An engineer is someone who:◦Makes systems work◦Uses science, math, and technology to

solve real-life problems in a systemic way

◦Creates plans for a system, design, or solution to a problem

◦Builds models and prototypes

◦ Aerospace◦ Agricultural◦ Biomedical◦ Ceramic◦ Biological◦ Chemical◦ Civil◦ Computer◦ Electrical

◦ Environmental ◦ Fire Protection◦ Geological◦ Marine◦ Mechanical◦ Mining◦ Nuclear◦ Plumbing◦ Petroleum◦ Structural

There are many other areas in engineering.

Average $80,000, most common $75,000 Starting with Bachelors in Engineering

$50,000 A lot of potential for growth through

ownership and partnership opportunities $250,000 and up, up, up

Own firms Major engineering and architecture companies Government (federal, state, and local) Universities and colleges Manufacturers Building companies Armed services Organizations Labs and testing centers Worldwide, as consultants

Engineers in the office, field and lab

2500 B.C.2500 B.C.

•Egyptians place bathrooms in the pyramids for the dead•Copper pipes used for Egyptian irrigation•Pipes used for Egyptian drainage sewers

2400 B.C. to 200 A.D.2400 B.C. to 200 A.D.Ancient Babylonia Between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers - hydraulic engineering evolvesNetwork of brick structures similar to modern-day manhole to handle drainageRoman aqueducts built to supply water to Rome

1818thth century and 19 century and 19thth century century Europe starts to install public sewer systemsEarly facts:1455 – first recorded use of iron pipe, Germany1562 – cast iron pipe, Germany1664 – first full scale cast Iron soil pipe project. France, King Louis XIV orders a 15-mile water line to feed a palace fountain. 1738 – Cast Iron Soil Pipe introduced to England1775 – Water closet used in England

American codesAmerican codes.Regulations generally follow catastrophes1870 – Wash. D.C. first plumbing code separate from health code1913 – most U.S. cities have codes1921 – U.S. Dept of Commerce begins the building code1930 – Temperature and pressure relief valve required.

Plumbing engineers work on designing systems that move liquids, solids, and gases through pipes to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of the public along with in compliance with all applicable codes.

These systems are used in office buildings, industry, institutions, hotels, schools, airports, apartment/condo buildings, hospitals, prisons, petroleum plants, manufacturing plants, etc.

Today’s Plumbing Engineer:

Water systems (drinkable, gray, black) Fire/sprinkler systems Heating systems (solar, geothermal, hot

water) Storm Drainage Systems Gas systems (propane, natural gas, air) Industrial systems Sanitary Drainage and Vent Systems Pumping control systems

Fluid science - the “Manning formula” Open Channel flow

V = 1.486 / n R2/3 S1/2  V: velocity, feet/secondn: coefficient of roughnessR: hydraulic radiusS: hydraulic slope

Quantity Rate of Flow

Q = AVS  V: velocity, feet/secondA: cross-sectional area of flow, sq. ft.Q: quatity rate of flow, cu. ft./second, (cfs)S: hydraulic slope

Hydraulic Radius

R = area of flow wetted perimeter 

Stack capacities

q = 27.8 r5/3 d8/3 q: capacityr:rationof cross-sectional area of the sheet of water to cross-sectional area of the stackd: diameter of the stack

Building Sewer

Building

Septic Tank

Distribution Box

Distribution Field

Solution for black water drainage flow

V = 1.486 / n R2/3 S1/2  V: velocity, feet/secondn: coefficient of roughnessR: hydraulic radiusS: hydraulic slope

75’47’

4’

15’

12’

Surface Area = 75 feet x 47 feet = 3,525 square Surface Area = 75 feet x 47 feet = 3,525 square feetfeet

75’47’

4’

15’

12’

75’47’

4’

15’

12’

Swimming Volume = 60 feet x 47 feet x ([4 feet + 12 feet])/2) x 7.48 gal./cubic feet= 168,749 gallons

Diving Volume = 15 feet x 47 feet x 12 feet x 7.48 gal./cubic feet = 63,281 gallons

Swimming Volume = L x W x Avg. Depth x 7.48 gal./cubic feet

Total Water Volume = 232,030 gallonsTotal Water Volume = 232,030 gallons

◦Water reduction/conservation products and design

◦Water efficient products and design◦Solar and geothermal heating◦Water reuse◦Low energy usage products and design

Low flow fixtures Rainwater catchment systems Solar water heaters Tankless water heaters Hot Water Recirculation Dual flow flush valves Solar Powered Faucets Bathroom Greywater Recycling System ENERGY STAR rated products WaterSense rated products

Rainwater Harvesting Systems

Waterless urinals

For a successful design: Determine how much water is needed

Determine the roof area available Determine if harvesting system is adequate

Roof area for rain Roof area for rain harvesting must be harvesting must be

calculated calculated

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A urinal is used three times more often than a toilet.

A urinal uses on average 1.2 gallons per flush.

Moist surfaces attract bacteria, dry surfaces improve hygiene.

Water usage rates have risen faster than electrical usage rates over the past decade.

COLLEGE / UNIVERSITY/ Community college

construction, engineering, architecture firms, government agencies

How Do You Become a How Do You Become a Plumbing Engineer or Plumbing Engineer or

Designer ?Designer ?

Starting from High School

General engineering degree then specialized in fluid mechanics

Life after College…Engineer-in-Training (EIT)First jobState registration (license) Continuing education

Communication skills (verbal & written) Teamwork skills (ability to work well with others)

Interpersonal skills (ability to relate well to others)

Strong work ethic Motivation/initiative

Flexibility/adaptability Analytical skills Computer skills Organizational skills Detail oriented Leadership skills Self-confidence