SET ONEToss Up- 4 points

Bonus if you get the Toss Up first – 10 points TOSS-UP

7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the proper name of the star that is most commonly noted to have coordinates closest to the north celestial pole?

ANSWER: NORTH STAR (ACCEPT: POLARIS or ALPHA URSA MINORIS)

Star namingAncient cultures saw patterns in the heavens that resembled people, animals or common objects — constellations that came to represent figures from myth, such as Orion the Hunter, a hero in Greek mythology. Astronomers now often use constellations in the naming of stars. The International Astronomical Union, the world authority for assigning names to celestial objects, officially recognizes 88 constellations. Usually, the brightest star in a constellation has "alpha," the first letter of the Greek alphabet, as part of its scientific name. The second brightest star in a constellation is typically designated "beta," the third brightest "gamma," and so on until all the Greek letters are used, after which numerical designations follow.

http://www.space.com/57-stars-formation-classification-and-constellations.html

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the most well-known asterism in Ursa Major? ANSWER: BIG DIPPER

Constellations and AsterismsConstellations are patterns of stars visible to the unaided eye, or regions of space seen from Earth that are bounded by borders designated by the International Astronomical Union. Asterisms are also naked-eye star patterns, but they do not form constellations on their own. An example is the Big Dipper, which is part of Ursa Major. Americans know northern hemisphere constellations by the names given them by ancient Babylonians and Greeks. Seafaring explorers named those in the southern hemisphere. Every culture created its own constellations, although most of those in use today came from western sources.

https://stardate.org/astro-guide/constellations-and-asterisms

Toss-Up14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What star has the greatest apparent magnitude? ANSWER: SUN

Magnitude: measure of it’s brightness as seen from Earth.See magnitude scales:http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s4.htmAlso, other start magnitudeshttp://www.stargazing.net/david/constel/brightstars.html

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What planet is known to be most like Earth in size and density?

ANSWER: VENUSScroll down and look at conclusions figures:http://www.universetoday.com/22551/venus-compared-to-earth/

Toss-Up 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the declination of the north celestial pole? ANSWER: 90 (ACCEPT: +90)

http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/astro/CS/CS.11.htmlgood diagrams – like latitude – how far are you away from the celestial equator.

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer The Sagittarius Arm is part of what galaxy?

ANSWER: THE MILKY WAYhttp://www.astronomytrek.com/which-constellation-can-be-seen-along-the-milky-way/

7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What basic force of the universe is most responsible for holding the planets of our solar system in their orbits?

ANSWER: GRAVITY

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What are the proper names of the 5 celestial bodies called wanderers by Greek astronomers because they had unusual paths in the sky throughout the year? ANSWER: MERCURY; VENUS; MARS; JUPITER; SATURN (in any order)

This link has much needed info: From the course posted. http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit2/wanderers.html

Toss-Up14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer First proposed by Georges Lemaitre, what is the name, most likely coined by Fred Hoyle, for the theory that the universe originated at a finite time many eons ago from an extremely compressed hot state? ANSWER: BIG BANG

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer In what constellation is the star Polaris found? ANSWER: URSA MINOR (DO NOT ACCEPT: LITTLE DIPPER)

21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the primary elemental product of stellar hydrogen fusion? ANSWER: HELIUM

Yet, another full course source: good visual on fusion – scroll downThis page:http://linus.highpoint.edu/~mdewitt/phy1050/?page=week5

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer In the equatorial celestial coordinate system, what terms are synonymous with longitude and latitude, respectively? ANSWER: LONGITUDE = RIGHT ASCENSION; LATITUDE = DECLINATION

7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice The temperature of a star can be estimated most directly from its: W) distance X) elemental makeup Y) color Z) density ANSWER: Y) COLOR

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer The local group is generally referred to as a collection of what celestial objects? ANSWER: GALAXIES

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer The stars Merak and Dubhe in the bowl of the big dipper are most commonly used to locate what star? ANSWER: POLARIS (ACCEPT: POLE STAR; NORTH STAR; ALPHA URSA MINORIS)

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer The main asteroid belt is located immediately between what two planets? ANSWER: MARS AND JUPITER (in any order)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the proper name for the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way? ANSWER: ANDROMEDA

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the common name for the 88 sections into which the International Astronomical Society has divided the sky? ANSWER: CONSTELLATIONS

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What planet of our solar system has the most nitrogen-rich atmosphere? ANSWER: EARTH

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Most of the galaxies in the universe are classified as which of the following: W) spiral X) elliptical Y) irregular Z) dwarf ANSWER: Z) DWARF

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the primary characteristic of the Jovian planets: W) high axial spin rates X) low mean density Y) retrograde orbits Z) prominent layer of liquid-metallic hydrogen ANSWER: X) LOW MEAN DENSITY

BONUS

14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Which one of the Gas Giant planets emits the LEAST amount of energy? ANSWER: URANUS

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice From mid-northern latitudes, during which of the following months would the constellation Orion be most prominent in the southern sky at about 10 PM: W) April X) July Y) August Z) December

ANSWER: Z) DECEMBER

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the most common term for the apparent dividing line between night and day on the Moon? ANSWER: TERMINATOR

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice The luminosity of a star is most directly related to the star’s: W) relative magnitude X) magnitude Y) distance from Earth Z) intrinsic brightness ANSWER: Z) INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice At which of the following locations would Betelgeuse most likely be found by a stargazer at mid-northern latitudes during January at about midnight: W) at the beginning of the handle of the big dipper

X) at the zenith near the star Vega Y) about 10º north of Orion’s belt in the southern sky Z) in the northern sky just above the star Capella

ANSWER: Y) ABOUT 10º NORTH OF ORION’S BELT IN THE SOUTHERN SKY

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer The formation of what is referred to as “metallic hydrogen” on some of the our solar system’s planets is driven by what basic force?

ANSWER: GRAVITY

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following would typically appear to be the farthest away from the ecliptic: W) the planet Mars X) the constellation Leo Y) the Sun Z) the constellation Cassiopeia

ANSWER: Z) THE CONSTELLATION CASSIOPEIA (Solution: planets, the Sun and zodiacal constellations are all near the ecliptic plane)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What terrestrial planet has the most elliptical orbit? ANSWER: MERCURY

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Although you might expect this planet to be visible to the unaided eye because of its maximum apparent magnitude value of about +5.8, what planet is unlikely to be seen by most stargazers since it requires nearly ideal viewing conditions? ANSWER: URANUS

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following best explains from where most of the dust that covers the surface of the Moon came: W) weathering when the Moon was young and had an atmosphere X) interstellar dust deposited over billions of years Y) from rock pulverized from many impacts Z) from its original makeup of a soft, silicate rock ANSWER: Y) FROM ROCK PULVERIZED FROM MANY IMPACTS

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What physical property of stars is most directly responsible for how long they will continue fusion? ANSWER: MASS

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice If a star is seen just above the eastern horizon at sunset, where would it most likely be found just before the following sunrise: W) just above the eastern horizon X) half-way up in the eastern sky Y) low in the western sky Z) directly overhead ANSWER: Y) LOW IN THE WESTERN SKY

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the MOST common organic molecule in the atmosphere of the planet Uranus? ANSWER: METHANE (ACCEPT: CH4)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer To the first decimal place, how many astronomical units is the average radius of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun? ANSWER: 1.0

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer How many degrees above the celestial equator is the north celestial pole? ANSWER: 90

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer From data primarily on the motions of what planet did Kepler propose that planets follow elliptical orbits? ANSWER: MARS

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What object in the night sky can reach a maximum apparent magnitude of negative 12.6? ANSWER: MOON (ACCEPT: FULL MOON)

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate: W) solar eclipses are less common than lunar eclipses X) stars that begin their lives with greater mass have longer life-spans Y) stars in the same constellation are not necessarily at the same distance from Earth Z) M-31 is a galaxy

ANSWER: X) STARS THAT BEGIN THEIR LIVES WITH GREATER MASS HAVE LONGER LIFE-SPANS

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer In what constellation is the brightest-appearing star in the night sky? ANSWER: CANIS MAJOR (Solution: Alpha Canis Majoris, also called Sirius, is in Canis Major and is the brightest star in the sky)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer

What basic force is responsible for forming the liquid-metallic hydrogen layer on the planet Jupiter? ANSWER: GRAVITY

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer During what month is the average surface temperature of the Earth typically the highest? ANSWER: JULY

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Which of the terrestrial planets has the lowest albedo? ANSWER: MERCURY

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Most of the hydrogen that makes up the planet Jupiter is in what phase? ANSWER: LIQUID

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer From what specific celestial body do meteor showers originate? ANSWER: COMET(S)

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Of which of the following is the Hubble Law most directly a consequence: W) Doppler shift X) Kirchoff’s second law Y) Kepler’s second law Z) Drake’s equation ANSWER: W) DOPPLER SHIFT

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the most accurate term astronomers use for the time it takes for a planet to orbit the Sun relative to the stars? ANSWER: SIDEREAL PERIOD

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What terrestrial planet has the longest sidereal period? ANSWER: MARS

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) the star Sirius at its brightest has an apparent magnitude of about negative 1.5 X) metal-rich stars sometimes have planets Y) typical binoculars allow observation of stars with apparent magnitudes of about 9.0 Z) the Sun has an apparent magnitude of about negative 12

ANSWER: Z) THE SUN HAS AN APPARENT MAGNITUDE OF ABOUT NEGATIVE 12 (Solution: the Sun’s apparent magnitude is –26.73)

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Astronomers will often refer to certain stars as low metal content stars. In this sense astronomers consider metals as any element: W) heavier than helium X) heavier than carbon Y) heavier than copper Z) heavier than iron ANSWER: W) HEAVIER THAN HELIUM

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer As a comet approaches the Sun, most of its icy substances are released during what phase change process? ANSWER: SUBLIMATION

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice During which of the following orbital arrangements can a transit occur for the planet Venus: W) opposition

X) greatest eastern elongation Y) superior conjunction Z) inferior conjunction ANSWER: Z) INFERIOR CONJUNCTION

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Which 2 of the following 4 factors most directly determine the apparent visual magnitude of a star: distance from Earth; intrinsic brightness; color; age ANSWER: DISTANCE FROM EARTH; INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What 2 characteristics of Uranus are most commonly noted as the reasons why Uranus was not discovered until the late 1700’s?

ANSWER: APPARENT MAGNITUDE; ORBITAL PERIOD ( ACCEPT: BRIGHTNESS or MAGNITUDE)

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What specific class of stars was discovered by Henrietta Leavitt to have special properties that allowed it to be used in measuring long astronomical distances?

ANSWER: CEPHEID VARIABLES

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice

Which of the following most directly addresses that a gas of low density, when excited, will emit light of a certain wavelength: W) Kirchhoff’s second law X) Bode’s second law Y) Wien’s law Z) Balmer’s law ANSWER: W) KIRCHHOFF’S SECOND LAW

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true of coronal mass ejections: W) they can lead to a loss in radio communications X) they can indirectly cause damage to electrical transformers Y) they typically will not damage space-based satellites Z) the next peak of ejections will likely be during the years 2010 to 2012 ANSWER: Y) THEY TYPICALLY WILL NOT DAMAGE SPACE-BASED SATELLITES BONUS

14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Choosing from upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right, where on the HR diagram would a blue Supergiant be found? ANSWER: UPPER LEFT

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What 2 planets of our solar system are most alike in elemental makeup to the solar nebula? ANSWER: JUPITER; SATURN BONUS

21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Order the following 4 stars from the HOTTEST to the COOLEST: K-3; K-2; B-7; M-10

ANSWER: B-7; K-2; K-3; M-10

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur for a stargazer observing from mid-northern latitudes during summer months: W) the planet Venus passing within a few degrees of the Moon a few hours after sunset X) the Moon at perigee Y) the planet Saturn passing with 5 degrees of the Moon Z) the planet Mercury within 10 degrees of the zenith

ANSWER: Z) THE PLANET MERCURY WITHIN 10 DEGREES OF THE ZENITH

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Through how many degrees does the Earth rotate in 8 hours? ANSWER: 120 (Solution: 15º per hour = 8 × 15º = 120º

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer As seen from the Earth, what planet has the smallest maximum eastern elongation? ANSWER: MERCURY

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Choosing from noon, sunset, midnight or sunrise, at what time of the day does a new Moon rise for an observer at mid-northern latitudes in September? ANSWER: SUNRISE

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is a space observatory, launched in 2004 through the combined effort of Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, for the detection and study of gamma-ray bursts: W) SOHO X) SWIFT Y) MOC Z) international GRB ANSWER: X) SWIFT

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice How were the rings of the planet Uranus discovered: W) astronomers in 1977 noticed stars were occulted by Uranus before the planet passed in front of them and reappeared afterwards X) the Magellan 1 space probe took pictures of them

Y) the Hubble space telescope detected them with its infrared detector Z) the rings are made of gases with certain signatures revealed in absorption spectra

ANSWER: W) ASTRONOMERS IN 1977 NOTICED STARS WERE OCCULTED BY URANUS BEFORE THE PLANET PASSED IN FRONT OF THEM AND REAPPEARED AFTERWARDS

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT true: W) an eclipse of the Moon only occurs during a full Moon X) Mercury will appear to be in its full phase when it is farthest from Earth Y) an event horizon is associated with black holes Z) no more than 50% of the Moon’s surface can be seen over any one year ANSWER: Z) NO MORE THAN 50% OF THE MOON’S SURFACE CAN BE SEEN OVER ANY ONE YEAR (Solution: libration will allow more than 55% to be seen over a year)

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the most common location of young blue and white stars in a spiral galaxy: W) halo X) spiral arms Y) nucleus Z) throughout the entire galaxy ANSWER: X) SPIRAL ARMS

21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer For someone standing at 43° north latitude, how many degrees above the horizon will the north celestial pole be? ANSWER: 43

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer In what phase does the planet Venus appear during superior conjunction? ANSWER: FULL

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice The BEST explanation of why population I (read as: one) stars have a higher proportion of elements heavier than helium than population II ( read as: two) stars, is because Population I stars are: W) younger than population II stars X) older than population II stars Y) usually closer to planetary nebula than population II stars Z) often found near H-I (read as: H, one) regions ANSWER: W) YOUNGER THAN POPULATION II STARS

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer How many sidereal minutes are in 7.5 sidereal hours? ANSWER: 450

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the range for the Balmer series: W) microwave X) infrared through UV Y) UV to soft x-ray Z) visible light to UV ANSWER: Z) VISIBLE LIGHT TO UV

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Choosing from upper right, lower right, lower left, and upper left, in what area of the Hertzsprung Russell diagram will the Sun end its life? ANSWER: LOWER LEFT

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer

Giving your answer in decimal form, what would the “Z” value be if a distant celestial object were shifted towards longer wavelengths by 40% of the original wavelength? ANSWER: 0.4

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If a planet had an orbital period of 11.2 years, what is the length of its orbital semi-major axis, in astronomical units rounded to the nearest whole number? ANSWER: 5 (Solution: d3 = p 2 ; d3 = (11.2)2 ; d3 = 125.4; d = 5)

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is TRUE of red supergiants: W) some form Cepheid variables X) most end as nova stars Y) most have luminosities about 10 to 100 times that of our Sun Z) most have surface temperatures at least 2-times that of our Sun ANSWER: W) SOME FORM CEPHEID VARIABLES BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT characteristic of B-type stars like Rigel or Spica (read as: SPY-kah): W) very luminous X) apparent blue color Y) medium strength hydrogen spectral lines Z) average solar mass of about 3.2ANSWER: Z) AVERAGE SOLAR MASS OF ABOUT 3.2 (Solution: solar mass of about 16-18)

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following BEST describes where the zodiacal light is brightest to a stargazer at mid-northern latitudes: W) within about 20 degrees of the ecliptic X) at the western horizon at sunrise Y) at right angles to the Milky Way

Z) parallel with the Milky Way ANSWER: W) WITHIN ABOUT 20 DEGREES OF THE ECLIPTIC

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is the BEST explanation for what causes zodiacal light: W) reflection of moonlight off the Earth’s surface X) dispersion of the Earth’s radiant heat off the troposphere Y) sunlight reflected off interplanetary dust particles Z) radiation from the Van Allen belts ANSWER: Y) SUNLIGHT REFLECTED OFF INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If the surface temperature of a star increased from 6,000 kelvin to 18,000 kelvin, how many times as much energy would it radiate? ANSWER: 81 BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Using the most common temperature-based spectral classification system, a star with an apparent color of blue and a surface temperature of 55,000 kelvin would have what spectral letter classification? ANSWER: O

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following positions is an inferior planet most likely in if it is seen just after sunset: W) opposition X) superior conjunction Y) greatest eastern elongation Z) greatest western elongation ANSWER: Y) GREATEST EASTERN ELONGATION BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer According to the Pogson scale for brightness, by what multiple does the brightness of 2 stars differ that have apparent magnitudes of +3 and +8? ANSWER: 100

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following is closest to the age of most chondrites: W) 150 million years X) 1.5 billion years Y) 4.6 billion years Z) 13.7 billion years ANSWER: Y) 4.6 BILLION YEARS (Solution: most are about the same age as our solar system)

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the hydrogen spectral line strength for an A-type star of about 3 solar masses: W) missing X) weak Y) medium Z) strong ANSWER: Z) STRONG

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer In astronomical units to the first decimal place, what is the Chandrasekhar Limit? ANSWER: 1.4

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If a new Moon occurs on May 5th at 8:20 AM eastern daylight time, on what day will the full Moon occur that month? ANSWER: 19th

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer Order the following 3 stages from the EARLIEST to the LATEST in the evolution of a G-type star of 2 solar masses: red giant; T-tauri; white dwarf ANSWER: T-TAURI; RED GIANT; WHITE DWARF

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If a star has a surface temperature of 3,000 degrees kelvin, a core temperature of 100 million Kelvin, and a luminosity of 2,000-times our Sun, choosing from upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right, where on an H-R diagram would it most likely be found? ANSWER: UPPER RIGHT (Solution: this describes a red giant)

https://www.physics.rutgers.edu/analyze/wiki/hr-ms-rg.png

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is LEAST likely to occur when viewed from mid-northern latitudes in the month of August: W) Venus passing within 2º of Saturn X) Neptune at opposition Y) the Moon at apogee on the 1st of the month and perigee at the 29th of the month Z) the Moon passing within 5º of Uranus ANSWER: Y) THE MOON AT APOGEE ON THE 1ST OF THE MONTH AND PERIGEE AT THE 29TH OF THE MONTH (Solution: apogee and perigee are separated by about 14-15 days)

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following was seen from mid-northern latitudes by casual stargazers as a bright light in August of 2008 at midnight, about 1/2 way up the southern horizon: W) Venus X) Vega Y) Jupiter Z) Uranus ANSWER: Y) JUPITER (Solution: Venus and Vega are not there at this time of year and Uranus is never that bright)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What 3 elements are most prominent in the carbon fusion cycle? ANSWER: CARBON; NITROGEN; OXYGEN

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If the surface of a star is 15,000 kelvin, at what wavelength, in nanometers rounded to the nearest whole number, does it emit its maximum energy? ANSWER: 200 (Solution: λ max = 3 × 106 /15,000 K = 200 nm)

TOSS-UP 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice Which of the following would astronomers most likely consider emission nebula: W) Population III (read as: 3) regions X) Population II (read as: 2) regions Y) glowing H II (read as: H, 2) regions Z) active regions ANSWER: Y) GLOWING H II REGIONS

BONUS 7) ASTRONOMY Multiple Choice In which of the following locations would there typically be more Population Two stars than Population One stars: W) in globular clusters X) in spiral arms of galaxies Y) in planetary nebula Z) in regions actively forming stars ANSWER: W) IN GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

TOSS-UP 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What element makes up the innermost core of a type II (read as: type 2) supernova just before core collapse? ANSWER: IRON

BONUS 14) ASTRONOMY Short Answer What is the magnification of a telescope with an objective lens that has a focal length of 250 centimeters and an eyepiece with a focal length of 0.50 centimeters? ANSWER: 500X (ACCEPT: 500 or 500 TIMES) (Solution: M = Fo ÷ Fe = 250/0.50 = 500)

TOSS-UP 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer

From the LEAST to the MOST, what are the 3 most abundant elements in a G-type star? ANSWER: HYDROGEN; HELIUM; CARBON

BONUS 21) ASTRONOMY Short Answer If a supernova with an apparent magnitude of –2.0 was observed for the first time in the year 2,000 at 35.00 kiloparsecs from Earth, how many years before observation, rounded to the nearest whole number, did the supernova most likely occur?

ANSWER: 114 (Solution: 3.26 × 35.00 = 114.1)