all cells have a plasma membrane. ◦ controls what gets in and out. ◦ made of phospholipid...
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Cell Growth and Reproduction
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All cells have a plasma membrane.◦ Controls what gets in and out.◦ Made of phospholipid molecules
All cells have cytoplasm◦ Gel-like substance
All cells have genetic material◦ Either DNA or RNA
All cells have ribosomes◦ For making proteins
What do all cells have in common?
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Prokaryotic cells◦ Smallest cells◦ No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles◦ Examples: Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells◦ Complex cells◦ Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles◦ Examples: Plant cells and Animal Cells
Basic Cell Types
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Most cells reproduce by dividing in two. Before they can do this, they must copy all
their genetic information, so that each new daughter cell has a full set of genetic material
The genetic material in eukaryotic cells is in the form of chromosomes.
Genetic Material
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Humans have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of every cell ◦ Two are the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
XX = female XY = male
◦ The other 44 are called autosomes◦ They occur in matching pairs
Called homologous chromosome pairs One chromosome in each pair comes from mom and
the other comes from dad
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Cells grow and reproduce just like every other living thing.
The cell cycle represents the life cycle of a typical eukaryotic cell.
Cells Grow and Reproduce
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G1 phase: Cell grows S phase: (synthesis) Cell copies its DNA G2 phase: Cell continues to grow and get
ready to divide Mitosis: The cell divides the content of the
nucleus Cytokinesis: The cell divides its cytoplasm
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The G1, S, and G2 phase make up a stage called interphase. The cell spends most of its time in interphase.
The cell grows and copies DNA during interphase.
Interphase
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Mitosis is when the cell divides the contents of the nucleus
Mitosis occurs in stages:◦ Prophase◦ Metaphase◦ Anaphase◦ Telophase
Mitosis
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Cytokinesis occurs when the rest of the cell divides. ◦ For animal cells---the cell membrane pinches in
and the cell splits in two.◦ For plant cells---an new cell plate forms to create
a cell wall between the dividing cells.
Cytokinesis
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Prokaryotes (bacteria cells) reproduce by a process known as Binary Fission.◦ DNA is circular (no
chromosomes)◦ DNA copies itself◦ Cell divides…
simple
Cell Reproduction in Bacteria Cells
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The reproductive cells divide by a different method….Meiosis.
The cell divides twice. The result is four gamete cells (sperm and
egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes.
Meiosis
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Fertilization—union of sperm and egg cell.
Sexual reproduction, involving the production of sperm and egg cells by meiosis followed by fertilization, ensures genetic variation in all offspring
Fertilization