A comparison of the algorithms for calculating the name letter effect

Hisamitsu Tsuda

name letter test initial preference task self-esteem cognitive bias

1

(e.g., Alicke & Olesya, 2005)(e.g., Miller & Ross,

1975)

(Taylor & Brown, 1988; 1994)

(Farnham et al., 1999)

(Heine et al.,1999)

(Yamaguchi et al., 2007)

(name letter test)

(Nuttin, 1985; 1987)

(Greenwald & Banaji,1995)

(Kitayama & Karasawa, 1997)

(e.g., Stieger et al., 2012)

－ 65 －

(initial preference task)

(Bosson et al., 2000)

(LeBel & Gawronski(2009)Baseline-corrected algorithm:

B-algorithm )

(LeBel & Gawronski(2009)Self-corrected

algorithm: S-algorithm )

LeBel & Gawronski(2009)

5 Baccus et al.(2004) Ipsatized double-correction algorithm: I-algorithm

2

2 Double-correction algorithm: D-algorithm; Z-transformed double-correction algorithm : Z-algorithm

I-algorithm B-algorithm S-algorithm

LeBel & Gawronski(2009) I-algorithm

77

B-algorithm I-algorithm

S-algorithm

A

S-algorithm A

3(B-algorithm

－ 66 －

愛知学泉大学・短期大学紀要

S-algorithm I-algorithm)

2 (1)

521 81 4382 19.08

(2)26

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 7

3 (1)

(Table 1)

(Table 2)

A+1

(2)

S-algorithm

A 23 74B 2 0C 3 19D 0 0E 3 8F 11 1G 4 2H 42 22I 48 7J 0 1K 69 50L 0 0M 48 109N 37 31O 43 3P 0 0Q 0 0R 2 42S 74 46T 48 25U 13 2V 0 0W 5 1X 0 0Y 46 76Z 0 2

Table 1

3

B-algorithm

(F(17, 503)=1.07, p=.38) S-algorithm

(F(17, 503)=1.79, p=.03)Tukey A K M

H( p=.00,

－ 67 －

ネームレター効果の算出アルゴリズムの比較

A 5.44 1.12 A 5.44 1.12B 4.33 1.23 K 5.00 1.18C 4.25 1.15 S 4.89 1.35D 4.14 1.18 R 4.77 1.32E 4.29 1.21 N 4.60 1.29F 4.14 1.13 M 4.59 1.37G 3.91 1.27 I 4.58 1.32H 4.18 1.18 T 4.57 1.20I 4.58 1.32 O 4.52 1.29J 4.48 1.31 J 4.48 1.31K 5.00 1.18 P 4.42 1.20L 4.38 1.19 Y 4.42 1.24M 4.59 1.37 L 4.38 1.19N 4.60 1.29 X 4.36 1.36O 4.52 1.29 B 4.33 1.23P 4.42 1.20 Z 4.30 1.33Q 4.09 1.32 E 4.29 1.21R 4.77 1.32 C 4.25 1.15S 4.89 1.35 H 4.18 1.18T 4.57 1.20 W 4.17 1.36U 4.15 1.28 U 4.15 1.28V 4.11 1.23 D 4.14 1.18W 4.17 1.36 F 4.14 1.13X 4.36 1.36 V 4.11 1.23Y 4.42 1.24 Q 4.09 1.32Z 4.30 1.33 G 3.91 1.27

Table 2

p=.00, p=.02) I-algorithm

(F(17, 503)=0.98, p=.49)

B-algorithm

(F(14, 503)=2.07, p=.01)Tukey

S-algorithm

(F(14, 503)=5.23, p=.00) AN R C p=.00 p=.02p=.00 A K N R S H (

p=.00, p=.04, p=.00, p=.00, p=.01) A RY ( p=.00)

I-algorithm(F(14,

503)=2.15, p=.01)

Table 3

B-algorithm I-algorithm

S-algorithm A

HTable 1

Table 2 A KS R M N

S-algorithm

(3)

B-algorithm

(Table 4)B-algorithm

(r=.34 .35, p=.00) S-algorithm I-algorithm

S-algorithm

－ 68 －

愛知学泉大学・短期大学紀要

family name irst nameB-algorithm S-algorithm I-algorithm B-algorithm S-algorithm I-algorithmn.s. A K M>H n.s. n.s. A N R>C n.s.

A K N R S>HA R>Y

Table 3

B-algorithm

S-algorithm I-algorithm

(4)

S-algorithmB-algorithm

2I-algorithm

LeBel & Gawronski (2009)I-algorithm

B-algorithm S-algorithm

I-algorithm

1) Alicke, M.D., & Olesya, G The better-than-average effect. In M.D. Alicke, D.A. Dunning, & J.I. Krueger(Eds.), The self in social judgment. Studies in self and identity. New York, NY: Psychology Press. pp. 85-106(2007)

2) Baccus, J. R., Baldwin, M. W., & Packer, D. J. Increasing implicit self-esteem through

classical conditioning. Psychological Science, 15, 498-502(2004)

3) Bosson, J. K., Swann, W .B., Jr., & Pennebaker, J. W. Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643(2000)

4) Farnham, D. S., Greenwald, G. A., & Banaji, M.N. Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams,

& M. Hogg(Eds.), Social identity and social cognition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp.230-248(1999)

B-algorithm (family name)

B-algorithm (first name) .30**

S-algorithm (family name) .89** .17**

S-algorithm (first name) .15** .86** .20**

I-algorithm (family name) .91** .17** .97** .20**

I-algorithm (first name) .15** .89** .21** .95** .21**

.34** .35** .07 .10* .07 .11*

**p <.01. *p <.05.

Table 4

－ 69 －

ネームレター効果の算出アルゴリズムの比較

5) Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27(1995)

6) Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. Is there a universal need forpositive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794(1999)

7) Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. Implicit self-esteem in Japan: Name letters and birthday numbers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 736-742(1997)

8) LeBel, E. P., & Gawronski, B. How to find what's in a name: Scrutinizing the optimality of five scoring algorithms for the name-letter task. European Journal of Personality, 23, 85-106(2009)

9) Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213-225(1975)

10) Nuttin, J.M. Narcissism beyond Gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353-361(1985)

11) Nuttin, J.M. Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name-letter effect in twelve European languages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 381-402(1987)

12) Stieger, S., Voracek, M., & Formann, A.K. How to administer the Initial Preference Task. European Journal of Personality, 26, 63-78(2012)

13) Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J.D. Positive illusions and well-being revisited: Separating fact from fiction. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 21-27(1994)

14) Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J. Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210(1988)

15) Yamaguchi, S., Greenwald, A.G., Banaji, M.R., Murakami, F., Chen, D., Shiomura, K., Kobayashi, C., Cai, H., & Krendl, A. Apparent Universality of Positive Implicit

Self-Esteem. Psychological Science, 18,

498-500(2007)

B25780432

－ 70 －

愛知学泉大学・短期大学紀要