collective behavior- relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop...
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Collective BehaviorTypes of behavior and Theories
Collective behavior- relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations
Sociologists find difficult to study: Range of material too broad
Ex: lynch mobs, fads, panics, rumors, etc. Collective behavior is relatively short-lived,
spontaneous, and emotional
Characteristics of Collectivities (Groups who exhibit collective behavior)
Three factors that distinguish collectivities from other social groups: Limited interaction- Interaction is limited and
sometimes nonexistent Unclear norms- Norms are unclear or unconventional Limited unity- Do not share group unity
Types of Collective Behavior
• Crowds• Mobs• Riots• Panics• Mass Hysteria• Crazes
• Fashions• Fads• Rumors• Urban Legends• Public Opinion
Crowds- temporary gathering of people who are in close enough proximity to interact
Four classifications of crowds: Casual Crowd- least organized; most temporary; very little
interaction Examples: People waiting in line for a ticket, people at a beach
Conventional Crowd- more structured; may not interact very much, but when they do, they follow norms. Usually have gathered for a purpose. Examples: Funerals, public lecture, game
Expressive Crowd- no apparent goal or purpose; forms around emotionally charged activities, contains behavior that would, in other situations, be considered inappropriate Example: Rock concerts
Acting Crowd- violent, emotions more intense than those in expressive crowd, hostile and destructive and usually focused on one target, usually formed by dramatic event, go against norms Examples: Crowd fights after games
Mob- emotionally charged collectivity whose members are united by a specific destructive or violent goal
Most violent form of an acting crowd
Usually has a leader Urges group toward common
action Enforces conformity among
members
Unstable and last for a short time, but threatens social order and challenges official authority
Example: lynch mobs
Riot- collection of people who erupt into generalized destructive behavior, the result of which is social disorder Violent form of an acting crowd
Less unified and focused than mobs
Often begins when long-standing tensions are triggered by single event Examples:
Riots in Liberty City, Miami after a police officer killed an African American in 1989
Baltimore and Ferguson riots
Riots end when participants exhaust themselves or when officials regain social control
Protest movements are different in that they last longer, continue to work toward same goal, and are better organized
Panic- spontaneous and uncoordinated group action to escape some perceived threat. Triggered by fear; usually when people believe that their means
of escape are limited or soon to be closed off
Fear of being trapped leads to faulty communication about threat which fuels fear and keeps people from forming logical escape plans
Mutual cooperation breaks down; norms are lost
Most likely will occur in situations that are outside of everyday life: fires, floods, earthquakes Example: Fire at Chicago’s Iroquois Theater in 1903
Sometime can be avoided when a leader emerges who can direct the people’s behavior
Moral Panic- when people become fearful about behavior that appears to threaten society’s core values Mass media often identifies the behavior and casts it
as a major social/moral crisis. Due to this, public demands action to stamp out behavior
Usually short-lived; replaced by another more current public concern
Example: In early ‘60s, the British launched a moral campaign against the “mods” and the “rockers”
Mass Hysteria- unfounded anxiety shared by people who are scattered over a wide geographic area
Formed by fear; irrational beliefs and behaviors spread among population, sometimes fueled by media
Short lived
Example: Salem Witch Trials
Fashions- enthusiastic attachments among large numbers of people for particular styles of appearance or behavior
Most related to clothing
Short lived; subject to continual change
Fashions prominent in industrial societies Change is valued; associated with progress Emphasis on social mobility
Preindustrial societies everyone of the same sex and age dresses alike. Styles change little
Fad- unconventional object, action, or idea that a large number of people are attached to for a very short period of time Less predictable and enduring than fashions
Sociologist John Lofland divided fads: Objects: hula hoops, pet rocks, mood rings, beanie babies,
Pokémon cards Activities: swallowing goldfish, crowding into telephone booths,
eating light bulbs Ideas Personalities
Generally taken on by the young A way to assert personal identities
Die out when they become uninteresting to public or so mainstream that they no longer bring interest to participants
Rumor- unverified piece of information that is spread rapidly from one person to another Form of collective communication
Thrive when people do not have definitive facts
Content changes from person to person
Die out when proof about the subject is found
Example: The rumor of Paul McCartney being killed and then replaced in The Beatles with a lookalike
Urban Legends- stories that teach a lesson and seem realistic but are untrue Form of collective communication
Attributed to specific times and places
Quickly become a sort of urban folklore, purpose of which is to clarify situations by teaching moral lessons
Example: “The Boyfriend’s Death” Teaches that teenagers should not park in secluded
places Represents uneasiness parents have about teenagers
driving and having freedom
Public Opinion- collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue
Form of collective behavior that primarily depends on communication
Public- group of geographically scattered people who are concerned with or engaged in a particular issue
Rapidly change because people’s opinions change
Important for politicians, businesses, and special interest groups Spend billions each year to influence public opinion
Use propaganda- organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion
Propaganda Testimonials- use of endorsements by famous people to sell
products or secure votes. Goal: persuade people to transfer admiration for celebrity to
products or candidates endorsed by celebrity
Transfer- attempt to associate a product or candidate with something that the public approves or respects
Bandwagon- appeals to public’s desire to conform
Name calling- use of negative labels or images in order to make competitors appear in an unfavorable light
Plain-folks appeal- attempt to sway public opinion by appealing to average American
Glittering generalities- use of words that sound positive but have little real meaning
Card Stacking- presenting facts in a way that places politicians or products in a favorable light
Explaining Collective Behavior• Contagion Theory• Emergent-Norm Theory• Value-Added Theory
Contagion Theory Developed by Gustave LeBon
Hypnotic power of a crowd encourages people to become anonymous and to have no willpower or sense of responsibility
Crowd becomes singular with one collective mind
Three factors: Because of number, individuals gain an anonymity that makes
them unconquerable Spread of emotion is rapid and contagious it overtakes
individuals Members enter state of suggestibility; unconscious of actions
Become receptive to manipulations of charismatic leaders
Limitations of theory: Studies show no indication of collective mind exiting in crowds Behavior in crowds not as uniform as LeBon suggested
Theory is helpful in explaining how behavior spreads and how emotions work to encourage people toward collective action
Emergent-Norm Theory
Developed by Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian
Members of crowd have different attitudes, behaviors, and motivations
People in crowd are faced with a situation in which traditional norms of behavior do not apply. Norms are unclear, so new norms gradually emerge
when one or more leaders initiate new behaviors New norms provide common motivation for group action
where none existed before
Value-Added Theory Developed by sociologist Neil Smelser who borrowed the value-
added concept taken from economics
Six steps that build on one another and necessary for the next to occur. The first four set the stage for people to act. Structural conduciveness- the surrounding social structure that
makes it possible for a particular type of collective behavior to occur Structural strain- social conditions that put strain on people and thus
encourage them to seek some collective means of relief Conditions like poverty, overcrowding, discrimination, and conflict
Growth and spread of a generalized belief- people identify the problem, form opinions about it, and share feelings of dealing with it
Precipitating factors- triggering mechanisms that set off the behavior Mobilization for action- people gather to express their opinions
through behavior Social Control- a mechanism used to control or minimize a situation