-chapter 11 - person centered theory

8/10/2019 -Chapter 11 - Person Centered Theory

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CHAPTER 11 - CARL ROGERS

Person Centered Theory


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PERSON CENTERED THEORY

Nondirective Counseling Early Name

Many other names but person centered is

the most inclusive


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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS

1. Formative Tendency

2. Actualizing Tendency


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FORMATIVE TENDENCY

Tendencyto evolve from simple to more

complex forms

Creative Process and not destructive

process

HumansPrimitive unconscious to highly

organized and complex awareness.


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ACTUALIZING TENDENCY

Tendencyto move towards completion or

fulfillment of potentials

Creative power to solve problems, to alter

self-concepts, and to become self-directed.

Psychological growth and maturity resides

within the individual (not outside)


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All behavior is relative to this actualizing

tendency

Actualization involves the whole person

(psychological and intellectual, rational and

emotional, conscious and unconscious)


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Realized within certain conditionsAuthentic Partner who can give

Congruency

Empathy, &

Unconditional Positive Regard

If these three things are present in a relationship

growth is inevitable

ConditionsNecessary and sufficient to be fully

functioning or self-actualized

People have concept of self - thus potential for

actualization


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SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY

SubsystemSelf-Actualization

Tendency to actualize the self as perceived inawareness

SelfActualizationthe way I see myself orthe way I am aware of myself

Whereas Actualizing tendencyrefers to the

whole being or person (all organismicexperience)


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THE SELF AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION


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CONCEPT OF SELF

The I or Me awareness

This starts to evolve and self-actualization

process begins.


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SELF-ACTUALIZATION

The way I perceive myself

Has to be in harmony (congruence) with

ones organismic experience (actualizing

tendency)

When not in harmony = a discrepancy occurs


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SELF-ACTUALIZATION

Example:

Organismic experience = Anger to his wife

Perception of Self = loving and devotedhusband

Perception of self and actualization tendency

= incongruent

Incongruent = conflict and tension


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SELF SUBSYSTEMS


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THE SELF CONCEPT

A subsystem of self

Perception of all aspects of ones being and onesexperiences (perception and not organismic)

Perceptionnot always accurate (note parts of organismic self is beyond ones

awareness)

Experiences which are inconsistent with self-

concept are either denied or accepted only in adistorted form.


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SELF-CONCEPT

An established self-concept: makes change

difficult but not impossible


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THE IDEAL SELF

The other subsystem of self

Ones view of self as one wishes to be

Contains all attributes (usually positive) thatpeople aspire to posses.


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SELF

Self-Concept and Ideal SelfMeasured by

Q-sort technique

Wide gap between Self-concept and Ideal

self = Incongruence and unhealthy

personality


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AWARENESS


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AWARENESS

The symbolic representation (not necessarily

in verbal symbols) of some portion of our

experience

The Reason why we have self-concept and

ideal-self

Synonymous with consciousness and

symbolization


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AWARENESS

3 levels of Awareness

1. Ignored or denied

2.

Accurately symbolized3. Distorted Form


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AWARENESS

Ignored

All experiences that cannot be processed into

self (example: all what we see in the jeepney

ride to school everyday)

Denied

Feelings and experiences that never reach

consciousness but colors their behavior


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AWARENESS

Subception:

Experiences inconsistent with the self-concept

that are perceived but not yet accepted into

awareness


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AWARENESS

Accurately Symbolized

Experiences that are non-threatening and

consistent with the existing self-concept

Freely admitted into the self-structure


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AWARENESS

Distorted Form

Experiences that are not consistent with their

view of self are distorted so as to fit into existing

self-concept


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DENIAL OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCES

Many people have a difficulty accepting genuinecompliments and positive feedback, even whendeserved

Compliments seldom have positive influence on theself-concept Distrust of the giver,

Recipient does feel he/she deserves it

Thus compliments are carried with an implied threatto self.


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NEEDS

Maintenance needs

Enhancement needs

Positive Regard

Positive Self-Regard


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MAINTENANCE NEEDS

Basic needs to survive

Need to resist change and maintain the

status quo

Expressed in the need to protect the current

and comfortable self-concept

Change and growthfrightening so

distorting the experience can happen


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ENHANCEMENT NEEDS

Growth movements towards self-

actualizationenhancement

Manifested in willingness to learn things that

are not immediately rewarding

Expressed in a variety of ways: Curiosity,

playfulness, self-exploration, maturation, and

friendship


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POSITIVE REGARD NEEDS

The need to be loved or accepted by another

person

A persistent motivator throughout life

This is given by a significant other


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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEEDS

Need for self-regard as the result of their

experiences with the satisfaction or frustration of

their need for positive regard

Dislike of self - Negative self regard Liking of Self independent of others attitudes

towards him/herPositive self-regard

Includes feelings of self-confidence and self-worth

To love yourselfgreatest love of all?


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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEEDS

Development Starts with perception that someone I

respect and admire (significant other)

prizes, cares, or values meNeed for positive regard is partially satisfied

This leads for a person then starts having

positive self-regardOnce Positive self-regard is established,

then one does not need positive regard

always


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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEED

Eventually becomes autonomous and self-

perpetuating

In other words, after awhile, the need to be

praised by others is no longer that importantbecause you see yourself as someone who

is positive.


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH

Positive regard from from a significant other isconditional

Conditions of worthgiven only if you meet

peoples expectations and approval Instead of unconditional positive regard (love)

Conditional love is given

I love you if

you prove your love to me.

in some aspects but not in other aspects or all

aspects.


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH

Criterion by which people accept or reject their

experiences

I assimilate the criteria of others on to myself

I believe your appraisal of me and it is consistentwith my negative appraisal of myself.

I ignore my own assessment of myself and become

estranged from my real or organismic self.

External Locus of Control, external locus of worth


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH

Acceptance from othersSo important

If not given, desperately sought

I accept the conditions of worth (values) of

others and make it my own (introjection) Sometimes this creates a disequilibrium

within myself that I conflict with myself

To be what others want me to be and notwhat I need to be for myself


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH

Disparity happens

Conflict between my own values (formed by

my organismic experience) and the distorted

values introjected from othersresults ininner conflict and incongruence

What others want me to be VS. what I need

to be in order to be whole and happy


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CONDITIONS OF WORTH

External evaluations (positive and negative)

prevents my from being completely open to

my own experiences

External Locus of worth


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PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGNATION


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Organism and the self are two separate

entities

May or may not be congruent with each other

Organismmoves towards fulfillment

Selfmoves towards self actualization

(fulfillment)


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This creates abnormal development

Incongruence

Vulnerability

Anxiety and Threat


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INCONGRUENCE

Beginning of Psychological Disequilibrium

Self-concept and organismic experience

contradict themselves

A person cannot accept experience because

it is inconsistent with the way I think of myself

Results in inconsistent behavior


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VULNERABILITY

The greater the incongruence the more vulnerable I

become

Vulnerable when I am unaware of the discrepancy

between organismic self and my significantexperience

Results in behavior that are incomprehensible to

others as well as to self.

I am not aware of the incongruence


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ANXIETY AND THREAT

Anxiety and threat happens when I become aware

of the incongruence

Anxietystate of uneasiness or tension whose

cause is unknown Threatas one gets to be more aware of the

incongruence

Anxiety and Threatsteps towards psychological

health even if it is not a pleasurable experience


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DEFENSIVENESS

Defensiveness - the protection of the self-

concept against anxiety and threat by the

denial or distortion of experiences

inconsistent with the self-concept Purpose is to keep organismic experience

consistent with my self-concept if not a

person would experience anxiety or threat.


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DEFENSIVENESS

Distortionmisinterpretation of anexperience in order to fit into some aspect ofthe self-concept

I perceive what is happening but I fail tounderstand its meaning

DenialRefusal to perceive an experiencein awareness or keeping some part of it from

reaching symbolization into the self-concept


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DISORGANIZATION

Happens when defensive behavior fails

Incongruence is too obvious or toosudden to be denied or distorted

behavior becomes disorganizedDisorganizationcan come suddenly or

gradually

May happen in therapyaccurateinterpretation of actions or prematureconfrontation of the experience


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PSYCHOTHERAPY


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CONDITIONS

1. Come into contact with a congruent

therapist (who also possesses empathy and

unconditional positive regard)

2. Client must perceive these characteristicsin the therapist

3. Contact must be of some duration.


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COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE

Congruencea persons organismic

experience are matched by an awareness of

them and by an ability and willingness to

openly express these feelingsCongruence = to be real or genuine, to be

whole, integrated, or to be what one truly is


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CONGRUENCE

In my relationships with persons I havefound that it does not help, in the long run, toact as though I were something I am not. . . It

does not help to act as though I werepermissive when I am really feeling that Iwould like to set limitsIt does not help toact as though I were acceptant of another

person when underneath that exterior I feelrejection (Carl Rogers, 1995)


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Not just a friendly personbut a trueand authentic person with feelings

When feelings are experiencednot

distorted nor denied but flows intoawareness freely

Feelings are not staticneither is

organismic experiencesbut readilyaccept this into awareness forpsychological growth


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Does no fake emotions (positive or negative)wears no mask or facades

Matches feelings with awareness and both

with honest expression


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COUNSELOR INCONGRUENCE

Breakdown between feelings andawareness (not aware that he is angrybut everyone can see it)

Discrepancy between awareness of an

experience and the ability or willingnessto express it to another (I am bored butdare not say it to the client)

Rogers: better to communicate genuinefeelings even if it is negative orthreateningclient will detect a fake


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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

Unconditional Positive Regard - The need tobe liked, prized, or accepted by another

person without any conditions or

qualificationsA warm, positive, and accepting attitude

towards the client without possessiveness,

without evaluation, and without reservation


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Nonpossessive Warmthto care aboutanother without smothering or owning that

person

Reputation for being passive or nondirective(does not direct the client towards a certain

goal) in therapybut a therapist must be

actively involved with the client


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Because I care about you, I can permit youto be autonomous and independent of myevaluations and restrictions. You are a

separate person with your own feelings andopinions regarding what is right or wrong.The fact that I care for you does not meanthat I must guide you in making choices but

that I can allow you to be yourself and todecide what is best for you


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External evaluations whether positive ornegative leads to clients defensiveness andprevents psychological growth

Regardclose relationship and sees clientas an important person

Positivedirection of the relationship(warmth and caring)

Unconditionalno conditions


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EMPHATIC LISTENING

Temporarily living in the others lifemoving about in it delicately withoutmaking judgments

Pakikipagpalitang-loob Seeing things from the clients point of

view

Namaste - "The Light of God in Merecognizes and honours The Light ofGod in You and in that recognition is ourOneness."


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EMPHATIC LISTENING

Checking accuracy of their sensing

You seem to be telling me that you feela great deal of resentment towards your

father. Validated by an exclamation

Yes, that is it exactly! I really do feel

resentful!Client able to listen to self thus become

own therapist


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EMPHATIC LISTENING

When persons are perceptively understood, theyfind themselves coming in closer touch with a wider

range of their experience. This gives them an

expanded referent to which they can turn for

guidance in understanding themselves and

directing their behavior. If the empathy has been

accurate and deep, they may also be able to

unblock a flow of experiencing and permit it to runits uninhibited course.


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EMPATHY

Empathy IS NOT sympathy

Empathyfeeling with the patient

Sympathyfeeling for the patient

External evaluationfeel sorry for the patient

EmpathyExperiencing the depth of the

clients while permitting the client to be a

separate person.


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EMPATHIC LISTENING

Client says things and feelings that may bedisorganized or an anxietynot knowing

what he is saying.

Therapistfeels what the client is feeling, but

also has cognitive reaction to the clientsfeelings

Therapist then feedbacks this to the client.

The client gains a better understanding ofwhat it means to be the client at that

particular moment. Moving towards

congruence.


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PROCESS - STAGE 1

Client is unwilling to communicate anythingabout self

Normally does not seek help but go to

therapy for some odd reason

Resistant to change and extremely rigid

Does not recognize problem and refusal to

own feelings and emotions.


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PROCESS - STAGE 2

Client is less rigid

External events and other people are

discussed

Disown and does not recognize feelings

If they talk about feelingsin a cognitive and

objective manner


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PROCESS STAGE 3

Client talk more freely about selfstill as anexternal object

Feelings are either in the past or future

avoiding present the present

Refuse to accept emotions and has distance

from the here and now feelings and situation

Vaguely perceive that they have choices and

deny responsibility for most of their decisions


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PROCESS - STAGE 4

Talks deeply about feelings but not those that

are presently felt.

Surprised by the expression of present

feelings Denial and distortion of experience but with

some cognition

Questions values they introjected and see

incongruence of self and self-concept

Start to accept responsibility and tentatively

becomes involved in a relationship with

therapist


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PROCESS STAGE 5

Express present feelings however notyet symbolized the feelings (made itpart of their self-concept)

Rely on internal locus of evaluation oftheir feelings (Judging my feelings frommy own self-concept/ perspective andnot others)

Able to make new discoveries about selfAble to distinguish feelings and

appreciate the nuances of feelings


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PROCESS STAGE 5

Make their own decisions and acceptresponsibility for their choices


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PROCESS STAGE 6

Dramatic growth and irreversible movement

towards becoming fully functioning or self

actualizing

Face present experiences with awarenessand open expression

No longer evaluate behavior from an external

viewpoint but rely on organismic self

Begins to develop unconditional positive self

regard


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PROCESS STAGE 6

Experience physiological looseningmuscles are relaxed, tears flow, circulation

improves, and physical symptoms of tension

disappears Signal to the end of therapy

Growth in this stage is irreversible


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PROCESS STAGE 7

Person of tomorrowAble to generalize their in-therapy

experiences to their world beyond therapy

Confident of self, own and feel theirexperiences, live experiences in the present

Congruence between organismic self andself-conceptused for evaluation ofexperiences


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PROCESS STAGE 7

Pleasure in knowing that these evaluations

are fluid

Pleasure in knowing change and growth will

continue Possess unconditional positive self-regard

Able to be loving and empathic towards

others

I am loving and capable of love, I prize myself

and accept myself as who I am and not just

how others want me to be


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OUTCOMES

Before Vulnerable or

anxious

Contacts a

counselor Congruent

UPR for Client

Empathic

Understanding

Client percieves all

these in therapist

After

More congruent

Less defensive

More open to

experiences

Realistic view of

world

Positive self-regard Owns experiences


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OUTCOMES

After

More accepting of others

More congruent in their relationships with

others


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PERSON OF TOMORROW


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MORE ADAPTABLE

Able to adapt to different situations and yetkeep organismic self and self-concept

congruent

More likely to survive

conformity and adjustment to a fixed

condition have little long-term survival value


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OPEN TO EXPERIENCES

Accurately symbolize experiences intoawareness rather than distort or deny these

experiences

Pregnant with meaning Listen to self and hear their joy, anger,

discouragement, fear, tenderness, etc.


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OPEN TO EXPERIENCES

Trust in their organismic selfNot dependent on others for guidance

Own experience is best for making choices

Do what feels right because they would trusttheir inner feelings

Perceives clearly the rights and feelings of

others in their decision making


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LIVE THE MOMENT FULLY

Live in a state of fluidity and change Experience of each moment as new and

uniqueability to appreciate fully the present

moment Existential Living

No perception of how the world should be

Living the experience with no prejudice ofprior expectations


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HARMONIOUS RELATIONS

No need to be liked or loved by everyone Know that I m unconditionally prized and

accepted by someone

Seek relationships with others who arehealthy and contribute to growth in eachperson

Care about others in a non-judgmental way

Seek meaning, spiritual and inner peace


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MORE INTEGRATED

More whole with no artificial boundary(wholly me or Holy Me)

See clearly the difference between the

real me and the ideal and are able tomake the two one

No facades, because of the confidencein who I am

Openly express whatever feelings theyare experiencing


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TRUST IN HUMAN NATURE

Will not harm others for personal gain

Cares about others and ready to help when

needed

Experiences anger but can be trusted not tostrike out unreasonably against others

Would be able to channel negative feelings

to appropriate direction


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RICHNESS IN LIFE

Open to all experiencesricher in in life

Not distorting internal stimuli nor buffer their

emotions

Would feel more deeply than others

Live in the present and participate more

richly in the ongoing moment

-chapter 11 - person centered theory

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