerthewindowsize,themorelitescanbecreatedusinggrids.Considermakingamock-upbyapplyingmaskingtapetothewindowswhereyouthinkyou’dliketohavethegrids.Thiswayyoucanseewherethegridswouldbe,andyoucanmakechanges.
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209BEENERGYEFFICIENTWhenlookingfornewwindows,considerthosewithenergyefficientdesignsforyear-roundthermalperformance.Single-panewindowshavepoorinsulationandresultincoldspotsinaroom.Newwindowswithdouble-paneLow-Eglass,filledwithharmlessargonorkryptongas,canreduceahome’spowerbill.Thegasesareagreatthermalbarrier,reducingheatandcoldtransfer.Low-Ecoatingsreflectinfraredlighttokeeptheheatinduringthewinterandoutsideinthesummer.Thesecoatingscanalsoreducefadingincarpets,artworkandphotosbyhelpingblockdamagingultravioletrays.
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210PICKYOURMATERIALSWindowstakelotsofweatherabuse;theirmaterialmakesasignificantdifferenceindurabilityandperformance.Woodwindowsgenerallyrequirerepaintingandre-glazingevery2to3years.
Aluminumwindowsdon’tgenerallyhavethesamemaintenanceproblemsaswood,butpaintedaluminumcanpitandthemetalhaspoorthermalperformance.Insummertheycanconductunwantedheatfromoutdoorsintotheroom.Inwinter,aluminumtransferscoldthesameway.Thisheattransferleadstocondensationandrelatedissues.Modernaluminumwindowsoftenusethermalbreaks,madeofvinyl,tohelpwiththecondensationproblemandincreaseenergyefficiency.
Vinylreplacementwindowsarepopularforremodelingsincevinylminimizesheattransferfromtheoutsidetotheinside.Theyareenergyefficient,needlittlemaintenance,andthereisnoneedtorepaintorre-stainthemsincethey’reasolidcolorthroughout.
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211MEASUREAWINDOWFORREPLACEMENTTheeasiestmethodofchangingawindowis“pocketreplacement,”whereinyoujustswaptheexistingwindowforoneofthesamesize.Thisallowsahomeownertokeepthetrimintactaroundthewindows.Dependingonthewindow’sconstruction,itmayhelptoremovetheoldinteriortrimforamorecorrectmeasurementoftheroughopening.Ifawindowmanufactureroffersspecificmeasuringinstructions,defertothoseguidelines.
Whenmeasuringtheexistingwindowforwidth,placethetapeagainstthejambandmeasuretotheotherjamb (notthestopmoldingorthepartingbead—thewoodenstripsattachedoverthejamb).Ondouble-hungwindows,thepartingbeadthatseparatesthesashesisremovedfromthejambwhenthenewwindowsareinstalled.Replacementwindowsareallsoldinastandardthicknesstofitthe3¼-inchpocketbetweentheoutsideandinsidestopsafterthepartingbeadhasbeenremoved.
Measurethewindow’swidthinthreeplaces:thetop,middle,andbottom.Usethesmallestofthesemeasurementstodeterminethefinalwidtharoundthewindow.
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Next,measuretheheightofthewindow,placingthetapeontheverytopofthesill .(Becarefultonotconfuseitwiththestool—asectionofinteriormoldingatthebottomofthewindowthathelpstogiveitafinishedappearance.)Onadouble-hungwindow,thesillistheboardthesashclosesonto.Thesillisusuallyslopedtodivertwaterawayfromthehouse,soitisimportanttomeasurefromtheuppermostpointoftheslopedsill,downtothetopjamb(notastoporpartingbead).
Measurethewindow’sheightinthreeplaces—right,center,andleft—andusethesmallestofthesemeasurementstodeterminetheheight.
Onceyouhavetakenalloftheexistingwindowmeasurements,considerdeductingslightlyfromthemsothereplacementwindowiseasiertoinstall.Someprofessionalssuggestdeducting¼inchfromthewidthand½inchfromtheheight,tomakesurethattheinstallerwon’ttrytoforcethenewwindowintoplace,potentiallydamagingit.Thereplacementwindowcanbeadjustedusingshims,andtheextraspacecanbefilledwithinsulation.
Rememberthatthereplacementwindowmustfitintotheopeningplumb,level,andsquare,eveniftheopeningmaynotbeanyofthese.
Mostmanufacturerswillofferstandardsizedwindows;youshouldorderonethatmostcloselymatchesthosemeasurementsunlessyouplantochangethesize.(Somemanufacturerscustomizetheirwindowstotheexactmeasurementsthatarerequested,soallthestandardsizingissuesdon’tapply.)Ifthewindowisslightlysmallerthanthewindowframe,itcanbeshimmedtoproperlyfit,butifthewindowistoolarge,thewallwillneedsubstantialreconstructiontofitit.
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212REPLACEMETALWINDOWSINBRICKHOMESMetalwindowsaregenerallyfastenedwithaflangeinsidethewallbehindthebrick.Tomeasureheightandwidth,followthesamethree-stepmeasuringguidelines(seethepreviousitem)butstrikethetapefrombricktobricktomeasurethewindow’swidth,andmeasurefromthebrickatthebottomtothemetallintelatthetopoftheopeningfortheheight.Thebrickopeningmaybelargerthanthewindowopening;alwaysusethesmallermeasurementtodeterminethesizeofthereplacement.
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213DOITYOURSELF(ORGETHELP)Ahomeownerwiththerighttoolsandcarpentryexperiencecaninstallareplacementwindow.However,westronglyadvisethatfirst-timersenlisttheassistanceofanexperiencedprofessionaltoshowthemtheropes.Ifthewindowisinstalledimproperlyandisnotplumb,level,andsquare,anumberofproblemsmightoccur.Thedoublehungandslidersashmaybedifficultorimpossibletoremove.Acasementsashmaynotoperateproperlyduetoexcessivedragonthesill.Thesashpivotbarondouble-hungwindowscouldbindandcausethesashtobecomeinoperative,ortheweatherstrippingmaynotsealproperly—allowingairandwaterinfiltration,evenifthesashislocked.Andremember:Productsvarybydesign,soallwindowinstallers—bothprofessionalsandDIY—shouldalwaysconsultthemanufacturer’sguidelinesforinstallingtheirspecificunits.
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214TRIMYOURWINDOWSArchitecturaltrimcandefineyourhome’sinteriordécor.Themajorityoftoday’shome-improvementstoresofferawidevarietyofthemostpopulartrimandmoldingprofilesfordoorsandwindows.
Thesetrimpiecesareavailableinawidevarietyoflengthsandsizes,andtheyareoftenmadeofpaint-orstain-gradepine.Severaloftheselectionsarealsoavailablepre-primedandreadytopaint.
Abasictrimpackagehascasingmiteredatthecornersandappliedaroundthewindow,butitcanbemoreelaborateordecorativewithafewenhancements.
Thewindowshownherefeaturesjambextensions,curvedflutedcasing,rosetteblocksonthecorners,andakeystoneinthecenter
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215JAMBONJambextensionslineawindow’sinteriorframetoprovideadecorativeshadowlineagainstthecasing.Thefrontendsofalloftheseextensionsshouldallbeinstalledflushwiththefaceofthewall,thusprovidingacontinuousflatsurfaceonwhichtonailyourcasing.Therearsidesofthejambextensionsshouldnotinterferewithsashoperations.Theextensionsareattachedtothesidesandthetopofthewindowopeningusingfinishnails.
It’scommontoencounterafewframingimperfectionswheninstallingtheextensions.Woodshimscanbeusedtomakesurethey’resquareintheopening.
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216GIVEYOURWINDOWANAPRONThetrimpiecebelowthestooliscalledtheapron,andit’softenmadeofasimple,flatpaintedboard.Forthisprojectweusedbrick-mold,whichhasadecorativeprofile.Wealsocutmiteredreturnsforeachsideoftheapronforafinishedlook,andthenfastenedthosetotheendswithnailsandwoodgluebeforeinstalling.Wethencompletedthewindow-trimjobbyfillingallfastenerholes,caulkingtheseamsandpainting.
STEP1Miteredreturnsgivetheendsoftheapronafinishedlook.
STEP2Nailtheapronflushbeneaththestoolplate.Itshouldbesizedsothestoolextendsbeyondthesidesoftheapron.
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STEP3Fillthenailandscrewholes,caulktheseams,andaddprimerandpaintwhereneeded.
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217CASETHEJOINTForthecasingpieces,consideraflutedwoodprofilewith3½-inchrosetteblocksatthecorners.Beforeinstalling,carefullymeasureoutandtest-fitthelegpiecesandcornerblocks.Forthisstyle,theheadandlegpiecesshouldbecenteredontherosettes.Onceeverythingislevelandplumb,thelegsarefastenedinplace,followedbythecornersandthetop.Finishnailsareusedforallthecasingandcorners,drivenintosolidframing.
Wheninstallingcasing,eachpieceshouldbridgetheedgeoftheunderlyingjambextension,notcompletelyconcealit.Atrimgauge(orcombinationsquare)isagoodlayouttooltokeeprevealconsistentthroughout.
STEP1Cutthecasingtolengthandnailitoverthejambextensions.
STEP2Keepaconsistentrevealwherethecasinglapsthejambextension.
STEP3Centertherosetteblocksoverthecasingandnailinplace.
STEP4Fastentheheadcasingflushbetweenthecornerblocks.
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218PUTYOURWINDOWONASTOOLForthestoolplate,wemeasuredthewindowwidthandaddedtwicethewidthofthecasing(toaccountforbothsidesofthewindow).Wethencutthestool2incheslongerthanthemeasurementinordertoallowadecorativeoverhangonthewindowsides.Thestoolshouldalsobedeepenoughtoextendslightlybeyondthefaceofthewindowcasing,sothatthecasingpiecescansitonthestoolwithnooverhang.Agoodchoiceofwoodfortrimapplicationsis1X(⅜-inch)poplar,whichiseasytocutandrout,andisrelativelyinexpensive.
STEP1Ripthestoolplatetowidth.
STEP2Routadecorativeprofileonthefrontandsidesofthestoolplate.
STEP3Useajigsawtocutoutsquarenotchesintherearcorners,measured
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tofitsnuglyaroundyourwindowframeandwall.
STEP4Installthestoolontothewindowsillusingcountersunkwoodscrewsandwoodglue.Makesureitislevel;ifitisnotthenadjustitwithwoodshimsuntilitis,andthenfastensecurely.Thereshouldstillbeplentyofclearanceleftbetweenthestoolandthewindowlatches.
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219CHECKTHEEXTERIORAlsocalledentrydoors,exteriordoorshaveasolidcoreandaretypicallywood,fiberglass,orsteel.Mostmodernentrywaydoorsareinsulatedandsoldaspre-hungunitswiththejambalreadyattached,orasslabdoorswithnoframing.Commonstylesincludepaneldoors,windoweddoors,carvedwood,andmore—thedecorativepossibilitiesareendless.Entrydoorsoftenhaveatransom(windowabovethedoor)and/orsidelites(windowsatthesides).LeftHingedActiveOutswing
LeftHingedActiveInswing
RightHingedActiveOutswing
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RightHingedActiveInswing
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220GETANCHOREDThere’snotmuchwoodinahollow-coreinteriordoor,soscrewswillusuallytearoutofoneassoonasanyweightisappliedtothem.Thiscomplicatesmountingitemssuchaspictures,mirrors,andhooks,tothedoor.Mountinganythingintoahollowdoorrequiresspecialhollow-coredooranchors .Theseplasticanchorsfolddownflattofitinsideapilotholedrilledintothedoor .Onceinserted,asmallkeyisusedtoopenuptheanchor ,whichspreadssidebracketstoclampthefrontcollaroftheanchoragainstthedoorface,likeatogglebolt.Thescrewisthendrivenintotheanchor( , )untiltight.
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221GOINSIDEInteriordoorsusuallyhaveahollowcore,weighandcostless,andhavenoneedforinsulation.Alsosoldasslaborpre-hungversions,thesedoorsalsocomeinmanydifferentstyles.Flushandpaneleddoorsarepopular,andthewaythedooropensvariesbeyondthestandardsidehinges.Pocketdoorsslideintoawalltobeconcealedwhenopen.Barn-styledoorsrollonanexposedoverheadtrack.Doubledoorsareoftenusedforclosetsortopartitionrooms,andcanbeconfiguredasbi-folddoors,bypassdoorsthatslideoveroneanother,orfreshdoorswithinsetwindowlites.
Paneldoor
Flushdoor
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Freshdoors
Pocketdoor
Bypassdoor
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Bifolddoors
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222ADDANOTHERDOORStormandscreendoorsaresecondaryexteriordoorsmountedtoametalframethatallowlightand/orairintothehomewhenthemainentrydoorisopened.Stormdoorsaresoldinawiderangeofpaintcolors,handleoptions,andglassdesigns.Installationrequireslittlemorethanascrewdrivertofastentheframeflangestothecasingofthedoorway.
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223KNOWYOURDOORSIfyoutakeamomenttothinkaboutthenumberofdoorsyoupassthrougheachday,you’llrealizewhatamajorcomponentofahousetheyare.
Doorsareusuallysoldinstandardsizes,althoughcustomordersarealsoavailable.Whenselectingadoor,payparticularattentiontothedirectionthedooropens,whichgreatlyaffectstheflowoftrafficinandoutofthedoorway.
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224PULLOUTTHESTOPSMostmanufacturersoffertheirwindowsinstandardsizestoprovideaclosematchtoexistingwindowunits.Onceyouhavethenewwindows,double-checkallofthemeasurementsforfitbeforeremovingtheexistingunits.
Mostwindowsare“clamped”inplacewithstopmoldingoneachsideofthewall.Thefirststeptopullingouttheoldwindowsistoremovestops.Exteriorstopscanberemovedtoinstallthewindowfromtheoutside.Forindoorinstallations,youwillhavetoremovetheinteriorstops.
Usehammers,puttyknives,andprybarstodislodgetheoldstopmolding.Withthestopsgone,theoldwindowscanthenbecarefullypushedoutoftheframe.
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225PUTINANEWWINDOWOnceyouroldwindowisout,youwillhavesomecleanuptodo.Removeandreplaceanyrottedwoodinthewindowcasing,sillplate,orframing.
Next,refertothemanufacturer’sinstructionsforspecificsonassemblingyourmodel.Thewindowsmayincludevariousaccessorypieces,suchasvinylsillextenderstohelpfitthewindowintotheopening,whichshouldbeattachedbeforeinstallation.
Ifthewindowistobeinstalledonaslopedsill,woodblocksshouldbeinstalledalongthesillaswell,tohelpsupportthewindowandkeepitlevel.Wheninstalling,tiltthenewwindowintotheopeningwiththesashclosedandlocked,settingthebottomonthesill(orwoodblocks).
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226CHECKTHEFINALFIT
Yourreplacementwindowhastobelevel,plumb,andsquare,otherwiseit
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won’topenorcloseproperlyandairandwatercouldinfiltratearoundtheedges.Checkbothsidesforplumb andthebottomforlevel .Tocheckforsquare,measurebothwindowdiagonalsfromcornertocornertomakesuretheymatch .Adjustmentcanbemadewithshims ,whichshouldbeinstalledatallanchorpointsandanywherenecessarytokeeptheunitcorrectlyinplace.
Oncethewindowisplumb,level,andsquare,drivetheinstallationscrews(includedwiththewindow)intotheprefabricatedholesinthejamb .Don’tover-tighten,orthewindowmightbowandnotfunctionproperly.Checkthesashforproperoperationoncethescrewsareinplace.
Ifthereareanygapsgreaterthan⅛inchbetweenthewindowandframe,looselypackinsulationintheinterior.Sprayfoamisacceptableiftheproductisdesignatedforwindowsanddoors,soitwon’texpandtothepointthatitcouldpreventproperoperation.
Reinstallnewstopmoldingthencaulkandpainttoyourpreference .
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227BRICKYOURWINDOWMetal-framedwindowsinbrickwallshaveanailingflangebehindthebrick.Afterremovingthesash,youwillhavetocutawayallcaulkandpryouttheflange.Youshouldn’thavetoalterthebrickunlessyouwanttochangethesizeofthewindows.Applyflashingtapeonallexposedwoodframingbeforeinstallingnewwindows.
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228REPLACEAPRE-HUNGDOORNeedtomakeagreatfirstimpression?Upgradetheentrydoortoyourhome.
STEP1Taketheolddooroffofitshingesandbackoutthelonghingescrewsthatholdthejambtotheframing.Removethescrewsfromthesillandtheboltsofthedoorstrike.Cutlooseallcaulkedjointsaroundthejambwitharazor.Pryoffthecasingontheinsideorremovethebrickmoldingoutsidetoremovethejamb;ifitisn’tlooseintheframing,runareciprocatingsawwithalongbladebetweenthejambandframingtocutthroughanyremainingfasteners.Thisshouldfreethedoorsoyoucantipitoutoftheroughopeningforremoval.
STEP2Pullthejamboutoftheroughopening.
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STEP3Preparetheroughopeningbycheckingallcornersforsquare.Double-checkbycomparingthediagonalmeasurements.Theroughopeningshouldbeframeheightplus½inch,andframewidthplus½to¾inch.Usea6-footleveltoconfirmtheframingandwallsareplumb(fronttobackandlefttoright).Fixanyproblemsusingshimboardsorbyadjustingthestuds.Also,ensurethesubfloorislevelandsolid.Scrape,sand,orfilltheopeningasrequired.
STEP4Ifthedoorincludesatransomthatneedstobeattached,laythedoordownonaflatworksurface(coveredwithablankettopreventscratches).Liberallyapplyflexible,exterior-gradesealantbetweenthedoortopandtransombottom.
STEP5Positionthetransomontothedoorandflushwiththejambonallsides.Holdtheseamclosedwithclampsoranassistantwhileyouscrewthetwopiecestogetherusingmetalnailingplates.Foramoresolidconnection,fillallholesinthemetalplateswithshortscrewsintothematingjambs.
STEP6Liberallyapplysealanttothesubfloor.(Caulktherearofthebrickmoldingifit’spre-attached.)Foranextralayerofmoistureprotection,installasillpanintheroughopeningbeneaththenewdoor.
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STEP7Positionthedoor’sthresholdoverthesealantandtipitintotheroughopening.Temporarilysecuretheunitinplacebyinstallingscrewsinthecenteronbothsidesofthedoorjambs.Use3-inchscrews,butdon’ttightenthemfullyyet.
STEP8Plumbthehinge-sidejambfirst(inbothdirections)sothedoorswingsproperly.Checkandmakeadjustmentsusinga6-footlevel.Placescrewsateachhingelocation.Inserttheshimsbehindthehingesandabovethescrews(sothescrewspreventthemfromfallingdownwhileadjustmentsarebeingmade).Slidethetriangularshimsintooroutofthejambtoadjustspacinguntilthehingesideisplumbandstraight.Finishdrivingthescrews
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tight(themiddlefirst,thentopandbottom).
STEP9Checkthedoor’sweatherstriprevealandpointsofcontact.Adjusttheframesotheweatherstripcontactsthedoorsurfaceequallyatthetop,centerandbottom.
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229LEARNTOUSESHIMSThebestwaytousewoodshimsistoinserttheminpairsbetweenthesurfacesyou’retryingtomoveorsupport.Whenshimmingadoor,forexample,theshimsareinsertedfromeachsideofthejambssothattheirthinendsmeetandoverlap.Byslidingtheshimsfurtherintothegap,theypushtheshimmingsurfaceoutward,creatingthethicknessoftwoshims.Thismethodalsoprovidesaflatsurfacetoworkwith;usingasingletriangularshimfromonesidecreatesa“teeter-totter”effectagainstthesurfacebeingshimmed.
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230DOUBLEUPToinstalladoubledoor,haveanassistanthelptocenterthejambintheframe.Driveone10dfinishnailor3-inchscrewthroughthemid-pointofeachhingejambintotheframingstuds.Holdthedoorinplacewithnailsorscrewswhileyouplumbandsquarethejamb,usingshimsasnecessary.Placetheshimsatthehingelocationsbetweenthejambandthestuds,andanyotherlocationsneededtosquaretheopening.CheckforsquarebymeasuringthediagonalsofthejambinanXpattern(cornertocorner)toconfirmtheymatch.Makesurethedoorpanelsarealsoevenacrosstheirtopsandbottoms,andthattherevealbetweenthemisevenaswell.
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231INSTALLAHANDLE-SETDoorknobsareoftenoverlooked,butahandle-setcanhighlightthedecorativeappealofthedoorhardware.Upgradingasimpledesignorreplacinganoldhandlewithamodernstylecanspruceupanentryway.
Installinganewdoorhandle-setcanbeaquickandsimpleproject,especiallyifthereareprecutknobholes.However,insomecases,theprecutholesarelocatedtoolowforcomfortableuseofalatchhandle.Comparethehole’sheightwiththerecommendedinstallationheightofahandle-set;aknobmaybeabetterchoice.Designsmayvary,butthisreplacementprocedurewillbesimilarformosthandle-sets.
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STEP1Unscrewandremovetheolddoorhandle.Test-fitthenewhandletotheexistinghole
STEP2Somehandle-setsincludepapertemplatestohelpalignandmarkplacementofthehandleanddead-boltholes.Otherwise,measureaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.
STEP3Iftherearenoholesavailableforahandle-setordeadbolt,drillthem
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outwithaholesaw.Double-checkthehandlemanufacturer’sinstructionsfortherecommendeddiameter.Usea1-inchspadebittoboreholesinboththejambanddoorforthedeadbolt.
STEP4Ifyou’recuttingnewknobholes,you’llalsohavetocutmortisesforthefaceplatesofthelatchordeadbolt.Tracethefaceplateperimeterwithapencil,andthenuseawoodchiselandhammertochipoutarecessinordertosetthefaceplateflushwiththewoodsurface.
STEP5Ifthehandle-setincludesathrough-boltusedtoanchorthebottomofthehandlewiththedoor,useaspiralorbrad-pointbittodrilloutthemountinghole.Forwoodendoors,youshouldstartbydrillingouttheholefrombothsidesofthedoorinordertopreventtear-out.
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STEP6Installthehandlemechanisminsidethedoorholes,andalignthespindlewiththelatch.Securethefaceplatesintothemortisesthatyou’vepreviouslycutinStep4,usingapairofscrewssothattheyareflushwiththedooredge.
STEP7Addtheinteriorlevertojoinwiththeexteriorhandle.Twoscrewsareallthat’srequiredtofastenmosthandlestogether.
STEP8Mountthedeadboltandstrikeplate.Thestrikeplate(whichwillreceivethedeadbolt)comeswithtwo3-inchscrewstodriveintothedoor
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jambandhouseframing.Thisdesignwillprovideextraholdingpowerforthedeadbolt.
STEP9Thedeadbolthousingissimpletoinstall,asitrequiresonlytwoboltstojointhehalvesoverthedeadbolt.Finishthehandle-setbyinstallingthelowerthrough-bolt(ifincluded)andcovercaptoconcealtheinteriorboltheadforafinishedappearance.
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232INSTALLADOORTRIMKITYoucaneasilyanddramaticallyenhanceanentrywaywithelaboratetrimpackages.Youcanbuildupallofthetrimpiecebypiece,butit’seasiertouseapre-assembleddoor-trimkit.The4-piecekitthat’sshowncontainsapairofurethaneflutedpilastersandacrosshead.Architecturaldetails(thebackingtrim,flutedcasing,crownmolding,andplinthblocks)areextrudedinmanufacturingsoyoudon’thavetoinstallthemindividually,savinglotsoftimeandhassle.And,unlikewood,urethaneislightweightandwon’trot.
STEP1Beforepurchasingthetrim,firstmeasureyourdoorway.Crossheadslookbestwhentheirbreast-boardisthesamewidthasthewindowordoor,plusanysidetrim.Ifyourdooristoonarrow,youmayhavetotrimthecrossheadinthemiddleandreassemblethetwohalveswithadhesive.Ifit’stoowide,youmayhavetocombinetwocrossheadstobridgethedistance.
STEP2Thekitisfactory-primed,butpre-paintingthetrimwillmakeiteasiertoaccessalltheedgesratherthantryingtopaintafterinstallation.
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STEP3Markthecenterpointofthecrossheadforalignment.Dothesameforthedoorjamb,andthenholdthecrossheadinpositionandalignthemarks.Whenaligningthecrosshead,workonachievingaconsistentrevealbetweenthenewtrimpieceandtheexistingdoorjamborcasing.Oncepositioned,pre-drillandcountersinkallfastenerholes.Mountthetrimwithappropriatefasteners.Concretescrewswereusedonthestonewallshown,requiringpilotholesmadewithahammerdrill.
STEP4Afterdrillingoutthepilotholes,removethecrosshead,flipitover,andrunabeadofpolyurethaneadhesiveoveralltheedgesthatwillcomeintocontactwiththewallorexistingdoorjamb.
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STEP5Carefullyrepositionthecrossheadabovethedoor,aligningthecentersandthereveal,andthenscrewittothehousewall.
STEP6Shimtherearofthecrossheadasnecessaryatallscrewlocationsforanevenandsecureinstallation.
STEP7Measurethedistancefromeitherendofthecrossheaddowntothegroundandthentrimthetwopilasterstofit.Eachpilasterismanufacturedwithaplinthblockatthebottom,wherecutscanbemadetoaccommodatedifferentdoorwayheights.Youcanmakethecutwithamitersaw,orevenastandardhandsaw.
STEP8Thepilastersinstallinasimilarmannerasthecrosshead,withacombinationofpolyurethaneconstructionadhesiveandscrews.
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STEP9Keepalltrimrevealsconsistenttoensureauniform-lookinginstallation.
STEP10Toclosetheseam,tackdowntheinsideedgeofthepilastersusingfinishnailswhilethebeadofadhesivesets.
STEP11Thebasictrimkityoupurchasewillalmostcertainlycomewiththeoptionofacenterkeystone.Thekeystoneisadecorativeelementthathelpstocoverupacrossheadseamwhenyouhavetogluetwopiecestogether.Youcanalwaysleavethekeystoneoffifyouhavelimitedclearanceabovethedoor,andshouldalwaysfeelfreetoalterthedecorativepackagetosuityoursituation.
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STEP12Fillallfastenerholeswithacolor-matchedplasticwoodfiller.Sandasnecessaryandcaulkallthejointswithapaintableexteriorsealant.Completetheprojectwithafreshcoatoftouch-uppaint.
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233REPLACEAFAUCETNewfaucetscanaddstyletointeriordécor;neweronesevenconservewaterforlowerutilitybills.Choosefromsuchfinishesaschrome,oil-rubbedbronze,brushednickel,andmore,inamoderndesignortraditionalstyling.Faucetinstallationisfairlystraightforward,butcrampedspaceandpoorvisibilitybeneathasinkcanbeconfusingforfirst-timers.Here’sanexample,usingthepartsofafaucetdesignedfor4-inchcentersets.
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STEP1Shutoffthewatersupply,thenuseawrenchtounscrewthesupplylinesandwingnutsbeneaththefaucetlevers.
STEP2Unscrewthecapofthedrain’sliftrodsothefaucetwillslipoverit.
STEP3Removethefaucet;itshouldpullrightout,butyoumayneedtobreakthesealofoldcaulk.
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STEP4Scrubawayanyremainingoldsealantorputtywithadegreasingproduct.
STEP5Placeabeadofplumber’sputtyalongtheedgeoftheplasticgasketthatfitsbetweenthesinkandfaucet.Applythegaskettothesink.
STEP6Inserttheshanksofthefaucetthroughthesinkandsecurethemwithnewwingnuts.
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STEP7Unhooktheoldpop-updraincoverfromtheliftleverinthedrainpipeandpullitout.
STEP8Removedrainbyunscrewingtheretainingnutfromthedrainassemblywithawrenchorpliers.
STEP9Applyplumber’sputtybeneaththelipofthenewdraincap,andseatthecapintothesink.
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STEP10Thedrainassemblymatingcomponentisinstalledfrombeneaththesinkwitharubbergasket.Applyplumbingsealanttoitbeforeinstalling.
STEP11Connectthedrainandgaskettothedraincapfrombelowwithanewretainingnut.
STEP12Positionthedrainpipewiththelift-leverholefacingtherearofthesink.Fastenthepipeintoplacewiththreadsealtapeorself-fusingsiliconetape.
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STEP13Threadtheliftrodinthroughthetopofthenewfaucet.
STEP14Dropinthenewdraincover.
STEP15Installtheadjustableextensionarmtotheliftrod,whichconnectswithasimplethumbscrew.
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STEP16Installtheliftleverinthedrain,andthreadtheshortendofthelever(neartheball)throughthehookinthenewdraincap.Theballissecuredinthedrainpipewithanut.
STEP17Threadthelever’slongendthroughwhicheverholeintheextensionarmthatwillalloweasiestoperationofthedrainassembly.ReconnectthesinkdrainontotheP-trapwithacouplingnut,andthenreconnectthewaterlines.Thenewfaucetisnowreadyforuse.
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234FIXASHOWERFAUCETWhenatuborshowerfaucetleaks,thetroubleoftenliesbehindthehandles,whichturnvalvesgoverningwaterflow.Thesevalvesshouldbefixedquickly;asidefromtheirritatingdrip-drip-drip,aleakyshowercanwasteasmallpondofwatereveryday.Repairsarefairlysimple,butyou’llneedaspecialsetofdeep-socketwrenches.
STEP1Shutoffthewatersupplytothefaucetbeforedisassemblingthehandles.
STEP2Modernfaucetsusuallyhaverubberwashersthatsealwater;overtime,thesecandeteriorateandleak.Togettothese,firstprythedecorativecapoffthehandles.(Insomecasesthesecapsarethreaded.)
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STEP3Removethehandle’sretainingnutandpullthehandleoffthevalvestem.
STEP4Removetheescutcheon,whichisoftenheldwitharetainingnut.Ifnot,thentheescutcheonisthreadedoverthevalvestems,andyoucanunscrewtheentireescutcheonasonepiece.Cutawayanycaulkthatmightbeholdingittothewall.Astrapwrenchmayhelpencourageastubbornonetoturn.
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STEP5Thebonnetnutthatholdsthesteminplaceisrecessedbehindthewallrequiringaspecialwrench.Adeep-socketshowervalvewrenchwillfitovertheprotrudingvalvestemandreachthebonnetnutforremoval.Unscrewandremovethebonnetnut.
STEP6Pullthestemfromthewalltoexposetheseatwasherandretainingscrew.Removethescrewandwornseatwasher.Replacewithanewone,coatedinheat-prooffaucetgrease.Usethecorrectlysizedandshapedseatwasherandpressitfirmlyintothestem’sretainer.Ifthestemisingoodshape,you’rereadytoreassembletheshowerhandlesandtestyourfaucet.
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STEP7Somemetalstemsmaybewornoutandneedreplacement.Whenpurchasingthestems,notethemodelnumbers,typicallylabeledwitheitherHorC,indicatinghotorcold.Thesedeterminethedirectionofhandlerotation.Getoneofeach;besuretokeepthemstraightduringinstallation.Coattherubberseatwasherwithheat-prooffaucetgreaseandinstallthestem.
Ifthejunctionoftheshowerheadandtheplumbingspoutleaks,wrapthethreadswiththread-sealtapeinthesamedirectionastheheadscrewsontothespout.
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PROTIPFIXSINGLE-HANDLETUB&SHOWERFAUCETSTherepairprocedureforsingle-handlefaucetsisverysimilar.First,removethehandleandanystainlesssteelsleeveorescutcheonthatmaybeinplace.ThevalvecartridgeistypicallyheldinplacebyaU-shapedretainingclip;useneedle-noseplierstocarefullytakeitout.Pullouttheoldvalvecartridgeandinsertanexactreplacement.Reinserttheretainingclip,thenreplacethesleeveandhandle.
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235GETAVALVESETAshower-valvesetprovidesthesuper-deepwrenchesneededtoremovetubandshowervalves.Thewrenchesareeachdouble-sided,accommodatingthe10standardsizesofplumbingfastenerstomakevirtuallyanyresidentialshowerorbathvalverepair.Thewrenchsetsareavailableatmosthardwarestoresfor$10to$15.
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236INSTALLATOILETIfyourtoiletisoldorneedsrepair,itmaybecheapertoinstallanewonethanpatchuptheexisting,especiallyifyoudoityourself.Installinganewtoiletisarathersimpleprocedurethatcanbeaccomplishedinjustafewsteps.Toinstallthenewtoilet,you’llneedanewgasketandtwo -inchboltstomountthebowltothefloorflange;mostoftherequiredpartsareincludedwiththenewtoilet.
STEP1Shutoffthewatersupplyandflushthetoilet.Useabucketorclothtoremoveanyleftoverwaterinthetankandbowl.Usingapairofpliersorsmallpipewrench,removethenutconnectingthewaterlinetotheballcockvalveatthebottomleftsideofthetank.Removethetwonutsattachingthebowltothefloorflangewithacrescentwrench.Oncethey’reremoved,liftofftheoldtoilet.Scrapeawayoldgasketmaterialtoexposethedrainflange(themountingbaseforyournewtoilet).Discardtheoldbolts.
STEP2Placethetwonew -inchboltsintheholeslocatedonthesidesoftheexposedflange,withtheboltheadsinsidetheflange.Positionthetwoboltsstraightupandacrossfromeachother.Thenputthenewtoiletgasket(waxring)ontheflange,withtheflatsidepointingup(iftapered).
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STEP3Lowerthebowlstraightdown,centeredonthewaxring;Ensuretheboltscomethoughtheholesoneachsideofthebowl.Applypressurestraightdown;pushingthebowlovertheringandflangesqueezingthewaxtocreateaseal.
STEP4Addwashersandnutstotheprotrudingboltsandtightenthem;becarefulnottocrackthebowl.
STEP5Pushapairof -by-3-inchmountingboltsthroughthesmallholesonthetank’sbottom.Placerubberwashersjustbeneaththeboltheadsforawatertightseal.Addnutsandwasherstotheboltsontheundersideofthetankandtightenuntilsnug..
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STEP6Applythesponge-rubbergasketoverthedischargetubewherethetanksetsonthebowl.
STEP7Setthetankonthebowl,threadingtheboltsintotheboltholesonthebowlandsandwichingthegasketbetweenthetankandbowl.
STEP8Addmetalwashersandnutstotheboltsonthetank’sbottom.Holdthetanklevelandtighten.Keepeachboltstationarywithascrewdriverwhilebackingupthenutwithacrescentwrench.(Avoidover-tightening,whichcancracktheporcelain.)
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STEP9Screwtheflushhandletotheliftarmthroughtheholeinthetank.Connecttheliftarmtothechainoftheflushingball/flapperinthetank.
STEP10Boltthenewtoiletlidtothebowl.
STEP11Installanewwaterlinefromthewallorfloorfixturetothefeedvalveontank’sunderside.Turnonthewater,checkforleaks,andtryafewtrialflushes.Ifyourtoiletholdswater,tightentheboltsthatholdthebowltothefloor.Adjustminorspacingissuesorinstabilitybetweenthetankandbowl,orbowlandfloor,withhardrubbershims.
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STEP12Onceeverythingisinplace,cuttheendsoffthemountingboltstoaccommodatetheplasticcaps.Caulkthebaseofthebowltocreateawaterproofseal,protectingthefloorandprovidingadditionalstability.Replacethetankcoverandyournewtoiletisready.
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237INSTALLLAMINATEApopularandeconomicalchoiceforbothkitchenandbathroomcountertopsisplasticlaminate,availableinmanyattractivecolorsanddesigns.Laminatecountertops(oftencalledFormica,althoughthatisactuallythenameofonlyonemanufacturer)comeinjustabouteverypatternimaginable.Fromcontemporarypatternstostylesthatmimicpopularstonelooks,laminateisdurable,affordable,andyoucaninstallityourself
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238CLEANUPACOUNTERBeforeinstallinglaminateonyourcountertops,youneedtopreparethesurface.First,removeobstaclessuchassinksandfaucets.Ifinstallingnewsheetlaminateoveroldlaminatematerial,thoroughlysandandcleantheoldsurfacetoremovealldebrisandcontaminants.Sandingremovesanyglossycoatingandroughensthesurfaceforbetterbondingwiththeadhesive.
Plasticlaminateisoftensoldin4-by-8-footsheets.Test-fitthelaminate.Insomecases,youcansetthesheetinplaceusingamarkertotracetheshapeofthecountertopontheundersideofthenewlaminate.Allowextraroomoutsidethetracedlineswhenrough-cuttingasheet.
Theedgesofthesesheetsareverystraight,soplanfortheedgestolineuptotherearofthecabinetagainstthewall,whenpossible.Thesheetcutoutsshouldroughlymirrortheshapeofthefinalcountertop,butaddafewextrainchessothesheetedgeswilloverhangtheedgesofthecountertop.You’llgobacklaterwitharouterandtrimtheedgesflush.
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239MAKECLEANCUTSTherearespecialbladesthatletyouuseautilityknifetocutasheet.Youcanalsocutplasticlaminateusingacircularsaw,jigsaw,ortablesawwithafine-toothedblade.Putastripofmaskingtapewherethecutistobemadetopreventchippingandmakethelineeasiertosee.Ifusingapoweredcircularsaworjigsaw,cutfromthebacksidetohelppreventchipping.
Onatablesaw,useafine-toothbladeinstalledbackwards.Theripguideofthetablesawhelpstomakeastraightcut,thebladepeelsastripofmaterialaswideasthekerfitself,andthecutisperfectlysmooth.Youwillneedtosetupbothoutfeedandlateralsupportstoworkwiththebig4-by-8sheets.(Returnthebladetoitsnormaldirectionaftercutting.)
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240MAKECONTACTPROPERLYIt’simportantforyoutoattachyourlaminatetothecountertoptherightway.Here’show.
STEP1Plasticlaminateisgenerallyappliedwithcontactcement.Brushcontactcementontotheoldcountertopsurfaceinasmooth,evenlayer.Then,brushalayerofcontactcementonthebacksideofthelaminatecutoutforthecounter.Allowtheadhesivetodryuntiltacky,usuallyabout5to10minutes,butcheckthecontactcementlabelforrecommendations.
STEP2Placewoodedstripsordowelsontothecountertoproughlyafootapart.Theywon’tstick,andwillactasatemporarybarrierbetweenthesheetandcountertop.Theymustbelongenoughtoextendpastthecounteredgesoyoucanpullthemoutlater.Next,placethenewsheetlaminateface-uponthewoodstrips.Don’tletthesegluedsurfacestouchyetortheywillbondtogether.Thenewsheetshouldbeaccuratelypositionedrightaboveitsfinalinstalledlocationwithitsedgesflushagainstthesurroundingwalls.
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STEP3Startingatoneendofthesheet,removethefirstwoodstripordowelanduseaJ-rollertopressthenewsheetdownontothecounter,bondingthetwopiecestogether.Usetherollertoapplypressuretothesheetsothegluewillhaveastrongbondandnoairpockets.
STEP4Worktowardtheoppositeend,removingeachofthewoodstripsoneatatimeandrollingtheentiresurfacethoroughlyasyouprogress.
STEP5Bythetimeyoureachtheotherendofthecounter,theentirenewlaminatesurfaceshouldbesecurelybonded.Usearouterfittedwithaflush
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trimbittotrimawaytheexcesslaminateflushwiththeedgeofthecounter.Donotrushtherouter;letthetooldothework.
STEP6Youmayencounterobstructionssuchassinks,faucets,andsuch,thatrequirecutouts.Youcanuseajigsawwithafine-toothbladeforthecutout,aswellasarouterorspiralsaw.
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241COVERBIGCOUNTERSInsomecasesacountertopmightbetoolong,requiringyoutojointwosheets.Youcanthenbondthelargersheetinplacelikenormal.
STEP1Putanarrowstripofwaxpaperdownalongtheedgeofthelargerpiece.Usesomewoodenstripstokeepthesecondpieceawayfromthecementedsurfaceofthecounter.
STEP2Alongtheseam,positionthesecondpieceflushagainstthefirstpiece,ontopofthewaxpaper.Tapethesecondpiecetoholditinplace.Rollthesecondsheetoflaminatedownasusual,removingthewoodstripsasyouprogresstowardtheseam.
STEP3Oncethesecondpiecehasbeenfullybondedinplace,lifttheedgecoveringthewaxpaper.RemovethepaperanduseyourJ-rollertorollfromthemiddleofthesecondpiecetowardtheseam,bondingtheseamtightly.
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242COATACOUNTERTOPOnealternativetore-laminatingistogiveyouroldcountertopsacontemporaryfinish.Rust-Oleum’sCountertopTransformationskitcancreateastrikingnewlookthatreallydoeschangetheexistingsurfaceintoanyofanumberoffauxgraniteorstonefinishes.Youneedtofollowtheinstructionsmeticulouslyforbestresults.
STEP1Carefullytapeoffanywherewallsorothersurfacesmeetthelaminate,aswellasallfixtures.
STEP2Next,scuff-sandtheexistinglaminatesurface.Besuretoroughupeverywherethatyou’regoingtocoatorthematerialmaynotbondevenly.
STEP3Applytheadhesivebasecoatwitharoller.Theadhesivedries
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quickly,soifyourhavemultiplecounters,dotheadhesiveandchipstepsoneachonebeforemovingontothenext.
STEP4Useaseedspreadertocoattheappliedadhesivewiththedecorativechips,forafauxgranitelook.Whentheadhesiveisfullydry,sandthesurfaceandapplyacleartopcoat.
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243EDGEITRIGHTReplacingyourcountertop’sedgesisastraightforward,butimportantpartofthejob.Here’showtodoit.
STEP1Forthemostpart,edgestripsinstallinmuchthesamewayasthesurfacesheeting.Cuttheedgestripstosize.Brushcontactcementontothebackofthestripandtheoldcountertopsurfaceedgeafterprepping.Allowthegluetodrytacky,theninstalltheedgestripandrollitinwiththeJ-roller.
STEP2Useclampstoholdtheedgestripfirmlyinplacewhileitdries.
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STEP3Don’tbreaktheedgestripatacurve.Insomecasesyouredgestripmaynotbelongenoughtocovertheentirecountertopedge,andyou’llhavetojointwoedgestrips.Ideallyyoucanstoptheedgestripatacornerandbeginthesecondstripontheotherside.Ifyouhaveasweepingcurvededge,breakthestripsatalong,flatarea,insteadofacurve.Theedgestripshaveatendencytostraightenout,andit’llbenearlyimpossibletogettheedgingtostaygluedinplaceifyoubreakitatacurve.
STEP4Oncetheedgestripsarebonded,removetheclamps.Trimtheedgesusingarouterandflushtrimbit.Withbitsthatuseaguidewheel,carefullysettheguidesothebitcutstheedgeofthelaminatebutnottheadjoiningcountertop.Fine-tunetheedgesusingahalf-roundfiletoslightlybevelthetransitionbetweenthecountertopandedge.Laminatefillercanalsohelpfixnicks,scratches,orotherminordamage.
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244REFINISHYOURKITCHENCABINETSCabinetsgreatlydetermineakitchen’soveralldécor.Overtime,peelingpaint,nicksandscratches,oradull,dirtyfinish,candetractfromthelookofkitchencabinets,butaddingonafreshcoatofpaintcangivethemnewlife.Repaintingalsosavestonsofmoneywhencomparedtofullreplacement,whichcaneasilycostseveralthousandsofdollars.
Dependingontheconditionofyourcabinets,thejobmightonlycallforathoroughcleaningandlightsanding(220-grittoscuffthesurface)torenewtheexistingcolor.Thisisafairlystraightforwardprocedurethatrequiresyoutoremovethehardwareanddoors,andsecureadust-freelocationforpaintinganddryingthedoors;thecarcasscanbepaintedinplace.
Tochangeacabinet’scolor,orforanyheavilyworn,stained,orwater-damagedcabinets,thebestpracticeistosandand/orstripoffallthepaintanddamagedsurfacetorevealtheoriginalwood.Completeremovaloftheoldcabinetfinishwillguaranteeagoodbondforthenewpaint.
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245TAKETHEMAPARTInordertorefinishyourcabinets,you’llneedtopreparethemfirst.
Unscrewallthehinges,handles,andknobstoremovethecabinet’sdoorsanddrawers.Ifyouplanonreusingtheoldhardware,storeallloosecomponentsandfastenerssafelywhileyoupaint.Labelthedoorswithpainter’stapetoidentifylocationforreplacement.
Fillanyscratchesordentsinthewoodwithnon-shrinkingputty.Ifyouplanonusinganynewhardwareondifferentfastenerlocations,filltheoldscrewholeswithputty,letdry,andsandsmooth.
Setupaworkareawithalarge,flatsurfacetoworkonthedoors.Usedropclothstocoverandprotectanythingyoudon’twantexposedtowooddustorpaintstripper.(Somepaintstrippersrequireopen-airventilation.)
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246SANDORSTRIPOnceyou’vedismantledyourcabinets,you’llneedtoremovetheoldpaint.Fortunately,therearemultiplewaystodothis.
STRIPDOWNPaintstrippersvaryinformulasogettherightone.Brushonacoataccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions;afterjustashorttime,thesurfaceshoulddiscolorasthefinishdissolves.Scrapeitawayusingaputtyknifeorfurniturescraper,anddiscarditintoaplasticbag.Strippingbrushesworkwelltoremovematerialfromcontourededges.Thisisamessyjob,sousedropclothsandrubbergloves;keepplentyofragsforcleanup.
SANDAWAYClampthedoortotheworksurfaceandusearandomorbitsanderwithamedium-gritsandpapertogettothebarewood.Stockplentyofreplacementabrasivediscs.Thisisamessyjob;workoutdoorsoruseasanderwithadust-collectionsystem.
COMBINETECHNIQUESThicker,gel-likestripperssticktoverticalcabinetsurfaces,butusingapowersanderinanuprightpositioncanbeexhausting.Placedoorsonaworkbenchforcomfortablesanding.
FINISHUPOncetheoriginalfinishisallremoved,finish-sandthewoodtoachieveaverysmoothsurface.Startwith150-gritsandpaper,thenuse180-grit.Thefullypreppedsurfaceshouldbeclean,dry,dull,andsmooth.Removeallwooddustwithatackcloth(don’tusewater).
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247APPLYNEWPAINTWithproperapplicationandcuretime,eitheroil-orlatex-basedpaintwillachieveaqualityfinish.Ifyouoptforlatexpaint,makesuretouse100-percentacrylicformulation,whichismuchmoredurablethanvinylacrylicpaints.Asprayed-onfinishwillachievethesmoothestfinishcoat.Toavoidsprayingindoors,youmaywanttobrush-paintthecarcassandthenspray-paintthedoorsoutsidewithanHVLPsprayer.Otherwise,youcanpaintthedoorsbyusingasmoothfoamroller.
STEP1Beginwithacoatofoil-basedprimer,coveringallsurfacescompletelytoensuretheadhesionofyourpaintcoats.
STEP2Aftertheprimerhasdriedout,lightlysanditwith180-gritsandpapertoremoveanyimperfectionsbeforeapplyingyourtopcoats.Useatackclothtowipedownthesurfaceafteryoufinishsanding.
STEP3Applytwocoatsofpainttothedoors,drawerandcarcass,allowingthepainttodryovernightbetweencoats.
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248PUTITTOGETHEROnceyou’vefinishedwithyourrepainting,it’stimetoputyourcabinetsbacktogether.Replacealltheoldhardware,orinstallnewhardware.Toavoidsplittingthewood,keepknobsandpullslessatleastaninchfromanyedgeofthedoor.Ageneralruleofthumbistolocatethemwithinone-thirdtheheightofthecabinet.
STEP1Useacombinationsquaretokeepthelocationofallhandles,hingesorotherhardwareconsistentlyspacedfromdoortodoor.
STEP2Drillpilotholesforallscrews,thenfastenallhardwaresecurely.
STEP3Thedoorsmustbeinstalledlevelandplumb.Ensurethatyourdoorscoveruptheirrespectiveopeningsevenly;anyoffsettotherightorleftwillbenoticeableandwilllikelyinterferewithinstallingthenextdoorinline.
STEP4Onceallthedoorsarebackinplace,you’llhavethelookofnewcabinetsatasmallfractionoftheprice.
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249PRESERVEOUTDOORWOODWhetherpressure-treated,cedar,cypress,redwood,orevenahigh-endexotichardwood,propercareandmaintenancewillprotectexteriorwoodandkeepitinsturdyshapeforyears.Stainingandsealingoutdoorwoodisamongthebestwaystoprotectitfromtheelementsandseasons.
Themostcommonlyusedoutdoorwoodcoatingisanexterior-gradepenetratingstain.Thesewater-repellentpreservativesincludeamildewcide;someproductsevencontainultravioletlightabsorbersthatprotectfromsunexposure.Availableinbothoil-andwater-basedformulations,theresinspenetratewoodporestoprovidepigmentandblockoutthedamagingeffectofweatherwhileallowingthenaturalwoodgrainandtexturetoshinethrough.
Thesecondcategoryisafilm-formingsealantthatbondstothesurfaceofthewoodlikepaintorshellac.Theseproductsprovideahigh-glossfurniturelook,whilestillallowingthenaturalgraintoshowthrough.Availableinoil-orwater-basedfinishes,theyformadurableandbeautifulsatinsurface,buttheycanonlybemaintainedwithanothercoatoffilm-formingsealant.PigmentsareaddedtochangethewoodcolorandaddUVprotection.Film-formingsealantsshouldbeavoidedinareasexposedtofoottraffic,becausetheabrasioncanwearthroughthefilmcoating.
Outdoorwoodcoatingsaretypicallyformulatedwitheitherwateroroil.Manywater-basedstain/sealantshavetinyparticlesofpigmentandresinthatadheretoeachotherverytightlyasthefinishdries,similartoapatchworkquilt.Withoil-basedfinishes,thetinyparticlesactuallyfusetogetherchemicallyintoonelargesheet-likesubstance,whichachievesaharderfinishandislesslikelytodevelopanambercolortone.Examinetheproduct’slabelforcluestothecoating’squality,lookingforanyreferenceto“non-yellowing”properties.
Water-basedfinishesaregenerallyheraldedfortheireaseofuse.Comparedtooil-basedformulas,they’reeasiertocleanup,havealowerodorandareoftenlesscostly.Mostwater-basedcoatingsrequiremorecoats,however,andtheystillwillnotlastaslongastheiroil-basedor“alkyd”counterparts,which
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generallycanoffermorelong-term,wood-preservingdurabilityforoutdoorconstruction.
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250TREATNEWWOODAllownewpressure-treatedwoodtodrybeforestainingorsealing.Thetreatmentoflumberwithwaterbornepreservativesleavesmoistureinthewood.ThisiswhyfreshPTlumberoftenarriveswetfromthesupplier,andthemoisturecanimpedethepenetrationofstainsandpaints.Forbestperformanceofpaintandstaincoatings,allowthetreatedwoodtodryfor2to4weekspriortoapplication.Estimatingexactlyhowlongtreatedwoodwilltaketodryisdifficult,andalotdependsonhowmuchtimehaselapsedsincethetreatment,thelumber’sexposuretothesun,ambientweather,etc.
Woodthathasitsownnaturalpreservatives,suchaswesternredcedar,cypress,orredwood,donotrequireasmuchdryingtimebecausethewoodwasneverpressure-treatedusinganysortofpreservative.
Contrarytopopularbelief,newwoodstillneedstobecleanedtoremoveany“millscale”,whichisacompressionofthegrainduringthemillingprocessthatcancausethestaintofloatorrunoffwithoutabsorption.Cleanthesurfacewithanoxygenatedbleach.
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251FIXWEATHEREDWOODWhenwoodisexposedtothesunlighttheultravioletrayscandamagethewoodfibersovertime,causingthesurfacetoturngray.Themostdirectwaytorenewtheappearanceissandingorpressure-washingthesurface.However,sandingcanbeverydifficultandtime-consuming,andpressure-washingcanremovethegraybutcausethesurfacetofuzzorsplinter,posinga“touch”hazardforareassuchasdecksurfaceswherepeoplemaywalkbarefoot.Whenusingapower-washer,limityourpressuretonomorethan1,000or1,200PSI.
Someindividualboardsmaybeheavilyweathered.Replacethemcompletely,cleantheexistingboards,thenstainthemalltomatch.
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252APPLYSTAINPROPERLYForagood,long-lastingcoatingofstainonwood,therearesomesimpletipsyoucanfollow.
Alwaysthoroughlymixthestaintoevenlyblendthesolidsandensureaconsistentcolortonethroughouttheproject.Forbothhorizontalandverticalstructures,brushingisthebestwayofstain/sealerapplicationbecausethebristlespushtheproductevenlyintothewoodgraintoincreaseabsorption.Usingasprayerorrollercanapplythestainmorequickly,butbothofthesemethodsleavemuchofthestainonthesurfacewithoutadequatepenetrationintothepores.Thissuperficialproductcanwearawayunevenly,soyoushouldstillback-brushitintothewoodgrainforthemostconsistentappearanceandbestprotection.
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253USEACONDITIONERAnoftenoverlookedstepforoutdoorstainingprojectsistheapplicationofawoodbrightener.Thesechemicalagentsopenthewoodgraintoimprovepenetrationofthestainandhelprestoretheappearanceofweatheredwoodtoalike-newcondition.Theproductcansimplybesprayedontothewoodsurface,givenafewminutestoworkits“magic”andthenrinsedoff,requiringverylittlelabor.
Afterusinganychemicaltreatmenttocleanandpreparethewood,useplentyofwatertocompletelyremovealltracesoftheproducts—andthenallowittodryfullypriortostainorsealerapplication.
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254IMPROVEOLDSTAINGenerally,it’sbesttoremoveoldstainbeforeapplyingnewstain,especiallywhenchangingproductsorcolors.Oldstainwillusuallyshowthroughthenew,leavingblotchyspotsinthefinish.Film-formingstainsmustbecompletelyremovedbeforeapplyingapenetratingstain.Ifyouplantousethesamecolorandtypeofstain(andyourdeckisindecentcondition),youcanprobablygetbywithathoroughcleaningandafreshmaintenancecoat.Asalways,refertothemanufacturer’srecommendationsforthebestapplicationandcarepractices.
Ifoldstainisbuiltuponthedeck,youmayneedtousesomethingstrongerthanoxygenbleachcleaner.Stainstrippersareoftenmorecaustic,buttheycanremovemostweatheredstainsinasingleapplication.Small,stubbornspotscanthenberemovedwithahandsanderoncethedeckhasdried.
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255INSTALLGUTTERSANDDOWNSPOUTSGuttersanddownspoutscanprotectyourhousefromwaterdamage.Bycollectingroofrunoffanddivertingitawayfromthebuildingenvelope,theyhelppreventwoodrot,mold,andmildew.Professionalinstallationofmetalguttersusuallyinvolvestheuseofspecializedequipmenttoformseamlessguttersoutofrollsofsheetmetalatthejobsite.However,DIYerswhodon’tmindworkingonaladdercansaveconsiderablecostbyinstallingguttersusingsectionalsystemsavailableathomecenters.
Startbysketchingyourguttersystemonpapertoquantifythevariouscomponentsrequired.Measureyourrooflineandthewallheighttocalculatethenumberof10-footsectionsofgutteranddownspoutrequired.Accountforendcaps,seamers,insideoroutsidecornerpieces,downspoutelbowsandenddrops.You’llalsoneedsealantormasticforsealingthejoints,downspoutbandstofastentheassemblytothehouse,andsheet-metalscrewstoconnectthedownspoutsections.
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256CHALKTHESLOPEBeforeyouplaceyourgutters,youneedtobesurethey’lldrainwaterproperly.Attachaladderstabilizertothetopofyourladdertopreventswaying.Thisalsoprovidesa10-inchstandofffromtheroofline,whichmakesiteasytoaccessthefasciaandgutterwithoutobstructionfromtheladder.
Atonecorneroftheroof,hookachalklineatthepointwhereyouwantthetopedgeoftheguttertoterminate.Attheoppositeendofthefascia,firstlevelthestring,thendropit1inchper40-footrunandsnapthechalkline.Thismarksaslopethatwillhelppullwatertothedownspoutlocations.Ifyouhavealongrunwithdownspoutsatbothends,slopethegutterfromitsmidpointtowardbothofthebook-endingdownspouts.
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257CUTITDOWNTOSIZEWhenassemblingagutteranddownspouts,you’lllikelyhavetocutsomeofthematerialstolength.Onebasicmethodistoclampthematerialfirmlytoabenchandcutusingahacksaw.Agoodpairofmetalsnipscandothejobaswell.Aslidingmitersaw,withafine-toothedbladeturnedbackward,makesanice,cleancutwithverylittleeffort.Whencuttingguttermaterialonamitersaw,turnthesectionupside-downsothatthecutwillenterthemorestableundersideinsteadofthetopedges.
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258PREASSEMBLEYOURGUTTERSToensureproperconstruction,buildasmuchoftheguttersystemonthegroundaspossible.
STEP1Joiningguttersectionsrequiresaseamer,a3-inchwidepieceofguttermaterialinamatchingprofile.First,applyguttersealantormastictothetopsideoftheseamerpiece.
STEP2Wraptheseameraroundthebuttedguttersectionsfrombeneath.Theseamer’sfronthooksontothefrontedgeofthegutter;therearextendsabovethebackofthegutter,andthismetalflapfoldsoveritsedge.Crimptheseamer’sfrontandrearliptightlytothegutterwithpliers.Coverthevisibleseamwithagenerousbeadofsealant.
STEP3Attachtheguttersectionsandenddropsthesameway.Enddropsaretheshortsectionsthatdrainintothedownspouts,andshouldbelocatedattheendofawall.
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STEP4Cutandseamgutterextensionstotheenddropsasneededtoextendtheentirelengthoftheroofline.Endcapsfitontotheprofilewithsealanttoensurewaterexitsthroughthedownspouts.
STEP5Givethesealantafewhourstodryandgainsomerigidityatthejointsbeforeinstallingtheguttersectiononthehouse.
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259HANG’EMHIGHGuttersectionsareverylightweight,buttheycanbecumbersomeforonepersontocarryuptheladderandinstall.Recruithelpifpossible.
STEP1Placetheladderontheroofaboutmidwaytowhereyourfirstsectionwillbeinstalled.Positiontheguttersectionsotheendisabout1inchbeyondtheroofline.Tiltitslightlysothetopedgematchestheslopeofthechalkline.Zapascrewintothecenterfastener.
STEP2Asinglescrewholdsthesectioninplacewhileyouinstalltheothers.
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STEP3Repeatthestepsofthisprocedurefortheadjoiningsections.Theonlydifferencehereisthatyouwillhavetoseamtogethertheseparateguttersectionsattherooflineratherthanontheground.
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260GETTHEDOWNSPOUTSDONEOnceyourguttersareinstalled,thedownspoutsareyourfinalpieceofthepuzzle.
STEP1Usescrewsandsealanttofastenaflangeoutletinsidetheholeofeachenddrop.
STEP2Duct-tapeanelbowsectionontoeachflangeoutlet.Useastraightedgetofollowthepathoftheelbowtothewallwherethesecondelbowwillbelocated.Tapethesecondelbowinplaceonthewall.Measurethedownspoutsectionneededtoinstallbetweenthetwoelbows.Eachdownspoutandelbowhasoneendcrimped;thelargerendfitsoverthesmallerendtoformaslipjoint.Accountfortheoverlappingslipjointwhenmeasuring—
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about1inchofdownspoutshouldoverlaptheelbowateachend.
STEP3Assembleyourdownspoutatgroundlevel,drivingtwoprimedaluminumscrewsintopre-drilledholesateachjoint.Avoidanyleaksbyorientingthesuccessivepiecessotheupperelbowordownspouttucksintothelowersection.
STEP4Nailorscrewthedownspoutssnuglyagainstthewallusingtwoflexibledownspoutbandspereach10-footsection.Ducttapewillholdthedownspoutstationarywhilefastening.
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STEP5Attachafrontorsideelbowatthebottomofthedownspout.
STEP6Finally,usedrainextensionsorsplashblockstodirectwaterawayfromthebuildingfoundation.
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261FASTENITYOURSELFGutterfastenerscomeinvariousstylesandshapes.Someoptionsincludeascrewandferrule,fasciabrackets,roofhangerswithstrap,orhiddenhangers(thetypeshownhere).Thehiddenhangersclipovertherearedgeofthegutterandthenhookbeneaththefrontlip.Eachfastenercomeswitha¼-inchhex-headscrewthatisdrivenintothefasciaboardtohangthegutter.
Pre-attachthehiddenhangersatgroundlevel,clippingthemonevery2feetalongthelengthoftheguttersection.Locateafastenerneartheendofeachguttersectioninordertominimizestressatjointlocations.
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PROTIPCOVERUPFOREASYMAINTENANCEGutterprotectionreducestheneedtoclimbaladderandscrapemuckoutofyourgutters.Theideaistopreventleavesandanyotherdebrisfromaccumulatingintheguttersystem,whichcanresultinblockageandinsomeareasleadtoicedams.Anumberofcovertypesareavailable,includinghingedlids,foam-typefillers,andproductsthatlooksimilartolargepipecleaners.
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262SETACONCRETESLABAconcreteslabisoneofthemostbasiccomponentsofmodernconstructionthroughouttheworld.Whetherit’susedasabuildingfoundation,sidewalk,patio,orafootingforanexteriorstairway,theconstructionislargelyalwaysdonebythesamemethod.
STEP1Marktheperimeteroftheslablocationwithstakesandstring.
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STEP2Calculatethetotaldepthofthefinishedslab,includingtheconcreteandthegravelbase.Concreteistypicallyappliedataminimumoftwoinches,butwerecommendathicknessofatleast4inchesformoredurability.Withthistypeofapplication,bothafineandcoarseaggregatearerequired.Weusedready-mixbagsofconcreteavailablefromthelocalhomecenter.
STEP3Digalevelexcavationtothedimensionsofyourslab,plusroomforformingboards.
STEP4Thefirstbaselayerwillconsistof5inchesofgravel.Shovelinthegravelandcompactthebeddownto4incheswithahandtamper.Besuretodigdeepenoughtoaccountforthegravelbase(about4inchesaftercompaction)plustheconcretepour(another4inches).
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STEP5Buildarectangularconcreteformusingtreated2X4s.Prosoftenuseduplexnailstobuildtheform,whichareeasytopryoutaftertheslabcures,butforamorelow-profileform,heavy-dutyscrewscanbeevenfaster.Theformsshouldframetheperimeterthatyoumarkedwiththestakesandstring.Dependingontheapplicationtheformmaynotnecessarilyhavetobelevel,butitshouldalwaysslopeslightlyawayfromanystructuresothatitcanshedwater.
STEP6Anchortheforminplaceonthegravelbedevery12to18inchesbyscrewinginstakesdriveninthegroundoutsidetheframe.Theseholdtheformssecurelysotheydon’tboworblowoutwhenfilledwiththeheavyconcrete.Withthestakesinplace,cutthetopsflushwiththeform,soyoucanuseascreedboardoncetheconcreteisadded.
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STEP7Reinforcetheslabwithagridofrebaronwirebracketsthatfloattherebaraboutmidwaydeepintheconcreteforms.Tietherebarintersectionswithwire.Cuttherebarwithagrinderorametal-cuttingchopsaw.
STEP8Mixupsomequick-dryingconcreteandthenfilltheform.Workonebucketatatimeorjustrentaconcretemixer.Spraytheformandthegravelwithwaterwhenaddingtheconcrete.Keeptheentireworkareadampthroughouttheinstallationoftheconcretesothesurroundingsdon’tleachmoistureoutoftheconcretebeforeithasproperlycured.
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STEP9Whenthemixreachesthetopoftheforms,strikeofftheexcessconcretelevelwiththetopbyscreedingitwithaverystraight2X4.Movetheedgeofthescreedboardinaside-to-sidemotionacrosstheupperedgeoftheformtocreateanevenslab.
STEP10Useawoodfloatinacircularmotiontoworktheheavyaggregatebelowtheconcretesurfaceandbringthe“cream”tothetop.Togivemoretractiontothetopoftheslab,roughenthesurfacewithabroomastheconcretecures.
STEP11Allowtheconcretetocureforafewdaysmorebeforewalkingorbuildingontopofit.Keeptheslabcoveredinplastictoretainmoisturelongerforaslow,solidcure.
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263MAKEAJOINTLargeslabs,suchassidewalksanddriveways,requireexpansionjointstopreventcracking.Ajointertoolheldagainstastraightedgewillproduceanice,straight-linegrooveintheslabsurface.Controljointsarenormallyspacedatintervalsthatareequaltothewidthofyourpour,butyoushouldavoidexceeding10feetinanydirectionwithoutajoint.Thejointshouldbecuttoatleastone-fourthofthedepthoftheslab.Controljointsinlargeslabscanalsobecutaftertheconcretecures,usingamasonrybladeinacircularsaw.
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264CUREYOURCONCRETEConcretedoesn’tgetitsstrengthfromdrying,butfromcuring.AccordingtotheexpertsattheSakretecompany,“Curingistheactiontakentomaintainmoistureandtemperatureconditionsinfreshlyplacedcementmixes,allowingthecementtothoroughlyhydrate.”Thisisdonebymistingtheconcrete,placingwetcoverssuchasburlapontheconcrete,orbycoatingwithaproductsuchasCure’NSeal.
Curingisnecessaryfortheconcretetohaveitsdesiredproperties.Rapidlossofwaterfromthesurfaceoftheconcretewillcausethetopoftheslabtocurefasterthanthebottom.Thiscanhappenduringperiodsofhightemperatureorwind.Iftheconcretecuresatdifferentrates,theslabcandevelopcracks.
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GOBEYONDTHEBASICSHereyouventureintotheworldofconstructioncraftsmanship.Thetradeprofessionalswhodo
followingprojectsdailymaketheirlivingbyapplyinghard-earnedexpertisedevelopedthroughtimeandexperience.AsaDIYer,youprobablydon’thavethe
luxuryofthatexperience.
Iknowwhatthat’slike.Ihaveahistoryofdivinghead-firstintobigprojectsandregrettingitlater.I’veshingledroofs,builtdecks,erectedfences,installedflooring,andknockedoutwalls.SomeofthosebigprojectsIhopetoneverdoagain.NowthatIhavethebenefitofexperience,IknowwhenI’vebittenoffmorethanIcanchew.Ididn’tgiveupandIdidn’tsurrender,butIhatedeverygruelingminuteoftrudgingallthewaytotheendofthoseprojects.Ialsolearnedfrommymistakes.
So,here’sthebestadviceIcanofferforlarge-scaleprojects:Proceedcarefully,researchtheprojectaheadoftime,andexpectalotofhiccups.You’llfindsomehelpfuladviceinthefollowingpages,butproductsvary,materialsevolve,andentirebookshavebeendedicatedtoparsingthedetailsofsomeoftheupcomingtopics.
Ingeneral,I’vedevelopedwhatmightappeartobeagrimprojectionformajorDIYhomeimprovementprojects:Expectmultipleunforeseenobstacles.Expectthejobtocostmorethanyouestimated.Andplanforthejobtotakeatleasttwiceaslongasyou
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think.Idon’tviewthoserulesaspessimistic,however,justrealistic,
andIbasethatonexperience.Homeimprovementisrifewithsurprises.Forewarnedisforearmedwhenyouneedtoscheduleabigprojectaroundyourday-to-daylife.
Lookatitthisway:Ifyoupreparefortheworst-casescenarioandonlythebestcomestopass,thenyou’llbeonehappyDIYerwithextratimeonyourhandstoenjoythefruitsofyourhardwork.
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265WORKWELLWITHTILETileprovideshundredsofcreativedesignoptions.Oftenmadeofceramicorstone,tileisadurablematerialforflooring,wallsandcountertops.It’savailableinavastarrayofcolors,patterns,shapes,andsizes.Tileisdurableenoughtowithstandheavyfoottrafficandcanfeasiblylastaslongasthesubstratethatsupportsit.
TOOLUPYouwillneedchalkline,ananglegrinderand/ordiamond-bladewetsaw,anotchedtrowel,agroutingfloat,acarpenter’slevel,acleansponge,amasonrybit,ahalf-roundfile,adowel,acaulkgun,abroom,and(optionally)tilespacers.
GETYOURMATERIALSYouwill(obviously)needtiles,alongwiththin-setmortarortileadhesive,grout,caulking,andtile/groutsealant.
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266PLANYOURINSTALLATIONSketchafloorplantocalculatehowmanytilesyou’llneedtopurchase,includingspecialborderfeaturesordecorativepatterns.Thickgroutlinesbetweenjointswillalsoimpacthowmanytileswillfitonthefloor.
Beforeinstallation,removeexistingfloorcoveringsandbaseboardtrim.Makeanynecessaryrepairs,suchasre-nailinganylooseboardsthatmightsqueak.Tileshouldgenerallybeinstalledonarigidunderlayment,whichresistsmovementsuchastheswellingandcontractionthatoccursinwood,whichcandamagetheinstallation.Tilecanbeinstalledoveracementfloorthatisstructurallysoundanddry.
Woodsubfloorsshouldbeaminimumof1¼-inchthick.Innewhomeconstructionwheretraditional¾-inchplywoodisusedasasubfloor,useadditionalsheetsof½-or⅝-inchcementboardtoensurerigiditybeneaththetiles.Fastenthereinforcingsheetstothesubfloor,spacingscrewsevery8inchesoncenter.
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267PREPYOURTILESSometiles,suchasnaturalstone,canvaryinthickness,sosortthoseaccordinglybeforelayingthefloor.Tilesthatarenotablythickercanposeatrippinghazardiftheedgesstickupabovethenormalplaneofthefinishedsurface.Startwiththethickesttilesandusemortaroradhesivetobuildupthethinnerones.
Checkthetilesforsurfacedamage.Setasidechippedpiecestocutforedgetiles.Colorvariesaswell;sorttilesaccordingtothepatternyouwant,andstackthemaroundtheroomstrategicallysothey’llbewithinreachduringtheinstallation.
Layoutthetilesdry,fillingthefourquadrantscreatedbythechalklinesuntilthewholefloor,apartfromtheedges,islaidinplace.Ensurethelayoutissquareandsymmetrical;correctanyerrorsbeforeinstallingwithmortar.
Cutbordertilestofitaroundtheroom’sedges,allowingatleast⅛-inchgroutjointalongthewalls.
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268GETTHERIGHTLAYOUTAstandardtilelayoutprocedureisthequartermethod,whereinyoudividetheroomintofourquarterstohelpsequencethelayout.First,measureandmarkthemidpointofallfourwalls.Snapintersectingchalklinesatthecenterpointofthesitetoformacross.Checkthatthelinesformrightangles.Layarowoftilesinadryrunalongallfourlines,allthewaytothewalls,creatingacrossoftilesinthecenteroftheroom.Startlayingthetilefromthecenterandworkyourwayoutward.
Usetilespacersifyouprefervisiblydistinctgroutjoints.Insertthespacerssotheystandupbetweenthetilesliketinyhandles.Thesecanmaintainuniformjointspacingduringlayoutandinstallation.Youmayalsoopttobuttthetilesagainsteachotherandgrouttheresultingfinejointlinebetweenthem,usingnospacers.
Typically,thedryrunwillrevealthatthelasttileagainstthewallwon’tfitinthespaceprovided.Hereyouwillneedtoadjustyouroriginalchalklinessothatthebordertilesofoppositewallswillbethesamesize,resultinginasymmetricaltilelayout.Adjustallthechalklinesand,onceagain,layoutadryrunoftilestomakesurethelayoutwillbesymmetrical.Allofthecutbordertilesshouldbethesamesizefromoneendoftheroomtotheother.Thereshouldbenoborderspacealongtheedgeofthewallsoflessthanahalftileinwidth.
Foradiagonallayout,usethecenterpointestablishedwiththequartermethodandsnapsquarelinesacrossthetwodiagonalsoftheroom,formingan“X”ontopofthecross.InstalltilesalongtheX,usingthequartermethod.
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Ensurethelinesareattruerightanglesandthatthepartialbordertilesareequalinwidth.
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269INSTALLYOURTILESThefollowingstepsexplainfloortileinstallation,buttheprocedurecangenerallybeappliedtomosttileprojects.
STEP1Liftaboutninetilesinthecorneroftheroomfurthestfromthedoor.Usingatrowelwith¼-inchnotches,spreadanevenbedofthin-setmortarovera2-by-3-footarea.Then,repositionthetilesfromthewallsinward.Reinsertspacers,ifrequired.
STEP2Presseachtiledownfirmlyortapitusingarubbermallet.Asyouprogress,useacarpenter’sleveltoensurethetilesurfaceisevenandflushwithsurroundingtiles.Usemortartobuildupbeneaththetilesasneeded.Immediatelywipethesurfacewithadampspongetoremoveanymortarfromthefaceofthetiles.Continueworkingoutwardfromthewalls,progressingtowardtheroom’sexit.
STEP3Allowtilestosetforatleast24hours.Removeanyspacersandfillthejointswithsandedgrout.(Fordelicatetilessuchasmarbleorpolishedstone,useunsandedgrouttoavoidscratchingthesurface.)Workthegroutinto
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thejointswithaspongefloat,whichhasadensefoampadonthebase.Usethefloattiltedata45-degreeangletoworkthegroutoverthetiletocompletelyfillalljoints.Wipeoffexcessgroutwithadampsponge,rinsingitfrequentlywithabucketofcleanwater.Oncethetileisfullygrouted,shapethejointsbyrunningadowelorgroutingtooloverthegroutlines.Leavejointsinfloortileasfullofgroutaspossibletoavoiddirtaccumulation.
STEP4Allowthegrouttocureovernight.Onthenextday,scrubthetileusingadamp,abrasivespongetoremovegroutresidue.Repeatthescrubbingforthenextthreedays.Ifgrouthazeremains,asolutionofvinegarandwarmwaterwillusuallyremoveit.Allowgrouttocureforaweekbeforesealing.
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270APPLYSEALANTMostceramictilesareglazedatthefactory,butsomevarietiesoftiles(suchasnaturalstoneorterracotta)maynotbeglazedandwillrequireaprotectivesealeronceinstalled.
Regardlessofyourchoiceoftile,youshouldalwaysapplysealertothegrouttokeepitfromabsorbingdirtandgrime.Doingsowillprotectagainststainsandmakeroutinecleaningmucheasier.Workthesealantoverallthegroutlinesusingasmallbrush.Removeexcesssealantandletitdryforatleastfourhoursbeforeuse.
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271MAKESTRAIGHTCUTSForsmallinstallationsofglazedtile,youcanuseasmallhandheldglasscuttertoscoreastraightlineontheglazedsurface.Placethetileoveradowelalignedbeneaththescoremark,andpressdownonbothsidesofthetiletosnapitalongtheline.
Forlargerjobs,speeduptheprocesswithasnaptilecutter.Firstmarkthecutlineonthetile.Setthetileonthecutter’sbaseplate,alignthecuttinglinewiththeguidebars,andlowerthecarbide-tippedcutterontotheline.Drawthecarbidewheelorbladeacrossthetilesurfacetoscoreit.Thenpressdownonthehandletobreakthetilealongthescoreline.
Thesetoolsonlymakestraightcutsthatextendacrosstheentiretile.Forcurvedcuts,partialcuts,oranythingirregular,you’llneeddifferenttools
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272NIPITINTOSHAPETilenippersprovideasimplewaytomakesmallpartialcutsalongtheedgeofatiletofitaroundapipeorotherobstacle.Tilenipperslookmuchlikeapairofpliersbuttakesmallbites(⅛inch)outoftile.Thesmallerthenibblesyoumake,themorecontrolyouhaveofthecut,andthelesslikelythetilewillcrackorshatterbeneaththepressureoftheblades.Practiceonascrappieceoftilebeforemakinganycriticalcutsinyourinstallation.
Thenipper’steethusuallyleaveafairlyraggededgealongthecut.Thismaynotbeanissueifthecutisgoingtobeconcealedwithaplumbingescutcheonorsimilardevice.Inanyareaswhereappearancematters,itmayhelptosmooththeroughedgeswithafile.
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273WHETYOURWETSAWWhencuttingtile,professionalswilloftenuseawetsaw:apoweredcircularbladethathasanintegratedwaterreservoir(oftenwithanelectricpump)tocoolthecuttingaction.Theseareavailableinavarietyofconfigurations:thetable-sawtype(thebladeprotrudesfrombeneaththetablesurfaceandthetileispushedoverit);thebridgeorsled-type(thebladeismountedatthetopofthetoolandcutsthetilefromabove);andportablehandheldmodels.Oversprayfromwetsawscanbemessy,sothey’retypicallyusedoutdoors.
Wetsawsaregenerallyusedwithdiamond-tippedcuttingwheelstoremoveceramicandstonematerialwithgreatprecisionandminimalheatbuildup.Whenequippedwithamitergauge,theycanmakeaccuratecutsatanyangle.
Thecircularbladeofawetsawenablesonlystraightcutting,butyoucanstilluseitforirregularcuts.Tofitatileagainstapostormolding,simplyscribetheprofileoftheobstacleonthetile,firstmakeaseriesofclosely-spacedparallelcutsuptotheprofileline,andthenuseasetofnippersto
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removethinstripsoftilebetweenthekerfs.
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274DRILLTILEANDGLASSWhenyouneedtomountfastenersintotile,glass-and-tilebitshaveanarrowhead-shapedtipdesignedforpenetratingbrittlematerials.Drillthepilotholeataslowspeedanduseaspraybottleofwatertocoolthecuttingsurface,whichhelpsdrillingperformanceandextendsthelifeofthebit.Gentlyincreasespeedandpressureasneeded.
Ifyou’regoingtobecuttinglargerholes,youcanselectfromcarbide-tippedmasonrybitsordiamond-tippedholecutters.Aswiththesmallerbits,carbidebitsshouldbelubricatedwithwatertoreduceheat.
Bycomparison,diamond-tippedholecuttersaredesignedtodrillathigherspeedsandcanevencutdry.Theywillallowyoutocreateholeswithlargerdiametersforpipeandcableaccesslocatedinthecenterofatile.
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275INSTALLMOSAICTILEMosaictileisacombinationoflittlecoloredtilesthatarecalled“tesserae,”andtheycanbeusedtomakeartisticorgeometricaldesigns.Tilesofonecolorcanbeusedforaplainlayout.Complementarycolorsareamorepopularoption;multiplecolorscanbeusedformorecomplexpatterns.Withmanysmalltilestheinstallercanuseindividualunitslikeblocksofcolorinapainting.Toskiptheassemblyofmosaictilepiece-by-piece,youcanalsouselargertilesthatconsistoftesseraeattachedtoabackinginaprearrangedpattern.Thebackingcanbecuttosizeandletsthetileseasilyadheretothefloor.
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STEP1Installcementboardovertheplywoodsubfloorandscrewitdownsecurely.
STEP2Ifyou’reusingtilesonascrimbacking,cuttosizetofittheroom’sdimensionsproperly.
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STEP3Startwithadryrunoverthecementboard.
STEP4Afterplanningyourlayout,spreadtileadhesiveontothecementboardwithanotchedtrowel.Itmayhelptouseplastictilespacerstokeepgroutjointsconsistentduringinstallation.
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STEP5Mixpolymer-modified,sandlessgroutformosaictile.
STEP6Applygrouttothetilejointswitharubberfloat,thenfinishthejoblikeastandardtileinstallation.
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276PUTINANEWFLOORFloorinstallationisabigjobdueprimarilytohowdisruptiveitcanbetoanoccupiedlivingspace.Butupgradingafinishedfloorcandramaticallyimproveahomeandaddtoitsvalue.FloorinstallationisalsoachievablebyasavvyDIYer,althoughsomemethodsareeasierthanothers.
STICKWITHSTONEToughtileandstonefloorsstanduptowaterexposure,sothey’repopularinkitchens,bathrooms,andoutdoorpatios.Ceramicandstonetilecanbepurchasedinadazzlingarrayofcolors,sizes,andstylesforvirtuallylimitlessdesignflexibility.
BERESILIENTFlexibleresilientfloorsareavailableinvinyl,linoleum,andrubberinmanycolors,styles,andpatterns.Individualtilesareeasytoworkwith,butsheetflooringcanbemoredifficulttoinstall,butisparticularlywater-resistantbecauseitcanbeinstalledwithnoseams.
TRYCARPETForwarmthandcomfort,carpetishardtobeat,andavailableinaspectrumofcolors,patterns,andpiles.Keepitclean;dirtycarpetcantrapodorsandstains.CarpetcanbeabitdifficulttoinstallforaDIYer;youneedafewspecifictools—availableforrent—butcarpetsuppliersgenerallypriceinstallationintotheproductcost.Rentingthetoolswillnotsaveyoumuchmoneycomparedtoprofessionalinstallation.Carpettiles,ontheotherhand,areeasytoinstallandmakeafinechoicefortargetedareasofthehome.
LAMINATEITApopularDIYchoiceisclick-togetherlaminateflooring,madefromhigh-densityfiberboardplankscoveredwithdecorativesheetingandaclearplasticwearlayer.Thisflooringisavailableinawidearrayofwoodappearances—cherry,walnut,beech,oak,andtonsmoreoptions.Somelaminateflooringhasrealisticwoodtexturesonthetopsurface;othershaveahigh-glossfinish,andeventilepatternsareavailable.Thesefloatingfloorsystemsaretypicallyinstalledwithtongue-and-grooveboardsthatconnectalongtheedgesandare“locked”together.Nonailsorglueareusedtofastentheboardstothesubfloor;instead,thecompletedfloorfloatslikeanassembledjigsawpuzzle,heldstationarybyweightandfriction.
STUDYENGINEERINGSimilartolaminateflooring,engineeredflooring
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featuresalayerofgenuinesolidwoodroughly⅛-inchthickadheredtoafiberboardcore.Theseengineeredproductsoffertheuniquegraincharacterofrealwood,andtheycanbesandedandrefinished(usuallyonlyonce).Theseproductsareinstalledjustthesameaslaminatefloorsbutarealsogenerallymoreexpensive.
STAYSOLIDAgenuinesolidwoodfloorcanofferatraditionallook,naturalwoodgraincharacter,andthefloorcanbesandedandrefinishedinthefuture.Realwoodflooringisgenerallymoreexpensivethanlaminate,andnailing,stapling,orgluingdowntheboardscanbechallengingtoinexperiencedDIYers.
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277PREPYOURSITEBeforeputtinginanewfloor,firstremoveanybaseboardsandshoemolding.Ifyouremovethetrimcarefully,youcanusuallyrepairitandreinstallitoverthenewfloor.Also,removetheoldfinishedflooring.(Insomecases,anexistingvinylfloorcanbeleftinplaceifingoodconditionbecauseitcanserveasaneffectivemoisturebarrier.)
Subfloorsinahomerefertothestructuralfloormaterialthatisinstalledoverthejoists;examplesinclude¾-inchplywoodandtongue-and-groovedimensionallumber.Avisiblefinishedfloorisinstalledoverthesubfloor.Thesubfloormustbestrongandcompletelylevel.Replaceanysaggingorrottenboardsandsetflushanyproudnails.
Checkforlevelandflatnesswithan8-footstraightedgelaidoutacrossthesubfloor.Mostmanufacturerswillrecommendnomorethana -inchdifferenceinheightbetweenanytwopointsinacirclewitha20-footdiameter.Smoothdentswithlevelingcompound,andplanedownanyhighspots.Youcanalsohelpreinforceasubfloororprepareaconcreteslabbynailingorscrewingdownsheetsof¼-to¾-inchplywoodtoensurealevelbase.
Afterthefloorisleveled,applyamoisturebarrierand/orunderlaymentasrequiredbytheflooringmanufacturerandtheconditionsofthejobsite.(Installthebarrierbeneaththeplywood/OSBifyouhaveinstalledalayertoreinforcethesubfloor.)
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PROTIPINSULATEABASEMENTFLOORWhenmakingabasementintoalivingspace,consideraninsulatedsubfloortoincreasetheroom’scomfortlevel.Thiswillnotonlycontrolmoistureinabasementfloor;theflooringcanalsotransfercoldfromthegroundbelowtotheroom.Somesubfloorsystemsaresoldastongue-and-grooveOSBpanelswithaddedclosed-cellpolystyreneforlessheatloss.
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278USEBARRIERPROTECTIONAnyfloorinstalledoveranunconditionedairspaceneedsavaporbarriertopreventtransferofmoisture.Forinstance,woodenfloorsoverconcreterequireanimpermeablebarrier,orelsethewoodwillbuckleandwarp.Forfloatingfloors,mostmanufacturersoftenrecommendrolledplasticsheathingina6-milimeterthickness,whichshouldbelaidacrosstheinstallationareawithtapedand/oroverlappingseams.
Anotheroptionforuseonconcretefloorsisaliquidmoisturebarrierappliedwithatrowel,whichworkswellwithglue-downfloorsinstalledoverconcrete.
Forwoodsubfloors,plasticsheathingshouldnotbeusedbecauseitcantrapmoisturewhichmayleadtomoldconditionsatthesubfloor.Instead,use15-or30-poundasphaltfeltroofingpaper,whichcanofferbreathabilityanddoesnotpromoteanymoldgrowth.Recently,hardwoodadhesivemanufacturershavealsodevelopedsealerstobeusedinglue-downinstallationsandnailedorstapledfloors.
Notethatupperfloorsarenotaffectedbymoistureanddon’trequireawaterproofbarrier.However,youshouldalwayschecktheinstructionsforyourspecificflooringbecauseabarriermaystillberequiredforthemanufacturer’swarranty.
Anunderlaymentisalayerofmaterialthatinstallsoverthesubfloorbutunderneaththefinishedflooring.Anunderlaymentcanserveavarietyofpurposes.Forexample,inatilefloor,acement-boardoraflexiblemembraneunderlaymentcanuncouplethewoodensubfloorfromtileandmortar,whichpreventscrackinginyourfloorwhenthewoodexpandsorcontracts.Afoamunderlaymentbeneathfloatingwoodorlaminatefloorscanhelppreventanyfloorsqueaks,pops,andechoes.Theseamsofanunderlaymentbutttogetherratherthanoverlaptomaintainalevelsurface.
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279INSTALLAFLOATINGFLOORInstallationmethodsforfloatingfloorsystemsarethesameforbothlaminateflooringandengineeredhardwoods.Thefirststepistolayoutyourfloorplan.Sketchtheroomonpaperandmarkthedimensions.Calculatethesquarefootagerequired,andthenorderextraflooringmaterialtoaccountforunusablecutboardsoranydamagedboardsthatmightrequirereplacementinthefuture.
Also,makenoteofthedifferenttransitionsintheroomwherethenewfloorwillmeetothertypesofflooringorexteriordoors.Theflooringsupplierwillusuallyhavetransitionmoldingsfortheseareas.
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280BEREADYTOFLOATToensurealong-lastingfloatingfloor,thereareafewimportantstepsyoushouldfollowbeforemakingtheinstallation.
Oncetheflooringisonsite,keepunopenedcartonsofplanksintheroomwheretheywillbeinstalledforatleast48hoursbeforeactualinstallation.Thisallowstheflooringtoshrinkorswellslightly,accordingtotheclimate.
Beginthejobbypreparingthesubfloorforlevelandflatness.Besuretoeliminateanysqueaks.Applyamoisturebarrierand/oranunderlaymentifnecessary.Manufacturersoftenrecommendusingfoamunderlaymentbeneathfloatingsystemstoreduceimpactnoiseandaddextracomfort.Someproductsevenhavetheunderlaymentpre-attachedtotheundersideofthefloorboards.
Preparetheroombyundercuttingallofthedoorjambsandcasingsinordertoallowroomforthethicknessofyournewflooring.Useahandsawandpullsaw,ortryapowertoolwithaflush-cutblade.Determinetheheightofthecutbyusingascrapofflooringasasawguide.Leaveanadditional¼inchofspaceconcealedbeneaththedoorframetoallowexpansion.
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281LAYTHEFLOORAfterallyourprepwork,it’sgotime!Here’showtoinstallyournewfloor.
STEP1Measuretheroom’swidthtoensurethatthelastrowofyourflooringwillbeatleast2incheswidewhenit’ssetlengthwiseagainstthewall.Dividethewidthoftheroombythewidthoftheexposedfaceoftheflooring.Theremainingnumberwillbethewidthofthelastrow.Ifthelastrowislessthan2inches,ripthefirstrowofboardsnarrowertoallowmoreroomforthelastrow,usingatablesawandripfence,orahandheldcircularsawequippedwithanedgeguide.(Ifyourbaseboardorshoemoldingwon’tconcealboththetongueandexpansiongap,ripthetonguesoffthefirstrowofboards.)
STEP2Somefloorsystems’boardshaveastandardlength;othershaverandomlengths.Ifyou’reworkingwithfloorboardsthatallmeasurethesame,laythemoutinadryrun.Ifyouhaveasliverofboardateitherendoftheroom,cutathirdthelengthoffthefirstboardtomakemoreroomforthelast.
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STEP3Assemblethefirstthreerowsofthetongue-and-grooveboardswiththetonguesonthelongedgefacingthenearestwall.Youcanassemblethemafewfeetawayfromthewalltoallowsomeroomtowork.
STEP4Theshapededgesjointogetheratananglesimilartoalockandkey.Youcanuseahammerandarubberblocktotapthesejointssecurelyintoplace.Ifyoudon’thaveahelper,youcanholddownallthepreviouslyinstalledfloorboardswithaboxofflooringasyoumovedownthefirstthreerows.Theweightoftheboxwillholdthemsecurelytothefloor,sothattheydon’tseparatewhileyouhammer-tapthenewboardsintoposition.
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STEP5Whenpossible,connectthelongjointsfirstandfollowwiththeshorterjointontheend.Thebestwayistoholdthegrooveboardflatwhileyouinsertthetongueofthejoiningfloorboardatanangle.Thenbendtheboarddownward,whichpullsthetongueintothegroove.Staggertheendjointsofadjoiningrowsbyatleast5inches.
STEP6Ifthelastboardinarowwillnotfitpreciselyintothespaceagainstthewall,cutitdowntolength.Youcanthenusetheremainderofthecutoffpiecetobeginthenextrow.
STEP7Onceyouhavegottenthefirstthreerowsfullyassembled,place¼-inchspacersagainstthewallstoallowforexpansion,andthenpushthethreerowsinplaceagainstit.
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STEP8Whenlockedinplace,theweightandrigidityofthecombinedrowswillhaveenoughstructuralintegritytoassembletherestwithoutyourneedingtoweighdowntheassembly.Continueworkingboardbyboardandrowbyrow,usingspacersagainstallwalltransitions.
STEP9Insomecases,you’llneedajigsawformakingsmallcutouts,suchasrectangularcutsaroundfloorregisters.Forsmall,roundcutoutsaroundpipes,tryadrillequippedwithahole-saw.
STEP10Attheoppositewallfromwhereyoustarted,youwon’thaveclearanceto“push”orhammer-tapthefinalrowintoplace.HooktheendoftheboardagainstthewallusinganS-shapedpullbar,andthenhammer-tap
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thestrikingplateonthepullbartoinchtheboardintotherowandfastenthetongue-and-groovejoint.Whentheflooriscomplete,takeoutallthespacersalongthewallsandreinstallshoeand/orbasemolding.
STEP11Nailthematchingfloortransitionsalongthebottomsofdoorswherethenewfloorboardsmeetotherflooringtypes.Cutthemtolengthandthennailthemflushbetweenthetwofloorareastogetasleek,finishedappearance.
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282SETASOLIDWOODFLOORSolidtongue-and-grooveflooringisaclassicoptionforhomes.Availableinhardwoodandsoftwoodvarieties,tongue-and-grooveflooringalsocomesinpre-finishedorunfinishedboards,thelatterrequiringapplicationofaprotectivesealant/topcoatafterinstallation.
Unfinishedmaterialisalesscostlyproduct,butitstillrequiresmoney,time,andefforttosandthefloorandapplyurethane.Pre-finishedfloorshaveseriousbenefitsthatareworthconsidering.First,theinstalledcostofsolid,pre-finishedwoodflooringcanrivaltheinstalledcostofbarehardwood.Althoughtheproductscostmore,theyalsohaveabulletproof,factory-appliedfinishthatwillstanduptonearlyanything.Thetrade-offisabevelbetweeneachfloorboardtohideslightdiscrepanciesinboardthickness.
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283READYTHENEWFLOORBeforeinstallingyourfloorboard,besuretoreadytheroomandmaterialsfirst.
Woodexpandsandcontractswithmoistureandtemperaturechanges;letthefloorboardsacclimateinsidetheroomwheretheyaretobeinstalledforatleast48hours.Dependingonthesizeanddesignofyournewfloorboards,precuttingthemtorandomlengthsmaymakethemeasiertomaneuverandhelptoensurearandomseriesofstaggeredjoints.
Prepthesitethesameasanyfloorproject.Removebaseboardsandshoemolding.Yoursubfloormustbeflat,dry,andlevel.Buildupminorflawswithbuildingpaper;aliquidfloorlevelermayberequiredforanybiggerdips,aswellasabeltsanderforhighspots.
Forfirst-floorinstallations,youwillrequireamoisturebarrieroverthesubfloor.Applyacoatingofliquidwaterproofmembraneoverthesubfloororslabusingarollerandletdryaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.Plasticsheetingisnotsuggested,sincenailsorstaplescanpenetrateit.Ifyouareworkingoverconcrete,useaconstructionadhesivetogluedown¾-inchmarine-gradeplywoodoverthewaterproofing.Trimdoorjambstothenewfloorheightifneeded.
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284LAYOUTTHEBOARDSGotsuppliesandroombothready?Thenit’stimetoputinyournewfloor.
STEP1Measurethewidthoftheroomanddividethespanbythewidthoftheexposedfaceoftheboards.Ifthefinalrowislessthanhalfthewidthofafullboard,considerrippingyourfirstrowoffloorboardsnarrowertosplitthedifference.
STEP2Snapachalklinealongthelongest,straightestwallintheroom.Withthegroovesideoftheboardfacingtowardthewall,predrillholesalongitswalledgeandnailittothefloorevery6inches,followingyourchalkline.Predrillingisn’tnecessaryifusinganair-poweredfinishnailer.Maintain½-
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inchspacingbetweenthewallandflooringaroundtheentireroomtoensureanadequateexpansiongap.
STEP3Ifyourflooringhastongue-and-grooveendjoints,slotthesecondboardintothefirst.Otherwise,abutitcloselytothenextboardandnailinplacealongthewall.Worktotheendofthewall,cross-cuttingthefinalboardtosize.Leavea½-inchgapagainstthewallattheendoftherow.Youcanthenusetheleftovercutofffromthefinalboardtobeginthefollowingrow.
STEP4Drivenailsata45-degreeanglethroughthetonguesofthefirstrowandintothesubfloor(called“blindnailing”).Predrillholesifhammeringthenails.Countersinkanyproudfastenerheadswithanailset.Laythefollowingrowbyslottingthegroovedendovertheexposedtongueofthefirstrow.Closethetongue-and-groovejointtightlywithahammerandrubberblock.
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STEP5Proceeddownthesecondrow,drivingnailsintothetongueevery6inches.Keeptheendjointsbetweeneachrowspacedatleast18inchesapartforarandomappearanceandtoaddrigiditytotheinstallation.Blind-nailtheentireflooror,onceyouhavelaidenoughrowstogainsomeworkingclearancefromthewall,speedupinstallationwithaflooringnailerorstapler.Ajigsawisbestwhenyouneedtonotchaboardaroundacornerormakeacutoutforaventregister.Useanelectricdrillforpipeorcableaccess.
STEP6Toinstallthefinalrow,you’llprobablyhavetouseatablesaw(orcircularsawwithripgauge)tocutofftheloweredgeofthegroovesothatthelastboardseasilydropovertheexposedtongueoftheprecedingrow.Closethejointalongthefinalrowofboardswithahammerandpull-bar(orLam-hammer).Nailandgluethelastrowinplace.
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STEP7Removespacingblocksandfillsmallgapsintheflooringwithmatchingwoodfiller.Afteritdries,sandandfinishthefloortoyourpreference(ifitisrequired),thenreinstallbaseboardsandmolding.
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285BERESILIENTVinyltileistheeasiestresilientflooringoptionforaDIYertoinstall.Availableinarainbowofcolors,textures,patterns,andappearances,thematerialcanmimicothermoreexpensivematerialsforafractionoftheprice.
Althoughit’sscratch-resistant,easytoworkwith,andcanalsoeasilybetrimmedusingasharputilityknife,vinylflooringdoeshaveitspitfalls.It’snotasdurableaslaminate,anddogpawshavebeenknowntodamagethesurface.Adhesive-backedvinylplanksandtileshavebeenavailableforyears,butsomeofthecheapervarietiesarenotoriousforcomingungluedaftertheirinstallationandslidingapartunderfoot,openinguglyjointsinthefloor.Forthisreason,speaktoyoursupplierandresearchyouroptionstofindaqualityproductfromareputablemanufacturer.
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286GETITREADYPreparingtolayvinylflooringismuchlikeotherflooringprojects.Ensuretheexistingflooriscompletelycleanandfreeofdebris.Vinyltilesareverythin,andanysmallobjectsthataretrappedbeneaththeinstallationwillbevisibleonthesurface.Likewoodflooring,thematerialshouldbestoredonsiteatroomtemperaturepriortoinstallation.Anywoodsubfloorsshouldbeleveledusing¼-inchmarine-gradeplywood.Concreteslabscanbesmoothedwithlevelingcompound.
Themethodofinstallationvariesamongvinylflooringproducts.Somesystemshavetilesthatbuttagainstoneanotherandgluedirectlytothesubfloor.Someproductsaregluedtothesubfloor,buttheindividualtilesareinstalledalongwithtilespacerstoensureaconsistentgroutjoint.Othersystemshaveadhesiveedgestripsthatgluevinylplankstoeachotherratherthantothefloor,creatingafloatingfloorsystem.
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287FLOATAVINYLFLOORForvinylplanksthatresemblewoodflooring,snapachalklinealongthestraightestwallintheroom,andinstalltheplanksalongitasyouwouldwithawoodfloorinstallation.
STEP1Someofthesesystemscreateafloatingfloor,butusedouble-sidedacrylictapeatthefirstedgetohelpholdthefirstrowsstationaryduringinstallation.
STEP2Toinstall,justremovethepaperbackingfromtheadhesivestrips,alignthestripsbetweenoneplankandtheother,andpressintoplacetoclosethejoints.
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STEP3Thethinvinylplankscaneasilybecutasneededwithautilityknife.Apairofaviationsnipsworkswellformakinganysmallcutsaroundtrim.Someprofessionalsrecommendusingahairdryertowarmtheadhesiveedgesalongthenewlyjoinedseamstohelpmeltthegluetogether,givetheplanksatighterbond,andalsomakethevinyltilesmorepliableandeasiertocut.
STEP4Completetheinstallationbyrollingthesurfaceusingavinylfloorroller,availableatanyrentaloutlet,whichhelpstopressallthejointstogethertoassisttheadhesivebondwhilealsoensuringallseamslayflat.
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288PEELANDSTICKITStick-downtileisatypethathastheappearanceofgenuinestone.Withsomecarefulplanningandgroutedjoints,youcaninstallanewvinylfloorwithaclassiclookfasterandeasierthanusingthin-setmortarandceramicorstonetile.
STEP1Youcaninstallvinyltilesoverexistingflooring,butit’sbesttojustinstalloverabaresubfloor.Ensurethatthesurfaceiscompletelysmooth.Sweepthefloorseveraltimesandwipewithadampclothtoremovealllooseparticles.Forthebestadhesivebond,coatthesubfloorwithmultipurposefloorprimerusingalong-handledpaintroller.Allowtheprimertodryaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.
STEP2Snapintersectingsquarechalklinesandarrangethetilesintoadrytest-fitinstallationasyouwouldforaceramictilefloor.Shiftthelayouttoavoidsmallslivertilesattheedges,androtatetilestoavoidrepeatingpatternsiftheymimicthelookofnaturalstone.Also,considerplacementofthetilesinthedoorwayoftheroom.Themajorityofhomeownerspreferafulltileinthemiddleoftheentranceifpossible.
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STEP3Removethepaperbackingfromthetilesandinstalltheminplaceonebyone.Simplypresstheadhesivesidefirmlytothesubfloor.Pressdowntheinstalledtileswithyourbodyweightorarollertoensurefirmadhesion.Fillinonequadrantofthecrosspatternatatime.Useplastictilespacerstokeepallthejointsthesamesize.Thesecomeindifferentsizes,butsmall⅛-inchjointsprovidelessgroutsurfacetocollectdirtandgrime.
STEP4Tilesattheendoftherowwillhavetobefitted.Placethetiletobetrimmedoverthelastfulltile,flushwithallfouredges.Then,placeanotherfulltileagainstthewallandmarkacutlinewherethetilesoverlap.Unlikeceramicorstone,noheavy-dutypowertoolsarerequiredtocutvinyltile.Allyouneedisasharputilityknifeandastraightedgetoguidethecut.Tofitaroundobstacles,makeapatternonpaperorcardboard,traceitsoutlineonthetile,andcuttoshape.
STEP5Groutthejointsasyouwouldanyothertileinstallation,withaready-to-use,premixedsandedacrylicgroutformulatedforvinyltile.Spreadgroutdiagonally,holdingasharp-edged,rubbergroutfloatata45-degreeangletothejoint.Pressfirmlytocompletelyfillthejoint.Removeexcessgrout,usingtheedgeasyouwouldasqueegee.Angledstrokeshelppreventthefloatfromdiggingintothefilledjointsandpullingoutthegrout.
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STEP6Removegrouthazeasyouwork,usingaspongeandabucketofwater.Keepanytrafficoffofthefinishedsurfaceforatleast24hoursofdrying,andthenuseaspongeandwatertoremovethefinalremaininggrouthaze.Sealthegroutafter72hoursinordertomakethejointseasiertoclean.
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289BUILDADECKDecksarebuiltwithbasicframeconstructionandareapopularDIYproject.Takethetimetothoughtfullydesignyourdeckforitsintendedpurpose,area,andenvironment—andinaccordancewithlocalbuildingcodes.Withproperplanning,theprojectshouldgosmoothlyandyou’llhaveawell-builtdeckthatwilllastformanyyears.
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290CONSIDERYOURDESIGNBuildingmethodsfordeckshavechangedovertime,soyoushouldbeawareofthatfactwhenyoudesignone.Deckjoists,whichstraddlethesidesofasupportpost,arenolongerapprovedbytheInternationalBuildingCode,andtheyshouldbesupportedbyaload-carryingbeam—ormultiplebeams.
Theentirestructureofthedeckmustbebuiltsturdyenoughtosupporteverythingaboveit,includingpeopleandfurnishings.Therefore,decksthataresupportingheavyitems,suchashottubs,willrequireadditionalreinforcementframing.Checkwithyourlocalbuildingofficialforspecificconstructionguidelines,lumbersizerequirements(differentwoodspecieswillhavedifferentstrengths),andjoistspanlimitationsinyourarea.
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291LEADWITHALEDGERBOARDOnceyou’vedoneathoroughjobofdesigningyourdeck,you’rereadytobeginbuilding.
STEP1Constructionusuallystartswiththeledgerboard,thepiecethatanchorsthestructuretothehouse.Thiswillalsoestablishyourdecklengthandheight(soaccountforthethicknessofthebuildingmaterial).Theledgerboard,joists,andbeamwillsupporttheweightofthedeck,souse2X8sor2X10s,dependingonthesizeofthedeckyouplantobuild.
STEP2Makesuretheledgerislevelandfastenitwithlagboltsorheavy-dutystructuralscrews(½-inchdiameterwithwashers)thatattachtoyourhome’srimjoist(somesidingmayneedtoberemoved).Or,useexpansionboltsifyouareattachingittoaconcretefoundation.
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STEP3Theledgerboardneedstohavecontinuousflashinginstalledaccordingwithyourbuildingcodetopreventanywaterpenetrationintothehouse.Theflashingshouldalsolapupthehousewallbehindtheexteriorsiding.
STEP4TheInternationalResidentialCoderequiresadecksupportedbyanadjacenthousetobebuiltwitha“positiveattachment”tothehouseframingtohelpresistlateralloads.Checkthelocalcodesforrequirementsinyourarea.SimpsonStrong-Tieoffersadecktension-tieforattachingadecktoahomethatmeetsthelatestcodestandards.TheDTT1Zdecktension-tiefastensfromoutsidethehouse,allowingthefourrequired750-poundlateralconnectorstobefastenedtothestructuralframingmemberswithinthehouse.Thistieisscrewedtoeitherthenarroworwidefaceofasingle2Xjoist.Afterward,alonghexscrewwithanintegralwasherattachesthetension-tietothesupportingstructurewithaminimumof3inchesofpenetration.
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292GETTHERIGHTLAYOUTYoucanestablishthelayoutofyourdeckbyusingstringandwoodstakestodeterminewheretolocatethesupportingconcretepiersandsupportposts.
STEP1Drivestakes(orbatterboards)ateachcorner,abouttwofeetfartherthanthebeamwillbeawayfromthehouse.Attachastringtoeachstakeandattachtheoppositeendstotheledgerboard.Makesurethestringsaresquaretotheledger-boardusingthe3-4-5method.
STEP2Drivetwonewstakesabout2feetoutsidethefirstsetofstringsatthedesiredlocationforthebeam(alsocalledagirder).Attachathirdstringbetweenthetwonewstakesandparalleltotheledger-board.Atthepointwherethestringsintersect,checkforsquarebymeasuringdiagonallyfromtheintersectionofthestringstotheoppositecorneroftheledgerboard,thenchecktheotherdiagonalmeasurement;theyshouldbethesame.Movethestakesuntiltheoutlineiscompletelysquare.
STEP3Useaplumbbobonthebeam-layoutstringtomarkthecenterpointsofthedeck’ssupportposts.Beamscanoverhangthepostsamaximumof1foot.Spacingofyourpostswillbedeterminedbylocalcodes,joistsize,beamsize,andwoodspecies.Forexample,ifthedeck’sjoistsizeis2X6,andyouuseadoubled2X6beam,maximumpostspacingisusually6feet(forwoodssuchasSouthernPineandHem-Fir).Adeckwith2X8joistsandabeammadeoftwo2X10swillhavemaximumpostspacingof8feet.Consultalumberdealeroranengineerfordesignassistance;whenindoubt,alwaysover-build.
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293GETGOODFOOTINGDeckpostsshouldbesupportedbyconcretepierfootings.Thefootingholedepthwillbedeterminedbyyourlocationandfrostline.
STEP1Checkwithlocalbuildingcodestofindouthowdeepyou’llneedtodigtopreventfrostheave.Digaholetothatdepth,14to24inchesinwidth.
STEP2Mixconcreteandfillthefootinghole.Tube-shapedcardboardfootingformscanhelpkeeptheconcreteinacylindricalshape.
STEP3Insertan8-inchJ-boltintothecentersofeachofyourwetconcretefootings,leavingenoughthreadedrodexposedtomountametalpierbracket.Oncetheconcretedries,attachthebrackettotheboltwithawasherandnut.
STEP4Useasupportpostsizeofatleast6X6that’smadeoftreatedlumberandintendedforgroundcontact.Placethepostintothebracket,plumbandsquareit,thenfasteninplacewithgalvanizednails.
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294INSTALLYOURFRAMINGAfteryourpostsareset,youneedtocreatetheframinguponwhichyou’llbuildtheflooringofyourdeck.
STEP1Determinetheanticipatedsurfaceheightofyourdeck,thenmeasuredownward,subtractingthethicknessofthedeckingandtheheightofthejoistsandbeam.Transferthismeasurementtothepoststodeterminewheretocutthemtoacceptthebeam.Astringlevelhelpsmeasureoverlongerdistances.Insomecasesyoushouldengineeraslightslopetothedecktopitchdownwardawayfromthehouse,especiallyifyourdeckingmaterialcouldcollectwater.
STEP2Afterthepostsarecut,installthebeamontothesupportposts(andparalleltotheledgerboard)withmetalpostbracketstopreventupliftandlateraldisplacement.Beamscanoverhangthepostsouttoamaximumof1foot.Allthehardwareandfastenersshouldbehot-dipgalvanizedorstainlesssteel.
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STEP3Deckbeamsthataremadeof2Xtreatedwoodshouldbefastenedtogetherusingstaggeredrowsof10dgalvanizednailsor#10woodscrews.Ifnecessarytospliceboardstoformthebeam,staggerthesplicesandlocatethejointsoverthebeams.
STEP4Installthesidejoistsontotheledgerboardusingmetaljoisthangers.Ensurethatthejoistsaresquaretotheledgerboardandmountthemtothebeamwithmetalhardware.Thejoistscanterminateatthebeamorcantilever(overhang)byacoupleoffeet,accordingtospanlimitations.
STEP5Marklocationsalongthebeamfortherestofthejoistsandinstall
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themusingmetalhardwaretoresistupliftandlateralmovement.Joistsaretypicallyinstalled16inchesoncenter(closerspacingmayberequiredforsomedeck-boardsystems.)
STEP6Ifjoistlengthsvary,snapachalklineovertheendsandcutthemtothesamelength.Fastenarimjoistovertheendsandflushwiththetopedgesusingmetaljoisthangers.Doubleupontherimjoiststoaddstrengthandstability.
STEP7Tohelpstabilizemovementinadeckframe,youcanplacealongdiagonal2X4braceacrosstheundersideofthejoists.Alternatively,useperpendicularblockingbetweenthejoists,cutfromthesamesizelumberasthedeckjoists;or,installdiagonal2X4bracesfastenedontothesupportpostsandtheadjacentframingmembers.
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STEP8Constructhandrailandstairsystemsbeforeinstallingthedeckboards.Handrailpostsmustbeboltedtothedeck’sframingmembersaccordingtobuildingcode.
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295GETONDECKAdeck’ssurfacecanbemadefrompressure-treatedwood,PVC,wood-plasticcomposite,cedar,cypress,oranexotichardwoodsuchasipe—thereareevenaluminumdecksystemsavailable.Eachmaterialhasadifferentsetofadvantages:Someofferthegenuinewoodgrainthatyouwillonlyhavewithanaturalproduct,whileothersmayoffercoolhidden-fastenersystemsapre-finishedappearance,andminimalmaintenancerequirements.Researchyourmaterialoptionscarefully,andexplorethemaintenanceissuesassociatedwitheach,aswellasthecostoftheproduct(whichcanvarygreatly).
Asyoubegininstallingthedecking,besuretheboardisfastenedperfectlystraight,becausealloftherestofthedeckingwillrunfromthisboard.Keepthedeckingatleast½inchfromthehouse.Attachtheboardsusingfastenersthatarerecommendedbythemanufacturer.Centerjointsoverajoistoradd2Xblockingsothatyoucanattachbothendssecurely.Separatethedeckboardsapproximately to⅛inchtoallowforexpansionandcontraction.Asyouareinstallingthedeckboards,allowthemtorunlongovertheouterjoists.Whenalloftheboardsareinstalled,snapachalklineacrosstheendsandtrimallofthedeckingatonceusingacircularsaw.
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296ADDRAILINGSTOYOURDECKFordecksmorethan30incheshigh,railingsareacriticalsafetyfeaturethatarerequiredbybuildingcodes.Variouscoderequirementswilldictatehowtoconstructahandrailsystem;consultyourlocalbuildinginspectorforanyspecificclarification.
Generally,thepostsshouldbeaminimum4×4size,andbesolidlyanchoredtothedeckjoistandtherimjoistofthestructure.Useapairof½-inchthrough-boltsandametaltension-tiefortheupperboltconnection.Postsshouldbespacednomorethan6feetapart.Railscanusuallybebuilt36to42incheshigh(checklocalcodesforguidance).
Buildingadeckgivesyouampleopportunitytocustomizeitwithapersonaltouch,andthehandrailsareanopportuneplacetoaddtothedécor.Designsandmaterialsvarygreatly.Postsmadeoftreated4X4lumberaretypicallyusedforstructuralstrength,andtheycanbestained,sealedandleftexposed,ortheycanbesheathedinaPVCsleeveandintegratedintoasleekvinylrailingsystem.Railsandbalustersareoftenmadeofwood,andyoucaninstallmetalbalusters,steelcable,orevenglasspanelsbetweentheposts.
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297SELECTYOURSTAIRSYSTEMStairs,stringers,andguardrailsmustmeettheIRCdesignandstrengthrequirementsfortreadheightandopening/spacingrequirements.Thestepsshouldhaveaconsistenttreaddepthwitha7¾-inchmaximumriserheight.(Adeviationof⅜inchisallowedbycodebutshouldbeavoided.)
Ifthestairshaveopenriserstheyshouldnotleta4-inchdiameterspherepassthroughthem.Justaswiththemaximumspacingforbalusters,thisisintendedtopreventsmallchildrenfromgettingstuckorfallingthrough.
Stairlandingsmustbeatleastaswideasthestairandatleast3feetdeep.Usuallymadefromblockorconcrete,thelandingmustprovideasafeexitfromthestairandmaynothaveaslopemorethan¼inchperfoot.
Layingoutthestaircaseisthefirststep.Thepitchofyourstairswilllargelybedeterminedbytheriseandrunyouneedtotraversetoreachthelanding,factoredwithacomfortabletreadandriserheightthatadherestolocalcodes.
Anotherfactorinthepitchofyourstairsmightbethehandrailsystem.Whereasyoucancustom-buildyourhandrailstotheslopeofyourpreference,purchasedsystemsusuallyonlyworkinalimitedrangeofpredeterminedangles(suchas30to35degrees).Theserequirementsneedtobeaccountedforwhendesigningthestairlayout.
Stairlayoutcanbeverycomplicated.MeasuringanddesigningthestringerscanbesuchachallengeforDIYers;homecentersusuallyoffer
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precutstringersforsale.Metalconnectorscanbeusedtoconnectthestairstringerstothedeckframe.Codetypicallyrequiresthatstairsbesupportedbystringersspacednogreaterthan2feetapartoncenter.
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298CONSIDERYOUROPTIONSIfyoudon’twantahandrailbuiltfromwood,youhaveplentyofotheroptions.Deckrailingsystemsarealsoavailableinmetal,composite,andPVC.Thesystemsvaryinmethodofinstallation,soresearchyouroptionscarefullywhenselecting.
SLEEVEITSomerailingsystemshaveaPVCsleevetoslipovera4X4treatedpost.ThePVCprotectshepostfromweatherexposureandprovidesasleekmatchingappearancetoavinylbaluster-and-railsystem.
MAKEITSOLIDOthersystemsutilizeametalnewelpostinsideahollowPVCpostsleeve,whichisthenfilledwithconcrete.
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LOOKTHROUGHTHEGLASSGlassbalustersareavailableforahigh-endlookthatoptimizesvisibility.
MAKEITMODERNForacontemporarystylewithnighttimeillumination,considerastainlesssteelcablesystemwithLEDaccentlights.
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299MAKESTAIRSSIMPLERAnotherDIY-friendlyalternativeforstairwayconstructionistoavoidusingprecutnotchedstringersandinsteadsimplyscrewonL-shapedmetalstairbracketstosupportthesteps.Thebracketseliminatetheneedtocutstairnotchesandreducethemeasuringandmarkingasyoufastenthemtothefullstringerboards.
STEP1FastentheL-shapedstairbracketstothestringerboards.
STEP2Mountthestringerstoboththedeckandlanding.
STEP3Installthetreadsoverthetopsofthestairbrackets.
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300BUILDAFENCEAfencecandoalotforalandscape:dividepropertylines,boosthomeequity,addtooutdoordécor,andsafelycontainanimals.
Therearelotsofoptionsformaterialsanddesign.Fencebuildingmaterialscanvary,frommetalandwoodtovinylandwood-plasticcomposites.Foraneasy-to-buildfence,youmightconsiderusingpre-assembledpanelstodramaticallyreducebuildingtime.
Ifyouryardissloped,tokeepthepaneltopslevelyou’llhavetostaggerthepanelheightswheretheyarefastenedontotheposts.Ifyouryardhasasignificantgrade,thesestaggeredpanelswillcreategapsatthebottomofthefence.
Analternativeisaprivacyfencethat’sbuilttocloselyfollowthegradeoftheyard.Youcaninstallthepicketsalongonesideofthefence,orputinashadowbox-stylefence,whichalternatesthepositionofthepicketsfromonesideofthestringertotheother.
Treatedwoodisoftenchosenforframinglumber.Postscanbemadeof8-foot4X4s,andthehorizontalstringers(alsocalledfencerails)canbemadeoutof8-foot2X4s.Thetreatedpostsshouldbeapprovedforgroundcontact.
Forthefenceboards(orpickets),usetreatedwoodoraspeciessuchascedarorredwoodthathasnaturalpreservativeoilstoresistinsects,decay,andchemicalcorrosion.
Setthepostswithfast-settingconcretesoldinready-mixbags.Simplypourthemixstraightoutofthebagintotheposthole.Oncethepostisburied,pouraboutagallonofwaterper50-poundbagoverthedrymix,whichthencuresinabout30minutes.Useroughly1½bagsperpost.
Fastenallconnectionswithhot-dippedgalvanizednailswithringedshanksforextraholdingpower.Besureyourfastenersareapprovedforexterioruseinchemicallytreatedlumber.
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PROTIPTELLASTORYPreventrepetitivemeasurementswithastorypole.Makeonebymarkingeachstringerheightonascrappieceofwoodwithmaskingtape,thenplacethepolealongsideeachpost.Usethetapetodetermineeachstringerlocationandmarkitwithpencil.
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301PLANYOURLAYOUTBeforebuildingafence,checkwithlocalofficialsregardingbuildingcodesandnecessarypermits.(Someneighborhoodsmightalsohavetheirownarchitecturalguidelinesor“covenants”thatrestrictdesign.)Double-checktobesurethatthelocationofyourproposedfenceisnotonaneighbor’sproperty.Beforedigging,alwaysdial811nationallytogetanyundergroundutilitylines,cables,andpipesmarkedforfree.
Withinlocalcodelimitations,theheight,décor,andtrajectoryofyourfencewillbeuptoyou,andmaybedictatedbyotherobstaclesinyouryard,suchastreesandsheds.
STEP1Markyourfencelayoutwithstakesandtwine.
STEP2Pullthelinetightlybetweencornerstakes,thenstakeitintermittently
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alongthefenceperimetertokeepthestringtightandstraight.
STEP3Walktheperimeterwithatapemeasureandspray-paintalarge“X”topinpointtheplacementofeachfencepost.Postsareusuallyspaced6to8feetoncenter.Thecloserthefenceposts,thestrongerthefence.Thismeasurementisalsocrucialforthesakeofyourmaterials,asdimensionallumberissoldinstandardsizes.Ifyourpostsareaccidentallyspaced8feet,1inchapart,an8-footboardwillbetooshort.Inthatevent,youwouldhavetopurchasea10-footboardandcutoff1foot,11inchestocreatealongenoughstringer,whichisawasteofmaterial.
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302DIGDEEPGenerally,youshoulddigholesforfencepostsdeepenoughtoburyathirdoftheoveralllengthoftheposts(atleast2feetdeep).Godeepenoughtosetthepostbelowthefrostlinetoavoidfrostheaving;diganextra4to6inchesdeeperthanthedesiredpostdepthforagravelbedbeneaththatpostfordrainage.
Prepareforlotsofdigging.Atraditionalwayiswithamanualclamshelldiggerandtrenchshovel.Getsomehelptospeedthingsup,andrentatwo-manpoweredaugerfordigging.
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PROTIPGIVETHEMASOAKWhileyou’redigging,soakthebasesofyourpostsinwatersealer.Placeabout4postsuprightinatallbucketallatonce.Theirmassdisplacesthewater,whichrisestothetopofthebucket,thussoakingthebottomsoftheposts.Aftersoakingthemforaboutanhour,rotatefournewpostsintothebuckettosoak.
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303POSTUPPostsarethebackboneofyourfence,soinstallthemrighttoensureastrongconstruction.
STEP1Beginbysettingallthecornerpostsfirst.Haveahelperholdthepostuprightwhileyouuseahandleveltomakesureitisplumbonthegravelbed.Apostlevelisalsohelpful,becauseitfreesupyourhandsbystrappingaroundthepostwhileplacinglevelvialsontwoadjacentsides.
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STEP2Oncethepostisplumblefttorightandbacktofront,thenbraceitinplace.Ifyouhaveahelper,theycanholditinpositionwhileyouaddconcrete.Alternatively,nailscraplengthsofwoodextendingfromtheposttothegroundtoactasmovablebraces,withthenailsservingaspivotpointsforadjustment.Plumbandsquarethepost,adjustthebracestoholditsteady,thenaddconcrete.Useasledgehammertopoundthepostsintothegroundoncesurroundedbyconcrete,thenrecheckforplumb,adjustingasneededonceagain.Leavethebracesonwhiletheconcretesets.
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STEP3Oncethecornerpostsareset,fastenastringbetweenthemtoguideplacementoftheremainingposts.Keepthelineontheoutsidefaceofthepostsandsecureittightly.Settherestoftheposts,keepingtheiroutsidefacesplumbandlinedupexactlywiththestring.
STEP4Pourdry,fast-settingconcretemixintotheposthole.Thenjustaddwater;nomixingisrequired.Ifyou’reusingstandardconcretethatshouldbepremixed,youcanmixsmallbatcheswithawheelbarrowandshovelorhoe,followingthemanufacturer’sinstructionsfortherequiredamountofwater.Allowthepoststoset.Oncetheconcreteishardened,coveritwithdirtandslopetheearthawayfromtheposttodivertwater.
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304STRING’EMUPWithyourpostsproperlyset,yournextobjectivewillbetoplacethestringers.
STEP1Forastandard6-foottallfence,positionthebottomstringer10inchesupfromthegroundandspacetheothertwostringersevenlyapart.Youmayneedtoalterplacementdependingontheheightofyourfence.
STEP2Youhaveavarietyofoptionsforattachingyourstringers,suchasface-nailing,mortiseandtenonjoints,ortoe-nailing.Forashadowboxfence,stringersaretoe-nailedbetweenpostsbydrivingatleasttwonailsintothesideandonenailthroughthetopofthestringerandsolidlyintothepost.
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STEP3Ifyou’retoe-nailingstringersthatfollowaslope,cutthematamitertofitflushbetweentheplumbposts.First,buttthesquareendofoneuncutstringeragainstthepenciledlocationonyourleft-handpost.Holdthatendfirmlyagainstthepostwhileyoupositiontheotherendofthestringertooverlaptheright-handpostatthepencilmarks.Markthestringer,usingthepostasapencilguide,andthenremovethestringerandtakeittothecuttingtable.Useananglefindertotransferthatangletotheleft-handendofthestringer.Beforecuttingthemiters,recheckthepost-to-postmeasurementtoensureyoudon’tcuttooshort;remembertoaccountforthe⅛-inchwidebladekerfofacircularsaw.
STEP4Expectalotofnailing.Aframingnailgun(eitherair-poweredorcordless)canreallybeahugehelp.Use3-inchhot-dippedring-shanknailsforallframingmembers.
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STEP5Withallstringersinplace,cutthetopsofthepostswithareciprocatingsawsothey’reallthesameheight.Cutthepostsinamannerthatdivertswaterfromstandingatoptheposts,whichcouldcontributetorot.Youcancutpyramid-likecrowns,coverthemwithpostcaps,orjustslicethemoffatanangle.
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305GOPICKETINGWithpostsandstringersdone,it’stimefortheboardsofyourfence.Attachthepicketssecurelyagainstthestringers.Forashadowboxinstallation,cutaspacingblockslightlynarrowerthanthewidthoftheboards,sotherewillbeaslightdegreeofoverlapamongthealternatingpickets.
Placethefirstboardalongthecornerpostandusea4-footleveltofindplumb.Nailithome,usingtwonailsperstringerlocation.Positionthespacingblock nexttothefirstpicketandthenplacethesecondpicketagainstit.Driveinonenailatthetopstringer.Usethatnailasapivotwhileyoufindplumb,thennailthatpickethomeaswell.Followsuitallthewaydownthestringer,spacingeachpicketwiththeblock.Ifyourfenceboardsvarysomewhatinheight,keepaneyeonthetopssothattheylineupconsistently,adjustingtheirplacementagainstthegroundifnecessary.
Forshadowboxinstallation ,onceyoureachthenextpost,returntothefirstpostontheoppositesideofthestringer.Centerapicketacrossfromeachspaceprovidedbythespacingblocktomakethealternatingpicketstyle.Installtheboardsinthesamemanner—spacing,plumbing,andnailing.
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Ifyoupreferthepickettopstofollowastraightlinebetweenposts,walkthefenceandlocatethehighandlowspotsbeforeinstalling.Tackpickets(preferablyattheposts)toeachofthosehighorlowpoints.Startanailinthetopofthosepickets,stringinglinebetweenthemtoguidepicketalignmentasyougo.
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306MAKEABIGFINISHYourfenceshouldbeprotectedwithagoodwaterproofsealer.Althoughtimeconstraintsandinclementweatherdon’talwaysallowit,it’smucheasiertopre-applythefinishtothefencecomponentsbeforeconstruction.Also,pre-finishingtheboardsgrantsaccesstoallsidesofthepicketsandstringersthatmightotherwisebeinaccessibleoncebuilt.Useastain/sealerproductofferedbyareputablemanufacturertohelpprotectagainstrotting,waterdamage,andUVrays.
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307GIVEYOURFENCEAGATEThisfenceshownhastwogates:asingle-doorgateandatwo-doorgateforapickuptruck.
It’sagoodideatopurchasethebeefiesthingehardwareavailableatthehardwarestore,becausegatehingesarenotoriousforfailureovertime.Installaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.Toconstructthedoors,fastenallpicketsontheoutsideofthestringerstoprovideasolidplanetomountthegatehinges.
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Whenconstructingthegatedoors,useamplebracing.Forlargedoors,passontheconventionalZ-shapedbracinginfavorofadouble-Z.Buildeachdoorwiththree2X4crossbracesperpendiculartothefencing,connectedbytwodiagonalbraces,withthefenceboardsnailedintoeachbracetheycross.
Correctlyconstructingyoursupportpostsisalsocritical.Youwillgetmorestabilityfrom6X6postsratherthan4X4s.Anchoreachpostwithaconcretefooting.Burythepostinthegroundtoathirdofitsheight.Addextrastrengthatthebaseofthetwopostsbyinstallingahorizontalpostflushbetweenthetwo,oruseapouredbridgeofconcrete,tokeepbothpostsfrompullingtowardeachotheratthebottomduetotheweightofthegatedoors.
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308SHELVEITBuilt-inshelvingrequiresopeningupawallandthenconstructingabasicshelfcaseinsidethespace.
Beforeremovinganywallstuds,besurethatthewallisnotload-bearing.Exteriorload-bearingwallsaren’tappropriateforbuilt-incasesbecauseremovalofthewalleliminatesinsulation(andwouldrequireconstructionofaload-bearingheader).Ifyouwanttolocateshelvesoveraload-bearingwall,thenbuildthecaseoverthestudslikeapieceoffurniture.Forquickvisualreferencematerialasyouwork,trysketchingyourdesignonpaperordiagramitonacomputer.
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309DEMOLISHAWALLBeforecuttingintoawall,disconnectelectricalpowerincaseyouaccidentallyrunintoawire.
STEP1Outlinetheplannedshelfonthewallusingpainter’stape,aT-square,andapencil.
STEP2Sealofftheworkareawithlargevinylsheetingfordustcontrol.
STEP3Cutthroughthewallboardforaccesstothestuds.Prythewallboardoffthestudswithaflatbar.
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STEP4Trytoremoveallthewallboardinlargesectionstominimizedustanddebris.
STEP5Useamulti-toolwithaflush-cutbladetocutthroughthenailsholdingthewallboardagainstallthestudsontheoppositesideofthewall.Thenremovethewallstudsfromtheareawhereyouwanttobuild.
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310CREATEACASEWithyouropeningready,it’stimeforthecase.
STEP1Cutacoupleoftheoldstudsastrimmerstuds,whichwillframethenewshelves.Makesuretoinstallthestudsperfectlyplumb.
STEP2Installplywoodbackingovertheexposeddrywall.AttachitusingacombinationofLiquidNailsconstructionadhesiveandsomestrategicallyplaceddrywallscrews.(Don’tscrewthroughthedrywallifithasavisiblefinishedside.)
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STEP3Useasfewscrewsasyoucantominimizewood-puttyrepairs.Clamptheplywoodinplacewhiletheadhesivedriesbytackingontemporary2×4cleatsalongtheedges.
STEP4Forthefoundation,screwtogether2×4studmaterialinarectangularboxandstrengthenitwithblocking.This“toe-kick”boxraisesthebottomshelfafewinchesoffthefloorandmakesroomfordecorativebasemoldingatthebottom.Screwtheboxintothelowerplywoodpanel.
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STEP5Theseshelvesaredesignedwith1¼-inchnosing(½inchoverhangingthe¾-inchshelves),sofastenalayerof½-inchplywoodovertheboxtoraisethebottomshelf.
STEP6Installthesidepanels.Mountthemintothetrimmerstudswith3-inchself-countersinkingscrews.Thesidesmustbeperfectlyplumbandsquaretotheback.Thesidescanbemadefrom¾-inchsolidwoodorplywood.
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STEP7Puttyandsandallfastenerholes.Stainorprime/paintthecasebeforeaddingtheshelves.Applypaintwithafoamroller,whichachievesthoroughcoveragewithoutleavingbrushmarksorthestipplingeffectofarollernap.
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311MAKEYOURSHELVESShelvesareoftenconstructedofstain-grade¾-inchplywoodorsolidwood.Nosingoredgingcanbeaddedtotheedgeofplywoodshelvestoachievethelookofsolidwood.
STEP1Riptheshelvestowidthandlengthusingatablesaworacircularsawequippedwitharippingguide.Ifadding¾-inchnosing,cuttheshelves¾inchnarrowerthanthesidesofthecasetoleaveroom.Ripthe¾-inchsolidwoodnosing(1½incheswideinthiscase),andcutitatlengthtomatchtheshelves.Youcanattachtheshelvestothebackofthecasewithpocketholes,theneachcanbesupportedfrombeneathwithahorizontalcleat.Screwsdrivenintoeachendwillprovideextrasupportatthesides.
STEP2Decideifthepocketholeswillgoonthetoporbottomoftheshelves.Forthetop,you’llneedwoodplugstohidethescrews.Ifyouchoosethebottom,theshelveswon’thaveasmuchholdingpowerwiththescrewheadsangleddownward(butsupportcleatsshouldsolvetheproblem).Useapocket-holejigtoguideasteppeddrillbit,spacingthepocketholes12to18inchesapartalongthesidesandback.
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STEP3Finish-sandtheshelvesinthedirectionofthewoodgrain,progressingtofinerpapertoatleast220-grit.Dustwithatackcloth,thenapplywoodstainandpolyurethanesealer.
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312INSTALLTHESHELVESNowthatyou’vebuiltyourshelvesforyourwallcase,it’stimetoputthemintheirproperplace.
STEP1Startatthebottom.Thefirstshelfrestsonthetoe-kickbox.Insteadofusingpocketscrews,it’sfastenedthroughthefaceusingcountersunktrim-headscrews.Thetinyscrewheadsareeasytohidewithwoodfiller.
STEP2Locatethenextshelftoconcealthejointbetweentheplywoodpanelsintherearofthecase.Oncethiscriticalshelfhasbeenmounted,useitasacontrolpointtoinstalltheremainingshelvesatanequaldistanceapartfromeachother.(Note:Thetopshelftypicallyhassomeextraoverheadspaceasroomforstoringanylargeritems.)
STEP3Wheninstalling,makesuretheshelvesarelevelineverydirection.Ithelpstohaveanassistant,oruseclampsandcabinetjacks,toholdtheshelvesduringinstallation.
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STEP4Fastentheshelvestightlyalongtheiredgesusingpocketscrewsandapocketdriverbit.Whenlocatingtheshelves,rememberthatifyourshelfnosingistallerthantheshelves,thentheverticalmidpointofthatcompletedshelfwillnotbethesameasthecenterpointoftheplywood(nose-less)shelf.You’llneedtoaccountforthisduringthelayoutoryourmeasurementswillbeoff.
STEP5Onceallshelvesaremounted,installthenosing(stainedandvarnishedtomatch).Makesuretheupperedgeofthenosingisflushwiththeshelfsurface.
STEP6Fastenthenosingwithwoodglueandfinishnails.
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STEP7Ifyouhaveinstalledthepocketscrewsfrombelowtheshelf,youcanfurthersupporteachshelfwithafull-lengthhorizontalsupportstripor“cleat”measuringroughly1x⅜inch.Ripthisstripfromsolidwood,thenfastenitflushagainsttheundersideoftheshelfwithacombinationofwoodglueandpinnails.
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313ADDTRIMWORKThetrimpackagethatenclosestheshelvescanbeassimpleoraselaborateasyouwant.
STEP1Thecaseshownbelowhasverticalface-framesrippedto2incheswidethatcoveruptheedgesofthesidepanels.Theseface-frameswerenailedtothecasesidesaswellastothenosingoftheshelves,withtheirouteredgesflushwiththesides.Face-framescangivevisualweighttoacaseforamoresubstantiallook.
STEP2Thetoe-kickboxwaswrappedwithbaseboardmoldingmiteredattheoutsidecorners.Thenewtrimwasmatchedtheroom’sexistingbaseboardprofileandintersecteditwithcopejoints.
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STEP3Atthetop,a“cap”panelofplywoodhidtheceiling.Thetopofthecaseisthenwrappedusinga1×6thatwasmiteredatthecornerstoserveasfasciaforthecase.Additionalmoldingsareusedtodecoratethetopandaddshadowlines.
STEP4Pre-primedcovemoldinglinesthesidesofthecasetoconcealthejointagainstthewallforafinishedappearance.
STEP5Oncealltrimwasinstalled,fastenerholeswereputtiedandalljointswereallcaulkedaswell.Repairsweresandedbeforeafinalcoatofpaint.
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314PUTINYOUROWNCARPETDo-it-yourselfcarpetinstallationisthebestapproachforsmallroomsthatdon’trequireacarpetstretcher.Iftherearenoseamsrequired,evenbetter;carpettoolsareavailabletorent,butrentalcostswilllikelyequalthecostofaprofessionalinstallationjob.Thesmall-roomscenarioeliminatessomeofthepricierrentalitemsandcansometimesbecarpetedwithlittlemorethanaknee-kicker,acarpetknifeandcarpettucker(alsocalledabroadknife).
STEP1Rough-cutthecarpettoaworkablesizebeforehaulingitintotheroom,toavoidliftingmorethannecessaryandhavelessexcessmaterialobstructingtheworkarea.
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STEP2Recruitsomehelptolifttherollofcarpetintotheroom—it’llbeheavy.
STEP3Cutthewoodentackstrips(whichanchorthecarpet)tofitaroundtheperimeteroftheroom.Leaveroombetweenthetackstripandthewallequaltothethicknessofthecarpet.Nailthesestripstothefloor.Laycarpetpaddingovertheentirefloor,buttingtheseamsandtapingthemtogether.Staplethepadevery12inches,workingtowardthetackstrips,securingthepadagainsttheedgeofthestrips.
STEP4Useacarpetknifeandstraightedgetocutthecarpetroughly6incheslongerandwiderthantheroom.(Iftheroomistoolargeforasinglepieceofcarpet,you’llneedtojointheseamsusingseamtape,aheat-bondiron,andacarpet-seamroller.)
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STEP5Placetherugwiththeexcesslappingupthewalls.Reliefcutsatcornerswillletthecarpetlayflat.
STEP6Oncethefirstcornerisanchored,gototheadjacentcorneralongthelongwallandanchorbothsidesofthatcornerjustasyoudidthefirstcorner.Foralargerroom,youmightneedtoworkusingacarpetstretchertopullthecarpettightlyfromoneendoftheroomovertotheothercorner.Oncethatsecondcornerhasbeenanchored,proceeddownthewallbetweenthetwoinstalledcorners,knee-kickingthecarpetinplaceandtrimmingasyougo.Followthisproceduretoanchortheshortwall.Installthesecondlongwallandfinishwiththefinalshortwall.
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STEP7Trimthecarpetasyougo,cuttingawaytheexcessalongthewallwithacarpetknife.
STEP8Useabroadknifetotuckintheedgebeneaththewallorfloortrim.
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PROTIPGIVEITAKICKEvenforsmallDIYjobs,akneekickeristheonespecializedtoolnecessaryforcarpetinstallation.Placethetoothedendofthekneekickeronthecarpetabout3inchesfromthewall,startinginacornerandfacingthelongwalloftheroom.“Kick”thepaddedendofthetoolwithyourknee,thuspushingthecarpetoverthetackstriptohookitinplace.Usethecarpettuckertopushthecarpetfirmlyontothetacksofthestrip.Workaboutayarddownthewall,thenrepeatthesameprocedurealongtheadjacentshortwall.
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315SEAMTHESECTIONSIfitisnecessarytoseamthecarpet,planthelayoutsotheseamsfallinlow-trafficareasoftheroom.Butttogethertwostraightseamsandbesurethecarpetlaysflatandinline.Placeastripofhot-glueseamingtapecenteredbeneaththeedges.Slowlymovetheheatedbondingironunderthecarpetflapsandoverthetapetomelttheadhesive.Asyoumovetheirondowntheseam,theflapsofcarpetwillfallbackdownontotheactiveadhesive.Useweightsoracarpet-seamrollertofirmlyattachthecarpettothetape.
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316STRETCHYOURCARPETIfyouareusingacarpetstretcher,startwiththefootofthestretcherplacedagainsttheshortwallofthestartingcorner.Makesurethecarpetstretcherisplacedagainstsolidwallframingsothatyoudon’tinadvertently“stretch”thetoolrightthroughthewallboardofthehouse.Anglethestretcherabout15degreestowardtheoppositecorner.Acarpetstretcherisamodulardeviceinwhichtheinstalleraddslengthsoftubesbetweentheheadandfootofthetooltotraversethedistanceacrosstheroom.Setthetoothedheadofthestretcherabout6inchesfromthewallandpushdownonthehandletostretchoutthecarpet.Oncestretched,usedthekneekickertoanchoritinplace.
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317EDGEITOUTWherethecarpetmeetswiththeperimeterwalls,theedgescanbeconcealedbybasemoldingand/orquarterround.Wherecarpetmeetsanotherflooringmaterial,atransitionmoldingsuchasathreshold,acarpetbar,orZ-barbindingstripmaybeinstalledforamorefinishedlook.Forlow-pilecarpets,someinstallerswillsimplyfoldthecarpetunderandstapleitflatly.Otheroptionsincludewoodenthresholds,oryoucanhot-seamtwocarpetfloorstogetherifitmeetsanothercarpetofequalthickness.
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318GOMODULARAneasyDIYapproachtocarpetinstallationistheuseofmodularfloortilesfromcompaniessuchasFlorInc.These50-centimetersquaresareavailableinamassivearrayofcolorsandstyles.Thesecanbeusedforwall-to-wallcarpetortoaccentcertainareasofthefloor.They’realsoportable.Ifyouwanttomovethecarpettoanotherroomoranotherhome,justpullupthesquaresandre-install.Incaseofstainsorspills,justreplacethatsinglesquareratherthantheentirerug.
STEP1Simplymeasurethedimensionsofyourfloortodeterminethequantityoftilesneeded.Considertheuseofvariouspatterns,accentcolors,andbordertilestodevelopadecorativestyle.
STEP2Laythetilesonthefloorwiththeirseamsbuttedtogether.Insomecasesitmayhelptosnapachalklinetokeepthelayoutsquarewiththewalls.
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STEP3Usetheincludedadhesivediscstoanchorthesquarestogether.Peelawaytheirbackingandplaceeachdisc,adhesive-sideup,attheintersectionoffourtilestoadheretothefourcornersandholdthemtogether.Dothesamearoundtheperimeterofthecarpet.
STEP4Forwall-to-wallapplications,orothersituationswherethecarpettilesneedtobecut,useametalstraightedgetoguideasharpcarpetknife.Justscoretheflexiblebackingofthetileafewtimestogetanice,cleancut.
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319FINDLOSTTREASURESometimes,ahardwoodfloorishidingundercarpetinginstalledbythepreviousresidents.Often,yourfirstindicationofthiswillbeinacloset,wherethecarpetingstops.Tocheckitout,useapairofplierstograbsomecarpetpileandpullitback.Pullbackthepadtoseewhat’sunderneath.Youmayfindafloorthatcouldbeworthrestoring.
STEP1Tocompletelyremovecarpettoaccessthehardwoods,grabthepilewithsomepliersandpullupwarduntilyourutilityknifewon’treachtothehardwoodfloorunderneath.Cutalongtheedgesandfolditback,thenrollupthecarpetandpadintothecenteroftheroomfordisposal.
STEP2Removethetackstripsandcarpet-padstapleswithaprybar,hammer,scraper,andpushbroom.
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STEP3Ifstaplesbreakoff,sinkthemintothewoodusinganailset.
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320FIXDAMAGEDFLOORINGNormalwearandteardullsawoodfloor’sfinish.Furniturecanscratchthesurface;waterdamagecancausebuckling,separation,andevenrotintheflooring.Occasionally,homeownersmayneedtorefinishthefloor,replacesomefloorboards,oracombinationofboth.Thebiggestchallengewhenreplacingflooringistointerlacethenewsectionintotheold.Ifthedamagedareaisverylarge,youmaybebetteroffreplacingalloftheflooringintheroomratherthantryingtopatchit.
STEP1Toremoveadamagedsectionofthefloor,cutacrosstheboardsjustoutsidethedamagedarea.Setthebladedepthtocutjustthroughtheflooring,notintothesubfloor.Keepagoodgriponthesawandweareyeprotectionasyoucutacrosstheflooring,becauseiftheboardswereblind-nailedthroughthetongue,youwon’tknowwhenyou’llhitanail.
STEP2Pulloutthecutboardswithoutaffectingthegoodpartofthefloor.Eachcutboardwillneedtoberemoved.Becausetheyarelockedinwithtongueandgroove,youwillneedtoslidethemtowardthevoidleftbytheremovedflooring.Startbydrillingapocketat45degreeswitha¾-inchspadebit.
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STEP3Placetheendofaprybarorlargepunchinthepocket.Strikethebartodrivethefloorboardtowardthevoiduntilyoucantaptheendwithahammer.Becarefulnottodamagetheadjacentboards.
STEP4Removealltheboardsintheaffectedareadowntothesubfloorandthenthoroughlycleanoutalldebris.
STEP5Installthenewhardwoodrowbyrowwiththefirstpiecematchingintotheexistingfloor.Sinceyouwillbeworkingwithrandomlengthboards,besurethatendjointsdonotlineupwithjointsontheadjacentrowofboards.Makecutsonlyonthewallendofthelastpieceineachrow.
STEP6Blind-nailtheboardsatananglewherethetonguemeetstheedgeoftheboard.Finishnailerscanalsobeusedtonailthroughthefaceoftheboard
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inareasnexttowallswheretheguncannotbeangledintothetongue.Identifyanylooseboardsinthefloorandnailthoseaswell.
STEP7Whenallboardshavebeenreplacedornailed,vacuumtheentirefloorusingapowerfulshopvac.Removealldustanddebrisfromnailholes,joints,andcracks.
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321FINISHTHEFLOOROnceyou’vereplacedthedamagedflooring,it’stimetofinish,sand,andseal.
FILLUPYou’llwanttoapplyaqualitylatexputtyovertheentirefloorsurface.Adrywalltapingknifemakesagoodtoolforapplyinglatexputty.Applyenoughpressuretoforceputtyintothecracksandnailholes.Scrapeoffexcessputtyasyougo.
SANDITBeforesanding,sealoffanyareaswhereyoudon’twantdusttogousingplasticsheetingandtape.Next,useadrumsandertosandthemainpartofthefloor.Whethersandingoffoldfloorfinishorstartingwithnewrawwood,youwillneedtostartwithacoarse-gritpaperfortherough-sandingphase.
Whenyourentthedrumsander,rentanedgesanderaswell.Ifyourfloorareahascabinetswithtoekicks,makesureyougetasanderwithalowprofileatthesandingdisksoitwillfitbeneaththem.
Makesureyouknowhowtochangethepaperonbothsanders.Youwillhavetochangepaperasthegritwearsoff,asthegritclogswitholdfloorfinish,orwhenyoucompleteapasswithonegritnumberandneedtograduatetoafinergrit.
Therentaloutletthatsuppliesthesanderwillusuallysupplythepaperaswell.Thesuppliercanmakegritsuggestionsforyourtypeofproject.It’sagoodideatotakemorepaperthanyoumightneedandreturnwhatisn’tused.
SEALITAfterthefloorshavebeensandedandvacuumed,applyapenetratingsandingsealer.Useaspongebrushalongtheedgesfirst.Next,justpourthesealerontothefloortocoverupthecenterandspreaditwithaT-barapplicator.Keepyourmovementssmoothandcoverageeven,anddon’toverworktheproduct.Spreaditinthincoats,leaveittodry,andthenrepeattheprocessaccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstructions.
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INDEXNumbersrefertotheitemnumber.Unnumbereditemsareindexedbythenumbereditemthattheyfollow.So,“following277”meansthatyoucanfindthisinformationintheboxthatappearsafterthetextnumbered277.
Aabove-grounduselumberABSpipesacryliccaulkAFCI(arc-faultcircuit-interrupter)breakersA-frameladdersaircompressorsairleakscaulkinginstallingweather-strippingkitssealingsearchingfor
airlesspaintsprayersallenwrenchesaluminumscreenpatchesaluminumsidingpaintingpriming
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aluminumstormwindowsaluminumwindowsangleclampsaprons,windowarc-faultcircuit-interrupter(AFCI)breakerasbestosatticscheckingforwaterleakswinterizing
awningwindows
Bbandsawsbarclampsbaseboardmoldingbasementscheckingforwaterleaksinsulatingbasementfloor,followingwinterizing
bathroomscheckingforwaterleakslighting
battenpatchesbatteries,recyclingbaywindowsbeadboardfauxinstallingprefabricated
below-gradelumberbenchclampsbenchvisesbevelcutsbifolddoorsbigprojectsbuildingdecks
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buildingfencesbuilt-inshelvingcarpetinstallationfloorinstallationrepairingdamagedwoodfloorstileinstallation
bits,drillbradpointcarbide-tippedmasonryconcrete/masonrycountersinkForstnerglass-and-tileholesawspadetwist
blackwiresBlacktopCrackblade,framingsquaresbleachcleaningdeckscleaningnewwoodcleaningsidingremovingmoldwith
blowersblow-ininsulationbottomplatesbowwindowsbradpointdrillbitsbrassvalvesbreakers,electricalbrickhomes,replacingmetalwindowsinbridge(sled-type)sawsbrushes,paintchoosingcleaningaspartofpaintingtoolkit
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brushingpaintbuilt-inshelvingbuildingshelvescasinginstallingshelvesplanningtrimwalldemolition
bulletpatchesbypassdoors
Ccabinetshandleshingesknobsrefinishing
canned(recessed)lightingcarbide-tippedmasonrybitscarpetbubblesincoveringedgesinstallingknee-kickers,followingmodulartilesoverviewremovingseamingstretching
casementwindowscasingbuilt-inshelvingoverviewwindows
caulkgunscaulking
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airleakscaulkcaulkgunsjointsremovingoldsealanttubs
c-clampsceilingmedallionschainlubricantchairrailschalklinechemicalcleanerschemicalstoragechemicalstripper,forremovingwallpaperchimneysinspectingwinterizing
chlorinebleachcircuitbreakerscircularsawsclampscleaningchemicalcleanersdeckshandlinghazardouswastenewwoodafterpaintingprepworktominimizeremovingdebrisremovingmoldremovingrustroofsidingsurfacesbeforepaintingwood
clogs,clearingwithchemicalproducts
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PHOTOGRAPHSAllphotographscourtesyofExtremeHow-Toexceptasfollows.C.A.Technologies:169(2);CM:051;Cen-Tech:049;Craftsman:013;Cuprinol:148;Daptex:077,Defy:151;Dewalt:004;Durham’s:156;Osmo:148;Powerhorse:018;Quickrete:159;Roto-Rooter:092;Sashco:160;Shutterstock:titlepage,allintroductionimages,contents,001,030,031,032,036,037,039,040,045,046,048,056,063,068,078,081,083,084,088,089,091,093,098,099,106,118,127,128,132,133,134,137,151,178,192,198,225,247,254,261,Wagner:139,169(1&3);WestMarine:158
ILLUSTRATIONSConorBuckley:09,10,14,45,178–180,189,202–204,215,224,226,229,242,303–307,311HaydenFoell:76,104,113,136,145,146,193,200,201,220,243,259,298,299VicKulihin:06,15,24,27,33,107,156,176,199,211,212,216–218,252,263,267–269,270–272,277,313LiberumDonum:69,73,87,109,110,129,167ChristineMeighan:25,41,47,55,56,60,65,80,81,101,119,120,123,125,140–142,159,173,175,186,187,190,192,194,196,198,228,231–234,236,240,258,260,262,275,281,284,287,288,291,294,295,309,310,312,314,315RobertL.Prince:35LaurenTowner:02–05,08,42,44,62,64,96,100,111,116,117,157,162,195,197,207,219,221,241,261,273,274,280,290,292,293,297,301,302,316,318,319,321
FROMTHEPUBLISHERWhileeveryskillandprocedureinthisbookhasbeenfact-checkedandfield-tested,thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,thattheinformationisappropriateforeveryindividual,situation,orpurpose,andassumesnoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.Theinformationinthisbookispresentedforentertainmentvalueonly,foranadultaudience.Beforeattemptinganynewactivityorproject,makesureyouareawareofyourownlimitationsandhaveadequatelyresearchedallapplicablerisks;thisbookisnotintendedtoreplaceprofessionaladvicefromanexperiencedlicensedcontractor.Alwaysfollowallmanufacturerinstructionswhenusingtheequipmentfeaturedinthisbook.Ifthemanufacturerofyourequipmentdoes
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notrecommenduseoftheequipmentinthefashiondepicted,youshouldcomplywiththemanufacturer’srecommendations.Youassumetheriskandfullresponsibilityforallofyouractions,andthepublisherswillnotbeheldresponsibleforanylossordamageofanysort,whetherconsequential,incidental,special,orotherwise,thatmayresultfromtheinformationpresented.
ABOUTTHEAUTHORMattWeberhasbeeneditor-in-chiefofExtremeHow-Tosince2003.Heisanexperiencedhomeremodelerwhohaswrittenhundredsofarticlesonhomeimprovementandrepairs.HelivesjustnorthofBirmingham,Alabama,withhiswife,twoyoungsons,adogandalizard.Inhissparetime,WeberplaysbassguitarintherockbandSkeptic?andisalsoownerofPintBottlePress,whereheauthors/publishesworksoffiction.
ABOUTTHEMAGAZINEExtremeHow-Tomagazineistheenthusiast’sguidetohomeimprovement,providinghard-hittinginformationontough,practicalprojectsthatbuildequityforthedo-it-yourselfer.Seasonedhandymenandsavvyhomeownerscanfollowthemagazine’sdetailed,step-by-stepinstructionsforawidevarietyofindoorandoutdoorprojects,whilegeneratingtheirownideastoputapersonalstampontheirwork.Getthelatestinformationontoolsandmaterialstogetthejobcompletedlikeapro.
ExtremeHow-Tonotonlyoffertonsofhome-improvementcontent,butalsosupplementsthisinformationonthepopularwebsite,www.extremehowto.com,andwithadigitalversionofthemagazine.Browsethroughthepageswiththeclickofamouse,andinteractwithenhancedelectronicfeatures,suchasvideo,audio,andlinkstoarticlesofferingfurtherinformationonaparticulartopic.
Ourmissionistopassalongthelatestandgreatesthomeimprovementknowledge,andanysmartDIY’erwilltellyouthatknowledgeisthekeytosuccess.
FROMTHEAUTHOR
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I’dliketothankmydadTomWeber—myDIYmentor—forteachingmethevalueofhardworkandself-reliance,aswellasamillionotherlessonsthatIuseeveryday.I’dalsoliketothankExtremeHow-Tomagazine’smanytalentedcontributingwriters,includingMonteBurch,MarkClement,RobRobillard,ClintC.ThomasandLarryWalton.Finally,I’dliketothankthepublishersofExtremeHow-To,TrentBoozer,ChadGillikinandJeremyHollingsworthofLatitude3MediaGroup,LLC.
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PRESIDENT,PUBLISHERRogerShawASSOCIATEPUBLISHERMariahBearSVP,SALES&MARKETINGAmyKanekoFINANCEDIRECTORPhilipPaulickPROJECTEDITORIanCannonCREATIVEDIRECTORKellyBoothARTDIRECTORWilliamMackDESIGNERIanPrice
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ILLUSTRATIONCOORDINATORConorBuckleyPRODUCTIONDIRECTORChrisHemesathASSOCIATEPRODUCTIONDIRECTORMichelleDugganDIRECTOROFENTERPRISESYSTEMSShawnMaceyIMAGINGMANAGERDonHill
WeldonOwenwouldliketothankMarisaSolísandMollyStewartforeditorialassistanceandKevinBroccolifortheindex.
SpecialthankstoBaronWeberforreviewingtheelectricalprojectsforaccuracy.
©2016WeldonOwenInc.1045SansomeStreet,#100SanFrancisco,CA94111www.weldonowen.com
Allrightsreserved,includingtherightofreproductioninwholeorinpartinanyform.WeldonOwenisadivisionof
DigitalISBN978-1-68188-131-7PrintISBN978-1-61628-956-0
EXECUTIVEVICEPRESIDENTChadGillikinPUBLISHERJeremyHollingsworthEDITOR-IN-CHIEFMattWeber
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