An Integrative ApproachAn Integrative Approachto Psychopathologyto Psychopathology

Uni- and Multidimensional ModelsUni- and Multidimensional Models

Tomàs, J.Tomàs, J.

Unidimensional ModelsUnidimensional Models

• Cause Cause Effect Effect• Linear = one direction (no feedback loops)Linear = one direction (no feedback loops)

• Demonic Possession (Medieval Europe)Demonic Possession (Medieval Europe)• Somatogenic ModelsSomatogenic Models (late 19th-early 20th c.) (late 19th-early 20th c.)

– General paresisGeneral paresis caused by spirochete caused by spirochete Treponema Treponema pallidumpallidum (discovered by Noguchi & Moore in 1913)(discovered by Noguchi & Moore in 1913)

• Psychogenic ModelsPsychogenic Models (late 19th-early 20th c.) (late 19th-early 20th c.)– Psychoanalysis: Conversion & neurotic conditions Psychoanalysis: Conversion & neurotic conditions

caused by inner-drive conflicts (Freud)caused by inner-drive conflicts (Freud)

Unidimensional Models IIUnidimensional Models II

• Behavioral ModelsBehavioral Models– Classical Conditioning (Pavlov: early 20th c.)Classical Conditioning (Pavlov: early 20th c.)– Operant Conditioning (Skinner: mid 20th c.)Operant Conditioning (Skinner: mid 20th c.)

• Sociological ModelsSociological Models– Social Conditions of Poverty (late 19th c)Social Conditions of Poverty (late 19th c)– Social Status (mid 20th c.)Social Status (mid 20th c.)– Role Theory (Goffman: mid-late 20th c.)Role Theory (Goffman: mid-late 20th c.)

• Humanistic ModelsHumanistic Models– Interpersonal relations in developmental period Interpersonal relations in developmental period

(Carl Rogers: mid-20th c.)(Carl Rogers: mid-20th c.)

• Cognitive ModelsCognitive Models– Errors of thinking (akin to programming errors in Errors of thinking (akin to programming errors in

computers: mid-20th c. to present)computers: mid-20th c. to present)

Unidimensional Models IIIUnidimensional Models III

• Early Biomedical Models (early-mid 20th c.)Early Biomedical Models (early-mid 20th c.)Shock TherapiesShock Therapies

• 1917 Malaria-induced fever for paresis (Julius 1917 Malaria-induced fever for paresis (Julius Wagner-Jauregg)Wagner-Jauregg)

• 1927 Insulin-induced coma for SZ (Manfred Sakel)1927 Insulin-induced coma for SZ (Manfred Sakel)• 1934 Metrazol-induced coma for SZ & affective 1934 Metrazol-induced coma for SZ & affective

psychosis (von Meduna)psychosis (von Meduna)• 1938 Electroconvulsive tx (Cerletti & Bini)1938 Electroconvulsive tx (Cerletti & Bini)

PsychosurgeryPsychosurgery (1930s-early 1950s) for SZ(1930s-early 1950s) for SZ• 1936 Leukotomy (Moniz & Lima)1936 Leukotomy (Moniz & Lima)• 1936 Walter Freeman & James Watts (US)1936 Walter Freeman & James Watts (US)• 1945 Freeman “Ice Pick Lobotomy”1945 Freeman “Ice Pick Lobotomy”

Unidimensional Models IVUnidimensional Models IV

• Psychiatry returns to its “medical roots” Psychiatry returns to its “medical roots” (i.e. bio-physiology) in late 1970s(i.e. bio-physiology) in late 1970s

• Growth of Growth of psychopharmacypsychopharmacy since 1970s since 1970s

• Genetic theoriesGenetic theories of mental disorders of mental disorders (behavioral genetics) & the emergence of (behavioral genetics) & the emergence of evolutionary psychologyevolutionary psychology since 1980s. since 1980s.

Multidimensional ModelMultidimensional Model

Biological Influences

Societal & Interpersonal

Influences

Intrapsychic Influences (emotion, cognition)

Behavioral & Environmental Influences

Age-Developmental Stage

Mental Disorder

Person as System

Life Events- Life Course