Catalan and Basque Education

Measures taken to promote Catalan at all levels of the

education system in Catalonia

Catalan banned from education C 17th-20th

imposition of Spanish in obligatory education education important for vitality of a language C 20th – political Catalanism:

◦Mancomunicat, Generalitat 1932 Statute of Catalonia – Catalan in

education for first time Franco dictatorship – prohibition of Catalan democratic transition – Catalan a subject Estatuts d’Autonomia and linguistics laws put

emphasis on the learning and education use of Catalan

unitary linguistic model: model de conjunció

General Information

1. Totes les persones tenen dret a rebre l’ensenyament en català, d’acord amb el que estableix aquest Estatut. El català s’ha d’utilitzar normalment com a llengua vehicular i d’aprenentatge en l’ensenyament universitari i en el no universitari.

2. Els alumnes tenen dret a rebre l’ensenyament en català en l’ensenyament no universitari. També tenen el dret i el deure de conèixer amb suficiència oral i escrita el català i el castellà en finalitzar l’ensenyament obligatori, sigui quina sigui llur llengua habitual en incorporar-se a l’ensenyament. L’ensenyament del català i el castellà ha de tenir una presència adequada en els plans d’estudis.

3. Els alumnes tenen dret a no ésser separats en centres ni en grups classe diferents per raó de llur llengua habitual.

4. Els alumnes que s’incorporen més tard de l’edat corresponent al sistema escolar de Catalunya gaudeixen del dret a rebre un suport lingüístic especial si la manca de comprensió els dificulta seguir amb normalitat l’ensenyament.

5. El professorat i l’alumnat dels centres universitaris tenen dret a expressar-se, oralment i per escrit, en la llengua oficial que elegeixin.

Article 35. Drets lingüístics en l’àmbit de l’ensenyament (Estatut 2006)

children are entitled to receive primary education in their language of habitual use – Catalan or Spanish (Article 21.2 LPL 1998)

it is compulsory to teach both languages at all levels of non-university education

all children in Catalunya should be able to use Catalan and Spanish normally and correctly by the end of primary education (Article 21.2 LPL 1998)

Catalan is the main teaching language and a compulsory subject:◦ pre-primary education 87% of pupils taught

mainly in Catalan◦ primary education 69% of pupils taught mainly

in Catalan (1992-93)

Pre-school and primary (0-12 years)

Catalan is the main teaching language for:◦ 73% of pupils in public-sector schools◦ 74% of pupils in private schools

a compulsory subject in all schools use of Catalan has increased in recent

years◦ wider range of textbooks in Catalan◦ still a low number of university textbooks◦ most of books used are in Spanish/English

Secondary education (12-16 years)

Catalan is the main teaching language for 31% of pupils

most of the remainder were all taught partly in Catalan

all pupils take Catalan as a subject

Batxillerat/professional certificates

everyone entitled to express themselves in the official language of their choice (Article 22.1 LPL 1998)

between 1990-93 the use of Catalan for university entrance tests went from 52-59%

% of classes in Catalan (Department of Universities of Catalonia):

Higher education

University of Barcelona 66% Rovira I Virgili University 65%

Autonomous Uni of Barcelona 62% Open University of Catalunya 71%

Polytechnic Uni of Catalunya 59% Ramon Llull University 76%

Pompeu Fabra University 66% Vic University 84%

Girona University 80% International Uni of Catalunya 44%

Lleida University 53% Abbot Oliba-CEU University 32%

responsibility of the Generalitat de Catalunya

Catalan and Spanish teaching is compulsory (Article 23.1 LPL 1998)

Adult education

linguistic issue (la Llei de normalització lingüística, 1983) -> language policy more political (La Llei de política lingüística)

efficient use of Catalan has gone from strength to strength tension between the Generalitat and the Spanish government is

increasing 02/09/11 Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Cataluña gave Generalitat

two months to make Spanish a vehicular language in Catalan education system

huge oppression and the Generalitat maintained that this ruling would lead to the disintegration of society

demands were unclear as Catalunya was already obeying the law, ensuring that all pupils are fully competent in Spanish upon leaving school

Generalitat didn’t see that it was necessary to make any additional changes

In conclusion

Measures taken to promote Catalan at all levels of the

education system in the Autonomous Community of

Valencia

Valencia

Generalitat Valenciana has full power over the education system

Official policy: ‘support the introduction of Catalan as a teaching language in schools and to establish language immersion programmes for Spanish-speaking pupils’ http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i2/i2.html#3.1

La Llengua Valenciana is the traditional and official name of the Catalan language in Valencia.

‘The Valencians, who have been keen to establish their different identity from the Catalans, insisted that there should be a Valencian version of the 1978 Constitution. This was granted, with the result that a document was published which, almost without exception, was word for word identical to the Catalan version!’ (Mar-Molinero: 1997)

Llei d'Ùs i Ensenyament del Valencià (Law of use and teaching of Valencian/Catalan): both Catalan and Castilian are compulsory subjects to be studied in all levels of education except at university

Since 1983, Catalan has been used more and more as a medium for teaching

General Information

Catalan is the main teaching language in some schools and a compulsory taught subject in all schools.

1983: 10 schools that taught entirely or partially in Catalan 1992: 392 schools that taught entirely or partially in

Catalan 1991: decree made it compulsory for all schools to provide

a minimum number of classes in both Catalan and Castilian from the age of 8.

Criticisms and exemptions Immersion programmes for pupils who only speak Castilian Progress has been slow in areas when Castilian is the

dominant language

Pre-school, primary school and lower secondary school (up to the age of 14)

The use of Catalan has increased significantly Catalan is now a compulsory taught subject in all

schools Academic year 1983-1984: 1280 pupils taught at

least partially in Catalan 1993-1994: increased to 7900

Upper Secondary School (age 14-19)

There are 4 main public universities in the Community of Valencia: James I University, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Polytechnic University of Valencia and the University of Valencia.

Use of Catalan is below 10% Used mainly as a language of social interaction

rather than a medium for teaching

Higher Education

Language training programme in place for adults who want to learn Catalan

Many materials are available to assist 1986: regional government set up the Junta Avaluadora de

Valencià which organised official exams in Catalan for adult learners on the language programme.

Adult Education

Measures taken to promote Catalan at all levels of the education system in the Balearic Islands

Balearic Islands

The 4 main islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The capital is Palma (de Majorca)

The central government has the responsibility of education, but the Balearic government has power of the teaching of Catalan.

Language Standardisation Law of 1986: Catalan is the official language of all levels of education Pupils have the right to be taught in their ‘own’ language Catalan language and literature is compulsory at all levels except at

university By the end of compulsory education, pupils must be able to use both

Castilian and Catalan ‘normally and correctly’ Students and lecturers at university have the right to use the

language of their choice Catalan as a medium of teaching: usually parents / teachers who

initiate this http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i3/i3.html#

3.1 1990-1991: 147 out of 555 schools taught classes partially in

Catalan

General Information

Catalan is currently a compulsory subject in all schools.

1990-1991: 48% of public-sector schools provided teaching at least partially in Catalan.

Pre-school, primary school and lower secondary school (up to the age of 14)

Catalan is a compulsory subject taught in all schools.

According to the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, around 60% of pupils are taught at least partially in Catalan.

Upper Secondary School (age 14-19)

According to the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, around 50% of the courses taught at the Universitat de les Illes Balears are taught in Catalan

Variation between departments Catalan as a subject in its own right

Higher Education

Large number of Catalan language courses are available to the public.

1991: around 6000 people registered on one of these courses.

Adult Education

3 main problems identified by Hoffman Lack of confidence of many non-native Catalan

teachers Demographic distribution of children from Catalan-

speaking homes and Castilian speaking ones is uneven Many children from middle-class Catalan families go to

private schools making the proportion of Catalan to Castilian speaking children in state schools even more unfavourable.

‘…The aim in education is to have a wholly Catalan system where Castilian is taught as a foreign language.’

(Hoffman 2000)

Problems with introducing Catalan into the education system

‘It’s promotion in the public sphere, in education and the media has resulted in an increase in the number of those who read it, speak it and write it, up by some 20% in the period between the 1986 and 1996 census.’ (Hoffman: 2000)

Success of Catalan in Education

Measures taken to promote Catalan in France

The Catalan-speaking area of France (known as Catalunya Nord) covers the Département de Pyrénées Orientales

Catalunya Nord

The geographical variant of Catalan spoken in France has traditionally been known as northern Catalan or Roussillonnais

Linguistic legislations very recent in the languages history

Northern Catalonia annexed in 1659 after Treaty of the Pyreenes

Harsh repression followed ‘Gallicisation’ from 1682 Édit du Roi in 1700

History

Edit du Roi

Current situation

Languedoc-Roussillon: 2.3 million people 140,000 speakers 6% of population speak

Catalan

French is used in administration and public services

Bilingual place names Bilingual street names from 1993 in Perpignan Dans le nord de la Catalogne cependant, les

chiffres montrent une baisse dans la connaissance de la langue, et seulement 34 % peuvent parler le catalan, 27 % peuvent l'écrire et 55 % peuvent le comprendre. En catalan, on écrit català pour désigner la langue catalane (llengua catalana).

Current Situation

Federació per a la Defensa de la Llengua i de la Cultura Catalanes

Institut Rossellonès d'Estudis Catalans (GREC)

Universitat Catalana d'Estiu (1969) Ómnium Cultural Catalunya-Nord Federació Sardanista  Centre de Documentació i Animació de la

Cultura Catalana 

Institutions

Dexionne Law in 1951 Haby Law in 1975 Bas-Lauriol Law in 1975 Toubon Law in 1994 21st July 2008 – article 75-1 added to the

French constitution

Laws passed

Previous articles discuss the ex-colonies / and the status of those people

Article 75-1: Les langues régionales appartiennent au patrimoine de la France

«Regional languages are part of France’s heritage»

Measures taken – Article 75-1

Préambule: The promotion of the Catalan language will not

be detrimental to the French language. La politique de promotion de la langue catalane

ne se fait pas au détriment de la langue française.

The linguistic policy in favour of Catalan is based on inclination and encouragement and not on obligation.

La politique linguistique en faveur du catalan est fondée sur l'incitation et l'encouragement et non sur l'obligation[…]

Measures taken – Charte en faveur du Catalan – 2007

ARTICLE 1: Le Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales

reconnaît officiellement, au côté de la langue française, le catalan comme langue du département.

The Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognises Catalan, alongside the French language as a language within the département.

Charter in favour of Catalan - 2007

ARTICLE 4: De manière générale, toutes les structures

départementales (services, administrations, organismes associés et partenaires) intégrent la dimension de la langue catalane dans leurs fonctions et attributions, en particulier en ce qui concerne la communication avec le public et la signalisation

In general, all regional structures will integrate the Catalan language in their functions, particularly concerning communication with the public.

Charter in favour of Catalan - 2007

ARTICLE 7: La langue catalane ne se limite pas à une

discipline scolaire. Sa présence à tous les niveaux de la vie publique et sociale doit être garantie et encouragée.

The Catalan language will not be limited to schooling. Its presence at all levels of public and social life must be guarantied and encouraged.

Charter in favour of Catalan - 2007

Charter in favour of Catalan in relation to education:

aide à l'ouverture de classes bilingues Help to create bilingual classes généralisation de la sensibilisation à tous

les enfants Spreading the knowledge to all children aide au développement de la formation

pour adultes Help to develop adult education

Catalan in education

CEDACC - courses at pre-school level and in primary schools (1000 pupils in 1993-94).

In State nursery and primary education (age 3-11), there is an introductory class in Catalan language and culture (one and a half hours per week) which is currently attended by 28% of pupils

Catalan in education: Pre-school and Primary

Education in Catalan through immersion technique

From primary to secondary school Aims to have completely bilingual students

in school and social life 1993 – Catalan schools recognised within

France as private schools In 2003 – secondary school started, across

the board had 500 pupils

La Bressola

12% of pupils (11-15) attend a weekly one hour class of Catalan

Catalan language and culture is also taught (three hours per week) in general secondary education – however these are only attended by 4% of students

There are also vocational centers offering classes – which the local council half fund

Catalan in education: Secondary

Institut Franco-catalá at University of Perpignan

Université de Perpignan – Catalan degree since 1982

Masters since 1984 Post-Grad diploma since 1984 ERASMUS with Catalan speaking Universities

since 1987 Some other French Universities offer Catalan

courses, e.g. Aix-en-Provence, Marsailles, Paris

Catalan in education: University

CEDACC - Catalan and language consultation service and organising Catalan classes for municipal employees and adult education classes

Catalan in education: Adult life

Measures taken to promote Basque in the

Basque Country

Granted the status of Nationality within Spain in the Spanish Constitution of 1978.

Spanish and Basque are co-official but only Spanish is compulsory.

Guipuzkoa is the most Basque-speaking territory and Alava the less.

Basque Legislation (Ley 10/1992)

European Charter for regional or minority languages (Basque, June 1992).

General Information

Process of linguistic normalisation initiated 20 years ago.

After the death of Franco, entirely education in Basque became available.

Importance of Ikastolak (primary and secondary schools)

Teaching Models: ◦ A : education is entirely in Spanish, with Basque as a

compulsory subject.◦ B: education is partly in Basque and partly in Spanish◦ D: education is entirely in Basque, with Spanish as a compulsory

subject.◦ X: education is entirely in Spanish (foreigners).

General Information

“La Constitución y el Estatuto de Autonomía confían a los poderes públicos de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca la adopción de las medidas encaminada a asegurar el desarrollo y la normalización del uso del euskera considerando su doble dimensión de parte fundamental del Patrimonio Cultural del Pueblo Vasco y, junto con el castellano, idioma de uso oficial en el Territorio de la Comunidad Autónoma”.

“Se reconoce el derecho de todo alumno a recibir la enseñanza en euskera, regulándose la obligatoriedad de la enseñanza de la lengua oficial no elegida.”

Basque Legislation

“Se atribuye al Gobierno la regulación de modelos lingüísticos a impartir, la adopción de medidas encaminadas a la adquisición de un conocimiento suficiente de ambas lenguas oficiales y la adecuación de los planes de estudio.”

“En cuanto a formación del profesorado se prevé la adaptación de sus planes de estudio para conseguir su total capacitación en euskera y castellano”

(Ley 10/1982, de 24 de Noviembre, básica de normalización del uso del Euskera: http://www.parlamento.euskadi.net/pdfdocs/leyes/ley19820010_f_cas.html )

Basque Legislation

Signed by “Comite de Ministros del Consejo de Europa” in June 1992.

Objective of the Charter: “Ofrecer un estatus juridico a las lenguas regionales y minoritarias que permita su uso publico y privado al objeto de lograr su preservacion”.

Education (Article 8)◦ Nursery education◦ Primary School ◦ Secondary School◦ Professional and technical teaching◦ University◦ Education for adults◦ Culture and History teaching◦ Qualification of the teachers◦ Formation of control entities.

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Private education (51%)

In the Basque Autonomous Region (BAR), out of 1,851,000 inhabitants, 558,000 (30%) speak Basque well, 340,000 (18%) a little and 953,000 (52%) not at all.

Process of linguistic normalisation initiated 20 years ago: 6/10 young people know the Basque language nowadays.

During the last 25 years Euskera has gained 300.000 speakers in BAR.

Data

IV Mapa Sociolinguistico:

http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf

Linguistic Competence in the different provinces (2006)

IV Sociolinguistic Map: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/

es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf

Linguistic Models

Linguistic Models

IV Sociolinguistic Map: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/informacion/ar

gitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf

Measures taken to promote Basque in France

PAÍS VASCO FRANCÉS

● Es el País Vasco Continental, también llamado País Vasco Norte o País Vasco-Francés.

● Tiene 264.000 habitantes y está integrado por tres regiones: Lapurdi, Behe Nafarroa y Zuberoa.

● Ya en el siglo XVIII, la Revolución Francesa acabó con los instituciones forales de las regiones vascas continentales y hoy es el día, que no poseen una entidad política propia.

Carta europea de las lenguas minoritarias

● La Carta Europea de las Lenguas Minoritarias o Regionales es un documento ratificado en Estrasburgo el 5 de noviembre de 1992 para la defensa y promoción de las lenguas de Europa que, o bien carecen de oficialidad, o que aun siendo oficiales, están en manifiesta debilidad. Alrededor de 40 millones de ciudadanos de la Unión utiliza una lengua históricamente minoritaria. Según la UNESCO, 30 de ellas están amenazadas en toda Europa.

MINORITY LANGUAGES IN FRANCE

-France is one of the most centralized of European states.-Education, law and public administration are all conducted in standard french.-Minority languages are taught in school, but mostly as an optional extra subject

M inority languages have been recognized for the fi rst time in the history of the constitution of the Republic of F rance. Deputies and senators meeting in congress in V ersailles voted in favor of constitutional reforms urged by the government of the U nion for a P opular M ovement (U P M ) party which recognize languages other than F rench. A rticle 75 of the pr incipal legal text of F rance states that from now on "regional languages form a part of the heritage of F rance."

BILINGUAL EDUCATION

Was introduced in the 1990s in Alsace and Lorraine, in Brittany and Corsica, initiated by private associations, taken up by regional governments and then supported by central government.The 1951 Deixonne 1975 Haby 1994 Toublon 1995 regulations on regional languagesand the 2002 regulations on bilingual education provide the basis for the teaching of regional languages. The 2001 law creating a Conseil académique des langues régionales was put into effect through the establishment of 19 Academies of regional languages at universities in the regions concerned, one each for Basque, Catalan, Corsu, Alsatian and Platt; two for Breton; four for Creole; and eight for Occitan. In December 2006, the French National Assembly rejected an amendment for the constitutional recognition of regional language

% LANGUAGE According to an inquiry of 2006

 -22.5% were bilinguals (French-Basque)

 -8.6% were French-speakers who understand Basque

 -and 68.9% were not Basque-speakers. 

 But the results were very different in the three zones; in the inner land (Basse Navarre and Soule) 66.2% speak or understand Basque in the coast (Labourd) the figure stands at 36.9%  and in the B.A.B. urban zone (Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz) only 14.2% speak or understand Basque (according to another inquiry, 20% of the B.A.B. people can speak or understand the Gascon language). The proportion of French-Basque bilingual speakers fell from 26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006.

EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA

•-En el País Vasco Francés, los alumnos matriculados en enseñanza vasca para el año 2006 son el 15,9% del total. Recientemente se está detectando un aumento significativo en las matriculaciones en los modelos bilingües y ya más del 30% de los alumnos de Primaria estudian en euskera.•-Hay que tener en cuenta que el euskera carece de oficialidad en el estado francés y la enseñanza en euskera solamente se imparte en ikastolas (escuela que tiene por misión la promoción de una escuela vascófona), centros educativos que no reciben subvención alguna por parte de las instituciones galas, así como en colegios públicos de enseñanza bilingüe y en escuelas católicas

IKASTOLAAn ikastola is a type of primary and secondary school in the Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre and (to a much lesser extent) the French Basque Country in which pupils are taught either entirely or predominantly in the Basque language. Ikastolak can be nowadays either private or public, divided into different networks.The Basque language public network relies on state funding and management, allocated in Spain by the education institutions of the Basque Autonomous Comunity and Navarre in their corresponding territories, while in France the association Ikas-Bi in the public network advocates for bilingual education.

Derechos Lingüísticos de Euskal Herria

En 1997 se creó el Consejo de los Organismos Sociales del Euskara: -Kontseilua, entidad que reúne a 54 organismos sociales de origen, ideología y ámbitos de acción diversos que realizaron un paso histórico para trabajar conjuntamente con el objetivo de promover el pleno desarrollo del euskara. - Representa actualmente al núcleo de la cultura vasca que, desde su unidad interna, ofrece a la sociedad una dinámica de colaboración para la normalización del euskara. La preocupación por la vulneración de derechos lingüísticos en Euskal Herria llevó a Kontseilua a mediados del 2001 a la creación del Observatorio de Derechos Lingüísticos, fundación cuyo objetivo es velar por los derechos lingüísticos de los ciudadanos de los territorios de la lengua vasca, y que dirige su actividad a garantizar esos derechos, tanto en el ámbito público como en el privado.

More measures have been taken to promote the use of Catalan in education in Spain than in France.

The measures have come into practice relatively recently. Generally speaking, the use of Catalan in Spain is rising whereas it is

decreasing in France. The local authorities hope that with ‘La Bressola’, the use of Catalan will

increase at all levels if education in Northern Catalonia.

Conclusion - Catalan

Convivència in Catalonia: languages living together By Jacqueline Hall, page 40.

The teaching of Basque is more varied in Spain due to the use of the linguist policy of models (A, B, D and X)

In France, Basque is only an optional subject across the board. Ikastola exist in both the French and Spanish parts of the Basque

Country but is only funded by the government in Spain. Due to this, France has a lower number of Basque speakers than

Spain. People consider it more important to learn Basque in Spain than in

France – no official status in France.

Conclusion - Basque

Catalan and Basque are both flourishing in Spain whereas they are experiencing difficulties in France

50-75% of Spanish Països Catalans speak Catalan 25-53% of Spanish Euskaleria speak Basque 6% of Northern Catalonia speak Catalan 22.5% of French Basques speak Basque

This has been directly affected by education: there is no model system for Basque in France

There are no autonomous governments to support the use of the minority languages in France.

Analysis of similarities and differences between the promotion of Catalan and Basque in the education systems

Are minority languages doomed outsidetheir countries of origin?

http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/france-3politik_minorites.htm http://www.collectifprovence.com/spip.php?article260 http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/default_fr.asp http://www.cg66.fr/ http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm http://www.parlamento.euskadi.net/pdfdocs/leyes/ley19820010_f_cas.html http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/textcharter/Charter/Charter_baq.pdf http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i2/i2.html#3.1 http://www20.gencat.cat http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/

es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf Hoffman, Charlotte: ‘Balancing Language Planning and Language Rights: Catalonia’s

Uneasy Juggling Act’ in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21:5, 2000, pp.425-441

Mar-Molinero, Clare: The Spanish-Speaking World, A Practical Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Routledge 1997

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