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cause they do not represent large na-tions. At the present time it appearsthat the scientifically advanced coun-tries are widening the gap in knowledgeand abilities between themselves andthe smaller nations of the world as aresult of the high cost of conductingmodern research.

Finally, the very existence of such afacility as an international laboratorywill stimulate the formulation of higherlevels of problems which cannot beconsidered with present resources. Newdimensions to oceanographic rq,searchwill be added with the wider availabil-ity of the best tools of the trade.

HENRY STOMMELMassachiusetts Institlute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachlusetts 02139

EDWARD D. GOLDBERGScripps Itnstitutioni of Oceatnography,La Jolla, California 92037

Pyrotechnics

The editors of Scienice deserve praisefor the clever and subtle cover of thlFourth of July issue. Bombs burstingin air and fireworks represented bydroplets of the spray of the bombardilrbeetle! Man is a part of nature, ser-mons in stones, scientists as humorists.

DAVID L. SILLSPopulaitiotn Council,245 Park Avenue, New York 1,0017

Intellectual Loneliness

Since reading various solutions forpreventing the intellectual brain drainfrom underdeveloped countries and sug-gestions for improving the "intellectualloneliness" of educated and talentedpeople in those areas (Singer, editorial,7 June 1968, and Wolfle, editorial, 2Aug. 1968), I have also found in mycopies of Science (which arrive in ir-regular fashion) letters describing boththe glut of doctoral graduates in de-veloped countries such as Australia(Willix, 22 Nov. 1968) and the needfor relevance in the training of Ph.D.'swho plan to work in underdevelopedcountries (Ronkin, 3 Jan. 1969).

These editorials and letters all stressthat future planning for technical man-

power is essential, but it should not bedone at the expense of creative andintellectual freedom. If the supply ofPh.D.'s exceeds the demand in many

Western countries, there is a great needfor them in developing countries, espe-cially in higher education, industrial re-search, and government services. Isuggest that those Western countrieswith a surplus of trained people estab-lish overseas research and developmentdivisions which wouLld accept requLests,for the services of certain specialists,from hardpressed and tunderstaffed de-veloping countries. This wotuld appearto me to be more relevant than bring-ing foreign associates from underdevel-oped couLntries temporarily to ouLr West-ern institutions, as it would answertheir immediate problems and use avail-able facilities, instead of farming outthe work to be done in a sterile, air-conditioned (and irrelevant) setting ina North American or EuLropean insti-tute. The presence of scientists and en-gineers from the developed CouLntrieswoUld also help relieve the "intelleCtuLalloneliness" of their less fortuLnate col-leaguLes in these poorer nations.

MICHAEL B. KATZCanadian International DevelopmtientAgency, Department of Geology,University of Ceyloni, Peradeniya

I am a Pakistani who received high-er training in England and the UnitedStates and am now teaching in Canada.. . . Basically I agree with Ronkin'sand Stone's (Letters, 6 June) proposalsfor certain supplementary training offoreign students. But I object to theidea of training a foreign student ex-clusively on the basis of the needs ofhis homeland, although these shouldbe important considerations of theagencies which award fellowships.When a modified program for a par-ticular student is requested, such a re-quest should originate in the student'shome institution or his homeland andshould not be imposed upon him bythe institution where he will be trained.Many universities rightfully impose afew necessary conditions on the foreignstudents from a developing country,such as proficiency in English, a num-

ber of extra courses as prerequisites,and so forth, but to go beyond thatand offer them a compulsory modifiedprogram would appear to be a kind ofselective training, depriving them ofworking in all other areas beyond thecurrent needs of their homelands. Sucha practice will obviously discouragedevelopment of future programs intheir countries beyond those needs....

As Stone pointed out, it is a fallacythat the developing countries should

SCIENCE, VOL. 165

not do basic research. It has beenproved mainy times that such couLntriesare capable of producing talented men:for exanmple. Khorana (molecular biol-ogy) from India and Salarm (theoreticalphysics) from Pakistan. The foreigntraining of these two scientists was notlimited to the needs of India or Pakis-tan. Hald they been assigned to nbar-rowly selective programs in their earlyyears baised on the niecds of theircouLntries, thev Would have providecdtwo more exanmples of misplaccl-iemet.The problems of edLucating foreign

stuLdlenits froim the dlevelopillg couLntriesare mnaniy but a selective program cus-tonm-nmade ftor them is not the answer.

S. M. HUSAINL)Dpartcmnt(Iutd, Biohogie,Univer,.itc' (/i .She(rbrooke,Slhcr-b rookc, Quebec, Caniada

Starvation: Weapon of Warfare

Abelsoni's editorial (4 Apr., p. 17)implicating malnutrition with poorlearniing ability should awaken scien-tists and politicians to world starvationproblems. Witick and Rosso have alsorecenitly associated mralnutrition wxithin,adequate brain development (1). Cur-rent reports from Biafra, where greattnunmbers of people, especially pregnantnmothers and children, have been de-prived of adequLate protein and mineralnutritioni for 2 years seem to confirmthe observations of Winick and Rosso(2). The reports are that four babiesouLt of ten born in maternities in Bi-afrra are dcformiied. This would indicatethat severe pretnatal malnutrition caninidLce sMall tetal brain size as well assevere skeletal and mutscular malforma-tions.The scientific community shouldl

ptublicize these findings in order toeducate goverrnmrents of the inherentdangers of severe malnultrition, whetherit is in the ghettoes. in Appalachia, inIMississippi. or in Biafra.... It wouldappear that future generations aireequally threatened if starvation be-comC.es a legalized xveapon of warfare.

PAUL 0. OKONKWOCoaqul,ationu Laboratory,Bos,toa CitY Hospital,818 Harri.von A vcnuC,Bowton, MNavs,vaclu tts 02118

References

1. NI. Winiick anld P. Rosso. J. Pedliat. 74, 774(1969).

2. n. Ganis !Lancet 1969-1, 660 ( 1969).

22 AUGUST 1969

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