Ïîðú÷êà 5994, 22.ix.2008, êîëà 1 - ëèöå · b c m y b c m y bcmy bcmy Ïîðú÷êà...

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4006 Ïëîâäèâ, óë. “Óäðîó Óèëñúí” ¹ 14, ï.ê. 66, òåë.: 032/ 681 440; 686 871-3, ôàêñ: 032/ 681 965BG 4006 Plovdiv, Woodrow Wilson Str. 14, P.O. Box 66, phone +359/32 681 440, fax +359/32 681 965e-mail: [email protected], www.plastec-bg.com

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ÊÎÈ ÑÌÅ ÍÈÅ 3

ÂÎÄÎÑÍÀÁÄßÂÀÍÅ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 5

ÃÀÇÎÑÍÀÁÄßÂÀÍÅ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 7

ÊÀÍÀËÈÇÀÖÈß, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 9

ÄÐÅÍÀÆÍÈ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÈ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 11

ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍÚÒ ÊÀÒÎ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀË 13

• Õèìè÷íà ñòðóêòóðà íà ïîëèåòèëåíà• Çàùî ïîëèåòèëåí (ÐÅ) çà òðúáè• Ïîëèåòèëåí òèï ÐÅ 100• Ñïåöèôè÷íè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà ÐÅ• Åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí æèâîò íà òðúáèòå• Ïðåäèìñòâà íà ÐÅ• Ïîâåäåíèå ïðè àáðàçèâíè âåùåñòâà• Åëåêòðîïðîâîäèìîñò• Ïîâåäåíèå ïðè âúçäåéñòâèå íà ïëàìúê• Âîäîïîãëúùàíå• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà àòìîñôåðíè âëèÿíèÿ• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ãðèçà÷è è ìèêðîîðãàíèçìè• Ôèçèîëîãè÷íà áåçâðåäíîñò• Ðåöèêëèðàíå è îïàçâàíå íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà• Õèìè÷åñêà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ÐÅ

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß 19• SDR• Òðúáíà ñåðèÿ S• Ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò SF• Íîìèíàëíî íàëÿãàíå PN• Ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå MOP• Íîìèíàëíà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà SN• Îïðåäåëÿíå íà íàïðå÷íîòî ñå÷åíèå• Èç÷èñëÿâàíå íà õèäðàâëè÷íè çàãóáè• Íîìîãðàìà íà ïðîòè÷àíåòî• Õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð• Îïîðíè òî÷êè çà óêðåïâàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà• Ëèíåéíî ðàçøèðåíèå• Äîïóñòèìè ìèíèìàëíè ðàäèóñè íà îãúâàíå

ÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÇÀ ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ PEHD ÒÐÚÁÈ 29

• Ïðèëîæåíèå • Îáùè èçèñêâàíèÿ è ïîäãîòîâêà ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíå• ×åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò• Ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå• Åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå• Ñâúðçâàíå ÷ðåç ðàçãëîáÿåìè ñúåäèíåíèÿ

ÓÏÚÒÂÀÍÅ ÇÀ ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅ ÍÀ PEHD ÒÐÚÁÈ 37• Ñêëàäèðàíå è òðàíñïîðò • Ïîëàãàíå è èçãðàæäàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè • Ìîíòàæ íà òðúáè è ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè• Çàêðåïâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà òðúáíè ñêîáè• Òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå• Èçêîïè• Çàïúëâàíå íà èçêîïèòå

A SHORT PRESENTATION

WATERSUPPLY, Pipe dimensions

GAS SUPPLY, Pipe dimensions

SEWAGE, Pipe dimensions

DRAINAGE, Pipe dimensions

THE POLYETHYLENE MATERIAL

• Chemical structure of polyethylene• Why to choose PE for pipes• Polyethylene PE 100• Specific properties of PE• Life-time period of pipes• Advatages of PE• Abrasion resistance• Electrical conductivity• Flammability• Water absorption• Weathering resistance• Resistance against rodents and microorganism• Physiological non-toxic• Recycling and environment preserving• Chemical resistance

TECHNICAL INFORMATION• SDR• Pipe series S• Safety factor SF• Nominal pressure PN• Maximum operating pressure MOP• Nominal stiffness SN• Calculation of pipe cross section• Determination of hydraulic pressure losses• Flow nomogramm• Hydraulic shock• Fixed points as support of the pipeline• Calculation of length change• Permissible minimum bending

CONNECTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR PEHD PRESSURE PIPES• Application limits• General requirements and welding preparation• Butt welding with heating element• Socket welding with heating element• Electrofusion welding (hot wedge welding)• Detachable joints

LAYING INSTRUCTION FOR PEHD PRESSURE PIPES• Storage and transportation• Laying and constructing of pipelines• Installation of pipes and fittings• Laying temperature• Pipe trench• Cover of pipe trench

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Therefore they surve as a sliding bearing for horizontal installedpipe systems in order to take up vertical stresses.

A further application range of the pipe clips is the function of aguiding bearing which should hinder a lateral bucking of thepipe system as it can also absorb tranversal stresses.

INSTALLATION TEMPERATUREA minimum installation temperature of > 0°C is to observe.

It is recommended for smaller pipe diameters (< 63 mm) to usesteel self-round pipes as support of the pipe system in order toenlarge the support distances.

On laying of pipes above ground expansion and contractions ofpipes in both radial and axial directions must not be hindered -that means, installation with radial clearance, precision of com-pensation facilities, control of changes in length by reasonablearrangment of fixed points.

Attachments have to be calculated so as to avoid pin-pointstresses, that means the bearing areas have to be as wide as pos-sible and adapted to the outside diameter (if possible, theenclosing angle has to be chosen > 90°). The quality of the sur-faces of the attachments should help avoid mechanicaldemage to the pipe surface. Valves (in cerain cases also tees)should basically be installed on a pipe system as fixed points.Valve constructions with the attachment devices being integrat-ed within the valve body are most advantageous.

PIPE TRENCHFor PE pipeline trench excavation it is to ensure that pipes areinstalled in a depth out of the freezing zone. The height of thecover layer depends on the climate and on the soil properties. Inprinciple it is between 1.0 and 1.8 m. The trench bottom must notbe loosen. By non-cohesive soil the trench bottom has to becompacted.

No special measurments are required in case of dry, hard soilswithout rocks.

If the trench bottom consists of stones and rocks, the pipe shouldbe placed on a 15 cm minimum sand bed without stones or on agravel with maximum size of stones up to 20 mm.

In sheer section it is also possible to supportthe pipeline by means of concrete con-tructions or similar to prevent sliding of thetrench.

By movable ground layers where the sta-bility of the trench can not be ensured,special measuremnts have to be taken tosupport the terrain.

TRENCH COVERIn cases, that the temperature of the pipeline as a result of direct-ly sun shining is more than the one of the trench itself, the pipelinemust be covered in sections with a 30 cm layer before the mainbackfill.

The aim is to avoid any deformations or stresses of the pipelinecaused by temperature differences when pipes being installed.

The material for the cover and for the backfill must be so goodcompacted that too large ovality of the pipes is excepted.

It is recommended to realize the compaction layer after layer.

The main backfill 30 cm over the pipe hasto be made of a suitable material withstone size not more than 20 mm. If neces-sary, a light compaction can be done.

The main backfill is to be realized after thecomplete pipe system has been tested.

ÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ÍÀ ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅÒðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâà ìèíèìàëíà òåìïåðàòóðà íàèíñòàëèðàíå > 0°C. Çà ïî-ìàëêè äèàìåòðè òðúáè (< 63ìì) ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà êàòî äîëíà îïîðà íà òðúáîïðîâîäàäà ñå èçïîëçâàò ñòîìàíåíè ïîëóñêîáè, çà äà ñå óâåëè÷àòîïîðíèòå ðàçñòîÿíèÿ.

Ðàçòÿãàíå è ñâèâàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ðàäèàëíà èëèàêñèàëíà ïîñîêà íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò âúçïðåïÿòñòâàíèïðè ïîëîæåíè íàä çåìÿòà òðúáîïðîâîäè, òîåñòâãðàæäàíåòî òðÿáâà äà ñòàâà ñ ðàäèàëíî ïðîñòðàíñòâî,îñèãóðÿâàíå íà êîìïåíñàöèîííè âúçìîæíîñòè,êîíòðîëèðàíà ïðîìÿíà â äúëæèíàòà ÷ðåç ïðàâèëíàïîäðåäáà íà çàêðåïâàùè òî÷êè.

Óêðåïâàíèÿòà ñëåäâà äà ñà íàïðàâåíè òàêà, ÷å äà ñåèçáÿãâàò íàòîâàðâàíèÿ â òî÷êè, òîåñò îïîðíèòåïîâúðõíîñòè òðÿáâà äà áúäàò âúçìîæíî íàé-øèðîêè è äàñà ñúîáðàçåíè ñ âúíøíèÿ äèàìåòúð (úãúëúò íàîáõâàùàíå äà ñå èçáåðå ïî âúçìîæíîñò > 90°).Ïîâúðõíîñòèòå íà óêðåïâàùèòå åëåìåíòè íå áèâàïðè÷èíÿâàò ìåõàíè÷íè óâðåæäàíèÿ íà ïîâúðõíîñòòà íàòðúáàòà.

ÈÇÊÎÏÈÈçêîïèòå çà ïîëàãàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè ñå ïðàâÿò òàêà, ÷åâñè÷êè òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè äà ìîãàò äà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè íàäúëáî÷èíà èçâúí çîíàòà íà çàìðúçâàíå.

Âèñî÷èíàòà íà ïîêðèâàíå â çàâèñèìîñò îò êëèìàòà èõàðàêòåðèñòèêàòà íà ïî÷âàòà ïî ïðàâèëî å îò 1.0 ì äî 1.8 ì.

Äúíîòî íà èçêîïà íå òðÿáâà äà áúäå ðàçðîõêâàíî. Ïðèíåñâúðçàíà, ðîõêàâà ïî÷âà äúíîòî ñå óïëúòíÿâà ÷ðåçòðàìáîâàíå. Ïðè ñóõè, òâúðäè ïî÷âè áåç íàëè÷èå íà ñêàëè, ïîïðèíöèï íå ñå èçèñêâàò íèêàêâè ñïåöèàëíè îïåðàöèè. Âñêàëèñòà èëè êàìåííà îñíîâà òðúáíèÿò èçêîï òðÿáâà äà áúäåíàïðàâåí íà ìèíèìóì 0.15 ì ïî-äúëáîêî è èçêîïàíàòà ñêàëíàìàñà äà ñå çàìåíè ñ áåçêàìåíåí ñëîé ïÿñúê èëè êàìåííàôðàêöèÿ ñ åäðèíà íà ÷àñòèöèòå äî 20 ìì.

Â ñòðúìíè îòñå÷êè, çà äà ñå èçáåãíå ñâëè÷àíå íà èçêîïà, ñåèçâúðøâàò äîïúëíèòåëíè ïîäñèãóðèòåëíè ðàáîòè íàïðàâà íàáåòîíîâè ïðàãîâå è äð. Ïðè ïîäâèæíè ïëàñòîâå è ñâúðçàíèòå ñòîâà ïðîìåíè â ñòàáèëíîñòòà íà èçêîïèòå (íàïðèìåðñâëà÷èùà èëè äâèæåùè ñå ïÿñú÷íèîñíîâè) å íåîáõîäèìî äà ñåâçåìàò ñúîòâåòíî ïðåäïàçíèìåðêè çà óêðåïâàíå íà òåðåíà÷ðåç êîíêðåòíè ñòðîèòåëíèìåðîïðèÿòèÿ çà âñåêè îòäåëåíñëó÷àé.

ÇÀÏÚËÂÀÍÅ ÍÀÈÇÊÎÏÈÒÅÂ ñëó÷àè, êîãàòî òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ñëåäñòâèåíà äèðåêòíî íàãðÿâàíå îò ñëúíöåòî å çíà÷èòåëíî ïî-âèñîêà îòòàçè íà èçêîïà, ñå íàëàãà ÷àñòè÷íîòî ìó ïîêðèâàíå ñ îêîëî0.30 ì ïðåäè îêîí÷àòåëíîòî ìó çàñèïâàíå. Òîâà ñå ïðàâè, çàäà ñå èçáåãíàò äåôîðìàöèèòå è íàïðåæåíèÿòà íà òðúáèòå ïðèïîëàãàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ñëåäñòâèå ðàçëèêàòà âòåìïåðàòóðèòå. Çàïúëâàùèòå ìàòåðèàëè îêîëî òðúáàòà òðÿáâàäà áúäàò ïîäáðàíè òàêà, ÷å äà ñå äà íå ñå ïðåäèçâèêâàòïîâðåäè íà òðúáàòà ïðè êîíòàêò ñ îñòðè ðúáîâå ïî âðåìå èñëåä óïëúòíÿâàíåòî. Ìàòåðèàëúò îêîëî òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äà áúäåóïëúòíÿâàí ïî òàêúâ íà÷èí, ÷å äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðåêàëåíàòàîâàëíîñò íà òðúáàòà. Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíî å óïëúòíÿâàíåòî äà ñåèçâúðøâà ïëàñò ñëåä ïëàñò.

Çàïúëâàíåòî íà èçêîïà íàä òðúáíèòå ñúåäèíåíèÿ è ñàìèòåòðúáè îò îêîëî 0.30 ì ñòàâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù ìàòåðèàë ñìàêñèìàëíà åäðèíà íà çåìíàòà ìàñà íå ïîâå÷å îò 20 ìì. Ïðèíåîáõîäèìîñò ñå èçâúðøâà ëåêî òðàìáîâàíå.

Îêîí÷àòåëíîòî çàñèïâàíå íà èçêîïà ñå èçâúðøâà ñëåäöÿëîñòíà ïðîâåðêà íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.

ÓÏÚÒÂÀÍÅ ÇÀ ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅ

LAYING INSTRUCTION

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"ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ" ÎÎÄ e íàé-ìîäåðíèÿò â ÁúëãàðèÿÇàâîä çà ïðîèçâîäñòâî íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòðúáè âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò (PEHD) ñ òúðãîâñêàìàðêà Plastec. Ïîñòðîåíà ïðåç 2000 ã. ñèçöÿëî ÷àñòåí êàïèòàë, ïðîèçâîäñòâåíàòà èòúðãîâñêà áàçà ñå íàìèðàò â èçòî÷íàòàèíäóñòðèàëíà çîíà íà ãðàä Ïëîâäèâ. Íà ïëîùîò 12 000 êâ.ì å èçãðàäåíî ïðîèçâîäñòâåíîõàëå, óäîáíà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíà ñãðàäà è ãîëÿìàñêëàäîâà ïëîùàäêà.

Òåõíîëîãè÷íî çàâîäúò å îñúùåñòâåí ÷ðåçòðàíñôåð íà íåìñêî íîó-õàó, îñíîâàâàùî ñå íàäúëãîãîäèøåí îïèò â îáëàñòòà íà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòîíà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáè è îáõâàùàïðåäîñòàâåíàòà òåõíè÷åñêà è òåõíîëîãè÷íàäîêóìåíòàöèÿ è îáîðóäâàíå, îáó÷åíèå íàñïåöèàëèñòè è ðàáîòíèöè è ò.í.

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀ È ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÅÍÀ ÁÀÇÀ

Ìîíòèðàíèòå â ïðîèçâîäñòâåíèòå õàëåòà íà "ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ"åêñòðóäåðíè ëèíèè ñà íà ñâåòîâíèòå ëèäåðè â áðàíøà "KraussMaffei" è "Cincinnati".

Âñè÷êè åêñòðóäåðíè ëèíèè çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà íàïîðíèãëàäêè òðúáè îò ïîëèåòèëåí âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò (PEHD) ñàîáîðóäâàíè ñ ïðåöèçíè ãðàâèìåòðèè çà äîçèðàíå íàñóðîâèíàòà, íåïðåêúñíàò êîìïþòúðåí êîíòðîë íàïðîèçâîäñòâåíèòå ïàðàìåòðè, ìîäåðíè íàäïèñâàùè, ðåæåùèè íàâèâàùè óñòðîéñòâà.

Ðàçøèðåíîòî â ïîñëåäíèòå ãîäèíè íîâî ïðîèçâîäñòâî íàãîôðèðàíè òðúáè îò ïîëèåòèëåí ñúùî ñå èçâúðøâà íàâèñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íè ìàøèíè íà âîäåùèÿ åâðîïåéñêèïðîèçâîäèòåë “Fraenkische Rohrwerke".

ÑÓÐÎÂÈÍÈ

Èçêëþ÷èòåëíî âàæåí ôàêòîð çà äîñòèãàíå íà áåçóïðå÷íîêà÷åñòâî íà êðàéíèÿ ïðîäóêò å è êà÷åñòâîòî íà âëàãàíèòåñóðîâèíè.

Ãðàíóëàòúò çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà PEHD òðúáè â ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ñåäîñòàâÿ îò ðåíîìèðàíè çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêè ïðîèçâîäèòåëèêàòî Borealis, Basell, Sabic è äð.

Âñè÷êè èçïîëçâàíè òèïîâå ãðàíóëàò çàäúëæèòåëíî ñà âêëþ÷åíèâ Ïîçèòèâíàòà ëèñòà íà «Àñîöèàöèÿòà ÐÅ 100+» è Îäîáðåíàòàëèñòà íà äîñòàâ÷èöè íà ãðàíóëàò çà òðúáè íà «Íåìñêîòîäðóæåñòâî çà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáè KRV å.V.».

Êîíòðîëúò íà âõîäÿùèòå ñóðîâèíè ñå äîêàçâà ÷ðåç çàâîäñêèïðîòîêîëè çà âñÿêà äîñòàâåíà ïàðòèäà, êàêòî è ÷ðåç âúòðåøåíâõîäÿù êîíòðîë îò ôèðìåíàòà ëàáîðàòîðèÿ íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ.

PLASTEC is the most modern factory in Bulgariafor the production of high density polyethylenepipes (PEHD) with the trade mark Plastec.

The factory was established in 2000 completelyon private capitals. On an area of 12 000 sq.m.,in the eastern industrial zone in the city ofPlovdiv, there is a modern production base,comfortable administrative building and a

large storage area.

The factory is created technologically by transfer ofa German know-how, based on a 30-years experience in the field of the plastic pipes production.

TECHNICAL AND PRODUCTION BASE

The extrusion lines, manufactoring in PLASTEC, are produced bythe world leaders in the plastic field "Krauss Maffei" and"Cincinnati Extrusion".

All extrusion lines for the production of PEHD pressure pipes areequipted with precise gravimetries for dosing the raw materials,permanent computer control of the production parameters, special marking, cutting and rolling device, etc.

Also the new production of corrugated polyethylene pipes withstructured outer surface is realized on the most up-to-datemachines, manufactured by the well known European producer"Fraenkische Rohrwerke", Germany

RAW MATERIALS

The quality of the final product is considerably due to the quality of the raw material in use.

World leading granulate producers like Borealis, Basell, Sabic etc.supply the raw materials for the production of the PEHD pipes inPLASTEC.

All PE 100 grades in use are by all means included in the Positivelist of the "PE 100+ Assosiation" and in the Approved list of suppliers of the "German society for plastic pipes KRV e.V."

The control of the incoming materials is being proved by testingreports for each batch delivered, as well us by a special internalincoming control made in the PLASTEC's own laboratory.

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Ðàçâèâàíåòî íà òðúáèòå îò ðóëà ñå èçâúðøâà ïî ñëåäíèòåíà÷èíè:

• Ïðè òðúáè ñ âúíøåí äèàìåòúð � ô 63ìì òå ñå ðàçâèâàò âåðòèêàëíî, êàòîíà÷àëîòî íà òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äà ñå äúðæèçäðàâî.• Ïðè ïî-ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè ñåïðåïîðú÷âà èçïîëçâàíåòî íà ðàçâèâàùîóñòðîéñòâî. Íàâèòèòå ðóëà ìîãàò äà ñåïîñòàâÿò íà äúðâåíà èëè ñòîìàíåíàâúðòÿùà ñå êðúñòà÷êà è äà áúäàò ðàçâèòèíà ðúêà èëè ñ áàâíî äâèæåùî ñåïðåâîçíî ñðåäñòâî.Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå ðàçâèâàò ïðàâè áåç äà áúäàò ïðå÷óïâàíè.Íåäîïóñòèìî å ñïèðàëíî èçäúðïâàíå. Ïðè ðàçâèâàíå íà òðúáèîò áàðàáàíè òðÿáâà äà ñå èìà ïðåäâèä, ÷å òðúáíèòå êðàèùàìîãàò äà èçñêî÷àò àêî ïî íåâíèìàíèå áúäàò èçïóñíàòè ïðèîñâîáîæäàâàíåòî èì îò çàòåãà÷èòå. Îñîáåíî òðÿáâà äà ñåâíèìàâà ïðè ðàçâèâàíåòî íà òðúáè ñ ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè, äîðè èêîãàòî ñå ìèíàâà ïîêðàé òÿõ. Ïðè ðàçâèâàíåòî òðÿáâà äà ñåèìà ïðåäâèä, ÷å ãúâêàâîñòòà íà PE òðúáèòå çàâèñè îòòåìïåðàòóðàòà íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà áëèçêè äî òî÷êàòà íà çàìðúçâàíå, âñå îùåíàâèòèòå òðúáè ñ äèàìåòúð � ô 75 ìì òðÿáâà ïî âúçìîæíîñò äàñå íàãðåÿò. Òîâà ìîæå äà ñå ïîñòèãíå ñ òîïúë âúçäóõ, âîäà èëèïàðà ïîä íàëÿãàíå äî 100°Ñ.

Çà ïîëàãàíåòî íà òðúáèòå â èçêîïà òðÿáâà äà áúäàò èçïîëçâàíèóðåäè, êîèòî îñèãóðÿâàò ïëàâíî è ðàâíîìåðíî ñïóñêàíå áåçíàðàíÿâàíå.

Ïîëîæåíèÿò òðúáîïðîâîä òðÿáâà äà ëÿãà èçöÿëî âúðõó äúíîòîíà èçêîïà áåç äîïúëíèòåëíè íàïðåæåíèÿ. Óñòîé÷èâîòîìîíòèðàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â èçêîïà ñå ïîñòèãà ÷ðåççàïúëâàíåòî ìó ñòðàíè÷íî ïî öÿëàòà äúëæèíà ñ ìàòåðèàë áåçêàìúíè, êàòî ñå âíèìàâà äà íå ñå íàðàíÿò òðúáèòå.

Ãúâêàâîñòòà íà òðúáàòà ïîçâîëÿâà äîáðî íàïàñâàíå â òðúáíèÿèçêîï. Ïî-ìàëêè ïðåïÿòñòâèÿ ñå çàîáèêàëÿò áåçïðîáëåìíî è ñàâúçìîæíè ìàëêè ïðîìåíè â ïîñîêàòà, áåç äà å íåîáõîäèìîèçïîëçâàíåòî íà ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè. Êàòî îðèåíòèðîâú÷íèñòîéíîñòè çà ïðîìÿíàòà íà ïîñîêàòà âèæ òàáëèöà â ðàçäåëÒåõíè÷åñêà èíôîðìàöèÿ, Äîïóñòèìè ìèíèìàëíè ðàäèóñè íàîãúâàíå, ñòð. 28.Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïðåíàòîâàðâàíè îò ñèëè íà îïúí ïîâðåìå íà ïîëàãàíåòî. Êàòî öÿëî ïðîìåíèòå â ïîñîêàòà ñå ïðàâÿò ñ ïîìîùòà íàñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè êàòî êîëåíà, äúãè è òåòêè, ïðè êîåòî ñúùèòåñå çàâàðÿâàò êúì òðúáèòå (âèæ ðàçäåë Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå).Íà îòêðèòè ìåñòà çàåäíî ñ òðúáàòà ñëåäâà äà ñå ïîëîæè èêàáåë çà óêàçàíèå íà ìåñòîïîëîæåíèåòî, êîéòî â ïîñëåäñòâèåóëåñíÿâà íàìèðàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.Ïîðàäè ïî-ìàëêàòà òâúðäîñò è çäðàâèíà íà òåðìîïëàñòè÷íèòåïëàñòìàñè â ñðàâíåíèå ñ ìåòàëíèòå ìàòåðèàëè, êàêòî è ïî-ãîëåìèòå ïðîìåíè â äúëæèíàòà â ñëåäñòâèå íà òåìïåðàòóðèòå,òðÿáâà äà ñå èìàò ïðåäâèä ñëåäíèòå èçèñêâàíèÿ: • çàêðåïâàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè ñ ïîìîùòà íàòðúáíè ñêîáè • âëèÿíèåòî íà òåìïåðàòóðàòà.

ÇÀÊÐÅÏÂÀÍÅ Ñ ÏÎÌÎÙÒÀ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÍÈÑÊÎÁÈÇàêðåïâàùèòå åëåìåíòè çà ÐE òðúáîïðîâîäíè ñèñòåìè ñà îòïëàñòìàñà èëè ñòîìàíà. Ñòîìàíåíèòå ñêîáè òðÿáâàçàäúëæèòåëíî äà ñå ïîñòàâÿò ñ ëåíòè îò ÐÅ èëè åëàñòîìåðè, òúéêàòî â ïðîòèâåí ñëó÷àé ìîãàò äà óâðåäÿò ïî-ìåêàòà ïîâúðõíîñòíà ïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè. Ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñêîáèòå ñúùî òàêàñëóæàò íàïðèìåð êàòî ïëúçãàùà îïîðà ïðè õîðèçîíòàëíîïîëîæåíè òðúáîïðîâîäè, çà äà ïîåìàò âåðòèêàëíîðàçïîëîæåíèòå ñèëè. Äðóãà îáëàñò íà ïðèëîæåíèå íà ñêîáèòåå ôóíêöèÿòà èì íà âîäåùà îïîðà, êîÿòî äà ïðåäïàçâà îòñòðàíè÷íî ïðèòèñêàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà, òúé êàòî ñêîáèòåïîåìàò è íàïðå÷íè ñèëè.

After cutting the pipes have to worked according to their forthcoming connection technolgy.

Following measurments have to be takeninto consideration when unrooling pipesfrom coils:

• For pipes with outside diameters � 63 mm the coils must be unrolled in vertical position, and the pipe should beholded carefully in the beginning.• Use special unrolling devices for

bigger diameters. Coils can be put on special wooden or steelsupports and can be unrolled on hand or by means of slowlymoving vehicles.Special attention has to be paid on the properly unrolling of pipecoils, so that the pipes remain straigth and without any breakedplaces.

It is possible pipe ends to spring out of the coil if not competenthandling with them.

The surrounding temperature can infuence the flexibility of pipesin coils.

At outside temperature near the freezing point it is recommend-ed to heat the pipes � 75 mm if possible before unrolling.

This can happen with hot air, hot water or steam up to 100°C.

Special devices have to be used for laying the pipes into the pipetrench in order to prevent any damages of the pipe.

The pipeline must lie on its whole length on the bottom of thetrench.

This position must also be free of any stresses.

For the stable installation of the pipeline in the trench it must belaterally filled up with a suitable stoneless material to avoid anydamages of the pipe.

Due to the very good flexibility of the pipe, it can be propelygrazed in the trench.

It is not necessary to use fittings for small changes in the direction,because of the pipe bending radius.

Reference values for the permissible changes in direction youcan find in "Technical information, Permissible minimum bendingradius", page 28.

Bigger changes in direction have to be realized by means of fittings like bends, elbows, tees etc. They can be welded or connected to the pipes (see "Connection technologies").

In the open field, a detection cable should be installed so thatthe pipeline can easily be detected at a later date.

Accessories and fittings have to be assemble over support blockswithout causing any additional stresses on the pipeline.

Because of the lower stiffness of the termoplastics in comparisonto the metal, as well as the larger changes in the length às aresult of the different temperatures, folowing requirements haveto be taken into consideration:

• fixing of the pipeline system by means of pipe clips• influence of the temperature

FIXING BY MEANS OF PIPE CLIPSAttachments made of steel or of thermoplastics are suitable forPE piping systems.

Steel clips have at any rate to be lined with tapes made of PE orelastomers, otherwise the surface of the plastic pipe may bedamaged.

Plastic pipes clips as well as pipe holders are very suitable forinstallation. These may be commonly applied and have beenespecially adjusted to the tolerances of the plastic pipes.


LAYING INSTRUCTION

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ÊÎÍÒÐÎË ÍÀ ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÎÒÎ ÔÈÐÌÅÍÀËÀÁÎÐÀÒÎÐÈß

Êà÷åñòâîòî è íåãîâîòî íåïðåêúñíàòî ïîääúðæàíå èóñúâúðøåíñòâàíå å ôèðìåíà ïîëèòèêà, ñ êîÿòî êîìïðîìèñè íåñå ïðàâÿò. Íà ïîñòîÿííè âúòðåøíîôèðìåíè è ðåãóëÿðíè âúíøíèíåçàâèñèìè èçïèòàíèÿ â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñ åâðîïåéñêèòå èñâåòîâíè èçèñêâàíèÿ è ñòàíäàðòè ïîäëåæàò íå ñàìî âñè÷êèïàðòèäè îò âëàãàíèòå ñóðîâèíè, íî ñúùî òàêà è ãîòîâèòåïðîäóêòè â õîäà íà è ñëåä òÿõíîòî ïðîèçâîäñòâî. Ôèðìåíàòà ëàáîðàòîðèÿ íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ å îáîðóäâàíà ñíåîáõîäèìèòå óðåäè è àïàðàòè çà èçïèòâàíå íà ñóðîâèíàòà èãîòîâàòà ïðîäóêöèÿ ñúãëàñíî èçèñêâàíèÿòà íà ñúîòâåòíèòåñòàíäàðòè.

ÑÅÐÒÈÔÈÊÀÒÈ

Îò 28 ôåâðóàðè 2003 ã. ôèðìàòà å ñåðòèôèöèðàíà ïî ISO9001:2000, ñåðòèôèêàò ¹ 75 100 6467 îò TÜV Rheinland InterCertKft.ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ïðèòåæàâà âñè÷êè íåîáõîäèìè ñåðòèôèêàòè èðàçðåøèòåëíè çà ïðîäóêòèòå, êîèòî ïðîèçâåæäà, ñúãëàñíîâàëèäíèòå åâðîïåéñêè è íàöèîíàëíè ñòàíäàðòè è íàðåäáè.

ÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄËÀÃÀÌÅ

• Áîãàòà ãàìà îò ïðîäóêòè çà ðàçëè÷íè ïðèëîæåíèÿ

• Êðàòêè è ãúâêàâè ñðîêîâå íà äîñòàâêà

• Êîíêóðåíòíè öåíè è ïúëíî êëèåíòñêî îáñëóæâàíå

è ñåðâèç• Îòëè÷åí åêèï îò âèñîêîêâàëèôèöèðàíè ñïåöèàëèñòè,òåõíîëîçè è îáó÷åí ôèðìåí ïåðñîíàë

• Äîïúëíèòåëíà òåõíè÷åñêà èíôîðìàöèÿ â ïîìîù íà êëèåíòà:ïðîåêòèðàíå è íàìèðàíå íà âñÿêàêâî òåõíè÷åñêî ðåøåíèå çàâàøèÿ ïðîåêò è èäåÿ, ïðîâåæäàíå íà ðàçÿñíèòåëíè èîáó÷àâàùè ñåìèíàðè, ó÷àñòèå â ïàíàèðè è ñïåöèàëèçèðàíèèçëîæáè â è èçâúí ñòðàíàòà è äð.

QUALITY CONTROL - LABORATORY

It is a firm policy to maintain and improve the quality of the products and no exceptions are made.

All batches of the materials in use as well as the finished productsduring and after the manufacturing process are constantlyexamined by regular inner and independent outer tests accord-ing to the European and world requirements and standards.

PLASTEC's laboratory has all the necessary equipment for testingthe raw material and the output according to the requirementsof the corresponding standards.

SERTIFICATES

The company is ISO 9001:2000 certificated by TÜV Rheinland InterCert in 2003, certificate number 75 100 6467.

PLASTEC has all the required certificates and licenses for its products in compliance with the European and national standards and regulations.

WE OFFER

• a wide range of high quality products for different applications

• short and flexible delivery terms

• competitive prices and a full customer service

• excellent team of high qualified experts and trained staff

• additional technical information and support, specializedseminars, solutions for all your projects, participation on nationalexhibitions and international events etc.

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STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PEHDPIPES• Support pipes over their full length. • Pipes have to be put always on even ground without sharpedges to prevent demage of pipes.• It is recommended to store pipes under cover.• During loadin and offloading care should be taken not todrag pipes over sharp edges and they should not be placedonto rough ground.• Always use suitable vehicles to transport pipes. All transportvehicles should ensure that floors are free of sharp objects suchas nails, screws etc.• The maximum recommended storage height is 1 m and thepipes should be secured to avoid bundles splitting open. • Coils should be stored in the hotizontal position if possible.• If different diameters of pipes have to be transported, pipeswith smaller diameters and lower weights have to be put over theothers.• Use suitable tools and hoisting equipment for larger diameters.• Always load and unload pipes and fittings under expert super-vision.• Do not use sharp-edged hooks, chains, wire ropes or other

tools, that could cause damage, or thatcould slip off while transporting thepipes.• Contact with oils, greases, colours,petroleum etc. should be avoided.• At sub zero temperatures the pipesmust be handled carefully and any sudden impact should be avoided.• Prevent pipe ends to hang down fora longtime.• During summer months, protectpipes against extreme heat and fromoverheating. Store pipes in a shady areaor cover them with a brightly colouredtarpauline canvas.• Put the pallets down only on suffi-ciently hard, level ground to avoid having the pallets or stringers sink.

LAYING AND CONSTRUCTION OF PE PIPELINESPipelines should be constructed only by building companies thathave qualified experts and staff with the required licences forworking with welding equipment for PE materials.

During construction alsways observe the safety instructions.

Additional recommendations especially for polyethylene pipesfor gas are given in standard EN 12007.

INSTALLATION OF PE PIPES AND FITTINGS Before installation all pipes and fittings have to be checked andcontroled for damages as a result of the transportation.

Pipes and fittings have to be cleaned in the welding areas.

Damaged products have to be removed.

Use fine-toothed saw, pipe cutter or another suitable tool to cutpipes. The cut speed as wll as the geometry must ensure that thegenerated warmth is beeing lead out of the pipes within theshavings.

Too large heating can melt the pipe material.

Metal and wood processing machines can be also used for thepolyethylene pipes.

Sharp edges and uneven places on the pipe surface have to beremoved by means of special tools.

ÑÊËÀÄÈÐÀÍÅ È ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈ ÎÒ ÐÅ• Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ëåæàò ïî öÿëàòà ñè äúëæèíà è äà áúäàòïîëîæåíè íà ðàâíà è ÷èñòà ïîâúðõíîñò áåç ñòúð÷àùè è îñòðèïðåäìåòè, êàìúíè è äðóãè, êîèòî ìîãàò äà äîâåäàò äî ïîâðåäè.• Ìàêàð ÷å íå å êðàéíî íåîáõîäèìî, òðúáèòå å æåëàòåëíî äàáúäàò ñúõðàíÿâàíè íà çàêðèòî.• Òðÿáâà ãðèæëèâî è âíèìàòåëíî äà ñå ìàíèïóëèðà ñ òðúáèòå,çà äà íå ñå ïîëó÷àò ïîâðåäè. Ïðè òîâàðåíå è ðàçòîâàðâàíå íàòðúáèòå äà ñå âíèìàâà òå äà íå ñå íàðàíÿâàò íà îñòðèêàíòîâå è ðúáîâå.• Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà ñå âëà÷àò ïî çåìÿòà.• Äà ñå èçïîëçâàò òðàíñïîðòíè ñðåäñòâà ñ ïëîñêè è ðàâíèïëàòôîðìè.• Àêî â åäèí êàìèîí ñå òðàíñïîðòèðàò ðàçëè÷íè ðàçìåðè,ïî-ìàëêèòå è ïî-ëåêèòå âèäîâå òðúáè òðÿáâà äà ñå ïîñòàâÿòîòãîðå.• Ìàêñèìàëíàòà äîïóñòèìà âèñî÷èíà íà ñêëàäèðàíå å 1 ì,êàòî òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñà ïîäñèãóðåíè ñðåùó ïàäàíå. Ðóëàòàïî âúçìîæíîñò äà ñå ñêëàäèðàò ëåãíàëè.• Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè, áëèçêè äî çàìðúçâàíå, ñ òðúáèòå òðÿáâàäà ñå ïîäõîæäà îñîáåíî âíèìàòåëíî. Ïî âúçìîæíîñò äà ñåèçáÿãâàò íàòîâàðâàíèÿ îò óäàð. • Äà ñå èçáÿãâà êîíòàêò ñ ìàñëà, ãðåñ, áîè, áåíçèí è äð. ïðèðàáîòà ñ òðúáè.• Äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðîâèñâàíåòî íàêðàèùàòà íà òðúáèòå çà ïî-ïðîäúëæèòåëíî âðåìå.• Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåâîçâàò ñïîìîùòà íà ïðèãîäíè çà öåëòàòðàíñïîðòíè ñðåäñòâà, êàòîïîñëåäíèòå ñëåäâà äà áúäàòîáåçîïàñåíè ñ ïðåäïàçíè êîëàíè, çàäà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòè ïîâðåæäàíåòî èìïî âðåìå íà òðàíñïîðòà.• Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàòèçïîëçâàíè ïðè ñëó÷àèòå, êîãàòî åíàäâèøåí ìàêñèìàëíèÿ ëèìèò íà UVðàäèàöèÿòà, îñâåí àêî òå íå ñàèçïèòâàíè è íå å äîêàçàíà ïðèåìëèâàóñòîé÷èâîñò â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñúññúùåñòâóâàùèòå ñòàíäàðòè.

ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅ È ÈÇÃÐÀÆÄÀÍÅ ÍÀÒÐÚÁÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÈ ÎÒ ÐÅÑòðîåæúò íà òðúáîïðîâîäèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâà îòñòðîèòåëíè ôèðìè, êîèòî ðàáîòÿò ñ êâàëèôèöèðàíè, îáó÷åíèñïåöèàëèñòè, ïðèòåæàâàùè äîêóìåíò çà ïðàâîñïîñîáíîñò çàðàáîòà ñúñ çàâàðú÷íà òåõíèêà çà ïîëèìåðíè ìàòåðèàëè. Ïðèèçâúðøâàíå íà ñòðîèòåëíè ðàáîòè òðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâàòïðàâèëàòà ïî òåõíèêà çà áåçîïàñíîñò.Äîïúëíèòåëíè ïðåïîðúêè ïðè òðúáè çà ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíå ñàïîñî÷åíè â ÁÄÑ EN 12007.

ÌÎÍÒÀÆ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈ È ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÙÈ ×ÀÑÒÈÏðåäè ìîíòàæà òðúáèòå è ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè òðÿáâà äà ñåïðîâåðÿò çà åâåíòóàëíè äåôåêòè, ïîëó÷åíè â ñëåäñòâèå íàòðàíñïîðòèðàíåòî, è äà ñå ïî÷èñòÿò â îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðêàòà.Äåôåêòíèòå ÷àñòè ñëåäâà äà ñå îòñòðàíÿò.

Ðÿçàíåòî íà òðúáèòå ñòàâà ñ òðèîí ñ ôèíè çúáöè èëè ñúññïåöèàëåí íîæ. Ñêîðîñòòà íà ðÿçàíå, êàêòî è ãåîìåòðèÿòà,òðÿáâà òàêà äà ñå èçïúëíÿò, ÷å îáðàçóâàùàòà ñå òîïëèíà â ïî-ãîëÿìàòà ñè ÷àñò äà ñå îòâåæäà îò ñàìèòå îñòàòúöè íàðÿçàíåòî èëè îáðàáîòêàòà íà òðúáàòà. Ïðåêàëåíî ãîëÿìîçàòîïëÿíå ìîæå äà äîâåäå äî ðàçòîïÿâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëà. Êàòîîáðàáîòâàùè ìàøèíè ìîãàò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò âñè÷êè íîðìàëíèìàøèíè çà ìåòàëî- è äúðâîîáðàáîòêà.

Ðúáîâåòå è íåðàâíîñòèòå ïî ïîâúðõíîñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíåòî ñåîòñòðàíÿâàò ñúñ ñïåöèàëíè èíñòðóìåíòè. Îòðÿçàíèòå òðúáèòðÿáâà äà áúäàò îáðàáîòåíè ñïîðåä âèäà íà ïðåäñòîÿùîòî èìñúåäèíÿâàíå.

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EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà âîäîñíàáäÿâàíå• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 16 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: îò PN 2.5 - 25 bar• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè ñèíè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: ÅN 12201 • Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì è ðóëà ïî 100 ì(íà ðóëà ñå íàâèâàò òðúáè ñ ðàçìåðè äî ô 110 ìì âêëþ÷èòåëíîâ SDR îò 21 äî 7.4)• Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, áúðçèìåõàíè÷íè âðúçêè (*âèæ ðàçäåë Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð è äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàS - òðúáíà ñåðèÿSF - ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò PN - íîìèíàëíî íàëÿãàíå â bard - íîìèíàëåí âúíøåí äèàìåòúð â ììs - íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ììkg/m - òåãëî íà òðúáàòà â êã/ì

EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for water supply • Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 16 - d 400 mm • Pressure: from PN 2.5 up to PN 25 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 blue longitudinal stripes• Standards: EN 12201• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m, rolls on 100 m(pipes up to d 110 mm in SDR from 21 to 7.4 can be delivered alsoon rolls)• Connecting technology: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge), compression fittings (*see fordetails section Connecting technologies)

SDR - diameter/wall thickness relationS - pipe series SF - safety factor PN - nominal pressure in bard - nominal outside diameter in mms - nominal wall thickness in mmkg/m - weight of pipe in kg/m

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Unions for PE pipes are e.g. the compression fittings.

Mechanical compression fittings are mostly produced of PPmaterial. They are easy for handling and assembling and ensurea reliable connection. These fittings are corrosion resistant andare completely suitable for the specific application conditions ofthe polyethylene pipes. Compression fittings are delivered in awide range of diameters and modifications. They can also beused over again.

Compression fitting consists of a main body, threaded connect-ing element, conical ring and a gasket.

Âèíòîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñà íàïðèìåð ò.íàð. ìåõàíè÷íè áúðçèâðúçêè, èçïîëçâàíè çà òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ÐÅ.

Ìåõàíè÷íèòå áúðçè âðúçêè íàé-÷åñòî ñà èçðàáîòåíè îòïîëèïðîïèëåí, ëåñíè ñà çà óïîòðåáà è ìîíòàæ, ãàðàíòèðàòèçêëþ÷èòåëíà íàäåæäíîñò íà âðúçêàòà, óñòîé÷èâè ñà íàêîðîçèÿ è ñà ïðèëîæèìè çà ñïåöèôè÷íèòå óñëîâèÿ íàèçïîëçâàíå íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè. Òå ñå ïðåäëàãàò â øèðîêàñîðòèìåíò îò ðàçìåðè è ìîäèôèêàöèè è ñà ñ âúçìîæíîñò çàïîâòîðíà óïîòðåáà.

Ñúñòîÿò ñå îò îñíîâíî òÿëî, ñúåäèíèòåëíà ðåçáîâà ãàéêà,êîíóñîâèäåí ïðúñòåí è óïëúòíèòåë.

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Ïðîèçâåäåíèòå â ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè èìàò òðàéíàìàðêèðîâêà ïî ìåòîäà íà òîïúë ïå÷àò, êîåòî ãàðàíòèðàçàïàçâàíå íà íàäïèñà çà âðåìå, ñúîòâåòñòâàùî íàåêñïëîàòàöèîííèÿ ñðîê íà òðúáàòà.

Ìàðêèðîâêàòà íà ÐÅ òðúáèòå ãàðàíòèðà ëåñíà èäåíòèôèêàöèÿè ïðîñëåäÿìîñò ïðè ïîñëåäâàùî ðàçêðèâàíå íàòðúáîïðîâîäà çà åâåíòóàëåí ðåìîíò èëè êîíòðîë.

Íàïîðíèòå òðúáè íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ñå ìàðêèðàò íàäëúæíî ïîâúíøíàòà ïîâúðõíîñò íà òðúáàòà è ñúäúðæàò ñëåäíèòåìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíè äàííè:

Ìàëêî èñòîðèÿ:

Ïîëèåòèëåíîâè (ÐÅ) òðúáè ñå ïðîèçâåæäàò îò 1950 ãîäèíà èíàé-ìàñîâî ñå èçïîëçâàò çà òðúáîïðîâîäè çà ïèòåéíà âîäàïîðàäè òÿõíàòà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà êîðîçèÿ, âèñîêàòà èì ãúâêàâîñòè ëåñåí ìîíòàæ.

Çà ïúðâè ïúò òðúáè îò ÐÅ óñïåøíî ñà ïîëîæåíè â ÑÀÙ èÊàíàäà. Ìîíòèðàíèòå ïðåç 1960 ãîäèíà òðúáîïðîâîäè è äîñåãà ðàáîòÿò áåç ïðîáëåìè.

Òðúáîïðîâîäèòå îò ÐÅ íå ïðîìåíÿò âêóñà è ìèðèñà íà âîäàòà,îñèãóðÿâàò ìèíèìàëåí åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí ñðîê îò 50 ãîäèíè,áåç íåîáõîäèìîñò îò òåõíè÷åñêî îáñëóæâàíå è ñàíèðàíå.

PLASTEC`s polyehylene pipes have a durable marking, made onthe hot stamp method , which guarantees that the marking willremain for the life-time period of the pipes.

The permanent pipe marking ensures an easy identification ofthe pipes and an excellent tracing by next uncovering of thepipeline for any reconstruction or controlling.

Plastic pipes are marked longitudinal on the outside pipe surface.

The marking consists of following minimum required data:

History:

Polyethylene (PE) pipes are produced since 1950 and are mostused for pipelines for drinking water due to their high corrosionresistance, very good flexibility and easy assembling and installa-tion.

For the first time PE pipes have been successfully installed in theUSA and Canada. From 1960 till nowadays these pipelines are stillworking without any problems.

PE pipelines do not change the taste and the smell of the water,as well as they ensure a minimum life-time period of 50 years byproperly usage without a need of additional technical recon-struction.

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Äâàòà ùåêîâè ïðèñúåäèíèòåëÿ íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò ñåîáðúùàò íàãîðå (ïðè òîâà íå ñå ïðîìåíÿ àêñèàëíîòî ìóïîëîæåíèå) è ñå ñâúðçâàò ñ ïðèñúåäèíèòåëíèÿ ùåêåð íàêàáåëà. Çàâàðú÷íèÿò êàáåë ñå ðàçïîëàãà òàêà, ÷å òåãëîòî ìó äàíå ðàçìåñòâà ñàìàòà ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò. Ñëåä ñâúðçâàíå íàïðèñúåäèíèòåëíèòå ùåêåðè, çàâàðú÷íèÿò àïàðàò ïîêàçâà íàäèñïëåÿ, ÷å å íàëèöå ïðàâèëíî ñâúðçâàíå.

Çàâàðú÷íèÿò ïðîöåñ ñå ñòàðòèðà è íà äèñïëåÿ íà àïàðàòàäîïúëíèòåëíî ñå ïîÿâÿâà çàäàäåíî è äåéñòâèòåëíî âðåìå íàçàâàðÿâàíå, êàòî è íàïðåæåíèå íà çàâàðÿâàíå. Êðàÿò íàçàâàðÿâàíåòî ñå ñèãíàëèçèðà îò ñúîòâåòíèÿ òîí íà ìàøèíàòà.

Çàòÿãàùîòî ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå ñå îòñòðàíÿâà åäâà ñëåäèçòè÷àíå íà âðåìåòî çà îõëàæäàíå. Äà ñå ñïàçâà ìèíèìàëíîçàäàäåíîòî âðåìå çà îõëàæäàíå.

Ïðè ïðåêúñâàíå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ (íàïðèìåð ïðèñïèðàíå íà òîêà) å äîïóñòèìî ïîñëåäâàùî çàâàðÿâàíå, àêîåëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèÿò åëåìåíò ñå å îõëàäèë äî òåìïåðàòóðà íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà (< 35°Ñ).

Óðåäúò çà çàâàðÿâàíå çàïàìåòÿâà âñè÷êè ïàðàìåòðè îòïðîöåñà. Òåçè äàííè ìîãàò äà áúäàò ðàçïå÷àòàíè ïîä ôîðìàòàíà ïðîòîêîë îò çàâàðêàòà. Íà íÿêîè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè ìîæå äàèìà ò.íàð. áàðêîä çà ïðîñëåäÿâàíå. Áëàãîäàðåíèå íà íåãî ñåãàðàíòèðà àâòîìàòè÷íà, åëåêòðîííî ñúçäàäåíà äîêóìåíòàöèÿçà ïðîñëåäÿåìîñò íà âëîæåíèòå ñòðîèòåëíè ÷àñòè.

ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅ ×ÐÅÇ ÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÍÈÐÀÇÃËÎÁßÅÌÈ ÑÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß

Òðúáè îò ÐÅ è òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè ìîãàò äà ñå ñâúðçâàò èïîñðåäñòâîì ôëàíöè èëè âèíòîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ.

Çà ôëàíøîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ìîãàò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò ò.íàð.ñâîáîäíè ôëàíöè ñúñ ñòîìàíåíà âëîæêà çà ïðåäôëàíøîâèâðúçêè, ñâîáîäíè ôëàíöè ñúñ ñòîìàíåíà âëîæêà çà ôëàíøîâèàäàïòîðè, ãëóõè ôëàíöè è ò.í.

Íàé-÷åñòî ôëàíöèòå ñå èçïîëçâàò â êîìáèíàöèÿ ñïðåäôëàíøîâè âðúçêè.

Ïðè ðàáîòà ñ ôëàíøîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ òðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâàòíÿêîè èçèñêâàíèÿ ñ öåë ïîñòèãàíå íà ìàêñèìàëíî êà÷åñòâî íàâðúçêàòà.

Ïðåäè çàòÿãàíå íà áîëòîâåòå, óïëúòíèòåëíèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ñåèçðàâíÿâàò ïàðàëåëíî åäíà êúì äðóãà è ñå ïðèëåïâàò ïëúòíîêúì óïëúòíåíèåòî. Òðÿáâà äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðèäúðïâàíåòî íàôëàíøîâîòî ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñ âúçíèêâàùîòî îò òîâà íàïðåæåíèåíà îïúí. Ñâúðçâàùèòå áîëòîâå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ðàâíîìåðíîçàòåãíàòè íà êðúñò ñ ïîìîùòà íà äèíàìîìåòðè÷åí êëþ÷.

and connected with the welding cable.

Position welding cable so as to prevent its weight from twistingthe welding socket.

After the welding equipment has been properly connected, thisis shown on the display of the welding device.

The welding parameters are fed in by means of a reading pencilor a scanner. An audio signal will acknowledge the data input.After the welding parameters have been fed in, the trademark,dimension and outside temperature are shown on the display.These values now have to be acknowledged. Then, for controlpurpose, you will be asked, whether the pipe has been worked.

Keep in mind that the installation situation must be stress free. Is itnot possible a clamping device must be used. During the wholewelding process (including cooling time) the clamping deviceshall remain installed.

The end of the welding process is usually indicated by an audiosignal. After expiration of the cooling time, the clamping devicemay be removed. The recommended cooling time must alwyasbe observed.

If a welding process is interrupted (e.g. in case of a power fail-ure), it is possible to reweld the socket after cooling down toambient temperature (< 35°C).

Visual weld control is performed by the welding indicator on thesocket. Moreover, all welding parameters are stored internally bythe device and can be printed to receive a welding protocoland to proove the quality of the welding.

DETACHABLE MECHANICAL JOINTS

PE pipes can also be connetcted by means of flanges or differ-ent unions (e.g. compression fittings).

As flange connections can be used: backing rings with steelinserts for stub flanges, backing rings with steel insert for flangeadaptors, blind flanges etc.

Flanges are mostly used for stub flanges.

If pipe joints are connectedby means of flanges, some guidelineshave to be adhered to ensure an optimal quality and reliabilityof the joint.

Before applying of the screw initial stress, the sealing faces haveto be aligned planpearallel to each other and fit tight to the seal-ing. The drawing near of the flange connection with the resultingoccurrence of tensile stress has to be avoided under any cir-cumstances. The connecting screws have to be screwed bymeans of a torque key.



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A transformer for welding purpose supplies electric power.

The method distinguishes itself by an extra-low safety voltage aswell as by high automatization.

The extansion of the plastified melt and the during the coolingdeveloped shrinking stress produce the necessary welding pres-sure which guarantee an optimal welding.

The welding device is a mchine with bar code identification, itsupervises all functions full automaticlyduring the welding processand stores the welding parameters.

After feeding of the code for universal welding machines withmagnetic code characteristics, the code is deleted whichmeans that the card can only be used once.

Only parts made of the same material may be joined with oneanother. The MFR-value of the PE E-fittings is in the range of 0.3 -1.3 g/10 min. They can be joined with pipes and fittings of PE 80and PE 100 with a MFR-value between 0.3 - 1.7 g/10 min.

The welding area has to be protected against unfavourableweather conditions (e.g. rain, snow, intensive UV-radiation orwind).

The permissible temperature range for PR is from -10°C up to+50°Ñ.

The national guidelines must also be considered.

Welding preparation

Welding preparation is to be made immediately before weldingprocess.

Cut off pipe at right angles by means of a proper cutting tool andmark the insert length.

Clean pipe of dirt with a dry cloth at insert length and carefullmachine pipe by means of peeling tool or scraper knife in axialdirection (cutting depth min. 0,2 mm). Remove flashes inside andoutside of pipe ends.

If a fitting is welded instead of the pipe, the welding area of thefitting has to be cleaned and scrapped as the pipe.

Unpack the E-fitting immediately before welding.

Never touch the inside of the socket and the scrapped pipe end.

If a pollution can not be excepted, clean the welding areas withPE-cleaner (or similar) and with fluffless paper.

The faces to be welded have to be dry before the socket is putover the pipe.

Slide the socket into the prepared end of pipe right to its centerstop until it reaches the marking.

Insert the second pipe end (or fitting) into the socket and clampboth pipes into the holding device, so that no forces can risebetween welding area and the pipe (fitting) and that the socketcan be turned smoothly.

Welding device

The operations described below show only the most importantsteps for a welding process.

Always observe the instructions of the machine producer.

Both plug-type socket connections should be turned upwards(however the axial position of the socket must not be changed)

Ìåòîäúò ñå îòëè÷àâà ñúñ ñèãóðíîñò ïðè ìàëêèòå íàïðåæåíèÿ,êàêòî è ñ âèñîêà ñòåïåí íà àâòîìàòèçàöèÿ. Íàïðåæåíèÿòà íàñâèâàíå íà ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò ñúçäàâàò íåîáõîäèìîòîíàëÿãàíå íà çàâàðÿâàíå, êîåòî ãàðàíòèðà îïòèìàëíà çàâàðêà.

Ïàðàìåòðèòå íà çàâàðÿâàíå ñà çàäàäåíè îò ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ èñå îò÷èòàò ïî áàðêîäà íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò èëè êîäîâàòàêàðòà (ùðèõ-êàðòà). Îáèêíîâåíî ñïåöèàëíèòå çà òîçè âèäìåòîä íà ñâúðçâàíå çàâàðú÷íè àâòîìàòè ñà óðåäè ñðàçïîçíàâàíå íà áàðêîä, êîèòî íàïúëíî àâòîìàòè÷íîêîíòðîëèðàò âñè÷êè ôóíêöèè ïî âðåìå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ.Ïðè óíèâåðñàëíèòå óðåäè ñ ðàçïîçíàâàíå íà ìàãíèòåí êîäñëåä ïðî÷èòàíå íà êîäà, ñúùèÿò ñå èçòðèâà îò êàðòàòà, ò.å.êàðòàòà å ñàìî çà åäíîêðàòíà óïîòðåáà.

Ìîãàò äà áúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè åäèí ñ äðóã ñàìî åäíàêâèìàòåðèàëè. MFR-ñòîéíîñòèòå íà ÐÅ åëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèòåñâúðçâàùè åëåìåíòè ñà â îáëàñòòà ìåæäó 0.3 - 1.3 ãð/10 ìèí,òàêà ÷å ñúùèòå ìîãàò äà áúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè çà òðúáè èñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè îò ÐÅ 80 è ÐÅ 100, ÷èèòî MFR ñòîéíîñòè ñàìåæäó 0.3 è 1.7 ãð/10 ìèíóòè. Òúíêîñòåííè òðúáè òðÿáâà äàáúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè ñ îïîðíè âòóëêè.

Îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòíåáëàãîïðèÿòíè óñëîâèÿ íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà êàòî äúæä, ñíÿã,èíòåíçèâíî ñëú÷åâî ãðååíå èëè âÿòúð.

Äîïóñòèìàòà òåìïåðàòóðíà îáëàñò çà ÐÅ å îò -10°Ñ äî +50°Ñ.Îñâåí òîâà äà ñå ñïàçâàò íàöèîíàëíèòå íàðåäáè.

Ïîäãîòîâêà

Ïîäãîòâÿíåòî íà çàâàðêàòà òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøèíåïîñðåäñòâåíî ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíå.

Òðúáàòà ñå îòðÿçâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù èíñòðóìåíò è ñå ìàðêèðàäúëáî÷èíàòà íà âêàðâàíå.

Ïî÷èñòâà ñå ãðóáîòî çàìúðñÿâàíå ïî òðúáàòà â îáëàñòòà íàâêàðâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà ñóõ ïàðöàë, ñëåä òîâà êðàÿò íàòðúáàòà ñå îáðàáîòâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù óðåä çà ñíåìàíå íà ñëîéèëè âíèìàòåëíî ñ ïîìîùòà íà êëåùè êàòî ñå âúðòè â àêñèàëíàïîñîêà (äåáåëèíà íà îòíåìàíå íà ñëîÿ ìèíèìóì 0.2 ìì).Îòðÿçâàò ñå è ñå ïî÷èñòâàò îñòàòúöèòå îòâúòðå è îòâúí íàòðúáàòà.

Åëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèÿò ñâúðçâàù åëåìåíò ñå èçâàæäà îòîïàêîâêàòà ìó íåïîñðåäñòâåíî ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíåòî.Âúòðåøíàòà ñòðàíà íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è îáðàáîòåíèÿòêðàé íà òðúáàòà íå òðÿáâà äà ñå äîêîñâàò ñ ïðúñòè.

Àíàëîãè÷íè ñà äåéñòâèÿòà è ïî ïîäãîòîâêàòà íà çàâàðêàòà çàäðóãèÿ êðàé íà òðúáàòà êúì äðóãàòà ÷àñò íà ñâúðçâàùèÿåëåìåíò.

Ñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå ïîñòàâÿ äî îãðàíè÷èòåëÿ ñè,ñúîòâåòíî äî ìàðêèðàíàòà äúëáî÷èíà íà âêàðâàíå âúðõóïîäãîòâåíèÿ êðàé íà òðúáàòà. Òðúáèòå ñå çàòÿãàò â îïîðíîïðèñïîñîáëåíèå, çà äà íå ñå ïîëó÷àò ñèëè ìåæäó çàâàðú÷íàòàçîíà è òðúáàòà (ñúîòâ. ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò).

Àïàðàòè çà åëåêòðîçàâàðÿâàíå

Îïèñàíèòå ïî-äîëó ñòúïêè ïîêàçâàò ñàìî îñíîâíèòå äåéñòâèÿíà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ. Äà ñå ñïàçâà óïúòâàíåòî çà ðàáîòà íàçàâàðú÷íèÿ àïàðàò.



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíå• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 20 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: MOP 6 è MOP 10 bar• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè æúëòè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: ÅN 1555 • Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì è ðóëà ïî 100 ì (òðúáè äî ô 110 ìì âêëþ÷èòåëíî ìîãàò äà ñå íàâèâàò íà ðóëà)• Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå*: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð è äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàMOP - ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå â barS - òðúáíà ñåðèÿSF - ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò d - íîìèíàëåí âúíøåí äèàìåòúð â ììs - íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ììkg/m - òåãëî íà òðúáàòà â êã/ì

EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for gas supply• Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 20 - d 400 mm • Pressure: MOP 6 and MOP 10 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 yellow longitudinal stripes• Standards: EN 1555• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m, rolls on 100 m(pipes up to d 110 mm can be delivered also in rolls)• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)

SDR - diameter/wall thickness relationMOP - maximum operating pressure in barS - pipe series SF - safety factor d - nominal outside diameter in mms - nominal wall thickness in mmkg/m - weight of pipe in kg/m

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Òðúáîïðîâîäíèòå ñèñòåìè çà ïðèðîäåí ãàç èçèñêâàòèíòåíçèâíî íàáëþäåíèå è áîðàâåíå ñ ïîâèøåíî âíèìàíèå.

ÐÅ òðúáè, èçïîëçâàíè â ñèñòåìèòå çà òðàíñïîðòèðàíå íàïðèðîäåí ãàç, ñå ñâúðçâàò ñàìî ïî âèñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íèìåòîäè êàòî ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå èåëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå. Âñè÷êî òîâà å ãàðàíöèÿçà èçêëþ÷èòåëíà íàäåæäíîñò è êà÷åñòâî íà çàâúðøåíàòàòðúáíà ñèñòåìà.

Èìåííî ãàçîâàòà èíäóñòðèÿ è ïîñòàâåíèòå îò íåÿ âèñîêèêðèòåðèè ïî îòíîøåíèå íà ïîòðåáÿâàíèòå çà òåçè öåëè òðúáè èñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè å åäíà îò ïúðâèòå, êîÿòî èçòúêíàïðåäèìñòâàòà íà òðúáè îò ÐÅ 100.

Çà ðàçïðåäåëèòåëíè òðúáîïðîâîäíè ìðåæè â óðáàíèçèðàíèòåðèòîðèè òðúáèòå îò ÐÅ 100 ñà ïðåäïî÷èòàíè ïîðàäè òÿõíàòàâèñîêà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ðàçïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ïóêíàòèíè èóñòîé÷èâîñò íà ñåèçìè÷íè êîëåáàíèÿ íà çåìÿòà áëàãîäàðåíèåíà îòëè÷íàòà ñè ãúâêàâîñò. Ñïåöèôè÷íî è âàæíî ïðåäèìñòâîíà ÐÅ 100 ïðè ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíåòî å âúçìîæíîñòòà äà ñå óâåëè÷èíàëÿãàíåòî, ïðè êîåòî å ïîñòèãíàòà ïîâèøåíà ñèãóðíîñò ïðèíàðàñòâàíå íà ïóêíàòèíèòå. Îñâåí òîâà ïîâèøàâàíåòî íàíàëÿãàíåòî ïðåäèçâèêâà óâåëè÷àâàíå íà òðàíñïîðòíèÿêàïàöèòåò íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.

Èíòåðåñíî:

Ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå (ÐÅ) òðúáè áëàãîäàðåíèå íà ãëàäêàòà ñèïîâúðõíîñò è ìíîãî äîáðàòà ñè åëàñòè÷íîñò îò äúëãè ãîäèíè ñåèçïîëçâàò çà áåçèçêîïíà ïîäìÿíà íà ñòàðè è äåôåêòèðàëèòðúáîïðîâîäè.

Òîçè ïðîöåñ íà ñàíèðàíå å èçêëþ÷èòåëíî åôåêòèâåí, çàùîòî åáúðç è ëåñåí çà èçïúëíåíèå, ñïåñòÿâà ðàçõîäèòå ïîðàçêîïàâàíå íà ñòàðèÿ òðúáîïðîâîä è ìîíòèðàíå íà íîâèÿ,ðàçêúðòâàíå íà ñêúïîñòðóâàùè ïúòíè íàñòèëêè è êîìóíèêàöèèè ïîâòîðíîòî èì èçãðàæäàíå. Ðàáîòíàòà ïëîù â òîçè ñëó÷àé åñâåäåíà äî ìèíèìóì, êîåòî â äíåøíîòî çàáúðçàíî åæåäíåâèåîçíà÷àâà ñòðîèòåëíè ðàáîòè áåç ïðåêúñâàíå íà òðàôèêà.

Pipelines for natural gas distribution require an intensive supervision and a special handling.

PE pipes, used for this application, are connected each otheronly on high technologically methods like butt welding, socketwelding and electrofusion welding. All this is a guarantee for areliability and high quality of the whole system.

Exactly the gas industry and the high requirements setted inregards to the materials used for these purpose is one of the firstthat proves the advantages of PE 100.

For distribution pipeline mains in high populated areas PE 100pipes are to prefer because of their resistance against ckracksand the resistance against seismic changes in the earth due tothe very good flexibility of the materials.

A specific and important advantage of PE 100 in the field of thegas supply is the possibility of the material to increase the pressure. This effect means at the same time increased transportation capacity of the pipeline.

Interesting:

Due to their smooth surface and a very good flexibility PE pipesare successfully used for trenchless rehabilitations of old anddamaged pipelines.

This process is very effective, because it is easy, saves a lot ofconstruction expenses for excavation of the old pipeline and theinstallation again.

This modern method is very environmental friendly, because ofthe low construction site it requires.

In the hurry daily to have construction without breaking the roadtraffic e.g. is a really big and comfortable advantage.

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Ìóôîâè çàâàðêè ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ìîãàò äà ñå ïðàâÿò âñòàöèîíàðíè óñëîâèÿ â ðàáîòèëíèöà èëè íà ñàìèÿ îáåêò. Ïîâúçìîæíîñò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò ìàøèíè ñ ìàêñèìàëíîìåõàíèçèðàí ïðîöåñ íà ïðîòè÷àíå íà çàâàðÿâàíåòî. Çàâàðêèïî ìåòîäà íà ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ìîãàò äà ñåèçâúðøâàò íà ðúêà äî âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà ô 40 ììâêëþ÷èòåëíî. Çà ïî-ãîëåìè ðàçìåðè âñëåäñòâèå íàóâåëè÷àâàùèòå ñå ñèëè íà ñúåäèíÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçïîëçâàè ñúîòâåòíî çàâàðú÷íî ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå.

Êðàèùàòà íà òðúáàòà, òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò è ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñòñëåäâà äà ñà ñ ïîäõîäÿùè ðàçìåðè åäíî ñïðÿìî äðóãî.

Âòóëêàòà è äîðíèêúò íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò ñå ïî÷èñòâàò, ïî÷èñòâàñå ñúùî è âúòðåøíàòà ïîâúðõíîñò íà ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò. Ïðèòîâà îñîáåíî ñå âíèìàâà äà ñå èç÷èñòÿò îò ïîâúðõíîñòòàåâåíòóàëíè îñòàòúöè îò ðàçòîïåí ìàòåðèàë îò ïðåäèøíèçàâàðêè.

Ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî îòðÿçàíèÿò êðàé íà òðúáàòà, êîéòî ùå ñåçàâàðÿâà, ñå îáðàáîòâà â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñ óêàçàíèÿòà íàïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è àêî å íåîáõîäèìî ñåìàðêèðà äúëáî÷èíàòà íà ïîñòàâÿíå. Êðàÿò íà òðúáàòà ñåñêîñÿâà ñ 2-3 ìì è ñå îáðàáîòâà òîëêîâà íàâúòðå ñ óðåä çàñíåìàíå íà ñëîé, äîêàòî íîæúò íà óðåäúò çà îáåëâàíåäîñòèãíå ÷åëíàòà ñòðàíà íà òðúáàòà. Âúòðåøíèÿò êàíò ñåîòíåìà ñ íîæ.

Òîïëèÿò åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâà äî òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå(çà PEHD òÿ å îêîëî 250 - 270°Ñ).

Ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò è òðúáàòà åäíîâðåìåííî ñå âêàðâàò âíàãðåâàòåëíèÿ åëåìåíò äî îãðàíè÷èòåë èëè äî ñúîòâåòíàòàìàðêèðîâêà è ñå íàãðÿâàò. Èç÷àêâà ñå íåîáõîäèìîòîçàäàäåíî âðåìå íà íàãðÿâàíå.

Ñëåä îòñòðàíÿâàíå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò, ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò èòðúáàòà ñå ñúåäèíÿâàò áåç çàâúðòàíå äî ñúîòâåòíàòàìàðêèðîâêà è äî îáðàçóâàíå íà äâàòà çàâàðú÷íè øåâà.Âúíøíîòî èçïëèñêâàíå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ øåâ âèçóàëíî ñåïðîâåðÿâà. Òî òðÿáâà äà ñå âèäè ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íàòðúáàòà.

Çàâàðêèòå ñå îñòàâÿò äà èçñòèíàò è ñëåä òîâà ñåîñâîáîæäàâàò. Òàêà íàïðàâåíàòà çàâàðêà ìîæå äà ñåíàòîâàðâà ñ ïîñëåäâàùè äåéñòâèÿ ïî ïîëàãàíå èëè ìîíòàæåäâà ñëåä èçòè÷àíå íà âðåìåòî çà îõëàæäàíå.

ÅËÅÊÒÐÎÑÚÏÐÎÒÈÂÈÒÅËÍÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅÏðè çàâàðÿâàíåòî ñ åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëåí ïðîâîäíèêòðúáàòà è ñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâàò è çàâàðÿâàò ñïîìîùòà íà ñúïðîòèâèòåëíè ïðîâîäíèöè, âêëþ÷åíè êúìåëåêòðè÷åñêî íàïðåæåíèå. Ñúïðîòèâèòåëíèòå ïðîâîäíèöè ñàâãðàäåíè â ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è îñòàâàò â çàâàðåíîòî ñúåäè-íåíèå.

Socket welding process can be realized in a stationary workshopas well as on the construction site. It is recommende to usemachines with maximum mechanised process of welding if pos-sible.

Socket weldings may be manually performed up to pipe outsidediameters of 40 mm. Above that, the use of a welding devicebecause of increasing joining forces is recommended.

The dimensions of pipe end, heating element and fitting socketare coordinated so that a joining pressure builds up on joining.

Thoroughly clean welding area of pipe and fittings with flufflesspaper and cleaning agents (acetone or similar). Carefully cleanalso the surfaces of the heating element. No dirty or material restsfrom other weldings have to be left on the surfaces.

Cut off pipe faces at right angles and remove flashes on theinside with a knife. The pipe ends should be chamfered 2-3 mm.Work the pipe faces with a scraper until the blades of the scraperflush with the pipe face.

A scraper is required for calibrating and chamferring the joiningsurfaces of the pipe. This has to correspond to the heating ele-ment and to the fitting socket.

If peeling is not necessary, work the pipe surface with a scraperknife and mark the depth on pipe.

Check temperature of the heating element (on heating spigotand on heating socket). It must be for PEHD pipes about 250 -270°Ñ.

Quickly push fitting and pipe in axial direction onto the heatingspigot or into the heating socket until the end stop (or marking).

Let pass by heating time.

After the heating time, pull fitting and pipe off the heating element with one heave and immediately fit them into eachother without twisting them until both welding seams meet.

The welding seams as visual to be controled. They have to becreated along the whole pipe circumference.

Let the join cool down, then remove clamps.

Only after the cooling time, the join may be stressed by furtherlaying processes.

ELECTROFUSION WELDING On electric welding, pipes and fittings are welded by means ofresistance wires which are located within the electrofusion sock-et. The wires stay in the socket after the welding.



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ïðåäïîñòàâêà çà äîáðîòî êà÷åñòâî íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ øåâ.

Ñúåäèíÿâàíå

Ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ñðåùíàò ïðè ñêî-ðîñò ïî÷òè ðàâíà íà íóëà. Íåîáõîäèìîòî íàëÿãàíå çà ñúåäèíÿ-âàíå ïî âúçìîæíîñò ñå èçãðàæäà ëèíåéíî ïîêà÷âàùî ñå.

Îõëàæäàíå

Íàëÿãàíåòî çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå ïî âðåìå íà îõëàæäàíåòî òðÿáâàäà áúäå çàïàçåíî. Ìîíòàæ èëè ïîñëåäâàùà îáðàáîòêà ìîæåäà ñå èçâúðøâàò åäâà ñëåä ïúëíî îõëàæäàíå íà òðúáèòå èçàâàðêèòå. Íåäîïóñòèìè ñà ìåðêè çà óñêîðåíî îõëàæäàíå íàçàâàðÿâàíèòå ÷àñòè.

Ñëåä ñúåäèíÿâàíåòî ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íà òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äàñå å ïîëó÷èë ò.íàð. äâîåí øåâ. Îáðàçóâàíåòî íà øåâà äàâàîðèåíòèð çà ðàâíîìåðíîñòòà íà çàâàðêèòå. Ðàçëè÷íèîáðàçóâàíèÿ íà øåâà ìîãàò äà ñå îáóñëîâÿò ñ ðàçëè÷íî ïî âèäïîâåäåíèå íà âòå÷íÿâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëèòå, êîèòî ñå ñâúðçâàò.Îò îïèò ñ ïîçíàòèòå äîñåãà ìàòåðèàëè â äàäåíàòà MFR îáëàñòìîæå åäíà çàâàðêà äà ñå ñ÷èòà çà óñïåøíà, äîðè è êîãàòîòîâà âîäè äî íåñèìåòðè÷íîñò íà çàâàðú÷íèòå øåâîâå. “Ê"âèíàãè òðÿáâà äà å ïî-ãîëÿìî îò 0.

Èçïèòâàíå ïîä íàëÿãàíå

Äî ïðîâåæäàíå íà èçïèòâàíå ïîä íàëÿãàíå âñè÷êè çàâàðú÷íèñúåäèíåíèÿ òðÿáâà äà ñà íàïúëíî èçñòèíàëè (ïî ïðàâèëî 1 ÷àññëåä ïîñëåäíàòà çàâàðêà). Èçïèòâàíåòî ïîä íàëÿãàíå ñåïðîâåæäà ñúãëàñíî âàëèäíèòå íàöèîíàëíè íàðåäáè. Ïî âðåìåíà ñàìîòî èçïèòâàíå òðúáîïðîâîäúò òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòïðîìÿíà â òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà (íàïðèìåð îòñëúí÷åâî ãðååíå).

ÌÓÔÎÂÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅ Ïðè ìóôîâîòî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò òðúáàòà èñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå çàâàðÿâàò ñ ïðèïîêðèâàíå. Êðàÿò íàòðúáàòà è êðàÿò íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâàò äîòåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà òîïúë åëåìåíò ïîäôîðìàòà íà äîðíèê îò åäíàòà ñòðàíà è âòóëêà îò äðóãàòàñòðàíà è ñëåä òîâà ñå ñúåäèíÿâàò.

ence must have been created. The seam development gives anorientation about the regularity of the weldings among eachother. Possible differences in the formation of the seams may bejustified by different flow behaviour of the joined materials. Fromexperience with the commercial semi finished products in theindicated MFR-field can be assumptioned from the welding tendency, even when this can lead to unsymetrical weldingseams. "K" must always be bigger than 0.

Performing of pressure test

Before the pressure testing, all welding joints have to be completely cooled down (at a rule, 1 hour after the last weldingprocess). The pressure test has to be performed according to therelevant national regulations. The pipe system has to be protected against changes of the ambient temperature (UV-radiation).

SOCKET WELDING On heating element socket welding pipe and fittings are lap-welded.

The pipe end and fitting socket are heated up to welding tem-perature by means of a socket-like and spigot-like heating element and afterwards, they are joined together.



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà íàïîðíà êàíàëèçàöèÿ• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 160 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: îò PN 2.5 - 20 àòì.• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè êàôÿâè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: EN 13244• Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì • Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)


EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for pressure sewage systems • Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 160 - d 400 mm • Pressure: from PN 2.5 up to PN 20 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 brown longitudinal stripes• Standard: ÅN 13244 • Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)


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Óñïîðåäíî ñ óñúâúðøåíñòâàíåòî íà òåõíîëîãèèòå ñåíàáëþäàâà è óâåëè÷àâàíå íà õèìè÷åñêèòå îòïàäúöè, êîèòîñúäúðæàò âñå ïî-àãðåñèâíè âåùåñòâà.

Â ïðåäâèä îñîáåíèÿ ñúñòàâ íà êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå âîäè èõèìèêàëè, ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå (ÐÅ) òðúáîïðîâîäíè ñèñòåìè ñàíàé-ïðèåìëèâîòî è åôåêòèâíî ðåøåíèå áëàãîäàðåíèå íàñâîÿòà óñòîé÷èâîñò êúì õèìèêàëè, åðîçèÿ è êîðîçèÿ.

Êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå íàïîðíè òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ÐÅ çà ïîäçåìíè èíàäçåìíè êàíàëèçàöèè ñà ñå äîêàçàëè âå÷å ïîâå÷å îò 35ãîäèíè.

ÐÅ òðúáíè ñèñòåìè ñà àáñîëþòíî íåïðîïóñêëèâè, êîåòî åðåçóëòàò îò èçïîëçâàíèÿ ìåòîäà çà ñâúðçâàíå ÷ðåç çàâàðÿâàíå,êîéòî ãàðàíòèðà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà öÿëàòà ñèñòåìà

Âèñîêèÿò ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ÐÅ íàïúëíî óäîâëåòâîðÿâàèçèñêâàíèÿòà íà êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå ñèñòåìè.

Along to the developed new world technologies an increasedseparation of chemical refuse is reported.

The waste contains more and more agressive substances.

Because of the special composition of the sewage waste waterand chemicals, PE pipelines are now the most acceptable andeffective solution due to their excellent chemical resistance andcorrosion resistance.

Pressure sewage pipelines of PE for under ground and above theground installation have proved since more than 35 year of positive experiense.

PE pipe systems are absolutely non-permeable, which is a resultof the very good connection technologies that ensure a largecongestion of the whole system.

The high elasticity modul of PE fulfills the requirements of thesewage systems.

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Ïîäãîòîâêà çà çàâàðÿâàíå

Âñè÷êè çàâàðêè òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâàò ñ ìàøèíè è óðåäè,êîèòî îòãîâàðÿò íà ñúîòâåòíèòå èçèñêâàíèÿ. Àïàðàòóðèòå çàçàâàðÿâàíå ñà ñ ðàçëè÷åí îáõâàò è ñå èçáèðàò â çàâèñèìîñòîò äèàìåòúðà íà çàâàðÿâàíèòå òðúáè èëè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè.Ïðåäè çàïî÷âàíå íà çàâàðú÷íè ðàáîòè ñå ïðîâåðÿâàíåîáõîäèìàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíåòî òåìïåðàòóðà íà òîïëèÿåëåìåíò. Òîâà ñòàâà íàïðèìåð ñ êîíòàêòåí òåðìîìåòúð çàèçìåðâàíå íà ïîâúðõíîñòíà òåìïåðàòóðà. Êîíòðîëíîòîèçìåðâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøè íà ìÿñòîòî íà òîïëèÿåëåìåíò, êîåòî ùå êîíòàêòóâà ñ äðóãàòà ïîâúðõíîñò çàçàâàðÿâàíå. Çà äà ñå ïîëó÷è òåðìè÷íî ðàâíîâåñèå, òîïëèÿòåëåìåíò ìîæå äà áúäå èçïîëçâàí íàé-ðàíî 10 ìèíóòè ñëåääîñòèãàíå íà çàäàäåíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà. Çà ïîñòèãàíå íàîïòèìàëíè çàâàðêè, òîïëèÿò åëåìåíò òðÿáâà âíèìàòåëíî äàáúäå ïî÷èñòâàí ïðåäè âñÿêà çàâàðêà. Ñïåöèàëíîòî ïîêðèòèåíà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò â ðàáîòíàòà ìó îáëàñò ñëåäâà äà íå åïîâðåäåíî èëè íàäðàñêàíî.Òðúáèòå è ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè ïðåäè çàòÿãàíåòî èì â ìàøèíàòàòðÿáâà àêñèàëíî äà ñå èçðàâíÿò.

Çàåäíî ñ ïðîâåðêàòà íà øèðèíàòà íàïðîöåïà òðÿáâà äà ñå êîíòðîëèðà èðàçìåñòâàíåòî. Ðàçìåñòâàíåòî íàïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå åäíà êúìäðóãà íå áèâà äà ïðåâèøàâà ïî âúíøíàòàñòðàíà íà òðúáàòà äîïóñòèìèÿ ðàçìåð îò 0,1õ äåáåëèíàòà íà ñòåíàòà.

Íåîáðàáîòåíè çàâàðú÷íè ïîâúðõíîñòè äà íåñå çàöàïâàò èëè ïèïàò ñ ïðúñòè, òúé êàòî âòîçè ñëó÷àé ùå å íåîáõîäèìî íîâîïî÷èñòâàíå. Ïîïàäíàëè â òðúáàòà îñòàòúöè îòðÿçàíå èëè îáðàáîòêà òðÿáâà äà áúäàòîòñòðàíåíè.

Ïðèòèñêàíå

Òåìïåðàòóðèòå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò çà ìàòåðèàë ÐÅ ñà â ðàìêèòåíà 200 - 220°Ñ. Ïî ïðàâèëî âàæè, ÷å ïðè ïî-ìàëêè äåáåëèíè íàñòåíèòå ñå öåëè äà ñå äîñòèãíå ãîðíàòà ãðàíèöà, à ïðè ïî-ãîëåìè äåáåëèíè íà ñòåíèòå - äîëíàòà ãðàíèöà íà òîçèòåìïåðàòóðåí äèàïàçîí.

Â ïîâå÷åòî ñëó÷àè íàëÿãàíåòî íà ïðèòèñêàíå èëè ñèëàòà íàïðèòèñêàíå, êîÿòî òðÿáâà äà ñå çàäàäå, ñå âçèìà îò òàáëèöèòåíà ìàøèíàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Ïðè ïðîöåñà íà ïðèòèñêàíå ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñåïðèòèñêàò òîëêîâà äúëãî äî òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò, äîêàòî ñåîáðàçóâà èçïëèñêâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëà. Ïðèòèñêàíåòî åïðèêëþ÷åíî, êîãàòî âèñî÷èíàòà íà èçïëèñêâàíåòî åäîñòèãíàëà èçèñêâàíèòå ñòîéíîñòè ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íàòðúáàòà. Âèñî÷èíàòà íà èçïëèñêâàíåòî ñëóæè çà èíäèêàòîð íàòîâà, ÷å ñâúðçâàùèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ñà ðàâíîìåðíî è ïðàâèëíîëåæàùè êúì òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò.

Íàãðÿâàíå

Çà íàãðÿâàíåòî ïîâúðõíîñòèòå òðÿáâà äà ñà äîïðåíè ñ ìàëêîíàëÿãàíå äî òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò. Çà öåëòà íàëÿãàíåòî ñå íàìàëÿâàäî ïî÷òè íóëà (< 0.01 N/mm2). Ïðè íàãðÿâàíåòî òîïëèíàòàíàâëèçà â ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå è ãè çàãðÿâà äîòåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Ñìÿíà

Ñëåä äîñòèãíàòîòî çàäàäåíî âðåìå çà íàãðÿâàíåïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñå îòäåëÿò îò òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò.Ïîñëåäíèÿò âíèìàòåëíî ñå èçâàæäà, áåç äà ñå ïîâðåäÿò èëèçàìúðñÿò íàãðåòèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå. Ñëåä òîâàïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñå ïðèäâèæàò åäíà êúì äðóãà äîïî÷òè ïúëíî äîêîñâàíå. Âðåìåòî çà ñìÿíà òðÿáâà äà åâúçìîæíî íàé-êðàòêî, òúé êàòî â ïðîòèâåí ñëó÷àéïëàñòèôèöèðàíèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ìîãàò äà èçñòèíàò. Âïîñëåäñòâèå ïðàâèëíîòî èçïúëíåíèå íà òîçè ïðîöåñ å è

Preparations before welding

The welding machines and appliances must correspond to therequirements. It is recommended to choose the suitablemachine according to the diameter of the pipes or fitting thathave to be joined.Control the necessary heating element temperature beforeaech welding process. That happens e.g. with a high speed ter-mometer for surface measurements. The control measurementmust happen within the area of the heating element which cor-responds to the pipe and/or to the semi finished product. Toreach a termal balance, the heating element should be used notbefore 10 minutes after reaching the rated temperature.For optimal welding clean the heating element with clean, fluff-less paper before starting of each welding process. The non-stickcoating of the heating element must be undamaged in theworking area.Before clamping the pipes and fittings in the welding machinethey must be axial aligned.

Together with the control of the gap width (maximum 0,5 mm forpipes up to d 400 mm) also thedisalignment should bechecked. The disalignment ofthe joining areas to one anothershould not overstep the permiss-ble degree of 0,1 x wall thicknesson the pipe outside or on thetable respectively.

Not worked welding areasshouldn`t be dirty or touched byhands otherwise a renewedtreatment is necessary.

Shavings which are fallen in thepipe should be removed.

Alignment

The temperatures of the heating element for the PE materials isbetween 200 - 220°Ñ. Generally the aim is to use higher temper-atures for larger wall thicknesses and lower temperatures forsmaller wall thicknesses.

In most cases, the heating pressure [bar] or the heating force [N],which have to be adjusted, may be taken from the tables on thewelding machines.

Heating

During the heating process the areas must abut onto the heatingelement with low pressure. At which the temperature will fallnearly to zero (< 0.01 N/mm2). On heating the warmth infiltrate inthe parts to be welded and heat up to the welding temperature.

Adjustment

After the heating the adjusting surfaces should be removed fromthe heating element. The heating element should be taken awaywithout damage and pollution. Then, the adjusting surfaces mustjoin together very quickly until immediately prior to contact. Theadjusting time should be keept as short as possible, otherwise theplasticised areas will cool down and the wdling seam qualitywould be influenced in a negative way.

Joining

The areas to be welded should coincideby contact with a veloc-ity of nearly zero. The required joining pressure will rise linear if pos-sible.

Cooling

During cooling the joining presure must be maintained. A highermechanical use is only after prolongation of the cooling permis-sible. Assembly or mechanical treatment is allowed after thewhole cooling.

After joining, a double seam surrounding the whole circumfer-



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Ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè íà åëåìåíòèòå, êîèòî ùå ñå çàâàðÿâàò, íåòðÿáâà äà ñà óâðåäåíè è íå òðÿáâà äà ñúäúðæàò çàìúðñÿâàíèÿ(íàïðèìåð ïðàõ, ìàñëà, îñòàòúöè îò ìàòåðèàë ïðè ðÿçàíå èò.í.).

Ïðè âñè÷êè ìåòîäè îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà îñòàíåè áåç íàïðåæåíèå îò îãúâàíå. Òîâà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòÿâàíàïðèìåð ñ âíèìàòåëíî ñêëàäèðàíå, ðîëêîâè îïîðè è ò.í.

Àêî ñå çàâàðÿâàò ãîëåìè ðàçìåðè òðúáè, ñ öåë óëåñíÿâàíå íàðàáîòàòà, çàâàðÿâàíåòî íà òðúáèòå ñëåäâà äà ñòàíå èçâúíòðúáíèÿ èçêîï. Â òîçè ñëó÷àé ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà ñòàöèîíàðíàìàøèíà çà çàâàðÿâàíå, êàòî òðúáàòà ñå èçäúðïâà ñëåä âñÿêàçàâàðêà. Ïðè ïî-ìàëêè äèàìåòðè íà ïîëîæåíè ïî äúëæèíàòàíà òðàñåòî òðúáè, ìàøèíàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíå ìîæå äà áúäåïðåíàñÿíà äî ñúîòâåòíèòå ìåñòà çà ñâúðçâàíå.

Òðúáè è/èëè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè ñ êðàèùàçà çàâàðÿâàíå îò ðàçëè÷íè SDR êëàñîâåíå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ñâúðçâàíè ïî ìåòîäàíà ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå.

×ÅËÍÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅ Ñ ÒÎÏÚË ÅËÅÌÅÍÒÏðè ÷åëíîòî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çàñâúðçâàíå ñå äîïèðàò ïîä íàëÿãàíå äî òîïúë åëåìåíò(ïðèòèñêàíå), ñëåä òîâà ñ íàìàëåíî íàëÿãàíå ñå íàãðÿâàò äîçàäàäåíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå (íàãðÿâàíå) è ñëåäîòñòðàíÿâàíå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò (ñìÿíà) îòíîâî ïîä íàëÿãàíåñå ñúåäèíÿâàò (ñúåäèíÿâàíå). Ñëåäâà îõëàæäàíå íà ãîòîâàòàçàâàðêà.

by heating with hot-air blower and usage of a suitable cut pressure or round pressure installation.The joining areas of the parts to be welded must not be damaged or contaminated.Immediately before starting the welding process, the joiningareas have to be cleaned nad must be free from e.g. dirt, oil,shavings.

On apllying any of these methods, keep the wedling area clearof flexural stresses (e.g. careful storage, use of dollies).

It is recommended when welding large diameter of pipes, that astationary welding unit be set up at the top of the trench. Thepipe should then be pulled forward after each welding process.For small diameter pipes the welding machine can be moved toeach joint.

Always connect pipes and fittings onlywith similar wall thicknesses (same SDRclasses) with butt welding method withheating element.

BUTT WELDING WITH HEATING ELEMENTThe welding faces of the parts to be joined are aligned underpressure onto the heating element (alignment). Then, the partsare heated up to the welding temperature under reduced pressure (heating). After the heating element has been removed(adjustment), the parts are joined under pressure (joining). Nowthe weld must be cooled (cooling).



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100ÄÎÏÚËÍÈÒÅËÍÎ ÏÐÎÐßÇÀÍÀ• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà äðåíàæíè ñèñòåìè ñ âèñîêî âúíøíîíàòîâàðâàíå è äúëáî÷èíà íà çàëàãàíå > 10 ì • Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 160 äî ô 400 ìì • Øèðî÷èíà íà ïðîðåçà: 4 è 8 ìì (çà ô 160); 3, 6 è 9 ìì çàäðóãèòå ðàçìåðè• Âèä íà ïðîðÿçâàíåòî: 1/3, 2/3 èëè íàïúëíî ïðîðÿçàíè• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà • Ñòàíäàðò: EN 13244, DIN 4262-1• Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì • Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð è äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàS - òðúáíà ñåðèÿd - íîìèíàëåí âúíøåí äèàìåòúð â ììs - íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ììkg/m - òåãëî íà òðúáàòà â êã/ì

EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100 ADDITIONALLY SLOTTED• Usage: for drainage systems with high inner pressure and laydepth >10 m• Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 160 - d 400 mm • Slot width: 4 and 8 mm (for d 160); 3, 6 and 9 mm for the otherdiameters• Slot position: 1/3, 2/3 or full slotted• Pipe color: black pipe • Standard: EN 13244, DIN 4262-1• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)

SDR - diameter/wall thickness relationS - pipe series d - nominal outside diameter in mms - nominal wall thickness in mmkg/m - weight of pipe in kg/m

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Ñúâðåìåííèòå ïîñòèæåíèÿ â ïðîìèøëåíîñòòà, ïðèðàñòà íàíàñåëåíèåòî è óâåëè÷åíîòî ïîòðåáëåíèå, êàêòî è ðàçâèòèåòîíà íîâè ìàòåðèàëè è ïðîäóêòè äîâåæäàò äî íàòðóïâàíå íàáèòîâè è ïðîìèøëåíè òâúðäè îòïàäúöè, êîèòî ñëåä ãíèåíåîáðàçóâàò ìíîãî äðóãè õèìèêàëè, êîèòî ïîïàäàò âïîäïî÷âåíèòå âîäè è çàìúðñÿâàò ïðèðîäíàòà ñðåäà.

Åòî çàòîâà â ïîñëåäíèòå ãîäèíè ñå íàëàãàò è âñå ïî-åôåêòèâíèìåðêè è èçèñêâàíèÿ çà îïàçâàíå íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà.

Èìåííî â òàçè ñôåðà ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå ÿâÿâà èäåàëíèÿòìàòåðèàë çà îòâåæäàíå íà ïîäïî÷âåíèòå âîäè ÷ðåç ñïåöèàëíîèçãðàäåíè è ìîäåðíèçèðàíè äðåíàæíè ñèñòåìè.

Èçâåæäàíåòî ïî òåçè òðúáîïðîâîäè íà ìåòàíîâèÿ ãàç, îòäåëÿùñå ïðè ãíèåíåòî íà îòïàäúöèòå, äîïðèíàñÿ çà ïîñòèãàíå íàòàçè îáùî÷îâåøêà è õóìàííà êàóçà ïî îïàçâàíå íàïðèðîäíîòî íè íàñëåäñòâî.

The present-day achievements in the area of the industry as awhole, as well as the increased world consumption and thedevelopment of new materials and products lead to accumulation of public and industrial refuse.

The process of their corruption is connected with many otherchemical substances that goes into the water and damage andpollute the natur.

Therefore in the last years more effective measurments for preserving the environment are required.

Exactly in this area the polyehylene material is the best solutionfor leading and draining the underground water by means ofmodern drainage pipe systems.

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ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÈÒÅ ÂÈÄÎÂÅÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÍÀ ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅÄàäåíèòå â òàáëèöàòà âèäîâå òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå ñàäîïóñòèìè çà ñúîòâåòíèòå îáëàñòè íà ïðèëîæåíèå è ðàçìåðèíà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè:

* íå ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà çà ãàçîñíàáäèòåëíè ñèñòåìè

ÎÁÙÈ ÈÇÈÑÊÂÀÍÈß È ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÀ ÏÐÅÄÈÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅÊà÷åñòâîòî íà çàâàðú÷íèòå ñúåäèíåíèÿ çàâèñè îò êà÷åñòâîòîíà ðàáîòà íà çàâàð÷èêà, îò ïîäõîäÿùî èçáðàíèòå çà öåëòàìàøèíè è ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ, êàêòî è ñïàçâàíåòî íà ñúîòâåòíîâàëèäíèòå íàðåäáè çà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Çàâàðú÷íèòå ðàáîòè âèíàãè òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâàò ïîäêîìïåòåíòåí è ïðîôåñèîíàëåí íàäçîð. Ïðåïîðú÷âà ñåäàííèòå äà ñå äîêóìåíòèðàò ïîä ôîðìàòà íà ïðîòîêîëè îòçàâàðÿâàíåòî èëè äà ñå çàïèñâàò íà ñúîòâåòíî ïîäõîäÿùèíîñèòåëè.

Âñåêè çàâàð÷èê òðÿáâà äà å îáó÷åí è äà èìà âàëèäåí äîêóìåíòçà èçâúðøâàíå íà òîçè âèä äåéíîñò.

Âñè÷êè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñëåäâà äà ñå èçïúëíÿâàò ïî âúçìîæíîñò áåçíàëè÷èå íà íàïðåæåíèå. Íàïðåæåíèÿ, êîèòî ìîãàò äà ñåïîÿâÿò îò ðàçëèêè â òåìïåðàòóðàòà, òðÿáâà äà ñå ñâåäàò äîìèíèìóì ÷ðåç ïîäõîäÿùè ìåðêè.

Îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòíåáëàãîïðèÿòíè óñëîâèÿ íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà (íàïðèìåðâëàæíîñò è òåìïåðàòóðè ïîä 0°Ñ). Êîãàòî ÷ðåç ïîäõîäÿùèäåéñòâèÿ (íàïðèìåð ïðåäâàðèòåëíî çàòîïëÿíå, ïîñòàâÿíå íàïàëàòêà, çàãðÿâàíå) ñå ãàðàíòèðà, ÷å å íàëèöå ïîäõîäÿùà çàçàâàðÿâàíå òåìïåðàòóðà, òîãàâà ìîæå äà ñå çàâàðÿâà è ïðèïðîèçâîëíà òåìïåðàòóðà íà âúíøíàòà ñðåäà. Â ñëó÷àé íàíóæäà ìîæå äà ñå íàëîæè íàïðàâàòà íà ïðåäâàðèòåëíèïðîáíè çàâàðêè ïðè ñúîòâåòíèòå óñëîâèÿ.

Àêî ìàòåðèàëúò âñëåäñòâèå íà ñëúí÷åâèòå ëú÷èå íåðàâíîìåðíî çàòîïëåí, òî îáëàñòòà íàçàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà ñâîåâðåìåííî äà ñåïîêðèå, çà äà ñå ãàðàíòèðà èçðàâíÿâàíå íàòåìïåðàòóðèòå. Ïî âðåìå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿïðîöåñ äà ñå èçáÿãâà îõëàæäàíå âñëåäñòâèåíà âúçäóøíî òå÷åíèå. Ïðè çàâàðÿâàíå íàòðúáè êðàèùàòà íà òðúáèòå äîïúëíèòåëíîòðÿáâà äà ñå çàòâîðÿò.

ÐÅ òðúáè íà ðóëà íåïîñðåäñòâåíî ñëåäðàçâèâàíåòî èì ñà âñå îùå îâàëíè. Êðàÿò íà òðúáàòà, êîéòîùå ñå çàâàðÿâà, ïðåäè ñàìàòà çàâàðêà òðÿáâà äà ñå èçïðàâè,íàïðèìåð ÷ðåç âíèìàòåëíî íàãðÿâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà óðåä çàòîïúë âúçäóõ è ñ óïîòðåáàòà íà ïîäõîäÿù çàòÿãàù èëè çàêðúãëÿùèíñòðóìåíò.

APPLICATION LIMITS FOR DIFFERENT WELDINGMETHODSThe differenet welding methods in the chart below show the limits for the different application fields and diameters of PEpipes:

*not recommended for gas supply systems

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND WELDINGPREPARATIONThe quality of the weldingjoints depends on the qualification ofthe welder, the suitability of the machines and appliances as wellas the compliance of the welding quidelines.

The welding process should always be supervised. It is recommended to document the method datas in welding protocols or on data medium.

Each welder must be qualified and must have a valid proof ofqualification.

All welding joints must be realized if possible without any tensions.Tensions due to changes in the temperature should be minimizedwith suitable measurements.

If possible, all joints have to executed so as to avoid any kind ofstresses. Stresses which may arise from differences in temperaturebetween laying and operating conditions must be kept as low aspossible by taking appropriate measures.

The welding area has to be protected from unfavourable weather conditions (e.g. moisture, temperatures under 0°C,wind, intensive UV-radiation).

If appropriate measures (e.g. preheating, tent-covering, heating)secure that the required pipe wall temperature will be maintained, welding operations may be performed at any outside temperatures, provided, that it does not interfere with thewelder`s manual skill.

If necessary, the weldability has to be proved byperforming sample welding seams under thegiven conditions.

If the semi finished product should be dispropor-tionately warmed up as a consequence ofintensive UV-radiation, it is necessary to takecare for the equalization of temperature bycovering the welding area in good time.

A cooling during the welding process throught draft should beavoided. Pipe ends have to be closed during welding.PE pipes from coils are immediately after the rolling action oval.

Before welding the pipe ends have to be adjusted for example

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Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíè ìèíèìàëíî äîïóñòèìè ðàäèóñè íà îãúâàíå âçàâèñèìîñò îò SDR è òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà ïîëàãàíå

Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå 0°Ñ äîïóñòèìèòå ðàäèóñè íàîãúâàíå ñå óâåëè÷àâàò ñ ôàêòîð 2.5. Ìåæäó 0°Ñ è 20°Ñ ðàäè-óñúò íà îãúâàíå ìîæå äà áúäå èç÷èñëåí ñ ëèíåéíàèíòåðïîëàöèÿ.

Ôàêòîð çà óâåëè÷àâàíå íà ðàäèóñà íà îãúâàíå ïðè òðúáè ñ ïî-ìàëêî íàïîðíî íàòîâàðâàíå:

The recommended minimum permitted bending raduis inregards to SDR and laying temperature are given in the chartbelow:

At laying temperature 0°Ñ the permitted bending radius isincreased with a factor 2.5. Between 0°Ñ and 20°Ñ the bendingradius can be calculated with the help of a linear interpolation.

Calculation of the factor for increase the bending radius forpipes with lower pressure loads is given in the chart below:

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

ÕÈÌÈ×ÍÀ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÍÀ ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍÀÏîëèåòèëåíúò å òåðìîïëàñòè÷íà ïëàñòìàñà, ïîëó÷åíà ÷ðåçïîëèìåðèçàöèÿ íà åòèëåí. Õèìè÷íàòà ñòðóêòóðà íà òîçèïðîöåñ íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî íà ïîëèåòèëåíà å:

Â çàâèñèìîñò îò ïëúòíîñòòà, ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå êàòåãîðèçèðà âòðè òèïà:• ïîëèåòèëåí âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò PEHD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.940 - 0.960 ãð/ñì3

• ïîëèåòèëåí ñðåäíà ïëúòíîñò PEMD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.920 - 0.950 ãð/ñì3

• ïîëèåòèëåí íèñêà ïëúòíîñò PELD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.910 - 0.930 ãð/ñì3

ÇÀÙÎ ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍ (ÐÅ) ÇÀ ÒÐÚÁÈÇà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè ñå èçïîëçâàò ãëàâíîòèïîâå HDPE è MDPE. Ïîíàñòîÿùåì LDPE íàìèðà ïðèëîæåíèåñàìî çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà òðúáè çà íàïîÿâàíå ïðè íèñêèíàëÿãàíèÿ.

Ñúãëàñíî ÁÄÑ EN ISO 12162, çà îñíîâíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íàñóðîâèíèòå ñå ïðèåìà ïåðèîäúò îò âðåìå, ïðåç êîéòî òðúáèòåñà óñòîé÷èâè êúì ïðèëîæåíîòî âúòðåøíî íàëÿãàíå. Âñòàíäàðòà å îïðåäåëåí ìèíèìàëåí ïåðèîä îò 50 ãîäèíè ïðèôëóèä âîäà ñ òåìïåðàòóðà 20°C, ïðåç êîéòî ïåðèîä òðúáèòåòðÿáâà äà èçäúðæàò íà íàëÿãàíåòî, çà êîåòî ñà ïðåäíàçíà-÷åíè.

Ïðîöåäóðàòà ïî èçïèòàíèåòî å îïèñàíà â ISO/TR 9080. Òÿ ñåñúñòîè â èçïèòâàíå íàïðîáíèòå îáðàçöè ïðèïîâèøåíà òåìïåðàòóðà(60°C, 70°C, 80°C) è åêñòðà-ïîëèðàíå íà ðåçóëòàòà çàèçèñêâàíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà.

Â ñëåäñòâèå íà òîâà ìàòå-ðèàëúò ÐÅ 100 ñå õàðàêòå-ðèçèðà ñúñ ñëåäíàòà ñïå-öèôè÷íà äèàãðàìà:

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYETHYLENEPolyethylene is a termoplastic, prepared after polymerisation ofethylene. The chemical structure of this production process is as follows:

According to the density, the polyehylene devides in three types:• polyethylene high density PEHD with density values of 0.940 - 0.960 g/cm3

• polyethylene middle density PEHD with density values of 0.920 - 0.950 g/cm3

• polyethylene low density PEHD with density values of 0.910 - 0.930 g/cm3

WHY TO CHOOSE PE FOR PIPESHDPE and MDPE polyehylene types are used mainly for the pro-duction of pipes. Currently the LDPE polyehylene type find itsapplication only for the production of irrigation pipes with lowerpressure.

According to EN ISO 12612 the most important raw materialproperty is the operation period which trough pipes are resistantto the applied inside pressure. In the standard a minimum opera-tion period of 50 years with water as fluid at 20°C is determinated,and the pipes must resist to the pressure they are designed for.

The testing procedure is discribed in ISO/TR 9080. It consists of test-ing the trial pipes at increased temperature (60°C, 70°C, 80°C)and extrapolation of the results for the required temperature.

As a result of these teststhe following special dia-gramm can be appliedfor PE 100 material:

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ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍÚÒ ÊÀÒÎ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀË


ïåðèîä â ÷àñîâå / time to fail (h)

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Ñëåäâàéêè ñòîéíîñòèòå íà ïåðèôåðíîòî íàïðåæåíèå �v ïðè20°Ñ, åêñòðàïîëèðàíî çà ñëåä 50 ãîäèíè, ñå ïîëó÷àâà ò.íàð.äúëãîâðåìåííà õèäðîñòàòè÷íà ÿêîñò. 97,5 % îòäúëãîâðåìåííàòà õèäðîñòàòè÷íà ÿêîñò å îïðåäåëåíà êàòîäîëíà äîâåðèòåëíà ãðàíèöà. Ïðåñìÿòàéêè äîëíàòàäîâåðèòåëíà ãðàíèöà è çàêðúãëÿâàéêè íàäîëó êúì íàé-áëèçêîòî÷èñëî îò ñåðèÿòà íà Renard ñå ïîëó÷àâà ò.íàð. ìèíèìàëíîèçèñêâàíà ÿêîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà (MRS), èçðàçåíà â MÐa.

Ïîëèåòèëåíúò (ÐÅ), ïðåäíàçíà÷åí çà íàïîðíè òðúáîïðîâîäíèñèñòåìè, ñå êëàñèôèöèðà ñïîðåä ìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíàòàÿêîñò MRS (MRS = Minimum Required Strenght) êàêòî ñëåäâà:

Ñòîéíîñòòà íà MRS, óìíîæåíà ïî 10, äàâà òèïà íà ìàòåðèàëà,íàïðèìåð çà MRS = 8,0 êëàñèôèêàöèÿòà å PE 80, à çà MRS = 10,òÿ å ñúîòâåòíî PE 100.

Ñúâðåìåííèòå ìàðêè ÐÅ 100 ìàòåðèàëè çàïàçâàò ñòîéíîñòòàíà MRS îò 10 MPa è ïðè åêñòðàïîëàöèÿ íà ðåçóëòàòèòå çàïåðèîä îò âðåìå 100 ãîäèíè ïðè 20°Ñ, à çà ïåðèîä îò 50 ãîäèíèñòîéíîñòòà íà MRS íàäâèøàâà 10 MPa.

×ðåç îïèñàíàòà ïðîöåäóðà ñòàíäàðòúò ïîçâîëÿâà äà ñåóíèôèöèðàò ðàçëè÷íèòå ìàòåðèàëè, íåçàâèñèìî îò õèìè÷åñêèÿïðîöåñ, ïî êîéòî ñà ïîëó÷åíè. Ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñòàâà âúçìîæíîïðîåêòèðàíåòî íà òðúáíè ñèñòåìè çà äèñòðèáóöèÿ íà ãàç èòå÷íîñòè çà ïðåäâèäèì åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí ñðîê.

ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍ ÒÈÏ ÐÅ 100ÐÅ 100 å ïîëèåòèëåí òèï òðåòî ïîêîëåíèå. Â ðåçóëòàò íàìîäèôèöèðàíå íà ìåòîäà íà ïîëèìåðèçàöèÿ å ïîñòèãíàòîóñúâúðøåíñòâàíå íà ÐÅ-ìàòåðèàëà. Çàòîâà ÐÅ 100 òèïîâåòåèìàò ïî-âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò è ïîäîáðåíè ìåõàíè÷íè ñâîéñòâàêàòî íàïðèìåð óâåëè÷åíà äúëãîâðåìåííà ÿêîñò è óñòîé÷èâîñòíà áúðçî è áàâíî ðàçïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ïóêíàòèíè.

Ïî òàçè ïðè÷èíà ìàòåðèàëúò å ïîäõîäÿù çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íàíàïîðíè òðúáè ñ ïî-ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè è ïîðàäè ïî-âèñîêàòàñòîéíîñò íà MRS ñå äîñòèãà ñúîòâåòíàòà ñòåïåí íà íàëÿãàíåïðè ïî-ìàëêà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ñðàâíåíèå ñ ÐÅ 80ìàòåðèàëèòå.

Îò äîñåãàøíàòà ñâåòîâíà ïðàêòèêà ñå íàëàãà èçâîäúò, ÷åãëàâíèòå ñíàáäèòåëíè ëèíèè ñà èçãðàæäàò îò ÐÅ 100 òðúáè, àòàì êúäåòî ãúâêàâîñòòà å èçêëþ÷èòåëíî âàæíà, ñå èçïîëçâàòòðúáè îò ÐÅ 80.

From the values of the reference stress �v at 20°C, extrapolatedfor after 50 years, a long time period strenght can be defined.97,5% of this value is marked as a lower limit level.

The calculation of the lower limit level and the rounding off tothe nearest number of Renard series determinates the minimumrequired strenght (MRS) in Mpa.

Polyehylene (PE) for pressure pipeline systems can be classified inregards to the minimum required strenght (MRS) as follows:

The MRS value, multiplied with 10, gives the type of the material.For example the classification for MRS = 8.0 is PE 80 material, andfor MRS = 10 it is a PE 100 material.

The new developed PE 100 materials preserv the MRS value of 10MPa even by extrapolation of the results for an operation periodof 100 years at 20°C, and for an operation period of 50 years theMRS values are more than 10 MPa.

Due to the procedure described different materials could be uni-fied, independant on the chemical precess for their production.

In this way the design of pipe systems for gas distribution and flu-ids for a specified life-time period can be applied.

POLYETHYLENE TYPE PE 100These materials can also be described as polyehylene types ofthe third generation.

This is a further development of the PE materials which shows bya modified polymerisation process an amended mol mass distri-bution. Therefore PE 100 types have a higher density and by thisimroved mechanical properties comes a raised stiffness andhardness. Also a creep pressure and the resistance against rapidcrack propagation are increased.

Consequently, thsi material is suitable for the production of pres-sure pipes with larger diameters. In comparison to usual pressurepipes out of PE with less wall thickness the corresponding pressurerating will be achieved.

From the practice the conclusion can be made, that the mainpipelines are of PE 100 pipes, and PE 80 is used where flexibility isspecial required.

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Ïîäõîäÿùè çà îïîðíè òî÷êè ñà êàíòîâå íà ìóôè íà ñâúðçâàùè÷àñòè èëè ñïåöèàëíè îïîðíè åëåìåíòè. Íåïîäõîäÿùè ñàñâîáîäíè ñêîáè èëè çàêðåïâàíå íà ñàìèÿ òðúáîïðîâîä.

Ïðè ïîâèøåíè ðàáîòíè òåìïåðàòóðè ïðè çäðàâî çàêðåïåíèòðúáîïðîâîäè ìîæå äà ñå ïîëó÷è òàêà, ÷å ëèíåéíîòîðàçøèðåíèå íà ìàòåðèàëà äà ïðåäèçâèêà ïîâèøåíî îãúâàíåíà òðúáàòà. Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíî å â òàêèâà ñëó÷àè äà ñå âçåìàòïîäõîäÿùèòå ìåðêè (íàïðèìåð êîìïåíñàòîðè).

Ïðè ïðåêàëåíî ìàëêè ðàçñòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó îïîðíèòå ñêîáè íàòðúáèòå, ïî-åôåêòèâåí ìåòîä íà óêðåïâàíå å ïîñòàâÿíåòî íàòðúáèòå â U-ïðîôèëè èëè óëåè.

ËÈÍÅÉÍÎ ÐÀÇØÈÐÅÍÈÅÒåðìîïëàñòèòå è â ò.÷. ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè ñà ïîäëîæåíè íàãîëåìè òåðìè÷íè ðàçøèðåíèÿ è ñâèâàíèÿ. Ïðîèçòè÷àùèòå îòòåìïåðàòóðíèòå ðàçëèêè íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà ïðîìåíè âäúëæèíàòà òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïðåäâèäåíè, çà äà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòèäîïúëíèòåëíîòî îáòÿãàíå íà òðúáèòå.

Ïðîìåíè â äúëæèíèòå â åäíà ïëàñòìàñîâà òðúáîïðîâîäíàñèñòåìà ìîãàò äà áúäàò èçâåäåíè îò ïðîöåñèòå íà èçïèòâàíåèëè îò ðàáîòíàòà ïðàêòèêà. Òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðàâè ðàçëèêà ìåæäóïðîìåíè â äúëæèíèòå:

• ïîðàäè ñìÿíà íà òåìïåðàòóðàòà• ïîðàäè âúòðåøíî íàäíàëÿãàíå• ïîä õèìè÷åñêî âúçäåéñòâèå

Ïúðâàòà ñòúïêà ïðè îïðåäåëÿíå íà èçèñêâàíàòà äúëæèíà íàòðúáíèÿ ó÷àñòúê å îïðåäåëÿíåòî íà ðàçøèðåíèåòî èëèñâèâàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäà, èçìåðåíî ìåæäó äâå îïîðíèòî÷êè ïî ôîðìóëàòà:

êúäåòî�L - ïðîìÿíàòà íà äúëæèíàòà, â [mm]L - äúëæèíà íà òðúáàòà, â [m]�T - òåìïåðàòóðíà ðàçëèêà, â [°Ê]

(Ïðè óòî÷íÿâàíåòî íà �T ñå âçåìà íàé-íèñêàòà è íàé-âèñîêàòàòåìïåðàòóðà íà ñòåíàòà íà òðúáàòà ïðè ìîíòàæ, ðàáîòà èëèïîêîé íà ñúîðúæåíèåòî)� - êîåôèöèåíò íà ëèíåéíî ðàçøèðåíèå, çà ÐÅ �=0.18mm/(m.°Ê)

Ïðåïîðú÷âà ñå òðúáèòå ïðåäè ñâúðçâàíåòî èì äà áúäàòòåìïåðèðàíè äî æåëàíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå, çà äà ñåèçáåãíå ïîÿâàòà íà äîïúëíèòåëíî îáòÿãàíå â ñëåäñòâèå íàòåìïåðàòóðíè ðàçëèêè.

ÄÎÏÓÑÒÈÌÈ ÌÈÍÈÌÀËÍÈ ÐÀÄÈÓÑÈ ÍÀÎÃÚÂÀÍÅÏðè èçãðàæäàíå íà ÐÅ òðúáîïðîâîä ïðîìÿíàòà íà ïîñîêàòà íàòðàñåòî ìîæå äà ñå ïîñòèãíå è ÷ðåç èçïîëçâàíå åñòåñòâåíàòàãúâêàâîñò íà òðúáàòà â îïðåäåëåíè ãðàíèöè.

Äîïóñòèìèÿò ðàäèóñ íà îãúâàíå çàâèñè îò òåìïåðàòóðàòà íàïîëàãàíe, äåáåëèíàòà íà ñòåíàòà è îò íîìèíàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå(PN).

�L = � . L . �T

Swinging clips are not appropriate to be used as fixed points orthe clamping of the pipe.

At increased operating temperatures on strong fixed pipelines, itcan apperas that the change in length can cuases a biggerbending of the pipe.

In such cases it is recommended to take special measurments(e.g. to install compensators).

If the distances between the support points for the pipeline aretoo small, it is a better solution to put the pipes in U-form profile.

CALCULATION OF LENGTH CHANGE Polyethylene pipes are xposed to big termal extensions andchanges in length. Possible changes in the weathering tempera-ture cause changes in length and must therefore always betaken into consideration to prevent any additional stretching ofthe pipes.

Changes in length of plastic pipe systems are caused bychanges in the operating or test process.

There are the following differences:

• change in length by temperature change• change in length by internal pressure load• change in length by chemical influenceThe first step for the determination of the required length of thepipeline is to define the change in length between two fixedpoints of the pipeline. This is possible according to the formula:

�L - change in length [mm]L - pipe length [m]�T - difference in temperature [°Ê]

(the lowest and the highest pipe wall temperature by installation,operation or standstill of the system is basis at the determinationof �T)

� - linear expansion coefficient, for PE �=0.18 [mm/(m.°K)

It is recommended to reach the required laying temperature ofthe pipes before connect and install them to prevent possiblestretching of the pipeline due to any temperature changes.

PERMISSIBLE MINIMUM BENDING RADIUS OFPIPESThe change in the direction of a PE pipeline can be also realizedby using the natural flexibility of the pipe in defined limits.

The permissible bending radius depends on the laying tempera-ture, the wall thickness and the nominal pressure PN.

�L = � . L . �T

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BCMYBCMY

� - ïåðèôåðíîòî íàïðåæåíèå, â [N/mm2] âçåòî îòäúëãîâðåìåííèòå ðåãðåñèîííè êðèâè çà ÐÅ 100 ïðèñúîòâåòíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà ôëóèäà (âèæ ðàçäåë Ïîëèåòèëåíúòêàòî ìàòåðèàë, ñòð. 13)

s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [mm]do - âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [mm]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð âçåìàìå ñòîéíîñòòà çà ïåðèôåðíîòîíàïðåæåíèå ïðè íóëà ïðîäúëæèòåëíîñò íà íàòîâàðâàíåòî, òúéêàòî å íåîáõîäèìî òðúáàòà äà áúäå óñòîé÷èâà ïðèåêñòðåìàëíî íàëÿãàíå ñàìî çà ñåêóíäè ò.å. � = 16,7 N/mm2.

Èç÷èñëåíàòà ñòîéíîñò íà SF = 1.57.

6. Îöåíêà íà ôàêòîðà íà ñèãóðíîñò ïðè ìàêñèìàëíîòîíàëÿãàíå

6.1. Aêî ïîëó÷åíèÿ ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò SF å ïî-ãîëÿì îòìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíèÿ (â ñëó÷àÿ íà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð SF=1.57 >SFmin=1.25), òî òðúáîïðîâîäúò å óñòîé÷èâ ïðè ðåäêè ñëó÷àè íàõèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð. Íî ïðè ñëó÷àè íà ÷åñòî ïîâòàðÿùè ñåõèäðàâëè÷íè óäàðè, òðúáîïðîâîäúò íÿìà äà áúäå ñòàáèëåí, òúéêàòî ïðè òîâà ïîëîæåíèå å íåîáõoäèì SF > 3.

6.2. Àêî ôàêòîðúò íà ñèãóðíîñò SF íå îòãîâàðÿ íà ïîñî÷åíèòåêðèòåðèè, e íåîáõîäèìî äà áúäàò êîðèãèðàíè ðàçìåðèòå íàòðúáàòà èëè âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà, çà äà ñå íàìàëèõèäðàâëè÷íèÿ óäàð (çàäâèæâàíåòî íà âåíòèëèòå, áàâíîñïèðàíå è ïóñêàíå íà ïîìïè è ò.í).

Íåîáõîäèìî å âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëèòå äà áúäå ïî-ãîëÿìî îò ò.íàð êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä Òñ, êîéòî ñå îïðåäåëÿ ÷ðåçñëåäíàòà ôîðìóëà:

êúäåòîTC - êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä, â ñåêóíäèL - äúëæèíàòà íà ðàçãëåæäàíèÿ ó÷àñòúê îò òðúáîïðîâîäà, â [m] Vw - ñêîðîñò íà óäàðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð Òñ=3,72 ñåêóíäè, ò.å. âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíåíà âåíòèëà å ïî-ìàëêî îò êðèòè÷íèÿ ïåðèîä.

Çà óïðàâëåíèå íà ñèñòåìèòå ïðè õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð òðÿáâà äàñå âçåìà ïðåäâèä òîçè êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä TC. ×ðåç óâåëè÷àâàíåâðåìåòî íà çàòâàðÿíå íàä êðèòè÷íèÿ ïåðèîä, õèäðàâëè÷íèÿòóäàð ùå áúäå íàìàëåí. Òðúáîïðîâîäúò ùå áúäå óñòîé÷èâ ïðèñèòóàöèè, âîäåùè äî ÷åñòà ïîÿâà íà èìïóëñè.

Ñâðúõíàëÿãàíåòî ïðè òðúáèòå îò ñèíòåòè÷íè ìàòåðèàëè, â ò.÷. èòðúáèòå îò ÐÅ, å ïî-íèñêî îò òîâà íà ñòîìàíåíèòå è äðóãèâèäîâå òðúáè ïîðàäè ïî-íèñêèÿ ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò.

ÎÏÎÐÍÈ ÒÎ×ÊÈ ÇÀ ÓÊÐÅÏÂÀÍÅ ÍÀÒÐÚÁÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÀÂ çàâèñèìîñò îò ìàòåðèàëà, ñðåäíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íàñòåíàòà íà òðúáàòà, ðàçìåðà íà òðúáàòà è ïëúòíîñòòà íàïðîòè÷àùèÿ ôëóèä, ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáîïðîâîäè òðÿáâà äàáúäàò óêðåïåíè.

Îïîðíèòå òî÷êè ïðåäîòâðàòÿâàò èçìåñòâàíå èëè äâèæåíèå íàòðúáîïðîâîäà âúâ âñÿêà ïîñîêà. Îñâåí òîâà òå ñëóæàò çàïîåìàíå íà ðåàêöèîííèòå ñèëè ïðè óïîòðåáà íàêîìïåíñàòîðè.

2 . L TC = ---------------

Vw

s - reference stress [N/mm2] from the pressure curve for ÐÅ 100 atthe specified fluid temperature (see for details The PE material,page 13)

s- wall thickness [mm]

do - outside diameter of pipe [mm]

For the sample above we accept the value for reference stressby zero time of loading, because it is necessary the pipe to beresistant at extremal pressure only for few seconds, s = 16,7N/mm2.

The calculated SF value is SF = 1.57

6. Evaluation of safety factor by maximum pressure

6.1. If the calculated safety factor SF is bigger than the minimumrequired one (in the sample above SF=1.57 > SFmin=1.25), thepipeline can be classified as resistant against rarely appearedhydraulic shocks. But if the hydraulic shocks appear frequently,the pipeline could not be stable, because in this case a safetyfactor SF > 3 is required.

6.2. If the safety factor does not match the specified require-ments, the diameter of the pipe must be changes or the time forclosing the valve must be corrected to decrease the hydraulicshock.

It is required that the time for closing the valves is bigger than thecritical period Tc, that can be calculated from the formula:

TC - critical period [sec]L - length of pipeline where the hydraulic shock appears [m] Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]

For the sample above TC=3,72 sec, and the time for closing thevalve is lower than the critical period.

To properly control the pipe systems by hydraulic shock appear-ance the critical period TC must always be taken into considera-tion.

By increasing the time for closing over the critical period, thehydraulic shock could be decreased. The pipeline will be resist-ant even by freqency apperaed impulses.

Due to the lower elasticity modul the over pressure in plasticpipes and PE pipes in this case is lower than that one in steel pipesand pipes of other type of materials.

FIXED POINTS AS SUPPORT OF THE PIPELINEDepending on the raw material, the average temperature in thepipe wall, the pipe diameter and the fluid density polyethylenepipelines have to be fixed.

The special fixed points prevent a sliding or moving of the pipesystem in each direction. They serve furthermore for compensa-tion of the reaction forces of compensators.

As fixed points, edges of fittings sockets or special fixed points aresuitable.

2 . L TC = ---------------

Vw

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ÑÏÅÖÈÔÈ×ÍÈ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ ÍÀ ÐÅ SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF PE

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ÅÊÑÏËÎÀÒÀÖÈÎÍÅÍ ÆÈÂÎÒ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈÒÅ ÎÒ ÐÅÒåðìîïëàñòèòå ñà âèñîêî åëàñòè÷íè ìàòåðèàëè, ïðè êîèòîïîâåäåíèåòî ïðè åêñïëîàòàöèÿ çàâèñè îò íàòîâàðâàíåòî,òåìïåðàòóðàòà è ïðîäúëæèòåëíîñòòà íà íàòîâàðâàíå.

Òàáëèöà çà äîïóñòèìè ðàáîòíè íàëÿãàíèÿ íà òðúáè îò ÐÅ 100 âçàâèñèìîñò îò òåìïåðàòóðàòà è ðàáîòíîòî íàëÿãàíå ñúãëàñíîEN 12201 ÷àñò 1 (çà ñðåäà âîäà, SF=1.25)

ÏÐÅÄÈÌÑÒÂÀ ÍÀ ÐÅ• UV-óñòîé÷èâîñò îñèãóðåíà ÷ðåç äîáàâÿíå íà ñàæäè, à îòòàìè âúçìîæíîñò çà óïîòðåáà íà òðúáèòå íà îòêðèòî çà äúëãî âðåìå• Ãúâêàâîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà (= “ãúâêàâà òðúáíà ñèñòåìà")• Ìàëêà ïëúòíîñò îò 0.95 ãð/ñì3, ñëåäîâàòåëíî è ìàëêî òåãëîíà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè• Ìíîãî äîáðà õèìè÷åñêà óñòîé÷èâîñò, óñòîé÷èâîñò íàêèñåëèíè è îñíîâè• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà àòìîñôåðíè âëèÿíèÿ• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ðàäèàöèÿ• Äîáðà çàâàðÿåìîñò• Ìíîãî äîáðà àáðàçèîííà óñòîé÷èâîñò, ìàëêè çàãóáè ïðèòðèåíå • Ïîñðåäñòâîì ãëàäêàòà ïîâúðõíîñò è ñúîòâåòíî ìàëêîòîñúïðîòèâëåíèå íà òðèåíå ñå ïîñòèãàò ìàëêè çàãóáè íàíàëÿãàíå ñðàâíåíî íàïðèìåð ñ ìåòàëèòå• Íå÷óâñòâèòåëíîñò íà çàìðúçâàíå, âúçìîæíîñò çà èçïîëçâàíåè ïðè íèñêè òåìïåðàòóðè (-50°Ñ)• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ãðèçà÷è• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ìèêðîáèîëîãè÷íè îòëàãàíèÿ • Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà óäàð è ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè äàëå÷ ïîä òî÷êàòàíà çàìðúçâàíå íà ôëóèäà.• Ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå ðåöèêëèðà 100 % è ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñïîìàãàçà îïàçâàíåòî íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà• Âúçìîæíîñò çà îöâåòÿâàíå íà ñóðîâèíàòà• Ìàëêà òîïëîïðîâîäèìîñò è êàòî ðåçóëòàò îò òîâà íèñêèòåðìè÷íè çàãóáè.

LIFE-TIME PERIOD OF PE PIPESThermoplastics are high elastic materials, which behaviour duringoperation time depends on the pressure, on the temperatureand the duration of the pressure load.Below is a chart for the permissible operating pressure for PE 100depending on the temperature and the working pressureaccording to EN 12201 part 1 (for water, SF=1.25)

ADVANTAGES OF PE• UV stability due to carbon black and therefore a possibility forpipe storage in the open air for a longer time• Flexibility of the material (=flexible pipe system)• Low density of 0.95 g/cm3, consequently low weight of thepolyehylene pipes• Very good chemical resistance, resistance against acids andalkali• Weathering resistance• Very good behaviour at radiation strain• Excellent weldability • Very good behaviour at abrasive fluids, therefore lower rough-ness losses• Due to the smooth surface lower pressure losses appear incomparison to other materials like metals e.g.• Possible usage even by low temperatures under zero• Resistance against rodents• Resistant to microorganism• Very good impact resistance even at tempeartures underzero• Polyethylene materials can be recycled 100 %, therefore theyare environmental friendly• Possible colouring of the raw materials• Low termal conductivity and therefore - lower termal losses

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2. Îïðåäåëÿíå ñêîðîñòòà íà ôëóèäà ïðåäè ïðîìÿíàòà

êúäåòî

�V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]

Q - äåáèò íà ïîòîêà, â [m3/s]di - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð, â [m]

Ïðèåìà ñå, ÷å ñêîðîñòòà íà âîäàòà êëîíè êúì íóëà ñëåäçàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà ò.å. çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð ��V = 1.32 m/s

3. Îïðåäåëÿíå íà ìàêñèìàëíaòà ïðîìÿíà íà íàëÿãàíåòî âðåçóëòàò íà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà

êúäåòî �Ð ìàêñèìàëíà ïðîìÿíà íà íàëÿãàíåòî, â barVw ñêîðîñò íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]�V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]� - ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: ��Ð = 3.55 bar

4.Îïðåäåëÿíå íà ìèíèìàëíîòî è ìàêñèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå, âbar

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: Ðmax = 10 + 3,55 = 13,55 bar.

�Ð<P, ñëåäîâàòåëíî íå å íåîáõîäèìî íàìèðàíåòî íàìèíèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå.

5. Îïðåäåëÿíå íà åôåêòèâíèÿ ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò ïðèìàêñèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå

êúäåòî

SF - ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò

� . 20 . sSF = --------------------

Ðmax ( do - s)

Pmin = P - �Ð

Ðmax = P + �Ð

�Ð = Vw . �V . � . 10-5

4 . Q

�V = ------------------

3,14 . di2

2. Determination of fluid speed before the change

�V - fluid speed [m/s]

Q - flow quantity [m3/s]di - inside diameter [m]

It is to accept that the water speed is approximately 0 after closing the valve.

For the sample ��V = 1.32 m/s

3. Determination of the maximum pressure change as a result ofthe closed valve

�Ð - maximum pressure change [bar]Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]�V - fluid speed [m/s]� - density of fluid [kg/m3]

For the sample: ��Ð = 3.55 bar

4. Calculation of the minimum and maximum pressure in bar

For the sample: Pmax = 10 + 3,55 = 13,55 bar.

�Ð<P, therefore it is not necessary to calculate the minimum pres-sure.

5. Calculation of the efective safety factor at maximum pressure

SF- safety factor

� . 20 . sSF = --------------------

Ðmax ( do - s)

Pmin = P - �Ð

Ðmax = P + �Ð

�Ð = Vw . �V . � . 10-5

4 . Q

�V = ------------------

3,14 . di2

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ÕÈÄÐÀÂËÈ×ÅÍ ÓÄÀÐÕèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð èëè ðÿçêî ïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåòî(óäàðíà âúëíà) å òåðìèí, êîéòî ñå õàðàêòåðèçèðà ñäèíàìè÷åí èìïóëñ, ïðè÷èíåí îò ïðîìÿíà â íàëÿãàíåòî íàòðúáíàòà ñèñòåìà è ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâàù ñå ÷ðåç ôëóèäà.

Òðúáèòå ìîãàò äà áúäàò ïðåäìåò íà êðàòêîâðåìåííî ðÿçêîïîâèøàâàíå íà íàòîâàðâàíåòî íàä íîìèíàëíîòî ðàáîòíîíàëÿãàíå, ïðè÷èíåíî îò õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð. Òàêîâà ðÿçêîïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåòî íàñòúïâà âúâ âîäîïðîâîäíàòàìðåæà êîãàòî íåéíîòî ðàâíîâåñèå å íàðóøåíî ÷ðåç áúðçàïðîìÿíà íà óñëîâèÿòà íà ïðîòè÷àíå. Åäíà áúðçà ïðîìÿíà íàñðåäíàòà ñêîðîñò íà âîäàòà âîäè äî ðÿçêî ïîâèøàâàíå íàîñíîâíîòî íàëÿãàíå.

Âúëíà íà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíå (õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð) ìîæå äà ñåïîðîäè îò ñëåäíèòå ôàêòîðè:

• îòâàðÿíå èëè çàòâàðÿíå íà êðàíîâå• ïóñêàíå èëè ñïèðàíå íà ïîìïà• ïðîìÿíà â ñêîðîñòòà íà ïîìïà èëè òóðáèíà• àêòèâíà âúëíà îò çàõðàíâàù ðåçåðâîàð• çàäúðæàí âúçäóõ (âúçäóøíà âúçãëàâíèöà)• ñïóêâàíå íà òðúáà è äð.

Óñòàíîâåíî å, ÷å òîâà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíå çàâèñè îò ñêîðîñòòà íàôëóèäà, âðåìåòî çà çàäåéñòâàíå íà ïðè÷èíàòà, îáåìíèÿ ìîäóëíà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ôëóèäà, äèàìåòúðà è âèäà íà òðúáàòà èìîäóëà íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà, îò êîéòî å èçðàáîòåíàòðúáàòà.

Óäàðíàòà âúëíà ñå ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâà ñúñ ñêîðîñòòà íà çâóêà èìîæå äà ïðåäèçâèêà ðàçðóøàâàíå íà òðúáèòå. Åíåðãèÿòà,êîÿòî íîñè âúëíàòà, ñå ðàçñåéâà è âúëíàòà ïðîãðåñèâíîçàãëúõâà.

Ìåòîäèêàòà çà îïðåäåëÿíå íà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíåòî ïðèõèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð, êîåòî òðÿáâà äà ñå âçåìå â ïðåäâèä ïðèèç÷èñëÿâàíå íà òðúáíàòà ñèñòåìà, å ñëåäíàòà:

Ïðèìåðíè èçõîäíè äàííè:

Òðúáîïðîâîä: äúëæèíà L = 500 ìÐÅ 100 òðúáè ñ ðàçìåð: 110õ6.6 ìì, SDR 17, PN10E-ìîäóë íà ñóðîâèíàòà: 1100 MPaÔëóèä: âîäà, òåìïåðàòóðà 20°ÑÄåáèò: Q = 35 ì3/÷àñÂðåìå çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà: 1.5 ñåêóíäè

1. Îïðåäåëÿíå ñêîðîñòòà íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà

êúäåòî Vw ñêîðîñò íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]K - îáåìåí ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [Ðà]; çà âîäàÊ=2.05 GÐa� - ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]; çà âîäà=1000 kg/m3

di - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [mm]E - ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà ÐÅ, â [Pa ]s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [mm]

Ïðè íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: Vw = 269 m/s

HYDRAULIC SHOCKA hydraulic shock or sudden increase of the pressure (shockwave) is a dynamic impuls, caused by a pressure change in thepipe system.

The hydraulic shock is distributed with the fluid.

Pipes can withstand short-lived increases of the load over thenominal operating pressure, caused by a hydraulic shock.

Such pressure changes can appear if the balance in the waterpipeline is disturbed due to a quick change in the flowing condi-tions.

A sudden change in the average water speed can cause a sud-den increase of the main pressure.

A shock wave of over pressure (hydraulic shock) can be causeby following reasons:

• opening or closing of valves• turning on or turning off of pumps• changes in the speed of pumps or other mountings• a strong wave from feeding tank• a holded on air • break of the pipeline, etc.

The over pressure depends on the fluid speed, the time of func-tioning, the volume elasticity modul of fluid, diameter and type ofpipe, as well as on the raw material elasticity modul etc.

The shock wave is ditributed with sound speed and may causedemages of the pipes. The energy carried from the wave is relax-ing and the wave is progressive going down.

The methods for determination of the over pressure by hydraulicshock is to be calculated as follows:

Sample initial data:

Pipeline length L=500 mPE 100 pipes, diameter d 110x6.6 mm, SDR 17, PN 10E-modul of raw material: 1100 MpaFluid: water, temperature 20°CTime for closing the valve: 1.5 sec

1. Determination of the shock wave speed

Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]

K - volume elasticity modul of fluid [Ðà]; for water Ê=2.05 GPa� - density of fluid [kg/m3]; for water=1000 kg/m3

di - inside diameter of pipe [mm]E - modul of elasticity of raw material PE [Pa ]s - wall thickness [mm]

For the sample: Vw = 269 m/s

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ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÈ ÀÁÐÀÇÈÂÍÈ ÏÐÎÒÈ×ÀÙÈÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀÏðèíöèïíî ïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè ñà çíà÷èòåëíî ïî-ïðèãîäíè çàòðàíñïîðò íà òå÷íè, òâúðäè è ñìåñåíè âåùåñòâà îòêîëêîòîáåòîíîâèòå òðúáè èëè ñòîìàíåíèòå. Â ïîäêðåïà íà òàçè òåçà ñàíå ñàìî ðåçóëòàòèòå îò ðàçëè÷íè èçñëåäâàíèÿ, íî èïîëîæèòåëíèÿ îïèò îò ðåäèöà ñëó÷àè íà ïðèëîæåíèå.

Ñúãëàñíî ðàçðàáîòåíèÿ â Òåõíè÷åñêèÿ óíèâåðñèòåò íàÄàðìùàäò ìåòîä, ðàçðÿçàíà ïî äúëæèíàòà ñè ÷àñò îò òðúáà ñäúëæèíà 1 ì ñå êëàòè íàïðåä-íàçàä ñ ÷åñòîòà îò 0.18 Hz. Çàðàçìåð íà òðèåíåòî âàæè ëîêàëíîòî îòíåìàíå íà äåáåëèíàòàíà ñòåíàòà ñëåä îïðåäåëåíî âðåìå íà íàòîâàðâàíå.

Îò ðåçóëòàòèòå íà òîâàèçïèòâàíå ÿñíî è òî÷íî ñåâèæäà ïðåäèìñòâîòî íàïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè çàòðàíñïîðò íà òâúðäèâåùåñòâà â ñàìîòå÷íèòðúáîïðîâîäè.

Ñðåäà ïðè îïèòà: ñìåñ îòêâàðöîâ ïÿñúê, ÷àêúë è âîäà(46 % ñúäúðæàíèå íàêâàðöîâ ïÿñúê è ÷àêúë,ãîëåìèíà íà ÷àñòèöèòå äî30 ìì).

ÅËÅÊÒÐÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÈÌÎÑÒÌàòåðèàëèòå PEHD è PELD ñà ïðè÷èñëåíè êàòî âñè÷êè äðóãèïëàñòìàñè êúì ãðóïàòà íà åëåêòðîèçîëèðàùèòå âåùåñòâà.Ïîä òîâà ñå ðàçáèðàò âñè÷êè ìàòåðèàëè, ÷èÿòî ñïåöèôè÷íàóñòîé÷èâîñò íà ïðîíèêâàíå å ïî-ãîëÿìà îò 106 Ohm x ñì.

Çà ïîòðåáèòåëÿ å âàæíî ïîâúðõíîñòíîòî åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâëå-íèå. Àêî ñå íàäâèøè ñòîéíîñòòà îò 109 Ohm, òî ìàòåðèàëúò ñåêàòåãîðèçèðà êàòî åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íî çàðåæäàù ñå.

Â ñòðîèòåëñòâîòî íà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáîïðîâîäèåëåêòðîñòàòè÷íîòî çàðåæäàíå ñå èçáÿãâà òîãàâà, êîãàòîòðÿáâà äà ñå òðàíñïîðòèðàò åëåêòðîíåïðîâîäèìè ôëóèäè èëèòðúáîïðîâîäèòå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè â åêñïëîçèîííîîïàñíè (çàñòðàøåíè) ïîìåùåíèÿ. Òðàíñïîðòèðàíåòî íàçàïàëèìè ãàçîâå èëè òå÷íîñòè å áåçîïàñíî ñàìî òîãàâà,êîãàòî ñèñòåìàòà å çàòâîðåíà è çàçåìåíà. Îñâåí òîâàîïàñíîñòòà îò çàðåæäàíå ñå íàìàëÿâà ïîñðåäñòâîìíàìàëÿâàíå íà ñêîðîñòòà íà òðàíñïîðòèðàíå.

Îïàñíîñòòà îò çàïàëèìè òå÷íîñòè â ïîìåùåíèÿ, â êîèòî òðÿáâàäà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáîïðîâîäè, ñå èçáÿãâàíàïðèìåð ñ äîáðà âåíòèëàöèÿ. Äðóãà ïðåäïàçíà ìÿðêà ñåñúñòîè â òîâà, ÷å âúçäóõúò ñå éîíèçèðà è ñ òîâà ñåïðåäîòâðàòÿâà åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íîòî çàðåæäàíå íàïëàñòìàñàòà. Òúé êàòî ïðè íàä 65 % îòíîñèòåëíà âëàæíîñò íàâúçäóõà ïî÷òè íå ñå íàáëþäàâà åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íî çàðåæäàíå,òî ÷åñòî ðåøåíèå íà ïðîáëåìà å è ïîâèøàâàíå íà âëàæíîñòòàíà âúçäóõà.

BEHAVIOUR AT ABRASIVE FLUIDSIn principle, termoplastic pipes are better suited for the convey-ing of fluid-solid-mixtures than e.g. concrete pipes or also steelpipes. There is also positive experience of different applications.

At the of the Technical University Darmstadt developed method,a 1 m long half-pipe is tilted with a frequency of 0,18 Hz.

The local deduction of the wall thickness after a certain loadingtime is regarded as measure for the abrasion.

The advantage of thermoplastic pipes for the transportation ofsolids in open channels can clearly be seen from the test results.

Medium by testing: sand-gravel-water-mixture 46 Vol. %sand/gravel, grain size up to 30 mm.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITYPEHD and PELD materials belong to the plastics that are electricinsulating substances. Such materials have a special resistancemore than 106 Ohm x cm against infiltration.

For the consumer the most important property is the surface elec-trical resistance. If this value exceeds109 Ohm, the material canbe classified as electrostatic loadable.

In the pipeline construction this effect is not acceptable if elec-tric non-conductive fluids have to be transported or the pipelinehas to be installed in explosion dangerous areas.

The transportation of quick flammable gases or fluids is safe onlywhen the system is close and connected with the ground. In suchcases also the transportation speed can be reduced to minimizethis problem.

Another possible measure to avoid dangerous flammability of flu-ids is to ensure a very good ventilation.

Also it is recommended in such situations to ionize the air so thatthe electrostatic loading of the plastic materials can be prevent-ed.

Sometimes a good solution is to increase the air humidity,because by a relevant air humidity of 65% this problem can notappear.

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ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÈ ÂÚÇÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ ÍÀ ÏËÀÌÚÊÏîëèåòèëåíúò å íîðìàëíî çàïàëèì (êëàñ ñòðîèòåëåíìàòåðèàë Â2 ñúãëàñíî DIN 4102). Òîé ñå âúçïëàìåíÿâà ïîäâëèÿíèå íà ïëàìúê, ïðîäúëæàâà äà ãîðè ñ ëåêî ñâåòåù ïëàìúêè èçâúí çàïàëèòåëíèÿ èçòî÷íèê è ñå ðàçòàïÿ ãîðåéêè. Ïðè òîâàñå ïîëó÷àâàò íîðìàëíèòå ïðè âúãëåâîäîðîäèòå ïðîäóêòè îòèçãàðÿíåòî ÑÎ, ÑÎ2 è âîäà, íî íå è êîðîçèâíè èëè óâðåæäàùèîêîëíàòà ñðåäà îñòàòúöè. Ñúãëàñíî ASTM D 1929òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà ñàìîçàïàëèìîñò å 348°Ñ, à òåìïåðàòóðàòàíà âúíøíà çàïàëèìîñò å 340°Ñ.

ÂÎÄÎÏÎÃËÚÙÀÍÅÌàòåðèàëúò PE-HD å âîäîíåïðîïóñêëèâ. Íå ñå íàáëþäàâàíàáúáâàíå è ñ òîâà ïðîìÿíà íà ñòàáèëíîñòòà íà ðàçìåðèòå.Ïðè èçïèòàíèå ñúãëàñíî ñòàíäàðòà (âîäíî ñêëàäèðàíå) åóñòàíîâåíî ìèíèìàëíî âîäîïîãëúùàíå. Òî ñå îñíîâàâà ñàìîíà àáñîðáèðàíå íà îñòàòúöè îò âëàæíîñò ïî ïîâúðõíîñòòà.

ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÀÒÌÎÑÔÅÐÍÈ ÂËÈßÍÈßÏðè ïî-äúëãî ñêëàäèðàíå íà îòêðèòî ïîâå÷åòî ïðèðîäíèâåùåñòâà è ïëàñòìàñè áèâàò óâðåäåíè ïîä âúçäåéñòâèåòî íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà, íàé-âå÷å ÷ðåç UV-ëú÷èòå íà ñëúí÷åâàòàñâåòëèíà è ó÷àñòèåòî íà êèñëîðîä âúâ âúçäóõà. Ïîÿâÿâà ñåïðîìÿíà íà öâåòà è íàìàëÿâàíå íà ìåõàíè÷íèòå ñâîéñòâà,êîåòî ñ òå÷åíèå íà âðåìåòî ìîæå äà îêàæå âëèÿíèå âúðõóåêñïëîàòàöèîííèòå ïîêàçàòåëè. Òîâà ÿâëåíèå ñå íàáëþäàâàîñîáåíî ïðè íåñòàáèëèçèðàíè PEHD òèïîâå ñ öâÿò íàòóðàëåíèëè îöâåòåíè â äðóã öâÿò, ðàçëè÷åí îò ÷åðåí. Çàòîâà ïî-äîáðàóñòîé÷èâîñò ïîêàçâà ìàòåðèàëúò PE-HD ÷åðåí. Çà òðúáèòå ñæúëò è ñèí öâÿò å îñèãóðåíà çàùèòíà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà UV-ëú÷åíèå äî 3,5 GJ/m2. Çà òðúáèòå ñ ÷åðåí öâÿò ïîðàäèñúäúðæàíèåòî íà ñàæäè, êîèòî íåóòðàëèçèðàò âðåäíîòîâëèÿíèå, çàùèòíàòà èì óñòîé÷èâîñò å ïî-âèñîêà. Çà óñëîâèÿòàíà Áúëãàðèÿ UV ðàäèàöèÿòà, êîÿòî ñå àêóìóëèðà, å � 4 GJ/m2.Ñëåäîâàòåëíî çà Áúëãàðèÿ äîïóñòèìèÿò ëèìèò çà æúëòè è ñèíèòðúáè ñå ïîñòèãà çà ïî-ìàëêî îò 1 ãîäèíà.

ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÃÐÈÇÀ×È ÈÌÈÊÐÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÈÏîðàäè ãëàäêàòà, êðúãëà ïîâúðõíîñò è òâúðäîñòòà íàïîëèåòèëåíà íå ñå çàáåëÿçâàò îïèòè çà ãðèçàíå âúðõó òðúáèòå.Ïîëèåòèëåíúò íå ñëóæè çà ïî÷âà íà ìèêðîîðãàíèçìè (áàêòå-ðèè, ãúáè÷êè, ñïîðè) è çàòîâà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè íå áèâàòíàïàäàíè îò òÿõ. Òîâà ñå îòíàñÿ äî ñóëôàòíî ðåäóöèðàùèáàêòåðèè.

ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÍÀ ÁÅÇÂÐÅÄÍÎÑÒ Èçïîëçâàíèòå òðúáíè ìàðêè ÐÅ íå ñà êëàñèôèöèðàíè êàòîîïàñíè çà ÷îâåøêîòî çäðàâå ñúãëàñíî Äèðåêòèâà 1999/45 íàÅÑ ñ íåéíèòå äîïúëíåíèÿ è èçìåíåíèÿ. Ìàòåðèàëèòå ñàñòàáèëíè ïðè ñúõðàíåíèå è èçïîëçâàíå. Àêî ñå íàãðåÿò äîïîâå÷å îò 300°Ñ, òåçè ïðîäóêòè ìîãàò äà îáðàçóâàò èçïàðåíèÿèëè ïóøåöè, êîèòî äà ïðè÷èíÿò äðàçíåíå íà äèõàòåëíèÿ òðàêò,êàøëÿíå èëè íåäîñòèã íà âúçäóõ.

ÐÅÖÈÊËÈÐÀÍÅ È ÎÏÀÇÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ ÎÊÎËÍÀÒÀÑÐÅÄÀÈçïîëçâàíèòå òðúáíè ìàðêè ÐÅ íå ñà êëàñèôèöèðàíè êàòîîïàñíè çà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà. Ìàòåðèàëèòå îáèêíîâåíî íå ñåðàçëàãàò ïî áèîõèìè÷åí íà÷èí. Îò îòïàäúöèòå îò ÐÅ å âúçìîæíàâòîðè÷íà ïðåðàáîòêà (ðåöèêëèðàíå) è âëàãàíåòî íàðåãðàíóëàòà â ïîäõîäÿùè èçäåëèÿ.

ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀ ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÐÅ ÐÅ å óñòîé÷èâ íà âîäíè ðàçòâîðè íà ñîëè, êèñåëèíè è îñíîâè,äîêîëêîòî íå ñòàâà âúïðîñ çà ñèëíè îêñèäèðàùè âåùåñòâà.Äîáðà óñòîé÷èâîñò ñå íàáëþäàâà ñúùî òàêà è ñðåùó ðåäèöàðàçòâîðè êàòî àëêîõîëè, åòåðè è êåòîíè. Â ISO/TR 10358 åäàäåíà ïîäðîáíà èíôîðìàöèÿ çà õèìè÷åñêàòà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà

òðúáè îò ðàçëè÷íè ïëàñòìàñè.

FLAMMABILITYPolyehtylene can be classified as a normal flammable material(class B2 according to DIN 4102). The material ignites under fire,keeps burning with a light flame even outside the flammablesource and melts burning. The normal for hydrocarbon burningproducts like CO, ÑÎ2 and water comes out, but no corrosion-able or harmful for the environment residia.According to ASTM D1929 the temperature for self flammability is 348°C, and the tem-perature for outside flammability is 340°C.

WATER ABSORPTIONPEHD material shows no water absorption. No rising can appearand therefore no changes in the pipe sizes. By water storage testaccording to the standard only minimum water absorption isdeterminated. It consists only in absorption of some moisture restson the surface.

WEATHERING RESISTANCEAfter a longer storage in the open air the most natural materialsand also the plastics have been demaged from the weatheringconditions around them. The agent that causes theses damagesis in the first place the UV rays and the participation of oxygen inthe air. Changes in the colour of the material appear, and themechanical properties decrease in the course of time, as well assome other operation parameters change. This phenomenoncan be seen especially on the non stabilized PE-HD types with dif-ferent than black colour. Therefore the PEHD black polyethyleneshows better resistance. For pipes coloured in blue or yellow aprotection up to 3,5 GJ/m2 against UV rays is ensured. For blackpipes the protection is bigger duet to the carbon black, that nul-lifies the influence of the UV rays. For the weathering conditions inBulgaria the UV radiation is about 4 GJ/m2. Therefore for ourcountry the permissible limit for blue or yellow coloured pipes canbe achieved for less than 1 year.

RESISTANCE AGAINST RODENTS ANDMICROORGANISMDue to the smooth round surface and profile and the siffness ofthe polyethylene material no special influence of rodents can beapplied. Polyethylene is not a favourable ground for anymicroorganism (bacteria, parasitic fungi etc.). Therefore polyeth-ylene pipes can not be attacked by them.

PHYSIOLOGICAL NON-TOXICThe well known PE type materials can not be classified as dan-gerous for the human health according to Directive 1999/45 ofthe European union. The PE materials keep stable by storage andusage. If they are heated with more than 300°C, these productscan build fumes or smokes, which can cause breath irritation,cough or air insufficiency.

RECYCLING AND ENVIRONMENY PRESERVINGPE materials are environmental friendly. In principle they do notdecompose biochemically. From the PE rests a secondary pro-cessing (recycling) is possible, and the regranulate can be usedfor suitable products again.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCEPE material is resistant against water solutions of salts, acids andalkalis, but no strong oxidating meduims.A good resistance is shown also against many solutions like alco-holics, ethers and kethones.Standard ISO/TR 10358 gives in details information about thechemical resistance for pipes of different plastics.

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ÍÎÌÎÃÐÀÌÀ ÍÀ ÏÐÎÒÈ×ÀÍÅÒÎ Çà ïðèáëèçèòåëíî èç÷èñëÿâàíå íà ñêîðîñòòà íà ôëóèäà,çàãóáàòà íà íàëÿãàíå â òðúáàòà è äåáèòà ñëóæè ñëåäíàòàíîìîãðàìà íà ïðîòè÷àíå. Ïðè ñðåäíà ñêîðîñò íà ïðîòè÷àíå çà âñÿêà òåòêà, íàìàëèòåëèëè êîëÿíî 90° ñå äîáàâÿò äî 20 ì êúì äúëæèíàòà íàòðúáîïðîâîäà, ñúîòâåòíî çà âñÿêà ïðîìÿíà ïîñîêàòà íàòðàñåòî ÷ðåç îãúâàíå íà òðúáàòà ñ ðàäèóñ r=d ñå äîáàâÿòîêîëî 10 ì êúì äúëæèíàòà è çà âñÿêî îãúâàíå ñ ðàäèóñ r=1,5õdñå äîáàâÿò 5 ì êúì äúëæèíà íà òðúáî-ïðîâîäà.

FLOW NOMOGRAMMFor rough determination of flow velocity, pressure loss and con-veying quantity serves the following flow nomogramm.

At an average flow velocity up to 20 m of pipe length are addedfor each tee, reducer and 90° elbow, about 10 m of pipe foreach bend r=d and about 5 m of pipe length for each bendr=1.5 x d

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positive �-values: pressure drop negative �-values: pressure increase Va: outgoing volume flowVd: continuous volume flowVs: total volume flow Vz: additional volume flow

ïîëîæèòåëíè �-ñòîéíîñòè: ñïàä íà íàëÿãàíåîòðèöàòåëíè �-ñòîéíîñòè: ïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåVa: èçõîäÿù îáåì íà ïîòîêVd: ïðîäúëæèòåëåí îáåì íà ïîòîêVs: îáù îáåì íà ïîòîêVz: äîïúëíèòåëåí îáåì íà ïîòîê



Ïðè ïðîåêòèðàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè ñàâúâåäåíè ñëåäíèòå îñíîâíè îïðåäåëåíèÿ è èç÷èñëèòåëíèôîðìóëè:

SDR - STANDARD DIMENSION RATIOSDR èçðàçÿâà îòíîøåíèå ìåæäó íîìèíàëíèÿ âúíøåí äèàìåòúðíà òðúáàòà è íåéíàòà íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà.

êúäåòî

do - âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [ìì]s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [ìì]

S-ÒÐÚÁÍÀ ÑÅÐÈß S ïðåäñòàâëÿâà ÷èñëî çà îáîçíà÷àâàíå íà òðúáè

êúäåòî

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà èäåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà

ÔÀÊÒÎÐ ÍÀ ÑÈÃÓÐÍÎÑÒ - SFÊîåôèöèåíò ñúñ ñòîéíîñò, ïî-ãîëÿìà îò åäèíèöà, êîéòî âçåìàïðåäâèä óñëîâèÿòà íà ðàáîòà, êàêòî è ñâîéñòâàòà íàåëåìåíòèòå íà òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà.

Ìèíèìàëíèòå ñòîéíîñòè íà ôàêòîðà íà ñèãóðíîñò ñàïîñî÷åíè â ñëåäíàòà òàáëèöà:

ÍÎÌÈÍÀËÍÎ ÍÀËßÃÀÍÅ - PNÖèôðîâî îáîçíà÷åíèå, èçïîëçâàíî çà ñðàâíèòåëíè öåëè èîòíàñÿùî ñå äî ìåõàíè÷íèòå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà äàäåíåëåìåíò îò òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà. Çà ïëàñòìàñîâàòðúáîïðîâîäíà ñèñòåìà, ïðåíàñÿùà âîäà, òî ñúîòâåòñòâà íàìàêñèìàëíîòî íåïðåêúñíàòî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå íà âîäàòà ïðè20°Ñ, èç÷èñëåíî â bar, ñ ìèíèìàëåí êîåôèöèåíò íà ñèãóðíîñò(SF=1.25).

ÌÀÊÑÈÌÀËÍÎ ÐÀÁÎÒÍÎ ÍÀËßÃÀÍÅ - MOPÒîâà å ìàêñèìàëíîòî åôåêòèâíî íàëÿãàíå íà ôëóèäà,èçðàçåíî â bar, ïðè êîåòî òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà ìîæå äàðàáîòè ïðîäúëæèòåëíî âðåìå. Âçåìàò ïîä âíèìàíèå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷íèòå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà åëåìåíòèòå íà ñèñòåìàòà.Èç÷èñëÿâà ñå ïî ñëåäíàòà ôîðìóëà:

êúäåòîÌÎÐ - ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå, â barMRS - ìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíà ÿêîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà èäåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàSFmin - ìèíèìàëåí ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò

20 . MRSMOP = ----------------------

(SDR-1) . SFmin

Following main definitions and formulas are used for calculatingand designing of PE pipelines

SDR - STANDARD DIMENSION RATIOSDR is the nominal diameter - nominal wall thickness relation.

do - outside diameter of pipe [mm]s - wall thickness [mm]

S- PIPE SERIES

SDR - diameter-wall thickness ratio

SAFETY FACTOR - SFSF is a value > 1, which corresponds to the working conditions, aswell as to the different elements of the pipe system.

Minimum SF values are given in the chart below:

NOMINAL PRESSURE - PNThis is a figure marking, used for comparisson purpose. It express-es the mechanical properties of an element from the pipelinesystem. For polyethylene pipe system, where water as fluid flows,the PN value conforms on the continuous maximum operatingpressure of water at 20°C, calculated in bar, with an minimumsafety factor SF=1.25.

MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE - MOPThis is the maximum effective pressure of the fluid, calculated inbar, so that the pipeline system can work for a long time.

MOP can be calculated from the formula:

ÌÎÐ - maximum operating pressure [bar]MRS - minimum required strength of the material SDR - diameter-wall thickness ratio SFmin - minimum safety factor

20 . MRSMOP = ----------------------

(SDR-1) . SFmin

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Îáèêíîâåíî ñêîðîñòòà íà ôëóèäà íå ñå çíàå è òðÿáâà äà ñåâçåìå ïðèáëèçèòåëíî äîïóñòèìàòà òàêàâà:çà òå÷íîñòè V = 0,5 - 1,0 m/s çà ñìóêàòåëåí òðúáîïðîâîä

V = 1,0 - 3,0 m/s çà íàïîðåí òðúáîïðîâîäçà ãàçîâå V = 10 - 30 m/s

ÈÇ×ÈÑËßÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ ÕÈÄÐÀÂËÈ×ÍÈ ÇÀÃÓÁÈÏðîòè÷àùèòå â òðúáîïðîâîäà ôëèóäè ïðåäèçâèêâàò çàãóáè íàíàëÿãàíå è îòòàì çàãóáè íà åíåðãèÿ â ñèñòåìàòà.

Îïðåäåëÿùî çà ðàçìåðà íà çàãóáèòå ñà:• äúëæèíàòà íà òðúáîïðîâîäà• ôîðìàòà íà íàïðå÷íîòî ñå÷åíèå• ãðàïàâîñòòà íà òðúáàòà• ãåîìåòðèÿòà íà ôàñîííèòå ÷àñòè, àðìàòóðèòå è òðúáíèòåâðúçêè• âèñêîçèòåòà è ïëúòíîñòòà íà ïðîòè÷àùèÿ ôëóèä

Èç÷èñëÿâàíå íà åäèíè÷íè çàãóáè íà íàëÿãàíå

• Çàãóáà íà íàëÿãàíå â ïðàâà òðúáà ��ÐP

êúäåòîf - êîåôèöèåíò íà òðèåíå (â ïîâå÷åòî ñëó÷àè 0,02 å äîñòàòú÷åí)L - äúëæèíà íà òðúáíàòà ñèñòåìà, â [ì]di - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [ìì]� - ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]

V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]

Çàãóáàòà íà íàëÿãàíå â ïðàâà òðúáíà îòñå÷êà å îáðàòíîïðîïîðöèîíàëíà íà äèàìåòúðà íà òðúáàòà.

• Çàãóáà íà íàëÿãàíå îò ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè ��PF

Â ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè ñå ïîÿâÿâàò çíà÷èòåëíè çàãóáè îò òðèåíå,îòêëîíÿâàíå ïîñîêàòà íà ïîòîêà è ðàçåäèíÿâàíå.

� - êîåôèöèåíò íà ñúïðîòèâëåíèå íà ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò�- ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]

Êîåôèöèåíòúò íà ñúïðîòèâëåíèå � çà âñåêè òèï ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñòñà ïîêàçàíè â òàáëèöàòà.

Îáùèòå çàãóáè íà íàëÿãàíå îò ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè ñà ñóìà îòèíäèâèäóàëíèòå çàãóáè îò âñÿêà ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò, àðìàòóðà,òðúáíî ñúåäèíåíèå, âåíòèë è ò.í.

Íå ñà âúçìîæíè òî÷íè äàííè, òúé êàòî âèäúò è êà÷åñòâîòî íàèçïúëíåíèòå ñúåäèíåíèÿ (çàâàðêè, âèíòîâè âðúçêè, ôëàíøîâèñúåäèíåíèÿ) ïîêàçâàò ðàçëèêè. Ïðåïîðú÷âà ñå çà âñè÷êèìåñòà íà ñâúðçâàíå â åäíà òðúáîïðîâîäíà ñèñòåìà êàòî÷åëíè è ìóôîâè çàâàðêè, êàêòî è ôëàíøîâè âðúçêè, äà ñå âçåìåïðåäâèä åäèí êîåôèöèåíò íà ñúïðîòèâëåíèå îò ñúîòâåòíî 0.1êúì èç÷èñëÿâàíåòî íà çàãóáàòà íà íàëÿãàíå.

Îáùèòå çàãóáè íà íàëÿãàíå ñå ïîëó÷àâàò îò ñóìàòà íàâñè÷êè èíäèâèäóàëíè çàãóáè ïî ôîðìóëàòà:

�ÐP - çàãóáà íà íàëÿãàíå â òðúáàòà �ÐF1 - çàãóáà íà íàëÿãàíå â ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò 1�PF2 - çàãóáà íà íàëÿãàíå â ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò 2 è ò.í.

�P = �ÐP + (�PF 1 + �PF 2 + ...)

If the flow velocity for the different fluids is not given, an approxi-mately value can be taken from the information below:for fluids V = 0,5 - 1,0 m/s for suction pipeline

V = 1,0 - 3,0 m/s for pressure pipelinefor gas V = 10 - 30 m/s

DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRAULIC PRESSURELOSSESThe fluids flowing in the pipeline cause pressure losses and ener-gy losses into the system.

The following indicators are fixed for the losses size:• the length of the pipeline• the form of the cross section• the roughness of the pipe• the geometry of fittings, mountings, valves and pipe joints• the viscosity and the density of the fluid

Calculation of several pressure losses

• Pressure loss in straight pipes ��ÐP

f - pipe frictional index (in most cases 0,02 is enough)L - length of the pipe system [m]di - inside diameter of pipe [mm]� - density of fluid [kg/m3]

V - flow velocity [m/s]

The pressure loss in a straight pipe length is reversed prportionalto the pipe cross section.

• Pressure loss in fittings ��PF

There are considerable losses redarding friction, reversion anddetachment in the fittings.

� - resistance coefficient for fittings [-]� - density of fluid [kg/m3]V - flow velocity [m/s]

The specific resistance coefficients for different type of fittings aregiven in the chart below

The whole pressure losses in fittings and joints results from the sumof the individual losses for each fitting, mounting, valve and joint.

It is not possible to give exact information, because type andqualities of joints (welding joints, unions, flange connections etc.)vary.

It is recommended to calculate a resistance coefficient of each� = 0.1 for joints in a plastic pipe system, such as butt and socketwelding as flanges.

The total pressure losses results from the sum of all individual loss-es, calculated from the formula:

�ÐP - pressure loss in pipe �ÐF1 - pressure loss in fitting or joint 1�PF2 - pressure loss in fitting or joint 2, etc.

�P = �ÐP + (�PF 1 + �PF 2 + ...)

ÍÎÌÈÍÀËÍÀ ÒÂÚÐÄÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÏÐÚÑÒÅÍÀ - SNSN å öèôðîâî îáîçíà÷åíèå íà òâúðäîñòòà íà òðúáà èëèñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò, êîåòî å çàêðúãëåíî äî öÿëî ÷èñëî, èçïîëçâàíîçà îïðåäåëÿíå íà òâúðäîñòòà â kN/m2 è ïîêàçâàùîìèíèìàëíàòà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà íà òðúáà èëè ñâúðçâàùà÷àñò.

Âëèÿíèåòî íà òâúðäîñòòà íà ïðúñòåíà ïðè ãúâêàâè ïëàñòìàñîâèñèñòåìè ñå íàäöåíÿâà. Òðúáàòà êúì ìîìåíòà íà âãðàæäàíåòîòðÿáâà äà èìà äîñòàòú÷íà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà, çà äà ïîåìåíàòîâàðâàíåòî îò óïëúòíÿâàíåòî. Ïðè äîáðè ðàáîòè ïîóïëúòíÿâàíå â îáëàñòòà íà òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà çîíà ïî÷âàòàïîåìà ïîÿâèëîòî ñå íàòîâàðâàíå, òðúáàòà ñàìà ïî ñåáå ñè ñåïðîòèâîïîñòàâÿ íà íàòîâàðâàíåòî ÷ðåç äåôîðìàöèÿ (ïîïðàâèëî îò 2 äî 3 %) è ñëåä ïåðèîä îò îêîëî 2 ãîäèíè(ðåëàêñàöèÿ) ëåæè áåç íàòîâàðâàíå â çåìÿòà. Òâúðäîñò íàïðúñòåíà îò 8 kN/m2 ñå ñ÷èòà çà îïòèìàëíà è äîñòàòú÷íà.

Ñúãëàñíî EN 13244-2:2002, êúäåòî ñå èç÷èñëÿâà íà÷àëíàäåôîðìàöèÿ íà íàïîðíè òðúáè è òðúáè çà êàíàëèçàöèîííèñèñòåìè ïîä âàêóóì, íà÷àëíàòà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà òðÿáâàäà áúäå âçåòà îò ñëåäíàòà òàáëèöà:

Íà ïðàêòèêà íà÷àëíàòà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà å âèíàãè ïî-âèñîêà îò èç÷èñëåíàòà, çàùîòî ñðåäíàòà äåáåëèíà íàñòåíàòà å ïî-ãîëÿìà îò íîìèíàëíàòà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà,êîÿòî ñå èçïîëçâà çà èç÷èñëÿâàíåòî.

Êîãàòî òðúáàòà å ñ íà÷àëíà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà Sinit < 4 çàïîëîæåíè â çåìÿòà òðúáè, òðÿáâà äà ñå âçåìàò ìåðêè, çà äà ñåïðåäîòâðàòè ïîëó÷àâàíåòî íà ãîëÿìà îâàëíîñò.

ÎÏÐÅÄÅËßÍÅ ÍÀ ÍÀÏÐÅ×ÍÎÒÎ ÑÅ×ÅÍÈÅÑëåäâàùàòà ôîðìóëà ìîæå äà ñå èçïîëçâà çà ïðèáëèçèòåëíîòî÷íî îïðåäåëÿíå íà äèàìåòúðà ïðè äàäåíî êîëè÷åñòâî íàïîòîêà:

êúäåòîdi - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà [mm]Q - äåáèò íà ôëóèäà [l/s]V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]

NOMINAL STIFFNESS - SNSN is the figure determination for the strength of a pipe or fitting.It is calculated as a whole number and defines the minimumstrength of pipe or fitting in kN/m2.

The influence of the stiffness over flexible plastic pipe systems issometimes overrated. Even at the installation the pipe must haveenough stiffness to bear the loading of the compacting. If thecompacting in the pipeline zone is properly done, the soil takeson the loading, the pipe itself withstands the loading by defor-mation (in principle between 2 and 3 %) and after a period ofabout 2 years of relaxing the pipe is laying without laods in theground. A stiffness of 8 kN/m2 counts for optimal and enough.

According to EN 13244-2:2002, where the initial deformation ofpressure pipes and sewage pipes under vacuum is calculated,the initial stiffness must be taken from the chart below:

Acctually the initial stiffness is always bigger than the calculatedone, because the average wall thickness is bigger than the nom-inal wall thickness, taht is used for the calculation.

When the pipe has an initial stiffness Sinit < 4 for pipes layed underground, special measurments have to be taken to prevent a bigovality.

DETERMINATION OF THE PIPE CROSS SECTIONFrom the formula below in rogh figures the diameter for a speci-fied conveyed quantity can be calculated:

di - inside diameter of pipe [mm]Q - conveyed quantity [l/s]V - flow velocity [m/s]

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positive �-values: pressure drop negative �-values: pressure increase Va: outgoing volume flowVd: continuous volume flowVs: total volume flow Vz: additional volume flow

ïîëîæèòåëíè �-ñòîéíîñòè: ñïàä íà íàëÿãàíåîòðèöàòåëíè �-ñòîéíîñòè: ïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåVa: èçõîäÿù îáåì íà ïîòîêVd: ïðîäúëæèòåëåí îáåì íà ïîòîêVs: îáù îáåì íà ïîòîêVz: äîïúëíèòåëåí îáåì íà ïîòîê



Ïðè ïðîåêòèðàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè ñàâúâåäåíè ñëåäíèòå îñíîâíè îïðåäåëåíèÿ è èç÷èñëèòåëíèôîðìóëè:

SDR - STANDARD DIMENSION RATIOSDR èçðàçÿâà îòíîøåíèå ìåæäó íîìèíàëíèÿ âúíøåí äèàìåòúðíà òðúáàòà è íåéíàòà íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà.

êúäåòî

do - âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [ìì]s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [ìì]

S-ÒÐÚÁÍÀ ÑÅÐÈß S ïðåäñòàâëÿâà ÷èñëî çà îáîçíà÷àâàíå íà òðúáè

êúäåòî

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà èäåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà

ÔÀÊÒÎÐ ÍÀ ÑÈÃÓÐÍÎÑÒ - SFÊîåôèöèåíò ñúñ ñòîéíîñò, ïî-ãîëÿìà îò åäèíèöà, êîéòî âçåìàïðåäâèä óñëîâèÿòà íà ðàáîòà, êàêòî è ñâîéñòâàòà íàåëåìåíòèòå íà òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà.

Ìèíèìàëíèòå ñòîéíîñòè íà ôàêòîðà íà ñèãóðíîñò ñàïîñî÷åíè â ñëåäíàòà òàáëèöà:

ÍÎÌÈÍÀËÍÎ ÍÀËßÃÀÍÅ - PNÖèôðîâî îáîçíà÷åíèå, èçïîëçâàíî çà ñðàâíèòåëíè öåëè èîòíàñÿùî ñå äî ìåõàíè÷íèòå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà äàäåíåëåìåíò îò òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà. Çà ïëàñòìàñîâàòðúáîïðîâîäíà ñèñòåìà, ïðåíàñÿùà âîäà, òî ñúîòâåòñòâà íàìàêñèìàëíîòî íåïðåêúñíàòî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå íà âîäàòà ïðè20°Ñ, èç÷èñëåíî â bar, ñ ìèíèìàëåí êîåôèöèåíò íà ñèãóðíîñò(SF=1.25).

ÌÀÊÑÈÌÀËÍÎ ÐÀÁÎÒÍÎ ÍÀËßÃÀÍÅ - MOPÒîâà å ìàêñèìàëíîòî åôåêòèâíî íàëÿãàíå íà ôëóèäà,èçðàçåíî â bar, ïðè êîåòî òðúáîïðîâîäíàòà ñèñòåìà ìîæå äàðàáîòè ïðîäúëæèòåëíî âðåìå. Âçåìàò ïîä âíèìàíèå ôèçèêî-ìåõàíè÷íèòå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà åëåìåíòèòå íà ñèñòåìàòà.Èç÷èñëÿâà ñå ïî ñëåäíàòà ôîðìóëà:

êúäåòîÌÎÐ - ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå, â barMRS - ìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíà ÿêîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà èäåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàSFmin - ìèíèìàëåí ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò

20 . MRSMOP = ----------------------

(SDR-1) . SFmin

Following main definitions and formulas are used for calculatingand designing of PE pipelines

SDR - STANDARD DIMENSION RATIOSDR is the nominal diameter - nominal wall thickness relation.

do - outside diameter of pipe [mm]s - wall thickness [mm]

S- PIPE SERIES

SDR - diameter-wall thickness ratio

SAFETY FACTOR - SFSF is a value > 1, which corresponds to the working conditions, aswell as to the different elements of the pipe system.

Minimum SF values are given in the chart below:

NOMINAL PRESSURE - PNThis is a figure marking, used for comparisson purpose. It express-es the mechanical properties of an element from the pipelinesystem. For polyethylene pipe system, where water as fluid flows,the PN value conforms on the continuous maximum operatingpressure of water at 20°C, calculated in bar, with an minimumsafety factor SF=1.25.

MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE - MOPThis is the maximum effective pressure of the fluid, calculated inbar, so that the pipeline system can work for a long time.

MOP can be calculated from the formula:

ÌÎÐ - maximum operating pressure [bar]MRS - minimum required strength of the material SDR - diameter-wall thickness ratio SFmin - minimum safety factor

20 . MRSMOP = ----------------------

(SDR-1) . SFmin

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ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÈ ÂÚÇÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÅ ÍÀ ÏËÀÌÚÊÏîëèåòèëåíúò å íîðìàëíî çàïàëèì (êëàñ ñòðîèòåëåíìàòåðèàë Â2 ñúãëàñíî DIN 4102). Òîé ñå âúçïëàìåíÿâà ïîäâëèÿíèå íà ïëàìúê, ïðîäúëæàâà äà ãîðè ñ ëåêî ñâåòåù ïëàìúêè èçâúí çàïàëèòåëíèÿ èçòî÷íèê è ñå ðàçòàïÿ ãîðåéêè. Ïðè òîâàñå ïîëó÷àâàò íîðìàëíèòå ïðè âúãëåâîäîðîäèòå ïðîäóêòè îòèçãàðÿíåòî ÑÎ, ÑÎ2 è âîäà, íî íå è êîðîçèâíè èëè óâðåæäàùèîêîëíàòà ñðåäà îñòàòúöè. Ñúãëàñíî ASTM D 1929òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà ñàìîçàïàëèìîñò å 348°Ñ, à òåìïåðàòóðàòàíà âúíøíà çàïàëèìîñò å 340°Ñ.

ÂÎÄÎÏÎÃËÚÙÀÍÅÌàòåðèàëúò PE-HD å âîäîíåïðîïóñêëèâ. Íå ñå íàáëþäàâàíàáúáâàíå è ñ òîâà ïðîìÿíà íà ñòàáèëíîñòòà íà ðàçìåðèòå.Ïðè èçïèòàíèå ñúãëàñíî ñòàíäàðòà (âîäíî ñêëàäèðàíå) åóñòàíîâåíî ìèíèìàëíî âîäîïîãëúùàíå. Òî ñå îñíîâàâà ñàìîíà àáñîðáèðàíå íà îñòàòúöè îò âëàæíîñò ïî ïîâúðõíîñòòà.

ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÀÒÌÎÑÔÅÐÍÈ ÂËÈßÍÈßÏðè ïî-äúëãî ñêëàäèðàíå íà îòêðèòî ïîâå÷åòî ïðèðîäíèâåùåñòâà è ïëàñòìàñè áèâàò óâðåäåíè ïîä âúçäåéñòâèåòî íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà, íàé-âå÷å ÷ðåç UV-ëú÷èòå íà ñëúí÷åâàòàñâåòëèíà è ó÷àñòèåòî íà êèñëîðîä âúâ âúçäóõà. Ïîÿâÿâà ñåïðîìÿíà íà öâåòà è íàìàëÿâàíå íà ìåõàíè÷íèòå ñâîéñòâà,êîåòî ñ òå÷åíèå íà âðåìåòî ìîæå äà îêàæå âëèÿíèå âúðõóåêñïëîàòàöèîííèòå ïîêàçàòåëè. Òîâà ÿâëåíèå ñå íàáëþäàâàîñîáåíî ïðè íåñòàáèëèçèðàíè PEHD òèïîâå ñ öâÿò íàòóðàëåíèëè îöâåòåíè â äðóã öâÿò, ðàçëè÷åí îò ÷åðåí. Çàòîâà ïî-äîáðàóñòîé÷èâîñò ïîêàçâà ìàòåðèàëúò PE-HD ÷åðåí. Çà òðúáèòå ñæúëò è ñèí öâÿò å îñèãóðåíà çàùèòíà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà UV-ëú÷åíèå äî 3,5 GJ/m2. Çà òðúáèòå ñ ÷åðåí öâÿò ïîðàäèñúäúðæàíèåòî íà ñàæäè, êîèòî íåóòðàëèçèðàò âðåäíîòîâëèÿíèå, çàùèòíàòà èì óñòîé÷èâîñò å ïî-âèñîêà. Çà óñëîâèÿòàíà Áúëãàðèÿ UV ðàäèàöèÿòà, êîÿòî ñå àêóìóëèðà, å � 4 GJ/m2.Ñëåäîâàòåëíî çà Áúëãàðèÿ äîïóñòèìèÿò ëèìèò çà æúëòè è ñèíèòðúáè ñå ïîñòèãà çà ïî-ìàëêî îò 1 ãîäèíà.

ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÃÐÈÇÀ×È ÈÌÈÊÐÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÌÈÏîðàäè ãëàäêàòà, êðúãëà ïîâúðõíîñò è òâúðäîñòòà íàïîëèåòèëåíà íå ñå çàáåëÿçâàò îïèòè çà ãðèçàíå âúðõó òðúáèòå.Ïîëèåòèëåíúò íå ñëóæè çà ïî÷âà íà ìèêðîîðãàíèçìè (áàêòå-ðèè, ãúáè÷êè, ñïîðè) è çàòîâà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè íå áèâàòíàïàäàíè îò òÿõ. Òîâà ñå îòíàñÿ äî ñóëôàòíî ðåäóöèðàùèáàêòåðèè.

ÔÈÇÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÍÀ ÁÅÇÂÐÅÄÍÎÑÒ Èçïîëçâàíèòå òðúáíè ìàðêè ÐÅ íå ñà êëàñèôèöèðàíè êàòîîïàñíè çà ÷îâåøêîòî çäðàâå ñúãëàñíî Äèðåêòèâà 1999/45 íàÅÑ ñ íåéíèòå äîïúëíåíèÿ è èçìåíåíèÿ. Ìàòåðèàëèòå ñàñòàáèëíè ïðè ñúõðàíåíèå è èçïîëçâàíå. Àêî ñå íàãðåÿò äîïîâå÷å îò 300°Ñ, òåçè ïðîäóêòè ìîãàò äà îáðàçóâàò èçïàðåíèÿèëè ïóøåöè, êîèòî äà ïðè÷èíÿò äðàçíåíå íà äèõàòåëíèÿ òðàêò,êàøëÿíå èëè íåäîñòèã íà âúçäóõ.

ÐÅÖÈÊËÈÐÀÍÅ È ÎÏÀÇÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ ÎÊÎËÍÀÒÀÑÐÅÄÀÈçïîëçâàíèòå òðúáíè ìàðêè ÐÅ íå ñà êëàñèôèöèðàíè êàòîîïàñíè çà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà. Ìàòåðèàëèòå îáèêíîâåíî íå ñåðàçëàãàò ïî áèîõèìè÷åí íà÷èí. Îò îòïàäúöèòå îò ÐÅ å âúçìîæíàâòîðè÷íà ïðåðàáîòêà (ðåöèêëèðàíå) è âëàãàíåòî íàðåãðàíóëàòà â ïîäõîäÿùè èçäåëèÿ.

ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÀ ÓÑÒÎÉ×ÈÂÎÑÒ ÍÀ ÐÅ ÐÅ å óñòîé÷èâ íà âîäíè ðàçòâîðè íà ñîëè, êèñåëèíè è îñíîâè,äîêîëêîòî íå ñòàâà âúïðîñ çà ñèëíè îêñèäèðàùè âåùåñòâà.Äîáðà óñòîé÷èâîñò ñå íàáëþäàâà ñúùî òàêà è ñðåùó ðåäèöàðàçòâîðè êàòî àëêîõîëè, åòåðè è êåòîíè. Â ISO/TR 10358 åäàäåíà ïîäðîáíà èíôîðìàöèÿ çà õèìè÷åñêàòà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà

òðúáè îò ðàçëè÷íè ïëàñòìàñè.

FLAMMABILITYPolyehtylene can be classified as a normal flammable material(class B2 according to DIN 4102). The material ignites under fire,keeps burning with a light flame even outside the flammablesource and melts burning. The normal for hydrocarbon burningproducts like CO, ÑÎ2 and water comes out, but no corrosion-able or harmful for the environment residia.According to ASTM D1929 the temperature for self flammability is 348°C, and the tem-perature for outside flammability is 340°C.

WATER ABSORPTIONPEHD material shows no water absorption. No rising can appearand therefore no changes in the pipe sizes. By water storage testaccording to the standard only minimum water absorption isdeterminated. It consists only in absorption of some moisture restson the surface.

WEATHERING RESISTANCEAfter a longer storage in the open air the most natural materialsand also the plastics have been demaged from the weatheringconditions around them. The agent that causes theses damagesis in the first place the UV rays and the participation of oxygen inthe air. Changes in the colour of the material appear, and themechanical properties decrease in the course of time, as well assome other operation parameters change. This phenomenoncan be seen especially on the non stabilized PE-HD types with dif-ferent than black colour. Therefore the PEHD black polyethyleneshows better resistance. For pipes coloured in blue or yellow aprotection up to 3,5 GJ/m2 against UV rays is ensured. For blackpipes the protection is bigger duet to the carbon black, that nul-lifies the influence of the UV rays. For the weathering conditions inBulgaria the UV radiation is about 4 GJ/m2. Therefore for ourcountry the permissible limit for blue or yellow coloured pipes canbe achieved for less than 1 year.

RESISTANCE AGAINST RODENTS ANDMICROORGANISMDue to the smooth round surface and profile and the siffness ofthe polyethylene material no special influence of rodents can beapplied. Polyethylene is not a favourable ground for anymicroorganism (bacteria, parasitic fungi etc.). Therefore polyeth-ylene pipes can not be attacked by them.

PHYSIOLOGICAL NON-TOXICThe well known PE type materials can not be classified as dan-gerous for the human health according to Directive 1999/45 ofthe European union. The PE materials keep stable by storage andusage. If they are heated with more than 300°C, these productscan build fumes or smokes, which can cause breath irritation,cough or air insufficiency.

RECYCLING AND ENVIRONMENY PRESERVINGPE materials are environmental friendly. In principle they do notdecompose biochemically. From the PE rests a secondary pro-cessing (recycling) is possible, and the regranulate can be usedfor suitable products again.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCEPE material is resistant against water solutions of salts, acids andalkalis, but no strong oxidating meduims.A good resistance is shown also against many solutions like alco-holics, ethers and kethones.Standard ISO/TR 10358 gives in details information about thechemical resistance for pipes of different plastics.

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ÍÎÌÎÃÐÀÌÀ ÍÀ ÏÐÎÒÈ×ÀÍÅÒÎ Çà ïðèáëèçèòåëíî èç÷èñëÿâàíå íà ñêîðîñòòà íà ôëóèäà,çàãóáàòà íà íàëÿãàíå â òðúáàòà è äåáèòà ñëóæè ñëåäíàòàíîìîãðàìà íà ïðîòè÷àíå. Ïðè ñðåäíà ñêîðîñò íà ïðîòè÷àíå çà âñÿêà òåòêà, íàìàëèòåëèëè êîëÿíî 90° ñå äîáàâÿò äî 20 ì êúì äúëæèíàòà íàòðúáîïðîâîäà, ñúîòâåòíî çà âñÿêà ïðîìÿíà ïîñîêàòà íàòðàñåòî ÷ðåç îãúâàíå íà òðúáàòà ñ ðàäèóñ r=d ñå äîáàâÿòîêîëî 10 ì êúì äúëæèíàòà è çà âñÿêî îãúâàíå ñ ðàäèóñ r=1,5õdñå äîáàâÿò 5 ì êúì äúëæèíà íà òðúáî-ïðîâîäà.

FLOW NOMOGRAMMFor rough determination of flow velocity, pressure loss and con-veying quantity serves the following flow nomogramm.

At an average flow velocity up to 20 m of pipe length are addedfor each tee, reducer and 90° elbow, about 10 m of pipe foreach bend r=d and about 5 m of pipe length for each bendr=1.5 x d

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ÕÈÄÐÀÂËÈ×ÅÍ ÓÄÀÐÕèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð èëè ðÿçêî ïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåòî(óäàðíà âúëíà) å òåðìèí, êîéòî ñå õàðàêòåðèçèðà ñäèíàìè÷åí èìïóëñ, ïðè÷èíåí îò ïðîìÿíà â íàëÿãàíåòî íàòðúáíàòà ñèñòåìà è ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâàù ñå ÷ðåç ôëóèäà.

Òðúáèòå ìîãàò äà áúäàò ïðåäìåò íà êðàòêîâðåìåííî ðÿçêîïîâèøàâàíå íà íàòîâàðâàíåòî íàä íîìèíàëíîòî ðàáîòíîíàëÿãàíå, ïðè÷èíåíî îò õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð. Òàêîâà ðÿçêîïîâèøàâàíå íà íàëÿãàíåòî íàñòúïâà âúâ âîäîïðîâîäíàòàìðåæà êîãàòî íåéíîòî ðàâíîâåñèå å íàðóøåíî ÷ðåç áúðçàïðîìÿíà íà óñëîâèÿòà íà ïðîòè÷àíå. Åäíà áúðçà ïðîìÿíà íàñðåäíàòà ñêîðîñò íà âîäàòà âîäè äî ðÿçêî ïîâèøàâàíå íàîñíîâíîòî íàëÿãàíå.

Âúëíà íà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíå (õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð) ìîæå äà ñåïîðîäè îò ñëåäíèòå ôàêòîðè:

• îòâàðÿíå èëè çàòâàðÿíå íà êðàíîâå• ïóñêàíå èëè ñïèðàíå íà ïîìïà• ïðîìÿíà â ñêîðîñòòà íà ïîìïà èëè òóðáèíà• àêòèâíà âúëíà îò çàõðàíâàù ðåçåðâîàð• çàäúðæàí âúçäóõ (âúçäóøíà âúçãëàâíèöà)• ñïóêâàíå íà òðúáà è äð.

Óñòàíîâåíî å, ÷å òîâà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíå çàâèñè îò ñêîðîñòòà íàôëóèäà, âðåìåòî çà çàäåéñòâàíå íà ïðè÷èíàòà, îáåìíèÿ ìîäóëíà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ôëóèäà, äèàìåòúðà è âèäà íà òðúáàòà èìîäóëà íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà, îò êîéòî å èçðàáîòåíàòðúáàòà.

Óäàðíàòà âúëíà ñå ðàçïðîñòðàíÿâà ñúñ ñêîðîñòòà íà çâóêà èìîæå äà ïðåäèçâèêà ðàçðóøàâàíå íà òðúáèòå. Åíåðãèÿòà,êîÿòî íîñè âúëíàòà, ñå ðàçñåéâà è âúëíàòà ïðîãðåñèâíîçàãëúõâà.

Ìåòîäèêàòà çà îïðåäåëÿíå íà ñâðúõíàëÿãàíåòî ïðèõèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð, êîåòî òðÿáâà äà ñå âçåìå â ïðåäâèä ïðèèç÷èñëÿâàíå íà òðúáíàòà ñèñòåìà, å ñëåäíàòà:

Ïðèìåðíè èçõîäíè äàííè:

Òðúáîïðîâîä: äúëæèíà L = 500 ìÐÅ 100 òðúáè ñ ðàçìåð: 110õ6.6 ìì, SDR 17, PN10E-ìîäóë íà ñóðîâèíàòà: 1100 MPaÔëóèä: âîäà, òåìïåðàòóðà 20°ÑÄåáèò: Q = 35 ì3/÷àñÂðåìå çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà: 1.5 ñåêóíäè

1. Îïðåäåëÿíå ñêîðîñòòà íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà

êúäåòî Vw ñêîðîñò íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]K - îáåìåí ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [Ðà]; çà âîäàÊ=2.05 GÐa� - ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]; çà âîäà=1000 kg/m3

di - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [mm]E - ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà ÐÅ, â [Pa ]s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [mm]

Ïðè íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: Vw = 269 m/s

HYDRAULIC SHOCKA hydraulic shock or sudden increase of the pressure (shockwave) is a dynamic impuls, caused by a pressure change in thepipe system.

The hydraulic shock is distributed with the fluid.

Pipes can withstand short-lived increases of the load over thenominal operating pressure, caused by a hydraulic shock.

Such pressure changes can appear if the balance in the waterpipeline is disturbed due to a quick change in the flowing condi-tions.

A sudden change in the average water speed can cause a sud-den increase of the main pressure.

A shock wave of over pressure (hydraulic shock) can be causeby following reasons:

• opening or closing of valves• turning on or turning off of pumps• changes in the speed of pumps or other mountings• a strong wave from feeding tank• a holded on air • break of the pipeline, etc.

The over pressure depends on the fluid speed, the time of func-tioning, the volume elasticity modul of fluid, diameter and type ofpipe, as well as on the raw material elasticity modul etc.

The shock wave is ditributed with sound speed and may causedemages of the pipes. The energy carried from the wave is relax-ing and the wave is progressive going down.

The methods for determination of the over pressure by hydraulicshock is to be calculated as follows:

Sample initial data:

Pipeline length L=500 mPE 100 pipes, diameter d 110x6.6 mm, SDR 17, PN 10E-modul of raw material: 1100 MpaFluid: water, temperature 20°CTime for closing the valve: 1.5 sec

1. Determination of the shock wave speed

Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]

K - volume elasticity modul of fluid [Ðà]; for water Ê=2.05 GPa� - density of fluid [kg/m3]; for water=1000 kg/m3

di - inside diameter of pipe [mm]E - modul of elasticity of raw material PE [Pa ]s - wall thickness [mm]

For the sample: Vw = 269 m/s

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ÏÎÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÈ ÀÁÐÀÇÈÂÍÈ ÏÐÎÒÈ×ÀÙÈÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀÏðèíöèïíî ïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè ñà çíà÷èòåëíî ïî-ïðèãîäíè çàòðàíñïîðò íà òå÷íè, òâúðäè è ñìåñåíè âåùåñòâà îòêîëêîòîáåòîíîâèòå òðúáè èëè ñòîìàíåíèòå. Â ïîäêðåïà íà òàçè òåçà ñàíå ñàìî ðåçóëòàòèòå îò ðàçëè÷íè èçñëåäâàíèÿ, íî èïîëîæèòåëíèÿ îïèò îò ðåäèöà ñëó÷àè íà ïðèëîæåíèå.

Ñúãëàñíî ðàçðàáîòåíèÿ â Òåõíè÷åñêèÿ óíèâåðñèòåò íàÄàðìùàäò ìåòîä, ðàçðÿçàíà ïî äúëæèíàòà ñè ÷àñò îò òðúáà ñäúëæèíà 1 ì ñå êëàòè íàïðåä-íàçàä ñ ÷åñòîòà îò 0.18 Hz. Çàðàçìåð íà òðèåíåòî âàæè ëîêàëíîòî îòíåìàíå íà äåáåëèíàòàíà ñòåíàòà ñëåä îïðåäåëåíî âðåìå íà íàòîâàðâàíå.

Îò ðåçóëòàòèòå íà òîâàèçïèòâàíå ÿñíî è òî÷íî ñåâèæäà ïðåäèìñòâîòî íàïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè çàòðàíñïîðò íà òâúðäèâåùåñòâà â ñàìîòå÷íèòðúáîïðîâîäè.

Ñðåäà ïðè îïèòà: ñìåñ îòêâàðöîâ ïÿñúê, ÷àêúë è âîäà(46 % ñúäúðæàíèå íàêâàðöîâ ïÿñúê è ÷àêúë,ãîëåìèíà íà ÷àñòèöèòå äî30 ìì).

ÅËÅÊÒÐÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÈÌÎÑÒÌàòåðèàëèòå PEHD è PELD ñà ïðè÷èñëåíè êàòî âñè÷êè äðóãèïëàñòìàñè êúì ãðóïàòà íà åëåêòðîèçîëèðàùèòå âåùåñòâà.Ïîä òîâà ñå ðàçáèðàò âñè÷êè ìàòåðèàëè, ÷èÿòî ñïåöèôè÷íàóñòîé÷èâîñò íà ïðîíèêâàíå å ïî-ãîëÿìà îò 106 Ohm x ñì.

Çà ïîòðåáèòåëÿ å âàæíî ïîâúðõíîñòíîòî åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâëå-íèå. Àêî ñå íàäâèøè ñòîéíîñòòà îò 109 Ohm, òî ìàòåðèàëúò ñåêàòåãîðèçèðà êàòî åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íî çàðåæäàù ñå.

Â ñòðîèòåëñòâîòî íà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáîïðîâîäèåëåêòðîñòàòè÷íîòî çàðåæäàíå ñå èçáÿãâà òîãàâà, êîãàòîòðÿáâà äà ñå òðàíñïîðòèðàò åëåêòðîíåïðîâîäèìè ôëóèäè èëèòðúáîïðîâîäèòå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè â åêñïëîçèîííîîïàñíè (çàñòðàøåíè) ïîìåùåíèÿ. Òðàíñïîðòèðàíåòî íàçàïàëèìè ãàçîâå èëè òå÷íîñòè å áåçîïàñíî ñàìî òîãàâà,êîãàòî ñèñòåìàòà å çàòâîðåíà è çàçåìåíà. Îñâåí òîâàîïàñíîñòòà îò çàðåæäàíå ñå íàìàëÿâà ïîñðåäñòâîìíàìàëÿâàíå íà ñêîðîñòòà íà òðàíñïîðòèðàíå.

Îïàñíîñòòà îò çàïàëèìè òå÷íîñòè â ïîìåùåíèÿ, â êîèòî òðÿáâàäà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáîïðîâîäè, ñå èçáÿãâàíàïðèìåð ñ äîáðà âåíòèëàöèÿ. Äðóãà ïðåäïàçíà ìÿðêà ñåñúñòîè â òîâà, ÷å âúçäóõúò ñå éîíèçèðà è ñ òîâà ñåïðåäîòâðàòÿâà åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íîòî çàðåæäàíå íàïëàñòìàñàòà. Òúé êàòî ïðè íàä 65 % îòíîñèòåëíà âëàæíîñò íàâúçäóõà ïî÷òè íå ñå íàáëþäàâà åëåêòðîñòàòè÷íî çàðåæäàíå,òî ÷åñòî ðåøåíèå íà ïðîáëåìà å è ïîâèøàâàíå íà âëàæíîñòòàíà âúçäóõà.

BEHAVIOUR AT ABRASIVE FLUIDSIn principle, termoplastic pipes are better suited for the convey-ing of fluid-solid-mixtures than e.g. concrete pipes or also steelpipes. There is also positive experience of different applications.

At the of the Technical University Darmstadt developed method,a 1 m long half-pipe is tilted with a frequency of 0,18 Hz.

The local deduction of the wall thickness after a certain loadingtime is regarded as measure for the abrasion.

The advantage of thermoplastic pipes for the transportation ofsolids in open channels can clearly be seen from the test results.

Medium by testing: sand-gravel-water-mixture 46 Vol. %sand/gravel, grain size up to 30 mm.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITYPEHD and PELD materials belong to the plastics that are electricinsulating substances. Such materials have a special resistancemore than 106 Ohm x cm against infiltration.

For the consumer the most important property is the surface elec-trical resistance. If this value exceeds109 Ohm, the material canbe classified as electrostatic loadable.

In the pipeline construction this effect is not acceptable if elec-tric non-conductive fluids have to be transported or the pipelinehas to be installed in explosion dangerous areas.

The transportation of quick flammable gases or fluids is safe onlywhen the system is close and connected with the ground. In suchcases also the transportation speed can be reduced to minimizethis problem.

Another possible measure to avoid dangerous flammability of flu-ids is to ensure a very good ventilation.

Also it is recommended in such situations to ionize the air so thatthe electrostatic loading of the plastic materials can be prevent-ed.

Sometimes a good solution is to increase the air humidity,because by a relevant air humidity of 65% this problem can notappear.

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ÅÊÑÏËÎÀÒÀÖÈÎÍÅÍ ÆÈÂÎÒ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈÒÅ ÎÒ ÐÅÒåðìîïëàñòèòå ñà âèñîêî åëàñòè÷íè ìàòåðèàëè, ïðè êîèòîïîâåäåíèåòî ïðè åêñïëîàòàöèÿ çàâèñè îò íàòîâàðâàíåòî,òåìïåðàòóðàòà è ïðîäúëæèòåëíîñòòà íà íàòîâàðâàíå.

Òàáëèöà çà äîïóñòèìè ðàáîòíè íàëÿãàíèÿ íà òðúáè îò ÐÅ 100 âçàâèñèìîñò îò òåìïåðàòóðàòà è ðàáîòíîòî íàëÿãàíå ñúãëàñíîEN 12201 ÷àñò 1 (çà ñðåäà âîäà, SF=1.25)

ÏÐÅÄÈÌÑÒÂÀ ÍÀ ÐÅ• UV-óñòîé÷èâîñò îñèãóðåíà ÷ðåç äîáàâÿíå íà ñàæäè, à îòòàìè âúçìîæíîñò çà óïîòðåáà íà òðúáèòå íà îòêðèòî çà äúëãî âðåìå• Ãúâêàâîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà (= “ãúâêàâà òðúáíà ñèñòåìà")• Ìàëêà ïëúòíîñò îò 0.95 ãð/ñì3, ñëåäîâàòåëíî è ìàëêî òåãëîíà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè• Ìíîãî äîáðà õèìè÷åñêà óñòîé÷èâîñò, óñòîé÷èâîñò íàêèñåëèíè è îñíîâè• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà àòìîñôåðíè âëèÿíèÿ• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ðàäèàöèÿ• Äîáðà çàâàðÿåìîñò• Ìíîãî äîáðà àáðàçèîííà óñòîé÷èâîñò, ìàëêè çàãóáè ïðèòðèåíå • Ïîñðåäñòâîì ãëàäêàòà ïîâúðõíîñò è ñúîòâåòíî ìàëêîòîñúïðîòèâëåíèå íà òðèåíå ñå ïîñòèãàò ìàëêè çàãóáè íàíàëÿãàíå ñðàâíåíî íàïðèìåð ñ ìåòàëèòå• Íå÷óâñòâèòåëíîñò íà çàìðúçâàíå, âúçìîæíîñò çà èçïîëçâàíåè ïðè íèñêè òåìïåðàòóðè (-50°Ñ)• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ãðèçà÷è• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ìèêðîáèîëîãè÷íè îòëàãàíèÿ • Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà óäàð è ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè äàëå÷ ïîä òî÷êàòàíà çàìðúçâàíå íà ôëóèäà.• Ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå ðåöèêëèðà 100 % è ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñïîìàãàçà îïàçâàíåòî íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà• Âúçìîæíîñò çà îöâåòÿâàíå íà ñóðîâèíàòà• Ìàëêà òîïëîïðîâîäèìîñò è êàòî ðåçóëòàò îò òîâà íèñêèòåðìè÷íè çàãóáè.

LIFE-TIME PERIOD OF PE PIPESThermoplastics are high elastic materials, which behaviour duringoperation time depends on the pressure, on the temperatureand the duration of the pressure load.Below is a chart for the permissible operating pressure for PE 100depending on the temperature and the working pressureaccording to EN 12201 part 1 (for water, SF=1.25)

ADVANTAGES OF PE• UV stability due to carbon black and therefore a possibility forpipe storage in the open air for a longer time• Flexibility of the material (=flexible pipe system)• Low density of 0.95 g/cm3, consequently low weight of thepolyehylene pipes• Very good chemical resistance, resistance against acids andalkali• Weathering resistance• Very good behaviour at radiation strain• Excellent weldability • Very good behaviour at abrasive fluids, therefore lower rough-ness losses• Due to the smooth surface lower pressure losses appear incomparison to other materials like metals e.g.• Possible usage even by low temperatures under zero• Resistance against rodents• Resistant to microorganism• Very good impact resistance even at tempeartures underzero• Polyethylene materials can be recycled 100 %, therefore theyare environmental friendly• Possible colouring of the raw materials• Low termal conductivity and therefore - lower termal losses

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2. Îïðåäåëÿíå ñêîðîñòòà íà ôëóèäà ïðåäè ïðîìÿíàòà

êúäåòî

�V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]

Q - äåáèò íà ïîòîêà, â [m3/s]di - âúòðåøåí äèàìåòúð, â [m]

Ïðèåìà ñå, ÷å ñêîðîñòòà íà âîäàòà êëîíè êúì íóëà ñëåäçàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà ò.å. çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð ��V = 1.32 m/s

3. Îïðåäåëÿíå íà ìàêñèìàëíaòà ïðîìÿíà íà íàëÿãàíåòî âðåçóëòàò íà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà

êúäåòî �Ð ìàêñèìàëíà ïðîìÿíà íà íàëÿãàíåòî, â barVw ñêîðîñò íà íàïîðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]�V - ñêîðîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [m/s]� - ïëúòíîñò íà ôëóèäà, â [kg/m3]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: ��Ð = 3.55 bar

4.Îïðåäåëÿíå íà ìèíèìàëíîòî è ìàêñèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå, âbar

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð: Ðmax = 10 + 3,55 = 13,55 bar.

�Ð<P, ñëåäîâàòåëíî íå å íåîáõîäèìî íàìèðàíåòî íàìèíèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå.

5. Îïðåäåëÿíå íà åôåêòèâíèÿ ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò ïðèìàêñèìàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå

êúäåòî

SF - ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò

� . 20 . sSF = --------------------

Ðmax ( do - s)

Pmin = P - �Ð

Ðmax = P + �Ð

�Ð = Vw . �V . � . 10-5

4 . Q

�V = ------------------

3,14 . di2

2. Determination of fluid speed before the change

�V - fluid speed [m/s]

Q - flow quantity [m3/s]di - inside diameter [m]

It is to accept that the water speed is approximately 0 after closing the valve.

For the sample ��V = 1.32 m/s

3. Determination of the maximum pressure change as a result ofthe closed valve

�Ð - maximum pressure change [bar]Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]�V - fluid speed [m/s]� - density of fluid [kg/m3]

For the sample: ��Ð = 3.55 bar

4. Calculation of the minimum and maximum pressure in bar

For the sample: Pmax = 10 + 3,55 = 13,55 bar.

�Ð<P, therefore it is not necessary to calculate the minimum pres-sure.

5. Calculation of the efective safety factor at maximum pressure

SF- safety factor

� . 20 . sSF = --------------------

Ðmax ( do - s)

Pmin = P - �Ð

Ðmax = P + �Ð

�Ð = Vw . �V . � . 10-5

4 . Q

�V = ------------------

3,14 . di2

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� - ïåðèôåðíîòî íàïðåæåíèå, â [N/mm2] âçåòî îòäúëãîâðåìåííèòå ðåãðåñèîííè êðèâè çà ÐÅ 100 ïðèñúîòâåòíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà ôëóèäà (âèæ ðàçäåë Ïîëèåòèëåíúòêàòî ìàòåðèàë, ñòð. 13)

s - äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà, â [mm]do - âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà, â [mm]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð âçåìàìå ñòîéíîñòòà çà ïåðèôåðíîòîíàïðåæåíèå ïðè íóëà ïðîäúëæèòåëíîñò íà íàòîâàðâàíåòî, òúéêàòî å íåîáõîäèìî òðúáàòà äà áúäå óñòîé÷èâà ïðèåêñòðåìàëíî íàëÿãàíå ñàìî çà ñåêóíäè ò.å. � = 16,7 N/mm2.

Èç÷èñëåíàòà ñòîéíîñò íà SF = 1.57.

6. Îöåíêà íà ôàêòîðà íà ñèãóðíîñò ïðè ìàêñèìàëíîòîíàëÿãàíå

6.1. Aêî ïîëó÷åíèÿ ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò SF å ïî-ãîëÿì îòìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíèÿ (â ñëó÷àÿ íà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð SF=1.57 >SFmin=1.25), òî òðúáîïðîâîäúò å óñòîé÷èâ ïðè ðåäêè ñëó÷àè íàõèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð. Íî ïðè ñëó÷àè íà ÷åñòî ïîâòàðÿùè ñåõèäðàâëè÷íè óäàðè, òðúáîïðîâîäúò íÿìà äà áúäå ñòàáèëåí, òúéêàòî ïðè òîâà ïîëîæåíèå å íåîáõoäèì SF > 3.

6.2. Àêî ôàêòîðúò íà ñèãóðíîñò SF íå îòãîâàðÿ íà ïîñî÷åíèòåêðèòåðèè, e íåîáõîäèìî äà áúäàò êîðèãèðàíè ðàçìåðèòå íàòðúáàòà èëè âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëà, çà äà ñå íàìàëèõèäðàâëè÷íèÿ óäàð (çàäâèæâàíåòî íà âåíòèëèòå, áàâíîñïèðàíå è ïóñêàíå íà ïîìïè è ò.í).

Íåîáõîäèìî å âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíå íà âåíòèëèòå äà áúäå ïî-ãîëÿìî îò ò.íàð êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä Òñ, êîéòî ñå îïðåäåëÿ ÷ðåçñëåäíàòà ôîðìóëà:

êúäåòîTC - êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä, â ñåêóíäèL - äúëæèíàòà íà ðàçãëåæäàíèÿ ó÷àñòúê îò òðúáîïðîâîäà, â [m] Vw - ñêîðîñò íà óäàðíàòà âúëíà, â [m/s]

Çà íàøèÿ ïðèìåð Òñ=3,72 ñåêóíäè, ò.å. âðåìåòî çà çàòâàðÿíåíà âåíòèëà å ïî-ìàëêî îò êðèòè÷íèÿ ïåðèîä.

Çà óïðàâëåíèå íà ñèñòåìèòå ïðè õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð òðÿáâà äàñå âçåìà ïðåäâèä òîçè êðèòè÷åí ïåðèîä TC. ×ðåç óâåëè÷àâàíåâðåìåòî íà çàòâàðÿíå íàä êðèòè÷íèÿ ïåðèîä, õèäðàâëè÷íèÿòóäàð ùå áúäå íàìàëåí. Òðúáîïðîâîäúò ùå áúäå óñòîé÷èâ ïðèñèòóàöèè, âîäåùè äî ÷åñòà ïîÿâà íà èìïóëñè.

Ñâðúõíàëÿãàíåòî ïðè òðúáèòå îò ñèíòåòè÷íè ìàòåðèàëè, â ò.÷. èòðúáèòå îò ÐÅ, å ïî-íèñêî îò òîâà íà ñòîìàíåíèòå è äðóãèâèäîâå òðúáè ïîðàäè ïî-íèñêèÿ ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò.

ÎÏÎÐÍÈ ÒÎ×ÊÈ ÇÀ ÓÊÐÅÏÂÀÍÅ ÍÀÒÐÚÁÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÀÂ çàâèñèìîñò îò ìàòåðèàëà, ñðåäíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íàñòåíàòà íà òðúáàòà, ðàçìåðà íà òðúáàòà è ïëúòíîñòòà íàïðîòè÷àùèÿ ôëóèä, ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáîïðîâîäè òðÿáâà äàáúäàò óêðåïåíè.

Îïîðíèòå òî÷êè ïðåäîòâðàòÿâàò èçìåñòâàíå èëè äâèæåíèå íàòðúáîïðîâîäà âúâ âñÿêà ïîñîêà. Îñâåí òîâà òå ñëóæàò çàïîåìàíå íà ðåàêöèîííèòå ñèëè ïðè óïîòðåáà íàêîìïåíñàòîðè.

2 . L TC = ---------------

Vw

s - reference stress [N/mm2] from the pressure curve for ÐÅ 100 atthe specified fluid temperature (see for details The PE material,page 13)

s- wall thickness [mm]

do - outside diameter of pipe [mm]

For the sample above we accept the value for reference stressby zero time of loading, because it is necessary the pipe to beresistant at extremal pressure only for few seconds, s = 16,7N/mm2.

The calculated SF value is SF = 1.57

6. Evaluation of safety factor by maximum pressure

6.1. If the calculated safety factor SF is bigger than the minimumrequired one (in the sample above SF=1.57 > SFmin=1.25), thepipeline can be classified as resistant against rarely appearedhydraulic shocks. But if the hydraulic shocks appear frequently,the pipeline could not be stable, because in this case a safetyfactor SF > 3 is required.

6.2. If the safety factor does not match the specified require-ments, the diameter of the pipe must be changes or the time forclosing the valve must be corrected to decrease the hydraulicshock.

It is required that the time for closing the valves is bigger than thecritical period Tc, that can be calculated from the formula:

TC - critical period [sec]L - length of pipeline where the hydraulic shock appears [m] Vw - speed of shock wave [m/s]

For the sample above TC=3,72 sec, and the time for closing thevalve is lower than the critical period.

To properly control the pipe systems by hydraulic shock appear-ance the critical period TC must always be taken into considera-tion.

By increasing the time for closing over the critical period, thehydraulic shock could be decreased. The pipeline will be resist-ant even by freqency apperaed impulses.

Due to the lower elasticity modul the over pressure in plasticpipes and PE pipes in this case is lower than that one in steel pipesand pipes of other type of materials.

FIXED POINTS AS SUPPORT OF THE PIPELINEDepending on the raw material, the average temperature in thepipe wall, the pipe diameter and the fluid density polyethylenepipelines have to be fixed.

The special fixed points prevent a sliding or moving of the pipesystem in each direction. They serve furthermore for compensa-tion of the reaction forces of compensators.

As fixed points, edges of fittings sockets or special fixed points aresuitable.

2 . L TC = ---------------

Vw

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ÑÏÅÖÈÔÈ×ÍÈ ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÈ ÍÀ ÐÅ SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF PE

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Ñëåäâàéêè ñòîéíîñòèòå íà ïåðèôåðíîòî íàïðåæåíèå �v ïðè20°Ñ, åêñòðàïîëèðàíî çà ñëåä 50 ãîäèíè, ñå ïîëó÷àâà ò.íàð.äúëãîâðåìåííà õèäðîñòàòè÷íà ÿêîñò. 97,5 % îòäúëãîâðåìåííàòà õèäðîñòàòè÷íà ÿêîñò å îïðåäåëåíà êàòîäîëíà äîâåðèòåëíà ãðàíèöà. Ïðåñìÿòàéêè äîëíàòàäîâåðèòåëíà ãðàíèöà è çàêðúãëÿâàéêè íàäîëó êúì íàé-áëèçêîòî÷èñëî îò ñåðèÿòà íà Renard ñå ïîëó÷àâà ò.íàð. ìèíèìàëíîèçèñêâàíà ÿêîñò íà ìàòåðèàëà (MRS), èçðàçåíà â MÐa.

Ïîëèåòèëåíúò (ÐÅ), ïðåäíàçíà÷åí çà íàïîðíè òðúáîïðîâîäíèñèñòåìè, ñå êëàñèôèöèðà ñïîðåä ìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíàòàÿêîñò MRS (MRS = Minimum Required Strenght) êàêòî ñëåäâà:

Ñòîéíîñòòà íà MRS, óìíîæåíà ïî 10, äàâà òèïà íà ìàòåðèàëà,íàïðèìåð çà MRS = 8,0 êëàñèôèêàöèÿòà å PE 80, à çà MRS = 10,òÿ å ñúîòâåòíî PE 100.

Ñúâðåìåííèòå ìàðêè ÐÅ 100 ìàòåðèàëè çàïàçâàò ñòîéíîñòòàíà MRS îò 10 MPa è ïðè åêñòðàïîëàöèÿ íà ðåçóëòàòèòå çàïåðèîä îò âðåìå 100 ãîäèíè ïðè 20°Ñ, à çà ïåðèîä îò 50 ãîäèíèñòîéíîñòòà íà MRS íàäâèøàâà 10 MPa.

×ðåç îïèñàíàòà ïðîöåäóðà ñòàíäàðòúò ïîçâîëÿâà äà ñåóíèôèöèðàò ðàçëè÷íèòå ìàòåðèàëè, íåçàâèñèìî îò õèìè÷åñêèÿïðîöåñ, ïî êîéòî ñà ïîëó÷åíè. Ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñòàâà âúçìîæíîïðîåêòèðàíåòî íà òðúáíè ñèñòåìè çà äèñòðèáóöèÿ íà ãàç èòå÷íîñòè çà ïðåäâèäèì åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí ñðîê.

ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍ ÒÈÏ ÐÅ 100ÐÅ 100 å ïîëèåòèëåí òèï òðåòî ïîêîëåíèå. Â ðåçóëòàò íàìîäèôèöèðàíå íà ìåòîäà íà ïîëèìåðèçàöèÿ å ïîñòèãíàòîóñúâúðøåíñòâàíå íà ÐÅ-ìàòåðèàëà. Çàòîâà ÐÅ 100 òèïîâåòåèìàò ïî-âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò è ïîäîáðåíè ìåõàíè÷íè ñâîéñòâàêàòî íàïðèìåð óâåëè÷åíà äúëãîâðåìåííà ÿêîñò è óñòîé÷èâîñòíà áúðçî è áàâíî ðàçïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ïóêíàòèíè.

Ïî òàçè ïðè÷èíà ìàòåðèàëúò å ïîäõîäÿù çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íàíàïîðíè òðúáè ñ ïî-ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè è ïîðàäè ïî-âèñîêàòàñòîéíîñò íà MRS ñå äîñòèãà ñúîòâåòíàòà ñòåïåí íà íàëÿãàíåïðè ïî-ìàëêà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ñðàâíåíèå ñ ÐÅ 80ìàòåðèàëèòå.

Îò äîñåãàøíàòà ñâåòîâíà ïðàêòèêà ñå íàëàãà èçâîäúò, ÷åãëàâíèòå ñíàáäèòåëíè ëèíèè ñà èçãðàæäàò îò ÐÅ 100 òðúáè, àòàì êúäåòî ãúâêàâîñòòà å èçêëþ÷èòåëíî âàæíà, ñå èçïîëçâàòòðúáè îò ÐÅ 80.

From the values of the reference stress �v at 20°C, extrapolatedfor after 50 years, a long time period strenght can be defined.97,5% of this value is marked as a lower limit level.

The calculation of the lower limit level and the rounding off tothe nearest number of Renard series determinates the minimumrequired strenght (MRS) in Mpa.

Polyehylene (PE) for pressure pipeline systems can be classified inregards to the minimum required strenght (MRS) as follows:

The MRS value, multiplied with 10, gives the type of the material.For example the classification for MRS = 8.0 is PE 80 material, andfor MRS = 10 it is a PE 100 material.

The new developed PE 100 materials preserv the MRS value of 10MPa even by extrapolation of the results for an operation periodof 100 years at 20°C, and for an operation period of 50 years theMRS values are more than 10 MPa.

Due to the procedure described different materials could be uni-fied, independant on the chemical precess for their production.

In this way the design of pipe systems for gas distribution and flu-ids for a specified life-time period can be applied.

POLYETHYLENE TYPE PE 100These materials can also be described as polyehylene types ofthe third generation.

This is a further development of the PE materials which shows bya modified polymerisation process an amended mol mass distri-bution. Therefore PE 100 types have a higher density and by thisimroved mechanical properties comes a raised stiffness andhardness. Also a creep pressure and the resistance against rapidcrack propagation are increased.

Consequently, thsi material is suitable for the production of pres-sure pipes with larger diameters. In comparison to usual pressurepipes out of PE with less wall thickness the corresponding pressurerating will be achieved.

From the practice the conclusion can be made, that the mainpipelines are of PE 100 pipes, and PE 80 is used where flexibility isspecial required.

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Ïîäõîäÿùè çà îïîðíè òî÷êè ñà êàíòîâå íà ìóôè íà ñâúðçâàùè÷àñòè èëè ñïåöèàëíè îïîðíè åëåìåíòè. Íåïîäõîäÿùè ñàñâîáîäíè ñêîáè èëè çàêðåïâàíå íà ñàìèÿ òðúáîïðîâîä.

Ïðè ïîâèøåíè ðàáîòíè òåìïåðàòóðè ïðè çäðàâî çàêðåïåíèòðúáîïðîâîäè ìîæå äà ñå ïîëó÷è òàêà, ÷å ëèíåéíîòîðàçøèðåíèå íà ìàòåðèàëà äà ïðåäèçâèêà ïîâèøåíî îãúâàíåíà òðúáàòà. Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíî å â òàêèâà ñëó÷àè äà ñå âçåìàòïîäõîäÿùèòå ìåðêè (íàïðèìåð êîìïåíñàòîðè).

Ïðè ïðåêàëåíî ìàëêè ðàçñòîÿíèÿ ìåæäó îïîðíèòå ñêîáè íàòðúáèòå, ïî-åôåêòèâåí ìåòîä íà óêðåïâàíå å ïîñòàâÿíåòî íàòðúáèòå â U-ïðîôèëè èëè óëåè.

ËÈÍÅÉÍÎ ÐÀÇØÈÐÅÍÈÅÒåðìîïëàñòèòå è â ò.÷. ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè ñà ïîäëîæåíè íàãîëåìè òåðìè÷íè ðàçøèðåíèÿ è ñâèâàíèÿ. Ïðîèçòè÷àùèòå îòòåìïåðàòóðíèòå ðàçëèêè íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà ïðîìåíè âäúëæèíàòà òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïðåäâèäåíè, çà äà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòèäîïúëíèòåëíîòî îáòÿãàíå íà òðúáèòå.

Ïðîìåíè â äúëæèíèòå â åäíà ïëàñòìàñîâà òðúáîïðîâîäíàñèñòåìà ìîãàò äà áúäàò èçâåäåíè îò ïðîöåñèòå íà èçïèòâàíåèëè îò ðàáîòíàòà ïðàêòèêà. Òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðàâè ðàçëèêà ìåæäóïðîìåíè â äúëæèíèòå:

• ïîðàäè ñìÿíà íà òåìïåðàòóðàòà• ïîðàäè âúòðåøíî íàäíàëÿãàíå• ïîä õèìè÷åñêî âúçäåéñòâèå

Ïúðâàòà ñòúïêà ïðè îïðåäåëÿíå íà èçèñêâàíàòà äúëæèíà íàòðúáíèÿ ó÷àñòúê å îïðåäåëÿíåòî íà ðàçøèðåíèåòî èëèñâèâàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäà, èçìåðåíî ìåæäó äâå îïîðíèòî÷êè ïî ôîðìóëàòà:

êúäåòî�L - ïðîìÿíàòà íà äúëæèíàòà, â [mm]L - äúëæèíà íà òðúáàòà, â [m]�T - òåìïåðàòóðíà ðàçëèêà, â [°Ê]

(Ïðè óòî÷íÿâàíåòî íà �T ñå âçåìà íàé-íèñêàòà è íàé-âèñîêàòàòåìïåðàòóðà íà ñòåíàòà íà òðúáàòà ïðè ìîíòàæ, ðàáîòà èëèïîêîé íà ñúîðúæåíèåòî)� - êîåôèöèåíò íà ëèíåéíî ðàçøèðåíèå, çà ÐÅ �=0.18mm/(m.°Ê)

Ïðåïîðú÷âà ñå òðúáèòå ïðåäè ñâúðçâàíåòî èì äà áúäàòòåìïåðèðàíè äî æåëàíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå, çà äà ñåèçáåãíå ïîÿâàòà íà äîïúëíèòåëíî îáòÿãàíå â ñëåäñòâèå íàòåìïåðàòóðíè ðàçëèêè.

ÄÎÏÓÑÒÈÌÈ ÌÈÍÈÌÀËÍÈ ÐÀÄÈÓÑÈ ÍÀÎÃÚÂÀÍÅÏðè èçãðàæäàíå íà ÐÅ òðúáîïðîâîä ïðîìÿíàòà íà ïîñîêàòà íàòðàñåòî ìîæå äà ñå ïîñòèãíå è ÷ðåç èçïîëçâàíå åñòåñòâåíàòàãúâêàâîñò íà òðúáàòà â îïðåäåëåíè ãðàíèöè.

Äîïóñòèìèÿò ðàäèóñ íà îãúâàíå çàâèñè îò òåìïåðàòóðàòà íàïîëàãàíe, äåáåëèíàòà íà ñòåíàòà è îò íîìèíàëíîòî íàëÿãàíå(PN).

�L = � . L . �T

Swinging clips are not appropriate to be used as fixed points orthe clamping of the pipe.

At increased operating temperatures on strong fixed pipelines, itcan apperas that the change in length can cuases a biggerbending of the pipe.

In such cases it is recommended to take special measurments(e.g. to install compensators).

If the distances between the support points for the pipeline aretoo small, it is a better solution to put the pipes in U-form profile.

CALCULATION OF LENGTH CHANGE Polyethylene pipes are xposed to big termal extensions andchanges in length. Possible changes in the weathering tempera-ture cause changes in length and must therefore always betaken into consideration to prevent any additional stretching ofthe pipes.

Changes in length of plastic pipe systems are caused bychanges in the operating or test process.

There are the following differences:

• change in length by temperature change• change in length by internal pressure load• change in length by chemical influenceThe first step for the determination of the required length of thepipeline is to define the change in length between two fixedpoints of the pipeline. This is possible according to the formula:

�L - change in length [mm]L - pipe length [m]�T - difference in temperature [°Ê]

(the lowest and the highest pipe wall temperature by installation,operation or standstill of the system is basis at the determinationof �T)

� - linear expansion coefficient, for PE �=0.18 [mm/(m.°K)

It is recommended to reach the required laying temperature ofthe pipes before connect and install them to prevent possiblestretching of the pipeline due to any temperature changes.

PERMISSIBLE MINIMUM BENDING RADIUS OFPIPESThe change in the direction of a PE pipeline can be also realizedby using the natural flexibility of the pipe in defined limits.

The permissible bending radius depends on the laying tempera-ture, the wall thickness and the nominal pressure PN.

�L = � . L . �T

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Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíè ìèíèìàëíî äîïóñòèìè ðàäèóñè íà îãúâàíå âçàâèñèìîñò îò SDR è òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà ïîëàãàíå

Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå 0°Ñ äîïóñòèìèòå ðàäèóñè íàîãúâàíå ñå óâåëè÷àâàò ñ ôàêòîð 2.5. Ìåæäó 0°Ñ è 20°Ñ ðàäè-óñúò íà îãúâàíå ìîæå äà áúäå èç÷èñëåí ñ ëèíåéíàèíòåðïîëàöèÿ.

Ôàêòîð çà óâåëè÷àâàíå íà ðàäèóñà íà îãúâàíå ïðè òðúáè ñ ïî-ìàëêî íàïîðíî íàòîâàðâàíå:

The recommended minimum permitted bending raduis inregards to SDR and laying temperature are given in the chartbelow:

At laying temperature 0°Ñ the permitted bending radius isincreased with a factor 2.5. Between 0°Ñ and 20°Ñ the bendingradius can be calculated with the help of a linear interpolation.

Calculation of the factor for increase the bending radius forpipes with lower pressure loads is given in the chart below:



ÕÈÌÈ×ÍÀ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÀ ÍÀ ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍÀÏîëèåòèëåíúò å òåðìîïëàñòè÷íà ïëàñòìàñà, ïîëó÷åíà ÷ðåçïîëèìåðèçàöèÿ íà åòèëåí. Õèìè÷íàòà ñòðóêòóðà íà òîçèïðîöåñ íà ïðîèçâîäñòâî íà ïîëèåòèëåíà å:

Â çàâèñèìîñò îò ïëúòíîñòòà, ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå êàòåãîðèçèðà âòðè òèïà:• ïîëèåòèëåí âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò PEHD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.940 - 0.960 ãð/ñì3

• ïîëèåòèëåí ñðåäíà ïëúòíîñò PEMD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.920 - 0.950 ãð/ñì3

• ïîëèåòèëåí íèñêà ïëúòíîñò PELD ñúñ ñòîéíîñòè 0.910 - 0.930 ãð/ñì3

ÇÀÙÎ ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍ (ÐÅ) ÇÀ ÒÐÚÁÈÇà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè ñå èçïîëçâàò ãëàâíîòèïîâå HDPE è MDPE. Ïîíàñòîÿùåì LDPE íàìèðà ïðèëîæåíèåñàìî çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà òðúáè çà íàïîÿâàíå ïðè íèñêèíàëÿãàíèÿ.

Ñúãëàñíî ÁÄÑ EN ISO 12162, çà îñíîâíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà íàñóðîâèíèòå ñå ïðèåìà ïåðèîäúò îò âðåìå, ïðåç êîéòî òðúáèòåñà óñòîé÷èâè êúì ïðèëîæåíîòî âúòðåøíî íàëÿãàíå. Âñòàíäàðòà å îïðåäåëåí ìèíèìàëåí ïåðèîä îò 50 ãîäèíè ïðèôëóèä âîäà ñ òåìïåðàòóðà 20°C, ïðåç êîéòî ïåðèîä òðúáèòåòðÿáâà äà èçäúðæàò íà íàëÿãàíåòî, çà êîåòî ñà ïðåäíàçíà-÷åíè.

Ïðîöåäóðàòà ïî èçïèòàíèåòî å îïèñàíà â ISO/TR 9080. Òÿ ñåñúñòîè â èçïèòâàíå íàïðîáíèòå îáðàçöè ïðèïîâèøåíà òåìïåðàòóðà(60°C, 70°C, 80°C) è åêñòðà-ïîëèðàíå íà ðåçóëòàòà çàèçèñêâàíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà.

Â ñëåäñòâèå íà òîâà ìàòå-ðèàëúò ÐÅ 100 ñå õàðàêòå-ðèçèðà ñúñ ñëåäíàòà ñïå-öèôè÷íà äèàãðàìà:

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYETHYLENEPolyethylene is a termoplastic, prepared after polymerisation ofethylene. The chemical structure of this production process is as follows:

According to the density, the polyehylene devides in three types:• polyethylene high density PEHD with density values of 0.940 - 0.960 g/cm3

• polyethylene middle density PEHD with density values of 0.920 - 0.950 g/cm3

• polyethylene low density PEHD with density values of 0.910 - 0.930 g/cm3

WHY TO CHOOSE PE FOR PIPESHDPE and MDPE polyehylene types are used mainly for the pro-duction of pipes. Currently the LDPE polyehylene type find itsapplication only for the production of irrigation pipes with lowerpressure.

According to EN ISO 12612 the most important raw materialproperty is the operation period which trough pipes are resistantto the applied inside pressure. In the standard a minimum opera-tion period of 50 years with water as fluid at 20°C is determinated,and the pipes must resist to the pressure they are designed for.

The testing procedure is discribed in ISO/TR 9080. It consists of test-ing the trial pipes at increased temperature (60°C, 70°C, 80°C)and extrapolation of the results for the required temperature.

As a result of these teststhe following special dia-gramm can be appliedfor PE 100 material:

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Ñúâðåìåííèòå ïîñòèæåíèÿ â ïðîìèøëåíîñòòà, ïðèðàñòà íàíàñåëåíèåòî è óâåëè÷åíîòî ïîòðåáëåíèå, êàêòî è ðàçâèòèåòîíà íîâè ìàòåðèàëè è ïðîäóêòè äîâåæäàò äî íàòðóïâàíå íàáèòîâè è ïðîìèøëåíè òâúðäè îòïàäúöè, êîèòî ñëåä ãíèåíåîáðàçóâàò ìíîãî äðóãè õèìèêàëè, êîèòî ïîïàäàò âïîäïî÷âåíèòå âîäè è çàìúðñÿâàò ïðèðîäíàòà ñðåäà.

Åòî çàòîâà â ïîñëåäíèòå ãîäèíè ñå íàëàãàò è âñå ïî-åôåêòèâíèìåðêè è èçèñêâàíèÿ çà îïàçâàíå íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà.

Èìåííî â òàçè ñôåðà ïîëèåòèëåíúò ñå ÿâÿâà èäåàëíèÿòìàòåðèàë çà îòâåæäàíå íà ïîäïî÷âåíèòå âîäè ÷ðåç ñïåöèàëíîèçãðàäåíè è ìîäåðíèçèðàíè äðåíàæíè ñèñòåìè.

Èçâåæäàíåòî ïî òåçè òðúáîïðîâîäè íà ìåòàíîâèÿ ãàç, îòäåëÿùñå ïðè ãíèåíåòî íà îòïàäúöèòå, äîïðèíàñÿ çà ïîñòèãàíå íàòàçè îáùî÷îâåøêà è õóìàííà êàóçà ïî îïàçâàíå íàïðèðîäíîòî íè íàñëåäñòâî.

The present-day achievements in the area of the industry as awhole, as well as the increased world consumption and thedevelopment of new materials and products lead to accumulation of public and industrial refuse.

The process of their corruption is connected with many otherchemical substances that goes into the water and damage andpollute the natur.

Therefore in the last years more effective measurments for preserving the environment are required.

Exactly in this area the polyehylene material is the best solutionfor leading and draining the underground water by means ofmodern drainage pipe systems.

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ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÍÀ ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÈÒÅ ÂÈÄÎÂÅÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÍÀ ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅÄàäåíèòå â òàáëèöàòà âèäîâå òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå ñàäîïóñòèìè çà ñúîòâåòíèòå îáëàñòè íà ïðèëîæåíèå è ðàçìåðèíà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè:

* íå ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà çà ãàçîñíàáäèòåëíè ñèñòåìè

ÎÁÙÈ ÈÇÈÑÊÂÀÍÈß È ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÀ ÏÐÅÄÈÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅÊà÷åñòâîòî íà çàâàðú÷íèòå ñúåäèíåíèÿ çàâèñè îò êà÷åñòâîòîíà ðàáîòà íà çàâàð÷èêà, îò ïîäõîäÿùî èçáðàíèòå çà öåëòàìàøèíè è ïðèñïîñîáëåíèÿ, êàêòî è ñïàçâàíåòî íà ñúîòâåòíîâàëèäíèòå íàðåäáè çà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Çàâàðú÷íèòå ðàáîòè âèíàãè òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâàò ïîäêîìïåòåíòåí è ïðîôåñèîíàëåí íàäçîð. Ïðåïîðú÷âà ñåäàííèòå äà ñå äîêóìåíòèðàò ïîä ôîðìàòà íà ïðîòîêîëè îòçàâàðÿâàíåòî èëè äà ñå çàïèñâàò íà ñúîòâåòíî ïîäõîäÿùèíîñèòåëè.

Âñåêè çàâàð÷èê òðÿáâà äà å îáó÷åí è äà èìà âàëèäåí äîêóìåíòçà èçâúðøâàíå íà òîçè âèä äåéíîñò.

Âñè÷êè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñëåäâà äà ñå èçïúëíÿâàò ïî âúçìîæíîñò áåçíàëè÷èå íà íàïðåæåíèå. Íàïðåæåíèÿ, êîèòî ìîãàò äà ñåïîÿâÿò îò ðàçëèêè â òåìïåðàòóðàòà, òðÿáâà äà ñå ñâåäàò äîìèíèìóì ÷ðåç ïîäõîäÿùè ìåðêè.

Îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòíåáëàãîïðèÿòíè óñëîâèÿ íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà (íàïðèìåðâëàæíîñò è òåìïåðàòóðè ïîä 0°Ñ). Êîãàòî ÷ðåç ïîäõîäÿùèäåéñòâèÿ (íàïðèìåð ïðåäâàðèòåëíî çàòîïëÿíå, ïîñòàâÿíå íàïàëàòêà, çàãðÿâàíå) ñå ãàðàíòèðà, ÷å å íàëèöå ïîäõîäÿùà çàçàâàðÿâàíå òåìïåðàòóðà, òîãàâà ìîæå äà ñå çàâàðÿâà è ïðèïðîèçâîëíà òåìïåðàòóðà íà âúíøíàòà ñðåäà. Â ñëó÷àé íàíóæäà ìîæå äà ñå íàëîæè íàïðàâàòà íà ïðåäâàðèòåëíèïðîáíè çàâàðêè ïðè ñúîòâåòíèòå óñëîâèÿ.

Àêî ìàòåðèàëúò âñëåäñòâèå íà ñëúí÷åâèòå ëú÷èå íåðàâíîìåðíî çàòîïëåí, òî îáëàñòòà íàçàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà ñâîåâðåìåííî äà ñåïîêðèå, çà äà ñå ãàðàíòèðà èçðàâíÿâàíå íàòåìïåðàòóðèòå. Ïî âðåìå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿïðîöåñ äà ñå èçáÿãâà îõëàæäàíå âñëåäñòâèåíà âúçäóøíî òå÷åíèå. Ïðè çàâàðÿâàíå íàòðúáè êðàèùàòà íà òðúáèòå äîïúëíèòåëíîòðÿáâà äà ñå çàòâîðÿò.

ÐÅ òðúáè íà ðóëà íåïîñðåäñòâåíî ñëåäðàçâèâàíåòî èì ñà âñå îùå îâàëíè. Êðàÿò íà òðúáàòà, êîéòîùå ñå çàâàðÿâà, ïðåäè ñàìàòà çàâàðêà òðÿáâà äà ñå èçïðàâè,íàïðèìåð ÷ðåç âíèìàòåëíî íàãðÿâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà óðåä çàòîïúë âúçäóõ è ñ óïîòðåáàòà íà ïîäõîäÿù çàòÿãàù èëè çàêðúãëÿùèíñòðóìåíò.

APPLICATION LIMITS FOR DIFFERENT WELDINGMETHODSThe differenet welding methods in the chart below show the limits for the different application fields and diameters of PEpipes:

*not recommended for gas supply systems

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND WELDINGPREPARATIONThe quality of the weldingjoints depends on the qualification ofthe welder, the suitability of the machines and appliances as wellas the compliance of the welding quidelines.

The welding process should always be supervised. It is recommended to document the method datas in welding protocols or on data medium.

Each welder must be qualified and must have a valid proof ofqualification.

All welding joints must be realized if possible without any tensions.Tensions due to changes in the temperature should be minimizedwith suitable measurements.

If possible, all joints have to executed so as to avoid any kind ofstresses. Stresses which may arise from differences in temperaturebetween laying and operating conditions must be kept as low aspossible by taking appropriate measures.

The welding area has to be protected from unfavourable weather conditions (e.g. moisture, temperatures under 0°C,wind, intensive UV-radiation).

If appropriate measures (e.g. preheating, tent-covering, heating)secure that the required pipe wall temperature will be maintained, welding operations may be performed at any outside temperatures, provided, that it does not interfere with thewelder`s manual skill.

If necessary, the weldability has to be proved byperforming sample welding seams under thegiven conditions.

If the semi finished product should be dispropor-tionately warmed up as a consequence ofintensive UV-radiation, it is necessary to takecare for the equalization of temperature bycovering the welding area in good time.

A cooling during the welding process throught draft should beavoided. Pipe ends have to be closed during welding.PE pipes from coils are immediately after the rolling action oval.

Before welding the pipe ends have to be adjusted for example

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Ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè íà åëåìåíòèòå, êîèòî ùå ñå çàâàðÿâàò, íåòðÿáâà äà ñà óâðåäåíè è íå òðÿáâà äà ñúäúðæàò çàìúðñÿâàíèÿ(íàïðèìåð ïðàõ, ìàñëà, îñòàòúöè îò ìàòåðèàë ïðè ðÿçàíå èò.í.).

Ïðè âñè÷êè ìåòîäè îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà îñòàíåè áåç íàïðåæåíèå îò îãúâàíå. Òîâà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòÿâàíàïðèìåð ñ âíèìàòåëíî ñêëàäèðàíå, ðîëêîâè îïîðè è ò.í.

Àêî ñå çàâàðÿâàò ãîëåìè ðàçìåðè òðúáè, ñ öåë óëåñíÿâàíå íàðàáîòàòà, çàâàðÿâàíåòî íà òðúáèòå ñëåäâà äà ñòàíå èçâúíòðúáíèÿ èçêîï. Â òîçè ñëó÷àé ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà ñòàöèîíàðíàìàøèíà çà çàâàðÿâàíå, êàòî òðúáàòà ñå èçäúðïâà ñëåä âñÿêàçàâàðêà. Ïðè ïî-ìàëêè äèàìåòðè íà ïîëîæåíè ïî äúëæèíàòàíà òðàñåòî òðúáè, ìàøèíàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíå ìîæå äà áúäåïðåíàñÿíà äî ñúîòâåòíèòå ìåñòà çà ñâúðçâàíå.

Òðúáè è/èëè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè ñ êðàèùàçà çàâàðÿâàíå îò ðàçëè÷íè SDR êëàñîâåíå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ñâúðçâàíè ïî ìåòîäàíà ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå.

×ÅËÍÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅ Ñ ÒÎÏÚË ÅËÅÌÅÍÒÏðè ÷åëíîòî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çàñâúðçâàíå ñå äîïèðàò ïîä íàëÿãàíå äî òîïúë åëåìåíò(ïðèòèñêàíå), ñëåä òîâà ñ íàìàëåíî íàëÿãàíå ñå íàãðÿâàò äîçàäàäåíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå (íàãðÿâàíå) è ñëåäîòñòðàíÿâàíå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò (ñìÿíà) îòíîâî ïîä íàëÿãàíåñå ñúåäèíÿâàò (ñúåäèíÿâàíå). Ñëåäâà îõëàæäàíå íà ãîòîâàòàçàâàðêà.

by heating with hot-air blower and usage of a suitable cut pressure or round pressure installation.The joining areas of the parts to be welded must not be damaged or contaminated.Immediately before starting the welding process, the joiningareas have to be cleaned nad must be free from e.g. dirt, oil,shavings.

On apllying any of these methods, keep the wedling area clearof flexural stresses (e.g. careful storage, use of dollies).

It is recommended when welding large diameter of pipes, that astationary welding unit be set up at the top of the trench. Thepipe should then be pulled forward after each welding process.For small diameter pipes the welding machine can be moved toeach joint.

Always connect pipes and fittings onlywith similar wall thicknesses (same SDRclasses) with butt welding method withheating element.

BUTT WELDING WITH HEATING ELEMENTThe welding faces of the parts to be joined are aligned underpressure onto the heating element (alignment). Then, the partsare heated up to the welding temperature under reduced pressure (heating). After the heating element has been removed(adjustment), the parts are joined under pressure (joining). Nowthe weld must be cooled (cooling).



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100ÄÎÏÚËÍÈÒÅËÍÎ ÏÐÎÐßÇÀÍÀ• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà äðåíàæíè ñèñòåìè ñ âèñîêî âúíøíîíàòîâàðâàíå è äúëáî÷èíà íà çàëàãàíå > 10 ì • Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 160 äî ô 400 ìì • Øèðî÷èíà íà ïðîðåçà: 4 è 8 ìì (çà ô 160); 3, 6 è 9 ìì çàäðóãèòå ðàçìåðè• Âèä íà ïðîðÿçâàíåòî: 1/3, 2/3 èëè íàïúëíî ïðîðÿçàíè• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà • Ñòàíäàðò: EN 13244, DIN 4262-1• Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì • Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð è äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàS - òðúáíà ñåðèÿd - íîìèíàëåí âúíøåí äèàìåòúð â ììs - íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ììkg/m - òåãëî íà òðúáàòà â êã/ì

EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100 ADDITIONALLY SLOTTED• Usage: for drainage systems with high inner pressure and laydepth >10 m• Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 160 - d 400 mm • Slot width: 4 and 8 mm (for d 160); 3, 6 and 9 mm for the otherdiameters• Slot position: 1/3, 2/3 or full slotted• Pipe color: black pipe • Standard: EN 13244, DIN 4262-1• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)

SDR - diameter/wall thickness relationS - pipe series d - nominal outside diameter in mms - nominal wall thickness in mmkg/m - weight of pipe in kg/m

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Óñïîðåäíî ñ óñúâúðøåíñòâàíåòî íà òåõíîëîãèèòå ñåíàáëþäàâà è óâåëè÷àâàíå íà õèìè÷åñêèòå îòïàäúöè, êîèòîñúäúðæàò âñå ïî-àãðåñèâíè âåùåñòâà.

Â ïðåäâèä îñîáåíèÿ ñúñòàâ íà êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå âîäè èõèìèêàëè, ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå (ÐÅ) òðúáîïðîâîäíè ñèñòåìè ñàíàé-ïðèåìëèâîòî è åôåêòèâíî ðåøåíèå áëàãîäàðåíèå íàñâîÿòà óñòîé÷èâîñò êúì õèìèêàëè, åðîçèÿ è êîðîçèÿ.

Êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå íàïîðíè òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ÐÅ çà ïîäçåìíè èíàäçåìíè êàíàëèçàöèè ñà ñå äîêàçàëè âå÷å ïîâå÷å îò 35ãîäèíè.

ÐÅ òðúáíè ñèñòåìè ñà àáñîëþòíî íåïðîïóñêëèâè, êîåòî åðåçóëòàò îò èçïîëçâàíèÿ ìåòîäà çà ñâúðçâàíå ÷ðåç çàâàðÿâàíå,êîéòî ãàðàíòèðà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà öÿëàòà ñèñòåìà

Âèñîêèÿò ìîäóë íà åëàñòè÷íîñò íà ÐÅ íàïúëíî óäîâëåòâîðÿâàèçèñêâàíèÿòà íà êàíàëèçàöèîííèòå ñèñòåìè.

Along to the developed new world technologies an increasedseparation of chemical refuse is reported.

The waste contains more and more agressive substances.

Because of the special composition of the sewage waste waterand chemicals, PE pipelines are now the most acceptable andeffective solution due to their excellent chemical resistance andcorrosion resistance.

Pressure sewage pipelines of PE for under ground and above theground installation have proved since more than 35 year of positive experiense.

PE pipe systems are absolutely non-permeable, which is a resultof the very good connection technologies that ensure a largecongestion of the whole system.

The high elasticity modul of PE fulfills the requirements of thesewage systems.

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Ïîäãîòîâêà çà çàâàðÿâàíå

Âñè÷êè çàâàðêè òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâàò ñ ìàøèíè è óðåäè,êîèòî îòãîâàðÿò íà ñúîòâåòíèòå èçèñêâàíèÿ. Àïàðàòóðèòå çàçàâàðÿâàíå ñà ñ ðàçëè÷åí îáõâàò è ñå èçáèðàò â çàâèñèìîñòîò äèàìåòúðà íà çàâàðÿâàíèòå òðúáè èëè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè.Ïðåäè çàïî÷âàíå íà çàâàðú÷íè ðàáîòè ñå ïðîâåðÿâàíåîáõîäèìàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíåòî òåìïåðàòóðà íà òîïëèÿåëåìåíò. Òîâà ñòàâà íàïðèìåð ñ êîíòàêòåí òåðìîìåòúð çàèçìåðâàíå íà ïîâúðõíîñòíà òåìïåðàòóðà. Êîíòðîëíîòîèçìåðâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøè íà ìÿñòîòî íà òîïëèÿåëåìåíò, êîåòî ùå êîíòàêòóâà ñ äðóãàòà ïîâúðõíîñò çàçàâàðÿâàíå. Çà äà ñå ïîëó÷è òåðìè÷íî ðàâíîâåñèå, òîïëèÿòåëåìåíò ìîæå äà áúäå èçïîëçâàí íàé-ðàíî 10 ìèíóòè ñëåääîñòèãàíå íà çàäàäåíàòà òåìïåðàòóðà. Çà ïîñòèãàíå íàîïòèìàëíè çàâàðêè, òîïëèÿò åëåìåíò òðÿáâà âíèìàòåëíî äàáúäå ïî÷èñòâàí ïðåäè âñÿêà çàâàðêà. Ñïåöèàëíîòî ïîêðèòèåíà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò â ðàáîòíàòà ìó îáëàñò ñëåäâà äà íå åïîâðåäåíî èëè íàäðàñêàíî.Òðúáèòå è ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè ïðåäè çàòÿãàíåòî èì â ìàøèíàòàòðÿáâà àêñèàëíî äà ñå èçðàâíÿò.

Çàåäíî ñ ïðîâåðêàòà íà øèðèíàòà íàïðîöåïà òðÿáâà äà ñå êîíòðîëèðà èðàçìåñòâàíåòî. Ðàçìåñòâàíåòî íàïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå åäíà êúìäðóãà íå áèâà äà ïðåâèøàâà ïî âúíøíàòàñòðàíà íà òðúáàòà äîïóñòèìèÿ ðàçìåð îò 0,1õ äåáåëèíàòà íà ñòåíàòà.

Íåîáðàáîòåíè çàâàðú÷íè ïîâúðõíîñòè äà íåñå çàöàïâàò èëè ïèïàò ñ ïðúñòè, òúé êàòî âòîçè ñëó÷àé ùå å íåîáõîäèìî íîâîïî÷èñòâàíå. Ïîïàäíàëè â òðúáàòà îñòàòúöè îòðÿçàíå èëè îáðàáîòêà òðÿáâà äà áúäàòîòñòðàíåíè.

Ïðèòèñêàíå

Òåìïåðàòóðèòå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò çà ìàòåðèàë ÐÅ ñà â ðàìêèòåíà 200 - 220°Ñ. Ïî ïðàâèëî âàæè, ÷å ïðè ïî-ìàëêè äåáåëèíè íàñòåíèòå ñå öåëè äà ñå äîñòèãíå ãîðíàòà ãðàíèöà, à ïðè ïî-ãîëåìè äåáåëèíè íà ñòåíèòå - äîëíàòà ãðàíèöà íà òîçèòåìïåðàòóðåí äèàïàçîí.

Â ïîâå÷åòî ñëó÷àè íàëÿãàíåòî íà ïðèòèñêàíå èëè ñèëàòà íàïðèòèñêàíå, êîÿòî òðÿáâà äà ñå çàäàäå, ñå âçèìà îò òàáëèöèòåíà ìàøèíàòà çà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Ïðè ïðîöåñà íà ïðèòèñêàíå ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñåïðèòèñêàò òîëêîâà äúëãî äî òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò, äîêàòî ñåîáðàçóâà èçïëèñêâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëà. Ïðèòèñêàíåòî åïðèêëþ÷åíî, êîãàòî âèñî÷èíàòà íà èçïëèñêâàíåòî åäîñòèãíàëà èçèñêâàíèòå ñòîéíîñòè ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íàòðúáàòà. Âèñî÷èíàòà íà èçïëèñêâàíåòî ñëóæè çà èíäèêàòîð íàòîâà, ÷å ñâúðçâàùèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ñà ðàâíîìåðíî è ïðàâèëíîëåæàùè êúì òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò.

Íàãðÿâàíå

Çà íàãðÿâàíåòî ïîâúðõíîñòèòå òðÿáâà äà ñà äîïðåíè ñ ìàëêîíàëÿãàíå äî òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò. Çà öåëòà íàëÿãàíåòî ñå íàìàëÿâàäî ïî÷òè íóëà (< 0.01 N/mm2). Ïðè íàãðÿâàíåòî òîïëèíàòàíàâëèçà â ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå è ãè çàãðÿâà äîòåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå.

Ñìÿíà

Ñëåä äîñòèãíàòîòî çàäàäåíî âðåìå çà íàãðÿâàíåïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñå îòäåëÿò îò òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò.Ïîñëåäíèÿò âíèìàòåëíî ñå èçâàæäà, áåç äà ñå ïîâðåäÿò èëèçàìúðñÿò íàãðåòèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå. Ñëåä òîâàïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå ñå ïðèäâèæàò åäíà êúì äðóãà äîïî÷òè ïúëíî äîêîñâàíå. Âðåìåòî çà ñìÿíà òðÿáâà äà åâúçìîæíî íàé-êðàòêî, òúé êàòî â ïðîòèâåí ñëó÷àéïëàñòèôèöèðàíèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ìîãàò äà èçñòèíàò. Âïîñëåäñòâèå ïðàâèëíîòî èçïúëíåíèå íà òîçè ïðîöåñ å è

Preparations before welding

The welding machines and appliances must correspond to therequirements. It is recommended to choose the suitablemachine according to the diameter of the pipes or fitting thathave to be joined.Control the necessary heating element temperature beforeaech welding process. That happens e.g. with a high speed ter-mometer for surface measurements. The control measurementmust happen within the area of the heating element which cor-responds to the pipe and/or to the semi finished product. Toreach a termal balance, the heating element should be used notbefore 10 minutes after reaching the rated temperature.For optimal welding clean the heating element with clean, fluff-less paper before starting of each welding process. The non-stickcoating of the heating element must be undamaged in theworking area.Before clamping the pipes and fittings in the welding machinethey must be axial aligned.

Together with the control of the gap width (maximum 0,5 mm forpipes up to d 400 mm) also thedisalignment should bechecked. The disalignment ofthe joining areas to one anothershould not overstep the permiss-ble degree of 0,1 x wall thicknesson the pipe outside or on thetable respectively.

Not worked welding areasshouldn`t be dirty or touched byhands otherwise a renewedtreatment is necessary.

Shavings which are fallen in thepipe should be removed.

Alignment

The temperatures of the heating element for the PE materials isbetween 200 - 220°Ñ. Generally the aim is to use higher temper-atures for larger wall thicknesses and lower temperatures forsmaller wall thicknesses.

In most cases, the heating pressure [bar] or the heating force [N],which have to be adjusted, may be taken from the tables on thewelding machines.

Heating

During the heating process the areas must abut onto the heatingelement with low pressure. At which the temperature will fallnearly to zero (< 0.01 N/mm2). On heating the warmth infiltrate inthe parts to be welded and heat up to the welding temperature.

Adjustment

After the heating the adjusting surfaces should be removed fromthe heating element. The heating element should be taken awaywithout damage and pollution. Then, the adjusting surfaces mustjoin together very quickly until immediately prior to contact. Theadjusting time should be keept as short as possible, otherwise theplasticised areas will cool down and the wdling seam qualitywould be influenced in a negative way.

Joining

The areas to be welded should coincideby contact with a veloc-ity of nearly zero. The required joining pressure will rise linear if pos-sible.

Cooling

During cooling the joining presure must be maintained. A highermechanical use is only after prolongation of the cooling permis-sible. Assembly or mechanical treatment is allowed after thewhole cooling.

After joining, a double seam surrounding the whole circumfer-



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ïðåäïîñòàâêà çà äîáðîòî êà÷åñòâî íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ øåâ.

Ñúåäèíÿâàíå

Ïîâúðõíîñòèòå çà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ñðåùíàò ïðè ñêî-ðîñò ïî÷òè ðàâíà íà íóëà. Íåîáõîäèìîòî íàëÿãàíå çà ñúåäèíÿ-âàíå ïî âúçìîæíîñò ñå èçãðàæäà ëèíåéíî ïîêà÷âàùî ñå.

Îõëàæäàíå

Íàëÿãàíåòî çà ñúåäèíÿâàíå ïî âðåìå íà îõëàæäàíåòî òðÿáâàäà áúäå çàïàçåíî. Ìîíòàæ èëè ïîñëåäâàùà îáðàáîòêà ìîæåäà ñå èçâúðøâàò åäâà ñëåä ïúëíî îõëàæäàíå íà òðúáèòå èçàâàðêèòå. Íåäîïóñòèìè ñà ìåðêè çà óñêîðåíî îõëàæäàíå íàçàâàðÿâàíèòå ÷àñòè.

Ñëåä ñúåäèíÿâàíåòî ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íà òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äàñå å ïîëó÷èë ò.íàð. äâîåí øåâ. Îáðàçóâàíåòî íà øåâà äàâàîðèåíòèð çà ðàâíîìåðíîñòòà íà çàâàðêèòå. Ðàçëè÷íèîáðàçóâàíèÿ íà øåâà ìîãàò äà ñå îáóñëîâÿò ñ ðàçëè÷íî ïî âèäïîâåäåíèå íà âòå÷íÿâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëèòå, êîèòî ñå ñâúðçâàò.Îò îïèò ñ ïîçíàòèòå äîñåãà ìàòåðèàëè â äàäåíàòà MFR îáëàñòìîæå åäíà çàâàðêà äà ñå ñ÷èòà çà óñïåøíà, äîðè è êîãàòîòîâà âîäè äî íåñèìåòðè÷íîñò íà çàâàðú÷íèòå øåâîâå. “Ê"âèíàãè òðÿáâà äà å ïî-ãîëÿìî îò 0.

Èçïèòâàíå ïîä íàëÿãàíå

Äî ïðîâåæäàíå íà èçïèòâàíå ïîä íàëÿãàíå âñè÷êè çàâàðú÷íèñúåäèíåíèÿ òðÿáâà äà ñà íàïúëíî èçñòèíàëè (ïî ïðàâèëî 1 ÷àññëåä ïîñëåäíàòà çàâàðêà). Èçïèòâàíåòî ïîä íàëÿãàíå ñåïðîâåæäà ñúãëàñíî âàëèäíèòå íàöèîíàëíè íàðåäáè. Ïî âðåìåíà ñàìîòî èçïèòâàíå òðúáîïðîâîäúò òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòïðîìÿíà â òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà (íàïðèìåð îòñëúí÷åâî ãðååíå).

ÌÓÔÎÂÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅ Ïðè ìóôîâîòî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò òðúáàòà èñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå çàâàðÿâàò ñ ïðèïîêðèâàíå. Êðàÿò íàòðúáàòà è êðàÿò íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâàò äîòåìïåðàòóðà íà çàâàðÿâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà òîïúë åëåìåíò ïîäôîðìàòà íà äîðíèê îò åäíàòà ñòðàíà è âòóëêà îò äðóãàòàñòðàíà è ñëåä òîâà ñå ñúåäèíÿâàò.

ence must have been created. The seam development gives anorientation about the regularity of the weldings among eachother. Possible differences in the formation of the seams may bejustified by different flow behaviour of the joined materials. Fromexperience with the commercial semi finished products in theindicated MFR-field can be assumptioned from the welding tendency, even when this can lead to unsymetrical weldingseams. "K" must always be bigger than 0.

Performing of pressure test

Before the pressure testing, all welding joints have to be completely cooled down (at a rule, 1 hour after the last weldingprocess). The pressure test has to be performed according to therelevant national regulations. The pipe system has to be protected against changes of the ambient temperature (UV-radiation).

SOCKET WELDING On heating element socket welding pipe and fittings are lap-welded.

The pipe end and fitting socket are heated up to welding tem-perature by means of a socket-like and spigot-like heating element and afterwards, they are joined together.



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà íàïîðíà êàíàëèçàöèÿ• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 160 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: îò PN 2.5 - 20 àòì.• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè êàôÿâè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: EN 13244• Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì • Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)


EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for pressure sewage systems • Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 160 - d 400 mm • Pressure: from PN 2.5 up to PN 20 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 brown longitudinal stripes• Standard: ÅN 13244 • Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)


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Òðúáîïðîâîäíèòå ñèñòåìè çà ïðèðîäåí ãàç èçèñêâàòèíòåíçèâíî íàáëþäåíèå è áîðàâåíå ñ ïîâèøåíî âíèìàíèå.

ÐÅ òðúáè, èçïîëçâàíè â ñèñòåìèòå çà òðàíñïîðòèðàíå íàïðèðîäåí ãàç, ñå ñâúðçâàò ñàìî ïî âèñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íèìåòîäè êàòî ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå èåëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå. Âñè÷êî òîâà å ãàðàíöèÿçà èçêëþ÷èòåëíà íàäåæäíîñò è êà÷åñòâî íà çàâúðøåíàòàòðúáíà ñèñòåìà.

Èìåííî ãàçîâàòà èíäóñòðèÿ è ïîñòàâåíèòå îò íåÿ âèñîêèêðèòåðèè ïî îòíîøåíèå íà ïîòðåáÿâàíèòå çà òåçè öåëè òðúáè èñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè å åäíà îò ïúðâèòå, êîÿòî èçòúêíàïðåäèìñòâàòà íà òðúáè îò ÐÅ 100.

Çà ðàçïðåäåëèòåëíè òðúáîïðîâîäíè ìðåæè â óðáàíèçèðàíèòåðèòîðèè òðúáèòå îò ÐÅ 100 ñà ïðåäïî÷èòàíè ïîðàäè òÿõíàòàâèñîêà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ðàçïðîñòðàíåíèå íà ïóêíàòèíè èóñòîé÷èâîñò íà ñåèçìè÷íè êîëåáàíèÿ íà çåìÿòà áëàãîäàðåíèåíà îòëè÷íàòà ñè ãúâêàâîñò. Ñïåöèôè÷íî è âàæíî ïðåäèìñòâîíà ÐÅ 100 ïðè ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíåòî å âúçìîæíîñòòà äà ñå óâåëè÷èíàëÿãàíåòî, ïðè êîåòî å ïîñòèãíàòà ïîâèøåíà ñèãóðíîñò ïðèíàðàñòâàíå íà ïóêíàòèíèòå. Îñâåí òîâà ïîâèøàâàíåòî íàíàëÿãàíåòî ïðåäèçâèêâà óâåëè÷àâàíå íà òðàíñïîðòíèÿêàïàöèòåò íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.

Èíòåðåñíî:

Ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå (ÐÅ) òðúáè áëàãîäàðåíèå íà ãëàäêàòà ñèïîâúðõíîñò è ìíîãî äîáðàòà ñè åëàñòè÷íîñò îò äúëãè ãîäèíè ñåèçïîëçâàò çà áåçèçêîïíà ïîäìÿíà íà ñòàðè è äåôåêòèðàëèòðúáîïðîâîäè.

Òîçè ïðîöåñ íà ñàíèðàíå å èçêëþ÷èòåëíî åôåêòèâåí, çàùîòî åáúðç è ëåñåí çà èçïúëíåíèå, ñïåñòÿâà ðàçõîäèòå ïîðàçêîïàâàíå íà ñòàðèÿ òðúáîïðîâîä è ìîíòèðàíå íà íîâèÿ,ðàçêúðòâàíå íà ñêúïîñòðóâàùè ïúòíè íàñòèëêè è êîìóíèêàöèèè ïîâòîðíîòî èì èçãðàæäàíå. Ðàáîòíàòà ïëîù â òîçè ñëó÷àé åñâåäåíà äî ìèíèìóì, êîåòî â äíåøíîòî çàáúðçàíî åæåäíåâèåîçíà÷àâà ñòðîèòåëíè ðàáîòè áåç ïðåêúñâàíå íà òðàôèêà.

Pipelines for natural gas distribution require an intensive supervision and a special handling.

PE pipes, used for this application, are connected each otheronly on high technologically methods like butt welding, socketwelding and electrofusion welding. All this is a guarantee for areliability and high quality of the whole system.

Exactly the gas industry and the high requirements setted inregards to the materials used for these purpose is one of the firstthat proves the advantages of PE 100.

For distribution pipeline mains in high populated areas PE 100pipes are to prefer because of their resistance against ckracksand the resistance against seismic changes in the earth due tothe very good flexibility of the materials.

A specific and important advantage of PE 100 in the field of thegas supply is the possibility of the material to increase the pressure. This effect means at the same time increased transportation capacity of the pipeline.

Interesting:

Due to their smooth surface and a very good flexibility PE pipesare successfully used for trenchless rehabilitations of old anddamaged pipelines.

This process is very effective, because it is easy, saves a lot ofconstruction expenses for excavation of the old pipeline and theinstallation again.

This modern method is very environmental friendly, because ofthe low construction site it requires.

In the hurry daily to have construction without breaking the roadtraffic e.g. is a really big and comfortable advantage.

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Ìóôîâè çàâàðêè ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ìîãàò äà ñå ïðàâÿò âñòàöèîíàðíè óñëîâèÿ â ðàáîòèëíèöà èëè íà ñàìèÿ îáåêò. Ïîâúçìîæíîñò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò ìàøèíè ñ ìàêñèìàëíîìåõàíèçèðàí ïðîöåñ íà ïðîòè÷àíå íà çàâàðÿâàíåòî. Çàâàðêèïî ìåòîäà íà ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò ìîãàò äà ñåèçâúðøâàò íà ðúêà äî âúíøåí äèàìåòúð íà òðúáàòà ô 40 ììâêëþ÷èòåëíî. Çà ïî-ãîëåìè ðàçìåðè âñëåäñòâèå íàóâåëè÷àâàùèòå ñå ñèëè íà ñúåäèíÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçïîëçâàè ñúîòâåòíî çàâàðú÷íî ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå.

Êðàèùàòà íà òðúáàòà, òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò è ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñòñëåäâà äà ñà ñ ïîäõîäÿùè ðàçìåðè åäíî ñïðÿìî äðóãî.

Âòóëêàòà è äîðíèêúò íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò ñå ïî÷èñòâàò, ïî÷èñòâàñå ñúùî è âúòðåøíàòà ïîâúðõíîñò íà ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò. Ïðèòîâà îñîáåíî ñå âíèìàâà äà ñå èç÷èñòÿò îò ïîâúðõíîñòòàåâåíòóàëíè îñòàòúöè îò ðàçòîïåí ìàòåðèàë îò ïðåäèøíèçàâàðêè.

Ïåðïåíäèêóëÿðíî îòðÿçàíèÿò êðàé íà òðúáàòà, êîéòî ùå ñåçàâàðÿâà, ñå îáðàáîòâà â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñ óêàçàíèÿòà íàïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è àêî å íåîáõîäèìî ñåìàðêèðà äúëáî÷èíàòà íà ïîñòàâÿíå. Êðàÿò íà òðúáàòà ñåñêîñÿâà ñ 2-3 ìì è ñå îáðàáîòâà òîëêîâà íàâúòðå ñ óðåä çàñíåìàíå íà ñëîé, äîêàòî íîæúò íà óðåäúò çà îáåëâàíåäîñòèãíå ÷åëíàòà ñòðàíà íà òðúáàòà. Âúòðåøíèÿò êàíò ñåîòíåìà ñ íîæ.

Òîïëèÿò åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâà äî òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå(çà PEHD òÿ å îêîëî 250 - 270°Ñ).

Ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò è òðúáàòà åäíîâðåìåííî ñå âêàðâàò âíàãðåâàòåëíèÿ åëåìåíò äî îãðàíè÷èòåë èëè äî ñúîòâåòíàòàìàðêèðîâêà è ñå íàãðÿâàò. Èç÷àêâà ñå íåîáõîäèìîòîçàäàäåíî âðåìå íà íàãðÿâàíå.

Ñëåä îòñòðàíÿâàíå íà òîïëèÿ åëåìåíò, ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò èòðúáàòà ñå ñúåäèíÿâàò áåç çàâúðòàíå äî ñúîòâåòíàòàìàðêèðîâêà è äî îáðàçóâàíå íà äâàòà çàâàðú÷íè øåâà.Âúíøíîòî èçïëèñêâàíå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ øåâ âèçóàëíî ñåïðîâåðÿâà. Òî òðÿáâà äà ñå âèäè ïî öÿëàòà îáèêîëêà íàòðúáàòà.

Çàâàðêèòå ñå îñòàâÿò äà èçñòèíàò è ñëåä òîâà ñåîñâîáîæäàâàò. Òàêà íàïðàâåíàòà çàâàðêà ìîæå äà ñåíàòîâàðâà ñ ïîñëåäâàùè äåéñòâèÿ ïî ïîëàãàíå èëè ìîíòàæåäâà ñëåä èçòè÷àíå íà âðåìåòî çà îõëàæäàíå.

ÅËÅÊÒÐÎÑÚÏÐÎÒÈÂÈÒÅËÍÎ ÇÀÂÀÐßÂÀÍÅÏðè çàâàðÿâàíåòî ñ åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëåí ïðîâîäíèêòðúáàòà è ñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå íàãðÿâàò è çàâàðÿâàò ñïîìîùòà íà ñúïðîòèâèòåëíè ïðîâîäíèöè, âêëþ÷åíè êúìåëåêòðè÷åñêî íàïðåæåíèå. Ñúïðîòèâèòåëíèòå ïðîâîäíèöè ñàâãðàäåíè â ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è îñòàâàò â çàâàðåíîòî ñúåäè-íåíèå.

Socket welding process can be realized in a stationary workshopas well as on the construction site. It is recommende to usemachines with maximum mechanised process of welding if pos-sible.

Socket weldings may be manually performed up to pipe outsidediameters of 40 mm. Above that, the use of a welding devicebecause of increasing joining forces is recommended.

The dimensions of pipe end, heating element and fitting socketare coordinated so that a joining pressure builds up on joining.

Thoroughly clean welding area of pipe and fittings with flufflesspaper and cleaning agents (acetone or similar). Carefully cleanalso the surfaces of the heating element. No dirty or material restsfrom other weldings have to be left on the surfaces.

Cut off pipe faces at right angles and remove flashes on theinside with a knife. The pipe ends should be chamfered 2-3 mm.Work the pipe faces with a scraper until the blades of the scraperflush with the pipe face.

A scraper is required for calibrating and chamferring the joiningsurfaces of the pipe. This has to correspond to the heating ele-ment and to the fitting socket.

If peeling is not necessary, work the pipe surface with a scraperknife and mark the depth on pipe.

Check temperature of the heating element (on heating spigotand on heating socket). It must be for PEHD pipes about 250 -270°Ñ.

Quickly push fitting and pipe in axial direction onto the heatingspigot or into the heating socket until the end stop (or marking).

Let pass by heating time.

After the heating time, pull fitting and pipe off the heating element with one heave and immediately fit them into eachother without twisting them until both welding seams meet.

The welding seams as visual to be controled. They have to becreated along the whole pipe circumference.

Let the join cool down, then remove clamps.

Only after the cooling time, the join may be stressed by furtherlaying processes.

ELECTROFUSION WELDING On electric welding, pipes and fittings are welded by means ofresistance wires which are located within the electrofusion sock-et. The wires stay in the socket after the welding.



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A transformer for welding purpose supplies electric power.

The method distinguishes itself by an extra-low safety voltage aswell as by high automatization.

The extansion of the plastified melt and the during the coolingdeveloped shrinking stress produce the necessary welding pres-sure which guarantee an optimal welding.

The welding device is a mchine with bar code identification, itsupervises all functions full automaticlyduring the welding processand stores the welding parameters.

After feeding of the code for universal welding machines withmagnetic code characteristics, the code is deleted whichmeans that the card can only be used once.

Only parts made of the same material may be joined with oneanother. The MFR-value of the PE E-fittings is in the range of 0.3 -1.3 g/10 min. They can be joined with pipes and fittings of PE 80and PE 100 with a MFR-value between 0.3 - 1.7 g/10 min.

The welding area has to be protected against unfavourableweather conditions (e.g. rain, snow, intensive UV-radiation orwind).

The permissible temperature range for PR is from -10°C up to+50°Ñ.

The national guidelines must also be considered.

Welding preparation

Welding preparation is to be made immediately before weldingprocess.

Cut off pipe at right angles by means of a proper cutting tool andmark the insert length.

Clean pipe of dirt with a dry cloth at insert length and carefullmachine pipe by means of peeling tool or scraper knife in axialdirection (cutting depth min. 0,2 mm). Remove flashes inside andoutside of pipe ends.

If a fitting is welded instead of the pipe, the welding area of thefitting has to be cleaned and scrapped as the pipe.

Unpack the E-fitting immediately before welding.

Never touch the inside of the socket and the scrapped pipe end.

If a pollution can not be excepted, clean the welding areas withPE-cleaner (or similar) and with fluffless paper.

The faces to be welded have to be dry before the socket is putover the pipe.

Slide the socket into the prepared end of pipe right to its centerstop until it reaches the marking.

Insert the second pipe end (or fitting) into the socket and clampboth pipes into the holding device, so that no forces can risebetween welding area and the pipe (fitting) and that the socketcan be turned smoothly.

Welding device

The operations described below show only the most importantsteps for a welding process.

Always observe the instructions of the machine producer.

Both plug-type socket connections should be turned upwards(however the axial position of the socket must not be changed)

Ìåòîäúò ñå îòëè÷àâà ñúñ ñèãóðíîñò ïðè ìàëêèòå íàïðåæåíèÿ,êàêòî è ñ âèñîêà ñòåïåí íà àâòîìàòèçàöèÿ. Íàïðåæåíèÿòà íàñâèâàíå íà ñâúðçâàùàòà ÷àñò ñúçäàâàò íåîáõîäèìîòîíàëÿãàíå íà çàâàðÿâàíå, êîåòî ãàðàíòèðà îïòèìàëíà çàâàðêà.

Ïàðàìåòðèòå íà çàâàðÿâàíå ñà çàäàäåíè îò ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿ èñå îò÷èòàò ïî áàðêîäà íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò èëè êîäîâàòàêàðòà (ùðèõ-êàðòà). Îáèêíîâåíî ñïåöèàëíèòå çà òîçè âèäìåòîä íà ñâúðçâàíå çàâàðú÷íè àâòîìàòè ñà óðåäè ñðàçïîçíàâàíå íà áàðêîä, êîèòî íàïúëíî àâòîìàòè÷íîêîíòðîëèðàò âñè÷êè ôóíêöèè ïî âðåìå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ.Ïðè óíèâåðñàëíèòå óðåäè ñ ðàçïîçíàâàíå íà ìàãíèòåí êîäñëåä ïðî÷èòàíå íà êîäà, ñúùèÿò ñå èçòðèâà îò êàðòàòà, ò.å.êàðòàòà å ñàìî çà åäíîêðàòíà óïîòðåáà.

Ìîãàò äà áúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè åäèí ñ äðóã ñàìî åäíàêâèìàòåðèàëè. MFR-ñòîéíîñòèòå íà ÐÅ åëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèòåñâúðçâàùè åëåìåíòè ñà â îáëàñòòà ìåæäó 0.3 - 1.3 ãð/10 ìèí,òàêà ÷å ñúùèòå ìîãàò äà áúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè çà òðúáè èñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè îò ÐÅ 80 è ÐÅ 100, ÷èèòî MFR ñòîéíîñòè ñàìåæäó 0.3 è 1.7 ãð/10 ìèíóòè. Òúíêîñòåííè òðúáè òðÿáâà äàáúäàò çàâàðÿâàíè ñ îïîðíè âòóëêè.

Îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåäïàçâà îòíåáëàãîïðèÿòíè óñëîâèÿ íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà êàòî äúæä, ñíÿã,èíòåíçèâíî ñëú÷åâî ãðååíå èëè âÿòúð.

Äîïóñòèìàòà òåìïåðàòóðíà îáëàñò çà ÐÅ å îò -10°Ñ äî +50°Ñ.Îñâåí òîâà äà ñå ñïàçâàò íàöèîíàëíèòå íàðåäáè.

Ïîäãîòîâêà

Ïîäãîòâÿíåòî íà çàâàðêàòà òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøèíåïîñðåäñòâåíî ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíå.

Òðúáàòà ñå îòðÿçâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù èíñòðóìåíò è ñå ìàðêèðàäúëáî÷èíàòà íà âêàðâàíå.

Ïî÷èñòâà ñå ãðóáîòî çàìúðñÿâàíå ïî òðúáàòà â îáëàñòòà íàâêàðâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà ñóõ ïàðöàë, ñëåä òîâà êðàÿò íàòðúáàòà ñå îáðàáîòâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù óðåä çà ñíåìàíå íà ñëîéèëè âíèìàòåëíî ñ ïîìîùòà íà êëåùè êàòî ñå âúðòè â àêñèàëíàïîñîêà (äåáåëèíà íà îòíåìàíå íà ñëîÿ ìèíèìóì 0.2 ìì).Îòðÿçâàò ñå è ñå ïî÷èñòâàò îñòàòúöèòå îòâúòðå è îòâúí íàòðúáàòà.

Åëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèÿò ñâúðçâàù åëåìåíò ñå èçâàæäà îòîïàêîâêàòà ìó íåïîñðåäñòâåíî ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíåòî.Âúòðåøíàòà ñòðàíà íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò è îáðàáîòåíèÿòêðàé íà òðúáàòà íå òðÿáâà äà ñå äîêîñâàò ñ ïðúñòè.

Àíàëîãè÷íè ñà äåéñòâèÿòà è ïî ïîäãîòîâêàòà íà çàâàðêàòà çàäðóãèÿ êðàé íà òðúáàòà êúì äðóãàòà ÷àñò íà ñâúðçâàùèÿåëåìåíò.

Ñâúðçâàùèÿò åëåìåíò ñå ïîñòàâÿ äî îãðàíè÷èòåëÿ ñè,ñúîòâåòíî äî ìàðêèðàíàòà äúëáî÷èíà íà âêàðâàíå âúðõóïîäãîòâåíèÿ êðàé íà òðúáàòà. Òðúáèòå ñå çàòÿãàò â îïîðíîïðèñïîñîáëåíèå, çà äà íå ñå ïîëó÷àò ñèëè ìåæäó çàâàðú÷íàòàçîíà è òðúáàòà (ñúîòâ. ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò).

Àïàðàòè çà åëåêòðîçàâàðÿâàíå

Îïèñàíèòå ïî-äîëó ñòúïêè ïîêàçâàò ñàìî îñíîâíèòå äåéñòâèÿíà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ. Äà ñå ñïàçâà óïúòâàíåòî çà ðàáîòà íàçàâàðú÷íèÿ àïàðàò.



EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíå• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 20 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: MOP 6 è MOP 10 bar• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè æúëòè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: ÅN 1555 • Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì è ðóëà ïî 100 ì (òðúáè äî ô 110 ìì âêëþ÷èòåëíî ìîãàò äà ñå íàâèâàò íà ðóëà)• Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå*: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå (*âèæ ðàçäåëÒåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)

SDR - ñúîòíîøåíèå ìåæäó âúíøåí äèàìåòúð è äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòàMOP - ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå â barS - òðúáíà ñåðèÿSF - ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò d - íîìèíàëåí âúíøåí äèàìåòúð â ììs - íîìèíàëíà äåáåëèíà íà ñòåíàòà â ììkg/m - òåãëî íà òðúáàòà â êã/ì

EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for gas supply• Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 20 - d 400 mm • Pressure: MOP 6 and MOP 10 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 yellow longitudinal stripes• Standards: EN 1555• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m, rolls on 100 m(pipes up to d 110 mm can be delivered also in rolls)• Connecting technology*: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge) (*see for details sectionConnecting technologies)

SDR - diameter/wall thickness relationMOP - maximum operating pressure in barS - pipe series SF - safety factor d - nominal outside diameter in mms - nominal wall thickness in mmkg/m - weight of pipe in kg/m

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Ïðîèçâåäåíèòå â ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ïîëèåòèëåíîâè òðúáè èìàò òðàéíàìàðêèðîâêà ïî ìåòîäà íà òîïúë ïå÷àò, êîåòî ãàðàíòèðàçàïàçâàíå íà íàäïèñà çà âðåìå, ñúîòâåòñòâàùî íàåêñïëîàòàöèîííèÿ ñðîê íà òðúáàòà.

Ìàðêèðîâêàòà íà ÐÅ òðúáèòå ãàðàíòèðà ëåñíà èäåíòèôèêàöèÿè ïðîñëåäÿìîñò ïðè ïîñëåäâàùî ðàçêðèâàíå íàòðúáîïðîâîäà çà åâåíòóàëåí ðåìîíò èëè êîíòðîë.

Íàïîðíèòå òðúáè íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ñå ìàðêèðàò íàäëúæíî ïîâúíøíàòà ïîâúðõíîñò íà òðúáàòà è ñúäúðæàò ñëåäíèòåìèíèìàëíî èçèñêâàíè äàííè:

Ìàëêî èñòîðèÿ:

Ïîëèåòèëåíîâè (ÐÅ) òðúáè ñå ïðîèçâåæäàò îò 1950 ãîäèíà èíàé-ìàñîâî ñå èçïîëçâàò çà òðúáîïðîâîäè çà ïèòåéíà âîäàïîðàäè òÿõíàòà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà êîðîçèÿ, âèñîêàòà èì ãúâêàâîñòè ëåñåí ìîíòàæ.

Çà ïúðâè ïúò òðúáè îò ÐÅ óñïåøíî ñà ïîëîæåíè â ÑÀÙ èÊàíàäà. Ìîíòèðàíèòå ïðåç 1960 ãîäèíà òðúáîïðîâîäè è äîñåãà ðàáîòÿò áåç ïðîáëåìè.

Òðúáîïðîâîäèòå îò ÐÅ íå ïðîìåíÿò âêóñà è ìèðèñà íà âîäàòà,îñèãóðÿâàò ìèíèìàëåí åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí ñðîê îò 50 ãîäèíè,áåç íåîáõîäèìîñò îò òåõíè÷åñêî îáñëóæâàíå è ñàíèðàíå.

PLASTEC`s polyehylene pipes have a durable marking, made onthe hot stamp method , which guarantees that the marking willremain for the life-time period of the pipes.

The permanent pipe marking ensures an easy identification ofthe pipes and an excellent tracing by next uncovering of thepipeline for any reconstruction or controlling.

Plastic pipes are marked longitudinal on the outside pipe surface.

The marking consists of following minimum required data:

History:

Polyethylene (PE) pipes are produced since 1950 and are mostused for pipelines for drinking water due to their high corrosionresistance, very good flexibility and easy assembling and installa-tion.

For the first time PE pipes have been successfully installed in theUSA and Canada. From 1960 till nowadays these pipelines are stillworking without any problems.

PE pipelines do not change the taste and the smell of the water,as well as they ensure a minimum life-time period of 50 years byproperly usage without a need of additional technical recon-struction.

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Äâàòà ùåêîâè ïðèñúåäèíèòåëÿ íà ñâúðçâàùèÿ åëåìåíò ñåîáðúùàò íàãîðå (ïðè òîâà íå ñå ïðîìåíÿ àêñèàëíîòî ìóïîëîæåíèå) è ñå ñâúðçâàò ñ ïðèñúåäèíèòåëíèÿ ùåêåð íàêàáåëà. Çàâàðú÷íèÿò êàáåë ñå ðàçïîëàãà òàêà, ÷å òåãëîòî ìó äàíå ðàçìåñòâà ñàìàòà ñâúðçâàùà ÷àñò. Ñëåä ñâúðçâàíå íàïðèñúåäèíèòåëíèòå ùåêåðè, çàâàðú÷íèÿò àïàðàò ïîêàçâà íàäèñïëåÿ, ÷å å íàëèöå ïðàâèëíî ñâúðçâàíå.

Çàâàðú÷íèÿò ïðîöåñ ñå ñòàðòèðà è íà äèñïëåÿ íà àïàðàòàäîïúëíèòåëíî ñå ïîÿâÿâà çàäàäåíî è äåéñòâèòåëíî âðåìå íàçàâàðÿâàíå, êàòî è íàïðåæåíèå íà çàâàðÿâàíå. Êðàÿò íàçàâàðÿâàíåòî ñå ñèãíàëèçèðà îò ñúîòâåòíèÿ òîí íà ìàøèíàòà.

Çàòÿãàùîòî ïðèñïîñîáëåíèå ñå îòñòðàíÿâà åäâà ñëåäèçòè÷àíå íà âðåìåòî çà îõëàæäàíå. Äà ñå ñïàçâà ìèíèìàëíîçàäàäåíîòî âðåìå çà îõëàæäàíå.

Ïðè ïðåêúñâàíå íà çàâàðú÷íèÿ ïðîöåñ (íàïðèìåð ïðèñïèðàíå íà òîêà) å äîïóñòèìî ïîñëåäâàùî çàâàðÿâàíå, àêîåëåêòðîçàâàðÿåìèÿò åëåìåíò ñå å îõëàäèë äî òåìïåðàòóðà íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà (< 35°Ñ).

Óðåäúò çà çàâàðÿâàíå çàïàìåòÿâà âñè÷êè ïàðàìåòðè îòïðîöåñà. Òåçè äàííè ìîãàò äà áúäàò ðàçïå÷àòàíè ïîä ôîðìàòàíà ïðîòîêîë îò çàâàðêàòà. Íà íÿêîè ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè ìîæå äàèìà ò.íàð. áàðêîä çà ïðîñëåäÿâàíå. Áëàãîäàðåíèå íà íåãî ñåãàðàíòèðà àâòîìàòè÷íà, åëåêòðîííî ñúçäàäåíà äîêóìåíòàöèÿçà ïðîñëåäÿåìîñò íà âëîæåíèòå ñòðîèòåëíè ÷àñòè.

ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅ ×ÐÅÇ ÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÍÈÐÀÇÃËÎÁßÅÌÈ ÑÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß

Òðúáè îò ÐÅ è òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè ìîãàò äà ñå ñâúðçâàò èïîñðåäñòâîì ôëàíöè èëè âèíòîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ.

Çà ôëàíøîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ìîãàò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò ò.íàð.ñâîáîäíè ôëàíöè ñúñ ñòîìàíåíà âëîæêà çà ïðåäôëàíøîâèâðúçêè, ñâîáîäíè ôëàíöè ñúñ ñòîìàíåíà âëîæêà çà ôëàíøîâèàäàïòîðè, ãëóõè ôëàíöè è ò.í.

Íàé-÷åñòî ôëàíöèòå ñå èçïîëçâàò â êîìáèíàöèÿ ñïðåäôëàíøîâè âðúçêè.

Ïðè ðàáîòà ñ ôëàíøîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ òðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâàòíÿêîè èçèñêâàíèÿ ñ öåë ïîñòèãàíå íà ìàêñèìàëíî êà÷åñòâî íàâðúçêàòà.

Ïðåäè çàòÿãàíå íà áîëòîâåòå, óïëúòíèòåëíèòå ïîâúðõíîñòè ñåèçðàâíÿâàò ïàðàëåëíî åäíà êúì äðóãà è ñå ïðèëåïâàò ïëúòíîêúì óïëúòíåíèåòî. Òðÿáâà äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðèäúðïâàíåòî íàôëàíøîâîòî ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñ âúçíèêâàùîòî îò òîâà íàïðåæåíèåíà îïúí. Ñâúðçâàùèòå áîëòîâå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ðàâíîìåðíîçàòåãíàòè íà êðúñò ñ ïîìîùòà íà äèíàìîìåòðè÷åí êëþ÷.

and connected with the welding cable.

Position welding cable so as to prevent its weight from twistingthe welding socket.

After the welding equipment has been properly connected, thisis shown on the display of the welding device.

The welding parameters are fed in by means of a reading pencilor a scanner. An audio signal will acknowledge the data input.After the welding parameters have been fed in, the trademark,dimension and outside temperature are shown on the display.These values now have to be acknowledged. Then, for controlpurpose, you will be asked, whether the pipe has been worked.

Keep in mind that the installation situation must be stress free. Is itnot possible a clamping device must be used. During the wholewelding process (including cooling time) the clamping deviceshall remain installed.

The end of the welding process is usually indicated by an audiosignal. After expiration of the cooling time, the clamping devicemay be removed. The recommended cooling time must alwyasbe observed.

If a welding process is interrupted (e.g. in case of a power fail-ure), it is possible to reweld the socket after cooling down toambient temperature (< 35°C).

Visual weld control is performed by the welding indicator on thesocket. Moreover, all welding parameters are stored internally bythe device and can be printed to receive a welding protocoland to proove the quality of the welding.

DETACHABLE MECHANICAL JOINTS

PE pipes can also be connetcted by means of flanges or differ-ent unions (e.g. compression fittings).

As flange connections can be used: backing rings with steelinserts for stub flanges, backing rings with steel insert for flangeadaptors, blind flanges etc.

Flanges are mostly used for stub flanges.

If pipe joints are connectedby means of flanges, some guidelineshave to be adhered to ensure an optimal quality and reliabilityof the joint.

Before applying of the screw initial stress, the sealing faces haveto be aligned planpearallel to each other and fit tight to the seal-ing. The drawing near of the flange connection with the resultingoccurrence of tensile stress has to be avoided under any cir-cumstances. The connecting screws have to be screwed bymeans of a torque key.



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EÊÑÒÐÓÄÈÐÀÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÀ ÎÒ PEHD, PE 100• Ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå: çà âîäîñíàáäÿâàíå• Ìàòåðèàë: ÐÅ 100• Ðàçìåðè: îò ô 16 äî ô 400 ìì • Ñòåïåíè íà íàëÿãàíå: îò PN 2.5 - 25 bar• Îöâåòÿâàíå: ÷åðíà òðúáà ñ ÷åòèðè ñèíè íàäëúæíè ëåíòè• Ñòàíäàðò: ÅN 12201 • Äúëæèíà íà òðúáèòå: ïðúòè ïî 12 ì è ðóëà ïî 100 ì(íà ðóëà ñå íàâèâàò òðúáè ñ ðàçìåðè äî ô 110 ìì âêëþ÷èòåëíîâ SDR îò 21 äî 7.4)• Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå: ÷åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, ìóôîâîçàâàðÿâàíå, eëåêòðî-ñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå, áúðçèìåõàíè÷íè âðúçêè (*âèæ ðàçäåë Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå)


EXTRUDED PIPE OF PEHD, PE 100• Usage: for water supply • Material: PE 100• Dimensions: d 16 - d 400 mm • Pressure: from PN 2.5 up to PN 25 bar• Pipe color: black pipe with 4 blue longitudinal stripes• Standards: EN 12201• Pipe lengths: pipes in 12 m, rolls on 100 m(pipes up to d 110 mm in SDR from 21 to 7.4 can be delivered alsoon rolls)• Connecting technology: butt welding, socket welding, electrofusion welding (hot wedge), compression fittings (*see fordetails section Connecting technologies)


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Unions for PE pipes are e.g. the compression fittings.

Mechanical compression fittings are mostly produced of PPmaterial. They are easy for handling and assembling and ensurea reliable connection. These fittings are corrosion resistant andare completely suitable for the specific application conditions ofthe polyethylene pipes. Compression fittings are delivered in awide range of diameters and modifications. They can also beused over again.

Compression fitting consists of a main body, threaded connect-ing element, conical ring and a gasket.

Âèíòîâè ñúåäèíåíèÿ ñà íàïðèìåð ò.íàð. ìåõàíè÷íè áúðçèâðúçêè, èçïîëçâàíè çà òðúáîïðîâîäè îò ÐÅ.

Ìåõàíè÷íèòå áúðçè âðúçêè íàé-÷åñòî ñà èçðàáîòåíè îòïîëèïðîïèëåí, ëåñíè ñà çà óïîòðåáà è ìîíòàæ, ãàðàíòèðàòèçêëþ÷èòåëíà íàäåæäíîñò íà âðúçêàòà, óñòîé÷èâè ñà íàêîðîçèÿ è ñà ïðèëîæèìè çà ñïåöèôè÷íèòå óñëîâèÿ íàèçïîëçâàíå íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòå òðúáè. Òå ñå ïðåäëàãàò â øèðîêàñîðòèìåíò îò ðàçìåðè è ìîäèôèêàöèè è ñà ñ âúçìîæíîñò çàïîâòîðíà óïîòðåáà.

Ñúñòîÿò ñå îò îñíîâíî òÿëî, ñúåäèíèòåëíà ðåçáîâà ãàéêà,êîíóñîâèäåí ïðúñòåí è óïëúòíèòåë.



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ÊÎÍÒÐÎË ÍÀ ÊÀ×ÅÑÒÂÎÒÎ ÔÈÐÌÅÍÀËÀÁÎÐÀÒÎÐÈß

Êà÷åñòâîòî è íåãîâîòî íåïðåêúñíàòî ïîääúðæàíå èóñúâúðøåíñòâàíå å ôèðìåíà ïîëèòèêà, ñ êîÿòî êîìïðîìèñè íåñå ïðàâÿò. Íà ïîñòîÿííè âúòðåøíîôèðìåíè è ðåãóëÿðíè âúíøíèíåçàâèñèìè èçïèòàíèÿ â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñ åâðîïåéñêèòå èñâåòîâíè èçèñêâàíèÿ è ñòàíäàðòè ïîäëåæàò íå ñàìî âñè÷êèïàðòèäè îò âëàãàíèòå ñóðîâèíè, íî ñúùî òàêà è ãîòîâèòåïðîäóêòè â õîäà íà è ñëåä òÿõíîòî ïðîèçâîäñòâî. Ôèðìåíàòà ëàáîðàòîðèÿ íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ å îáîðóäâàíà ñíåîáõîäèìèòå óðåäè è àïàðàòè çà èçïèòâàíå íà ñóðîâèíàòà èãîòîâàòà ïðîäóêöèÿ ñúãëàñíî èçèñêâàíèÿòà íà ñúîòâåòíèòåñòàíäàðòè.

ÑÅÐÒÈÔÈÊÀÒÈ

Îò 28 ôåâðóàðè 2003 ã. ôèðìàòà å ñåðòèôèöèðàíà ïî ISO9001:2000, ñåðòèôèêàò ¹ 75 100 6467 îò TÜV Rheinland InterCertKft.ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ïðèòåæàâà âñè÷êè íåîáõîäèìè ñåðòèôèêàòè èðàçðåøèòåëíè çà ïðîäóêòèòå, êîèòî ïðîèçâåæäà, ñúãëàñíîâàëèäíèòå åâðîïåéñêè è íàöèîíàëíè ñòàíäàðòè è íàðåäáè.

ÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄËÀÃÀÌÅ

• Áîãàòà ãàìà îò ïðîäóêòè çà ðàçëè÷íè ïðèëîæåíèÿ

• Êðàòêè è ãúâêàâè ñðîêîâå íà äîñòàâêà

• Êîíêóðåíòíè öåíè è ïúëíî êëèåíòñêî îáñëóæâàíå

è ñåðâèç• Îòëè÷åí åêèï îò âèñîêîêâàëèôèöèðàíè ñïåöèàëèñòè,òåõíîëîçè è îáó÷åí ôèðìåí ïåðñîíàë

• Äîïúëíèòåëíà òåõíè÷åñêà èíôîðìàöèÿ â ïîìîù íà êëèåíòà:ïðîåêòèðàíå è íàìèðàíå íà âñÿêàêâî òåõíè÷åñêî ðåøåíèå çàâàøèÿ ïðîåêò è èäåÿ, ïðîâåæäàíå íà ðàçÿñíèòåëíè èîáó÷àâàùè ñåìèíàðè, ó÷àñòèå â ïàíàèðè è ñïåöèàëèçèðàíèèçëîæáè â è èçâúí ñòðàíàòà è äð.

QUALITY CONTROL - LABORATORY

It is a firm policy to maintain and improve the quality of the products and no exceptions are made.

All batches of the materials in use as well as the finished productsduring and after the manufacturing process are constantlyexamined by regular inner and independent outer tests accord-ing to the European and world requirements and standards.

PLASTEC's laboratory has all the necessary equipment for testingthe raw material and the output according to the requirementsof the corresponding standards.

SERTIFICATES

The company is ISO 9001:2000 certificated by TÜV Rheinland InterCert in 2003, certificate number 75 100 6467.

PLASTEC has all the required certificates and licenses for its products in compliance with the European and national standards and regulations.

WE OFFER

• a wide range of high quality products for different applications

• short and flexible delivery terms

• competitive prices and a full customer service

• excellent team of high qualified experts and trained staff

• additional technical information and support, specializedseminars, solutions for all your projects, participation on nationalexhibitions and international events etc.

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STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF PEHDPIPES• Support pipes over their full length. • Pipes have to be put always on even ground without sharpedges to prevent demage of pipes.• It is recommended to store pipes under cover.• During loadin and offloading care should be taken not todrag pipes over sharp edges and they should not be placedonto rough ground.• Always use suitable vehicles to transport pipes. All transportvehicles should ensure that floors are free of sharp objects suchas nails, screws etc.• The maximum recommended storage height is 1 m and thepipes should be secured to avoid bundles splitting open. • Coils should be stored in the hotizontal position if possible.• If different diameters of pipes have to be transported, pipeswith smaller diameters and lower weights have to be put over theothers.• Use suitable tools and hoisting equipment for larger diameters.• Always load and unload pipes and fittings under expert super-vision.• Do not use sharp-edged hooks, chains, wire ropes or other

tools, that could cause damage, or thatcould slip off while transporting thepipes.• Contact with oils, greases, colours,petroleum etc. should be avoided.• At sub zero temperatures the pipesmust be handled carefully and any sudden impact should be avoided.• Prevent pipe ends to hang down fora longtime.• During summer months, protectpipes against extreme heat and fromoverheating. Store pipes in a shady areaor cover them with a brightly colouredtarpauline canvas.• Put the pallets down only on suffi-ciently hard, level ground to avoid having the pallets or stringers sink.

LAYING AND CONSTRUCTION OF PE PIPELINESPipelines should be constructed only by building companies thathave qualified experts and staff with the required licences forworking with welding equipment for PE materials.

During construction alsways observe the safety instructions.

Additional recommendations especially for polyethylene pipesfor gas are given in standard EN 12007.

INSTALLATION OF PE PIPES AND FITTINGS Before installation all pipes and fittings have to be checked andcontroled for damages as a result of the transportation.

Pipes and fittings have to be cleaned in the welding areas.

Damaged products have to be removed.

Use fine-toothed saw, pipe cutter or another suitable tool to cutpipes. The cut speed as wll as the geometry must ensure that thegenerated warmth is beeing lead out of the pipes within theshavings.

Too large heating can melt the pipe material.

Metal and wood processing machines can be also used for thepolyethylene pipes.

Sharp edges and uneven places on the pipe surface have to beremoved by means of special tools.

ÑÊËÀÄÈÐÀÍÅ È ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈ ÎÒ ÐÅ• Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ëåæàò ïî öÿëàòà ñè äúëæèíà è äà áúäàòïîëîæåíè íà ðàâíà è ÷èñòà ïîâúðõíîñò áåç ñòúð÷àùè è îñòðèïðåäìåòè, êàìúíè è äðóãè, êîèòî ìîãàò äà äîâåäàò äî ïîâðåäè.• Ìàêàð ÷å íå å êðàéíî íåîáõîäèìî, òðúáèòå å æåëàòåëíî äàáúäàò ñúõðàíÿâàíè íà çàêðèòî.• Òðÿáâà ãðèæëèâî è âíèìàòåëíî äà ñå ìàíèïóëèðà ñ òðúáèòå,çà äà íå ñå ïîëó÷àò ïîâðåäè. Ïðè òîâàðåíå è ðàçòîâàðâàíå íàòðúáèòå äà ñå âíèìàâà òå äà íå ñå íàðàíÿâàò íà îñòðèêàíòîâå è ðúáîâå.• Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà ñå âëà÷àò ïî çåìÿòà.• Äà ñå èçïîëçâàò òðàíñïîðòíè ñðåäñòâà ñ ïëîñêè è ðàâíèïëàòôîðìè.• Àêî â åäèí êàìèîí ñå òðàíñïîðòèðàò ðàçëè÷íè ðàçìåðè,ïî-ìàëêèòå è ïî-ëåêèòå âèäîâå òðúáè òðÿáâà äà ñå ïîñòàâÿòîòãîðå.• Ìàêñèìàëíàòà äîïóñòèìà âèñî÷èíà íà ñêëàäèðàíå å 1 ì,êàòî òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñà ïîäñèãóðåíè ñðåùó ïàäàíå. Ðóëàòàïî âúçìîæíîñò äà ñå ñêëàäèðàò ëåãíàëè.• Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè, áëèçêè äî çàìðúçâàíå, ñ òðúáèòå òðÿáâàäà ñå ïîäõîæäà îñîáåíî âíèìàòåëíî. Ïî âúçìîæíîñò äà ñåèçáÿãâàò íàòîâàðâàíèÿ îò óäàð. • Äà ñå èçáÿãâà êîíòàêò ñ ìàñëà, ãðåñ, áîè, áåíçèí è äð. ïðèðàáîòà ñ òðúáè.• Äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðîâèñâàíåòî íàêðàèùàòà íà òðúáèòå çà ïî-ïðîäúëæèòåëíî âðåìå.• Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå ïðåâîçâàò ñïîìîùòà íà ïðèãîäíè çà öåëòàòðàíñïîðòíè ñðåäñòâà, êàòîïîñëåäíèòå ñëåäâà äà áúäàòîáåçîïàñåíè ñ ïðåäïàçíè êîëàíè, çàäà ñå ïðåäîòâðàòè ïîâðåæäàíåòî èìïî âðåìå íà òðàíñïîðòà.• Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàòèçïîëçâàíè ïðè ñëó÷àèòå, êîãàòî åíàäâèøåí ìàêñèìàëíèÿ ëèìèò íà UVðàäèàöèÿòà, îñâåí àêî òå íå ñàèçïèòâàíè è íå å äîêàçàíà ïðèåìëèâàóñòîé÷èâîñò â ñúîòâåòñòâèå ñúññúùåñòâóâàùèòå ñòàíäàðòè.

ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅ È ÈÇÃÐÀÆÄÀÍÅ ÍÀÒÐÚÁÎÏÐÎÂÎÄÈ ÎÒ ÐÅÑòðîåæúò íà òðúáîïðîâîäèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå èçâúðøâà îòñòðîèòåëíè ôèðìè, êîèòî ðàáîòÿò ñ êâàëèôèöèðàíè, îáó÷åíèñïåöèàëèñòè, ïðèòåæàâàùè äîêóìåíò çà ïðàâîñïîñîáíîñò çàðàáîòà ñúñ çàâàðú÷íà òåõíèêà çà ïîëèìåðíè ìàòåðèàëè. Ïðèèçâúðøâàíå íà ñòðîèòåëíè ðàáîòè òðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâàòïðàâèëàòà ïî òåõíèêà çà áåçîïàñíîñò.Äîïúëíèòåëíè ïðåïîðúêè ïðè òðúáè çà ãàçîñíàáäÿâàíå ñàïîñî÷åíè â ÁÄÑ EN 12007.

ÌÎÍÒÀÆ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÈ È ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÙÈ ×ÀÑÒÈÏðåäè ìîíòàæà òðúáèòå è ñâúðçâàùèòå ÷àñòè òðÿáâà äà ñåïðîâåðÿò çà åâåíòóàëíè äåôåêòè, ïîëó÷åíè â ñëåäñòâèå íàòðàíñïîðòèðàíåòî, è äà ñå ïî÷èñòÿò â îáëàñòòà íà çàâàðêàòà.Äåôåêòíèòå ÷àñòè ñëåäâà äà ñå îòñòðàíÿò.

Ðÿçàíåòî íà òðúáèòå ñòàâà ñ òðèîí ñ ôèíè çúáöè èëè ñúññïåöèàëåí íîæ. Ñêîðîñòòà íà ðÿçàíå, êàêòî è ãåîìåòðèÿòà,òðÿáâà òàêà äà ñå èçïúëíÿò, ÷å îáðàçóâàùàòà ñå òîïëèíà â ïî-ãîëÿìàòà ñè ÷àñò äà ñå îòâåæäà îò ñàìèòå îñòàòúöè íàðÿçàíåòî èëè îáðàáîòêàòà íà òðúáàòà. Ïðåêàëåíî ãîëÿìîçàòîïëÿíå ìîæå äà äîâåäå äî ðàçòîïÿâàíå íà ìàòåðèàëà. Êàòîîáðàáîòâàùè ìàøèíè ìîãàò äà ñå èçïîëçâàò âñè÷êè íîðìàëíèìàøèíè çà ìåòàëî- è äúðâîîáðàáîòêà.

Ðúáîâåòå è íåðàâíîñòèòå ïî ïîâúðõíîñòòà íà çàâàðÿâàíåòî ñåîòñòðàíÿâàò ñúñ ñïåöèàëíè èíñòðóìåíòè. Îòðÿçàíèòå òðúáèòðÿáâà äà áúäàò îáðàáîòåíè ñïîðåä âèäà íà ïðåäñòîÿùîòî èìñúåäèíÿâàíå.

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"ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ" ÎÎÄ e íàé-ìîäåðíèÿò â ÁúëãàðèÿÇàâîä çà ïðîèçâîäñòâî íà ïîëèåòèëåíîâèòðúáè âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò (PEHD) ñ òúðãîâñêàìàðêà Plastec. Ïîñòðîåíà ïðåç 2000 ã. ñèçöÿëî ÷àñòåí êàïèòàë, ïðîèçâîäñòâåíàòà èòúðãîâñêà áàçà ñå íàìèðàò â èçòî÷íàòàèíäóñòðèàëíà çîíà íà ãðàä Ïëîâäèâ. Íà ïëîùîò 12 000 êâ.ì å èçãðàäåíî ïðîèçâîäñòâåíîõàëå, óäîáíà àäìèíèñòðàòèâíà ñãðàäà è ãîëÿìàñêëàäîâà ïëîùàäêà.

Òåõíîëîãè÷íî çàâîäúò å îñúùåñòâåí ÷ðåçòðàíñôåð íà íåìñêî íîó-õàó, îñíîâàâàùî ñå íàäúëãîãîäèøåí îïèò â îáëàñòòà íà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòîíà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáè è îáõâàùàïðåäîñòàâåíàòà òåõíè÷åñêà è òåõíîëîãè÷íàäîêóìåíòàöèÿ è îáîðóäâàíå, îáó÷åíèå íàñïåöèàëèñòè è ðàáîòíèöè è ò.í.

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀ È ÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÅÍÀ ÁÀÇÀ

Ìîíòèðàíèòå â ïðîèçâîäñòâåíèòå õàëåòà íà "ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ"åêñòðóäåðíè ëèíèè ñà íà ñâåòîâíèòå ëèäåðè â áðàíøà "KraussMaffei" è "Cincinnati".

Âñè÷êè åêñòðóäåðíè ëèíèè çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà íàïîðíèãëàäêè òðúáè îò ïîëèåòèëåí âèñîêà ïëúòíîñò (PEHD) ñàîáîðóäâàíè ñ ïðåöèçíè ãðàâèìåòðèè çà äîçèðàíå íàñóðîâèíàòà, íåïðåêúñíàò êîìïþòúðåí êîíòðîë íàïðîèçâîäñòâåíèòå ïàðàìåòðè, ìîäåðíè íàäïèñâàùè, ðåæåùèè íàâèâàùè óñòðîéñòâà.

Ðàçøèðåíîòî â ïîñëåäíèòå ãîäèíè íîâî ïðîèçâîäñòâî íàãîôðèðàíè òðúáè îò ïîëèåòèëåí ñúùî ñå èçâúðøâà íàâèñîêîòåõíîëîãè÷íè ìàøèíè íà âîäåùèÿ åâðîïåéñêèïðîèçâîäèòåë “Fraenkische Rohrwerke".

ÑÓÐÎÂÈÍÈ

Èçêëþ÷èòåëíî âàæåí ôàêòîð çà äîñòèãàíå íà áåçóïðå÷íîêà÷åñòâî íà êðàéíèÿ ïðîäóêò å è êà÷åñòâîòî íà âëàãàíèòåñóðîâèíè.

Ãðàíóëàòúò çà ïðîèçâîäñòâîòî íà PEHD òðúáè â ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ ñåäîñòàâÿ îò ðåíîìèðàíè çàïàäíîåâðîïåéñêè ïðîèçâîäèòåëèêàòî Borealis, Basell, Sabic è äð.

Âñè÷êè èçïîëçâàíè òèïîâå ãðàíóëàò çàäúëæèòåëíî ñà âêëþ÷åíèâ Ïîçèòèâíàòà ëèñòà íà «Àñîöèàöèÿòà ÐÅ 100+» è Îäîáðåíàòàëèñòà íà äîñòàâ÷èöè íà ãðàíóëàò çà òðúáè íà «Íåìñêîòîäðóæåñòâî çà ïëàñòìàñîâè òðúáè KRV å.V.».

Êîíòðîëúò íà âõîäÿùèòå ñóðîâèíè ñå äîêàçâà ÷ðåç çàâîäñêèïðîòîêîëè çà âñÿêà äîñòàâåíà ïàðòèäà, êàêòî è ÷ðåç âúòðåøåíâõîäÿù êîíòðîë îò ôèðìåíàòà ëàáîðàòîðèÿ íà ÏËÀÑÒÅÊ.

PLASTEC is the most modern factory in Bulgariafor the production of high density polyethylenepipes (PEHD) with the trade mark Plastec.

The factory was established in 2000 completelyon private capitals. On an area of 12 000 sq.m.,in the eastern industrial zone in the city ofPlovdiv, there is a modern production base,comfortable administrative building and a

large storage area.

The factory is created technologically by transfer ofa German know-how, based on a 30-years experience in the field of the plastic pipes production.

TECHNICAL AND PRODUCTION BASE

The extrusion lines, manufactoring in PLASTEC, are produced bythe world leaders in the plastic field "Krauss Maffei" and"Cincinnati Extrusion".

All extrusion lines for the production of PEHD pressure pipes areequipted with precise gravimetries for dosing the raw materials,permanent computer control of the production parameters, special marking, cutting and rolling device, etc.

Also the new production of corrugated polyethylene pipes withstructured outer surface is realized on the most up-to-datemachines, manufactured by the well known European producer"Fraenkische Rohrwerke", Germany

RAW MATERIALS

The quality of the final product is considerably due to the quality of the raw material in use.

World leading granulate producers like Borealis, Basell, Sabic etc.supply the raw materials for the production of the PEHD pipes inPLASTEC.

All PE 100 grades in use are by all means included in the Positivelist of the "PE 100+ Assosiation" and in the Approved list of suppliers of the "German society for plastic pipes KRV e.V."

The control of the incoming materials is being proved by testingreports for each batch delivered, as well us by a special internalincoming control made in the PLASTEC's own laboratory.

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Ðàçâèâàíåòî íà òðúáèòå îò ðóëà ñå èçâúðøâà ïî ñëåäíèòåíà÷èíè:

• Ïðè òðúáè ñ âúíøåí äèàìåòúð � ô 63ìì òå ñå ðàçâèâàò âåðòèêàëíî, êàòîíà÷àëîòî íà òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äà ñå äúðæèçäðàâî.• Ïðè ïî-ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè ñåïðåïîðú÷âà èçïîëçâàíåòî íà ðàçâèâàùîóñòðîéñòâî. Íàâèòèòå ðóëà ìîãàò äà ñåïîñòàâÿò íà äúðâåíà èëè ñòîìàíåíàâúðòÿùà ñå êðúñòà÷êà è äà áúäàò ðàçâèòèíà ðúêà èëè ñ áàâíî äâèæåùî ñåïðåâîçíî ñðåäñòâî.Òðúáèòå òðÿáâà äà ñå ðàçâèâàò ïðàâè áåç äà áúäàò ïðå÷óïâàíè.Íåäîïóñòèìî å ñïèðàëíî èçäúðïâàíå. Ïðè ðàçâèâàíå íà òðúáèîò áàðàáàíè òðÿáâà äà ñå èìà ïðåäâèä, ÷å òðúáíèòå êðàèùàìîãàò äà èçñêî÷àò àêî ïî íåâíèìàíèå áúäàò èçïóñíàòè ïðèîñâîáîæäàâàíåòî èì îò çàòåãà÷èòå. Îñîáåíî òðÿáâà äà ñåâíèìàâà ïðè ðàçâèâàíåòî íà òðúáè ñ ãîëåìè äèàìåòðè, äîðè èêîãàòî ñå ìèíàâà ïîêðàé òÿõ. Ïðè ðàçâèâàíåòî òðÿáâà äà ñåèìà ïðåäâèä, ÷å ãúâêàâîñòòà íà PE òðúáèòå çàâèñè îòòåìïåðàòóðàòà íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà. Ïðè òåìïåðàòóðè íàîêîëíàòà ñðåäà áëèçêè äî òî÷êàòà íà çàìðúçâàíå, âñå îùåíàâèòèòå òðúáè ñ äèàìåòúð � ô 75 ìì òðÿáâà ïî âúçìîæíîñò äàñå íàãðåÿò. Òîâà ìîæå äà ñå ïîñòèãíå ñ òîïúë âúçäóõ, âîäà èëèïàðà ïîä íàëÿãàíå äî 100°Ñ.

Çà ïîëàãàíåòî íà òðúáèòå â èçêîïà òðÿáâà äà áúäàò èçïîëçâàíèóðåäè, êîèòî îñèãóðÿâàò ïëàâíî è ðàâíîìåðíî ñïóñêàíå áåçíàðàíÿâàíå.

Ïîëîæåíèÿò òðúáîïðîâîä òðÿáâà äà ëÿãà èçöÿëî âúðõó äúíîòîíà èçêîïà áåç äîïúëíèòåëíè íàïðåæåíèÿ. Óñòîé÷èâîòîìîíòèðàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â èçêîïà ñå ïîñòèãà ÷ðåççàïúëâàíåòî ìó ñòðàíè÷íî ïî öÿëàòà äúëæèíà ñ ìàòåðèàë áåçêàìúíè, êàòî ñå âíèìàâà äà íå ñå íàðàíÿò òðúáèòå.

Ãúâêàâîñòòà íà òðúáàòà ïîçâîëÿâà äîáðî íàïàñâàíå â òðúáíèÿèçêîï. Ïî-ìàëêè ïðåïÿòñòâèÿ ñå çàîáèêàëÿò áåçïðîáëåìíî è ñàâúçìîæíè ìàëêè ïðîìåíè â ïîñîêàòà, áåç äà å íåîáõîäèìîèçïîëçâàíåòî íà ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè. Êàòî îðèåíòèðîâú÷íèñòîéíîñòè çà ïðîìÿíàòà íà ïîñîêàòà âèæ òàáëèöà â ðàçäåëÒåõíè÷åñêà èíôîðìàöèÿ, Äîïóñòèìè ìèíèìàëíè ðàäèóñè íàîãúâàíå, ñòð. 28.Òðúáèòå íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò ïðåíàòîâàðâàíè îò ñèëè íà îïúí ïîâðåìå íà ïîëàãàíåòî. Êàòî öÿëî ïðîìåíèòå â ïîñîêàòà ñå ïðàâÿò ñ ïîìîùòà íàñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè êàòî êîëåíà, äúãè è òåòêè, ïðè êîåòî ñúùèòåñå çàâàðÿâàò êúì òðúáèòå (âèæ ðàçäåë Òåõíèêè íà ñâúðçâàíå).Íà îòêðèòè ìåñòà çàåäíî ñ òðúáàòà ñëåäâà äà ñå ïîëîæè èêàáåë çà óêàçàíèå íà ìåñòîïîëîæåíèåòî, êîéòî â ïîñëåäñòâèåóëåñíÿâà íàìèðàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.Ïîðàäè ïî-ìàëêàòà òâúðäîñò è çäðàâèíà íà òåðìîïëàñòè÷íèòåïëàñòìàñè â ñðàâíåíèå ñ ìåòàëíèòå ìàòåðèàëè, êàêòî è ïî-ãîëåìèòå ïðîìåíè â äúëæèíàòà â ñëåäñòâèå íà òåìïåðàòóðèòå,òðÿáâà äà ñå èìàò ïðåäâèä ñëåäíèòå èçèñêâàíèÿ: • çàêðåïâàíåòî íà òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè ñ ïîìîùòà íàòðúáíè ñêîáè • âëèÿíèåòî íà òåìïåðàòóðàòà.

ÇÀÊÐÅÏÂÀÍÅ Ñ ÏÎÌÎÙÒÀ ÍÀ ÒÐÚÁÍÈÑÊÎÁÈÇàêðåïâàùèòå åëåìåíòè çà ÐE òðúáîïðîâîäíè ñèñòåìè ñà îòïëàñòìàñà èëè ñòîìàíà. Ñòîìàíåíèòå ñêîáè òðÿáâàçàäúëæèòåëíî äà ñå ïîñòàâÿò ñ ëåíòè îò ÐÅ èëè åëàñòîìåðè, òúéêàòî â ïðîòèâåí ñëó÷àé ìîãàò äà óâðåäÿò ïî-ìåêàòà ïîâúðõíîñòíà ïëàñòìàñîâèòå òðúáè. Ïî òîçè íà÷èí ñêîáèòå ñúùî òàêàñëóæàò íàïðèìåð êàòî ïëúçãàùà îïîðà ïðè õîðèçîíòàëíîïîëîæåíè òðúáîïðîâîäè, çà äà ïîåìàò âåðòèêàëíîðàçïîëîæåíèòå ñèëè. Äðóãà îáëàñò íà ïðèëîæåíèå íà ñêîáèòåå ôóíêöèÿòà èì íà âîäåùà îïîðà, êîÿòî äà ïðåäïàçâà îòñòðàíè÷íî ïðèòèñêàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà, òúé êàòî ñêîáèòåïîåìàò è íàïðå÷íè ñèëè.

After cutting the pipes have to worked according to their forthcoming connection technolgy.

Following measurments have to be takeninto consideration when unrooling pipesfrom coils:

• For pipes with outside diameters � 63 mm the coils must be unrolled in vertical position, and the pipe should beholded carefully in the beginning.• Use special unrolling devices for

bigger diameters. Coils can be put on special wooden or steelsupports and can be unrolled on hand or by means of slowlymoving vehicles.Special attention has to be paid on the properly unrolling of pipecoils, so that the pipes remain straigth and without any breakedplaces.

It is possible pipe ends to spring out of the coil if not competenthandling with them.

The surrounding temperature can infuence the flexibility of pipesin coils.

At outside temperature near the freezing point it is recommend-ed to heat the pipes � 75 mm if possible before unrolling.

This can happen with hot air, hot water or steam up to 100°C.

Special devices have to be used for laying the pipes into the pipetrench in order to prevent any damages of the pipe.

The pipeline must lie on its whole length on the bottom of thetrench.

This position must also be free of any stresses.

For the stable installation of the pipeline in the trench it must belaterally filled up with a suitable stoneless material to avoid anydamages of the pipe.

Due to the very good flexibility of the pipe, it can be propelygrazed in the trench.

It is not necessary to use fittings for small changes in the direction,because of the pipe bending radius.

Reference values for the permissible changes in direction youcan find in "Technical information, Permissible minimum bendingradius", page 28.

Bigger changes in direction have to be realized by means of fittings like bends, elbows, tees etc. They can be welded or connected to the pipes (see "Connection technologies").

In the open field, a detection cable should be installed so thatthe pipeline can easily be detected at a later date.

Accessories and fittings have to be assemble over support blockswithout causing any additional stresses on the pipeline.

Because of the lower stiffness of the termoplastics in comparisonto the metal, as well as the larger changes in the length às aresult of the different temperatures, folowing requirements haveto be taken into consideration:

• fixing of the pipeline system by means of pipe clips• influence of the temperature

FIXING BY MEANS OF PIPE CLIPSAttachments made of steel or of thermoplastics are suitable forPE piping systems.

Steel clips have at any rate to be lined with tapes made of PE orelastomers, otherwise the surface of the plastic pipe may bedamaged.

Plastic pipes clips as well as pipe holders are very suitable forinstallation. These may be commonly applied and have beenespecially adjusted to the tolerances of the plastic pipes.


LAYING INSTRUCTION

BCMY

BCMY

BCMYBCMY

ÊÎÈ ÑÌÅ ÍÈÅ 3

ÂÎÄÎÑÍÀÁÄßÂÀÍÅ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 5

ÃÀÇÎÑÍÀÁÄßÂÀÍÅ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 7

ÊÀÍÀËÈÇÀÖÈß, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 9

ÄÐÅÍÀÆÍÈ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÈ, Ðàçìåðè íà òðúáè 11

ÏÎËÈÅÒÈËÅÍÚÒ ÊÀÒÎ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀË 13

• Õèìè÷íà ñòðóêòóðà íà ïîëèåòèëåíà• Çàùî ïîëèåòèëåí (ÐÅ) çà òðúáè• Ïîëèåòèëåí òèï ÐÅ 100• Ñïåöèôè÷íè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè íà ÐÅ• Åêñïëîàòàöèîíåí æèâîò íà òðúáèòå• Ïðåäèìñòâà íà ÐÅ• Ïîâåäåíèå ïðè àáðàçèâíè âåùåñòâà• Åëåêòðîïðîâîäèìîñò• Ïîâåäåíèå ïðè âúçäåéñòâèå íà ïëàìúê• Âîäîïîãëúùàíå• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà àòìîñôåðíè âëèÿíèÿ• Óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ãðèçà÷è è ìèêðîîðãàíèçìè• Ôèçèîëîãè÷íà áåçâðåäíîñò• Ðåöèêëèðàíå è îïàçâàíå íà îêîëíàòà ñðåäà• Õèìè÷åñêà óñòîé÷èâîñò íà ÐÅ

ÒÅÕÍÈ×ÅÑÊÀ ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈß 19• SDR• Òðúáíà ñåðèÿ S• Ôàêòîð íà ñèãóðíîñò SF• Íîìèíàëíî íàëÿãàíå PN• Ìàêñèìàëíî ðàáîòíî íàëÿãàíå MOP• Íîìèíàëíà òâúðäîñò íà ïðúñòåíà SN• Îïðåäåëÿíå íà íàïðå÷íîòî ñå÷åíèå• Èç÷èñëÿâàíå íà õèäðàâëè÷íè çàãóáè• Íîìîãðàìà íà ïðîòè÷àíåòî• Õèäðàâëè÷åí óäàð• Îïîðíè òî÷êè çà óêðåïâàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà• Ëèíåéíî ðàçøèðåíèå• Äîïóñòèìè ìèíèìàëíè ðàäèóñè íà îãúâàíå

ÒÅÕÍÈÊÈ ÇÀ ÑÂÚÐÇÂÀÍÅ ÍÀ PEHD ÒÐÚÁÈ 29

• Ïðèëîæåíèå • Îáùè èçèñêâàíèÿ è ïîäãîòîâêà ïðåäè çàâàðÿâàíå• ×åëíî çàâàðÿâàíå ñ òîïúë åëåìåíò• Ìóôîâî çàâàðÿâàíå• Åëåêòðîñúïðîòèâèòåëíî çàâàðÿâàíå• Ñâúðçâàíå ÷ðåç ðàçãëîáÿåìè ñúåäèíåíèÿ

ÓÏÚÒÂÀÍÅ ÇÀ ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅ ÍÀ PEHD ÒÐÚÁÈ 37• Ñêëàäèðàíå è òðàíñïîðò • Ïîëàãàíå è èçãðàæäàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè • Ìîíòàæ íà òðúáè è ñâúðçâàùè ÷àñòè• Çàêðåïâàíå ñ ïîìîùòà íà òðúáíè ñêîáè• Òåìïåðàòóðà íà ïîëàãàíå• Èçêîïè• Çàïúëâàíå íà èçêîïèòå


WATERSUPPLY, Pipe dimensions

GAS SUPPLY, Pipe dimensions

SEWAGE, Pipe dimensions

DRAINAGE, Pipe dimensions


• Chemical structure of polyethylene• Why to choose PE for pipes• Polyethylene PE 100• Specific properties of PE• Life-time period of pipes• Advatages of PE• Abrasion resistance• Electrical conductivity• Flammability• Water absorption• Weathering resistance• Resistance against rodents and microorganism• Physiological non-toxic• Recycling and environment preserving• Chemical resistance

TECHNICAL INFORMATION• SDR• Pipe series S• Safety factor SF• Nominal pressure PN• Maximum operating pressure MOP• Nominal stiffness SN• Calculation of pipe cross section• Determination of hydraulic pressure losses• Flow nomogramm• Hydraulic shock• Fixed points as support of the pipeline• Calculation of length change• Permissible minimum bending

CONNECTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR PEHD PRESSURE PIPES• Application limits• General requirements and welding preparation• Butt welding with heating element• Socket welding with heating element• Electrofusion welding (hot wedge welding)• Detachable joints

LAYING INSTRUCTION FOR PEHD PRESSURE PIPES• Storage and transportation• Laying and constructing of pipelines• Installation of pipes and fittings• Laying temperature• Pipe trench• Cover of pipe trench

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Therefore they surve as a sliding bearing for horizontal installedpipe systems in order to take up vertical stresses.

A further application range of the pipe clips is the function of aguiding bearing which should hinder a lateral bucking of thepipe system as it can also absorb tranversal stresses.

INSTALLATION TEMPERATUREA minimum installation temperature of > 0°C is to observe.

It is recommended for smaller pipe diameters (< 63 mm) to usesteel self-round pipes as support of the pipe system in order toenlarge the support distances.

On laying of pipes above ground expansion and contractions ofpipes in both radial and axial directions must not be hindered -that means, installation with radial clearance, precision of com-pensation facilities, control of changes in length by reasonablearrangment of fixed points.

Attachments have to be calculated so as to avoid pin-pointstresses, that means the bearing areas have to be as wide as pos-sible and adapted to the outside diameter (if possible, theenclosing angle has to be chosen > 90°). The quality of the sur-faces of the attachments should help avoid mechanicaldemage to the pipe surface. Valves (in cerain cases also tees)should basically be installed on a pipe system as fixed points.Valve constructions with the attachment devices being integrat-ed within the valve body are most advantageous.

PIPE TRENCHFor PE pipeline trench excavation it is to ensure that pipes areinstalled in a depth out of the freezing zone. The height of thecover layer depends on the climate and on the soil properties. Inprinciple it is between 1.0 and 1.8 m. The trench bottom must notbe loosen. By non-cohesive soil the trench bottom has to becompacted.

No special measurments are required in case of dry, hard soilswithout rocks.

If the trench bottom consists of stones and rocks, the pipe shouldbe placed on a 15 cm minimum sand bed without stones or on agravel with maximum size of stones up to 20 mm.

In sheer section it is also possible to supportthe pipeline by means of concrete con-tructions or similar to prevent sliding of thetrench.

By movable ground layers where the sta-bility of the trench can not be ensured,special measuremnts have to be taken tosupport the terrain.

TRENCH COVERIn cases, that the temperature of the pipeline as a result of direct-ly sun shining is more than the one of the trench itself, the pipelinemust be covered in sections with a 30 cm layer before the mainbackfill.

The aim is to avoid any deformations or stresses of the pipelinecaused by temperature differences when pipes being installed.

The material for the cover and for the backfill must be so goodcompacted that too large ovality of the pipes is excepted.

It is recommended to realize the compaction layer after layer.

The main backfill 30 cm over the pipe hasto be made of a suitable material withstone size not more than 20 mm. If neces-sary, a light compaction can be done.

The main backfill is to be realized after thecomplete pipe system has been tested.

ÒÅÌÏÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ ÍÀ ÏÎËÀÃÀÍÅÒðÿáâà äà ñå ñïàçâà ìèíèìàëíà òåìïåðàòóðà íàèíñòàëèðàíå > 0°C. Çà ïî-ìàëêè äèàìåòðè òðúáè (< 63ìì) ñå ïðåïîðú÷âà êàòî äîëíà îïîðà íà òðúáîïðîâîäàäà ñå èçïîëçâàò ñòîìàíåíè ïîëóñêîáè, çà äà ñå óâåëè÷àòîïîðíèòå ðàçñòîÿíèÿ.

Ðàçòÿãàíå è ñâèâàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ðàäèàëíà èëèàêñèàëíà ïîñîêà íå òðÿáâà äà áúäàò âúçïðåïÿòñòâàíèïðè ïîëîæåíè íàä çåìÿòà òðúáîïðîâîäè, òîåñòâãðàæäàíåòî òðÿáâà äà ñòàâà ñ ðàäèàëíî ïðîñòðàíñòâî,îñèãóðÿâàíå íà êîìïåíñàöèîííè âúçìîæíîñòè,êîíòðîëèðàíà ïðîìÿíà â äúëæèíàòà ÷ðåç ïðàâèëíàïîäðåäáà íà çàêðåïâàùè òî÷êè.

Óêðåïâàíèÿòà ñëåäâà äà ñà íàïðàâåíè òàêà, ÷å äà ñåèçáÿãâàò íàòîâàðâàíèÿ â òî÷êè, òîåñò îïîðíèòåïîâúðõíîñòè òðÿáâà äà áúäàò âúçìîæíî íàé-øèðîêè è äàñà ñúîáðàçåíè ñ âúíøíèÿ äèàìåòúð (úãúëúò íàîáõâàùàíå äà ñå èçáåðå ïî âúçìîæíîñò > 90°).Ïîâúðõíîñòèòå íà óêðåïâàùèòå åëåìåíòè íå áèâàïðè÷èíÿâàò ìåõàíè÷íè óâðåæäàíèÿ íà ïîâúðõíîñòòà íàòðúáàòà.

ÈÇÊÎÏÈÈçêîïèòå çà ïîëàãàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäè ñå ïðàâÿò òàêà, ÷åâñè÷êè òðúáîïðîâîäíè ÷àñòè äà ìîãàò äà áúäàò ïîëîæåíè íàäúëáî÷èíà èçâúí çîíàòà íà çàìðúçâàíå.

Âèñî÷èíàòà íà ïîêðèâàíå â çàâèñèìîñò îò êëèìàòà èõàðàêòåðèñòèêàòà íà ïî÷âàòà ïî ïðàâèëî å îò 1.0 ì äî 1.8 ì.

Äúíîòî íà èçêîïà íå òðÿáâà äà áúäå ðàçðîõêâàíî. Ïðèíåñâúðçàíà, ðîõêàâà ïî÷âà äúíîòî ñå óïëúòíÿâà ÷ðåçòðàìáîâàíå. Ïðè ñóõè, òâúðäè ïî÷âè áåç íàëè÷èå íà ñêàëè, ïîïðèíöèï íå ñå èçèñêâàò íèêàêâè ñïåöèàëíè îïåðàöèè. Âñêàëèñòà èëè êàìåííà îñíîâà òðúáíèÿò èçêîï òðÿáâà äà áúäåíàïðàâåí íà ìèíèìóì 0.15 ì ïî-äúëáîêî è èçêîïàíàòà ñêàëíàìàñà äà ñå çàìåíè ñ áåçêàìåíåí ñëîé ïÿñúê èëè êàìåííàôðàêöèÿ ñ åäðèíà íà ÷àñòèöèòå äî 20 ìì.

Â ñòðúìíè îòñå÷êè, çà äà ñå èçáåãíå ñâëè÷àíå íà èçêîïà, ñåèçâúðøâàò äîïúëíèòåëíè ïîäñèãóðèòåëíè ðàáîòè íàïðàâà íàáåòîíîâè ïðàãîâå è äð. Ïðè ïîäâèæíè ïëàñòîâå è ñâúðçàíèòå ñòîâà ïðîìåíè â ñòàáèëíîñòòà íà èçêîïèòå (íàïðèìåðñâëà÷èùà èëè äâèæåùè ñå ïÿñú÷íèîñíîâè) å íåîáõîäèìî äà ñåâçåìàò ñúîòâåòíî ïðåäïàçíèìåðêè çà óêðåïâàíå íà òåðåíà÷ðåç êîíêðåòíè ñòðîèòåëíèìåðîïðèÿòèÿ çà âñåêè îòäåëåíñëó÷àé.

ÇÀÏÚËÂÀÍÅ ÍÀÈÇÊÎÏÈÒÅÂ ñëó÷àè, êîãàòî òåìïåðàòóðàòà íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ñëåäñòâèåíà äèðåêòíî íàãðÿâàíå îò ñëúíöåòî å çíà÷èòåëíî ïî-âèñîêà îòòàçè íà èçêîïà, ñå íàëàãà ÷àñòè÷íîòî ìó ïîêðèâàíå ñ îêîëî0.30 ì ïðåäè îêîí÷àòåëíîòî ìó çàñèïâàíå. Òîâà ñå ïðàâè, çàäà ñå èçáåãíàò äåôîðìàöèèòå è íàïðåæåíèÿòà íà òðúáèòå ïðèïîëàãàíå íà òðúáîïðîâîäà â ñëåäñòâèå ðàçëèêàòà âòåìïåðàòóðèòå. Çàïúëâàùèòå ìàòåðèàëè îêîëî òðúáàòà òðÿáâàäà áúäàò ïîäáðàíè òàêà, ÷å äà ñå äà íå ñå ïðåäèçâèêâàòïîâðåäè íà òðúáàòà ïðè êîíòàêò ñ îñòðè ðúáîâå ïî âðåìå èñëåä óïëúòíÿâàíåòî. Ìàòåðèàëúò îêîëî òðúáàòà òðÿáâà äà áúäåóïëúòíÿâàí ïî òàêúâ íà÷èí, ÷å äà ñå èçáÿãâà ïðåêàëåíàòàîâàëíîñò íà òðúáàòà. Ïðåïîðú÷èòåëíî å óïëúòíÿâàíåòî äà ñåèçâúðøâà ïëàñò ñëåä ïëàñò.

Çàïúëâàíåòî íà èçêîïà íàä òðúáíèòå ñúåäèíåíèÿ è ñàìèòåòðúáè îò îêîëî 0.30 ì ñòàâà ñ ïîäõîäÿù ìàòåðèàë ñìàêñèìàëíà åäðèíà íà çåìíàòà ìàñà íå ïîâå÷å îò 20 ìì. Ïðèíåîáõîäèìîñò ñå èçâúðøâà ëåêî òðàìáîâàíå.

Îêîí÷àòåëíîòî çàñèïâàíå íà èçêîïà ñå èçâúðøâà ñëåäöÿëîñòíà ïðîâåðêà íà òðúáîïðîâîäà.


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5994,

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4006 Ïëîâäèâ, óë. “Óäðîó Óèëñúí” ¹ 14, ï.ê. 66, òåë.: 032/ 681 440; 686 871-3, ôàêñ: 032/ 681 965BG 4006 Plovdiv, Woodrow Wilson Str. 14, P.O. Box 66, phone +359/32 681 440, fax +359/32 681 965e-mail: [email protected], www.plastec-bg.com

Ïîðú÷êà 5994, 22.ix.2008, êîëà 1 - ëèöå · b c m y b c m y bcmy bcmy Ïîðú÷êà...

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