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U C T O ~ U Y ~ C K U ~ ~ 3KCKYPC. 1960-e r O n b l ~ M J I U O T M e Y e H b I n e p 3 H o -

B e H H b I M H I I O n b I T K a M U < p a 3 r O B a p U B a T b > > C M ~ U U H O ~ ~ H a n p R M y l o .

Torna-TO nomunucb H no~a3anu csom cnny T a m e H m e 064e- H 3 B e C T H b l e R3bIKU, K a K AJ~OJI-60, OOPTP~H, YoBon, bef icu~ H

nJI/ 1. necn~wne~we 70-x n p u H e c n o c co6ofi H O B b l e B 0 3 3 p e H W R

H a U e n U H M e T O A M I I p O U 3 B O A C T B a I l p O r p a M M AJIR K O M n b I O T e P O B ,

a B M e C T e C T e M U H O B b I e R 3 b I K U I I P O ~ P a M M U P O B a H U R . B 1970 r. npo+. H u ~ n a y c B H ~ T u3 Umpuxa ( L I I ~ e i i u a p u ~ ) O ~ O C H O B ~ ~ H pa3pa60~an R ~ ~ I K cnenymuero n o K o n e H u R , ~ a s ~ a ~ ero nac- K a J b - B Y e C T b 3 H a M e H U T O T O @ P ~ H U Y X K O T O M a T e M a T H K a h e 3 a ~ ~ C K ~ A R ( 1623 - 1662). 0 B C e X AOCTOHHCTBaX 3 T 0 r 0 R 3 b I K a B M

y 3 H a e T e , n p O Y U T a B A a H H y K 3 KHIIrY; 3 A e C b 6 y n e ~ A O C T a T O Y H O yea- 3 a T b H a Y A U B N T e J l b H y I O er0 I I p O C T O T y H K O H u e n T y a n b H y H , c~pofi- H O C T ~ - K a q e c T s a , 06ecnesu~ammue n a c ~ a n m y c ~ o f i ~ u ~ b ~ f i yc- nex H a n p O T R X e H U U 6e3 M a n o r 0 A B a A U a T H J e T . C ~ ~ O ~ H R nac- K a n b ( B TOM H J U UHOM er0 B ~ P U ~ H T ~ ) R B n R e T C R ~ e n p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i n p H H a & ' I e X H O C T b H , 3 B M nm6oro K n a c c a - O T <<MUKPO>> no ucynep,.

O T B J ~ K ~ R C ~ O T C O A e p X a H H R H C T P Y K T Y P b I M O H O T P ~ @ W H (06 3 T O M r O B O P U T C R B a B T O P C K O M ~ P ~ A U C J O B U N ) , OCTaHOBUMCR H a

o n ~ o f i B ~ X H O ~ nonpo6~ocru. B nepuon H a n u c a H u n K H U r U Typ60 n a c ~ a n b cyuecrsosan B sepcww 3.0. TO u onpeennuno K p y r

P a C C M O T P e H H b l X a B T O p a M U B O n p O C O B . O ~ H ~ K O B I I O C n e A H U e r O A b l + u p ~ o f i - p a 3 p a 6 o ~ ~ u ~ o ~ B b l n y l l l e H b I H O B M e B e p C U U (4.0 - 6.0) CHCTeMbI Typ60 n a c ~ a n b . B K o T o p ~ x n 3 b 1 ~ nonysun C y U l e C T B e H H O i ? p a 3 B U T U e . Oco6oro B H U M a H H R 3 a c n y x u ~ a e ~ rpynna H O B m M Y X ~ ~ H M X cno8 unit, uses, implementation U interface, 3a KOTOPbIMU CTOHT B e C b M a r u 6 ~ u f i M e X a H U 3 M

~ o n y n H p u s a u u u n p o r p a m , y ~ a c n e n o ~ a ~ ~ b r f i or 6onee MOUHMX

nac~anenono6~b1x R B ~ I K O B Monyna-2 a Ana. 6e3 T a K o r o HOBO- B B e n e H u a HCTUHHO n p o ~ e c c u o ~ a n b ~ o e I I P O T P a M M H p O B a H H e H a Typ- 60 n a c ~ a n e 6bmo 6 b l H e M b I c n u M o . (XOTA, p a 3 y ~ e e ~ c ~ . B c e TO,

0 q e M P Z i C C K a 3 a H O B K H H r e , O C T a e T C R C n p a B e n n H B b I M H n n R 6onee n O 3 A H U X ~ e p c U f i R ~ M K ~ . )

nepen n e p e B O A Y U K a M U C T O R J a H e n p O C T a R 3 a n a Y a : C O X p a H U B o6uufi crunb H e r o p o n n w B o r o C O ~ ~ C ~ ~ O B ~ H U H , c n e n a T b M a T e p n a n

K H U r U J e r K O I I O H H M a e M b I M , J l O r H q e C K U ~ 6 e n U ~ e J l b ~ b l ~ , T e X H U q e C K U

TOYHMM ( N I I p U T O M H e CJIULUKOM C K Y Y H ~ I M ) - T a K H M , K a K U M OH n p e n c T a e T B O p u r u H a n e . Cpenu M H o x e c T B a n u H r s u c T u Y e c K u x

n p o 6 n e ~ enea nu H e c a ~ o i i cnom~oii o~asanacb T e p M u H o n o r u q e c -

K a R . B n p a K T u K e n e p e B o n a H e p e n K u cnyqau, K o r n a npusuu- n H a J I b H 0 p a 3 H b I e I IOHRTHR, 0 6 0 3 ~ a Y a e ~ b l e I ~ o - ~ H ~ u ~ ~ c K H P a 3 H b l M U

T e p M U H a M U , H a PYCCKOM R 3 b I K e B b l P a X a I O T OAHHM C J O B O M . Ha- n p u M e p : statement n operator - oneparop; line a string - c ~ p o - K a ; character H symbol - cumon u T. A. C Y N T ~ ~ T C R , YTO

n o n o 6 ~ a ~ C M b l C J O B a R H e O n H O 3 H a Y H O C T b ( O ~ ~ C J O B J ~ H H ~ H O T e Y e C T -

B e H H b l M U T e P M H H O J l O r U Y e C K H M U T P ~ ~ N U R R M H ) H e H a H O C U T 0c06oro 6

yuep6a n O H H M a H U l o , n O C K O J b K y 0 K p y ~ a l o l l l ~ f i KOHTeKCT B C e r n a

n o M o r a e T Y C T a H O B U T b BCTUHY. B O ~ M O ~ H O , T a K O H 0 H e C T b , HO T O J ~ K O e C n H U M e T b B B U A y X O P O l l l O I l O n r O T O B n e H H b I X q U T a -

~ene f i . O A H ~ K O B ~akof i K H H T e , K a K 3 T a , A e A a T b C T a B K Y < H a KOH-

T e K c T > > 6 b 1 n 0 6 b 1 ~ e 6 n a r o p a s y ~ ~ o . -- -

B wwepecax an donee M a c c o B o r o ( H H a u M e H e e O c B e n o M -

J ~ H H O T O ) Y H T a T e J R p a 6 o ~ a H a l n e p e B O A O M 6bma n O n Y H H e H a C T p a -

T e r u s M O T U B H p O B a H H O r O o~6opa T e p M H H O B , C Y T b KOTOPOB CBOAHTCR K T p e M OCHOBHblM I I P U H U W n a M : a ) n p e A n O Y T e H H e O T A a B a T b T e p M H H a M .

T o w e e ecero n e p e n a m U u M c u M c n 0 6 0 3 ~ a s a e ~ u x n o ~ a ~ s f i ; 6) O n H a X A b I B B ~ A ~ H H H ~ ~ T e P M R H B C l o n Y W C n O n b 3 O B a T b T O n b K O B

OAHOM CMblCJIOBOM 3 H a Y e H U U ; B) C T a p a T b C H u36era~b yno~pe6- J e H w R T e p M k i H O n O r H l l e C K U X CUHOHHMOB ( H ~ ~ P W M ~ P , U H ~ ~ K C Y U K -

no - napafierp 4 u ~ n u ' - y n p a e n ~ ~ o u ( a ~ nepehtewaa y u ~ n a ) . ~ P H H R M ~ ~ H C ~ 80 B H U M a H H e T a K X e K P a T K O C T b T e P M H H a R ripen- n O q T W T e J I b H O C T b PYCCKHX K O p H e B b l X OCHOB ( H a n p U ~ e p , U M R B M e C T O

H e y n n m m e r o udeuru@uKarop, wne cnyse6lroe, a H e pe3epeupoea~- uoe cnoso). H a ~ o H e u , B p m e cnyqaes (06 TOM ~ u m e ) npu- wnocb n p u 6 e r ~ y ~ b K ~ p a f i ~ e f i M e p e - B s e e e H u m < < ~ e o n o r w s ~ o ~ ~ ' .

He UCKJIIOYeHO, YTO A a H H a R K H H r a 3 a H H T e p e C y e T HCKYUleH-

H o r o npo+eccuo~ana, ~ o ~ o p o ~ y saxore~cn 6onee o 6 o c ~ o ~ a ~ ~ o ~ apryresraqnu no noaony H e n p w s b l q H o m nepesona rex unu UHblX I I O H R T H ~ ~ . OCT~HOBHMCR H a HeCKOAbKHX ~ a n 6 0 n e e B a X H b l X .

Array. I l e p e e o n q n ~ a ~ TOT T e p M u H A O C T a B n R e T , noranyB. donee B C e r o XJlOnOT, H e C M O T P R H a A a B H m I O T p a A H Q H l O nepe- n a B a T b ero c n o s o M fiaccue, H e c y q u M B ce6e n p e n c T a s n e H u e o ~ e K 0 f i M O H O J I U T H O ~ ~ CYlllHOCTU ~ ~ ~ O T H O C U T U ~ ~ H O K ee B H Y T ~ ~ H H ~ ~ ~

opra~u3aqwu. T ~ K , B n O J H e Y ~ ~ A U T ~ A ~ H O ( U ~ ~ U B ~ I ~ H O ) 38)'-

q U T +pa3a r6onbwue M a C C H B b l A a H H b l X , X p a H U M b l e H a M a r H H T H b l X

J e H T a X > > . O ~ H ~ K O 3 n e C b H a C H H T e p e C y l o T H e < < n a H H U e B O O ~ U ~ B ,

a B n O J H e O n p e n e J I e H H b l e C T p Y K T Y p H b I e O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H U R C q e T K 0

B ~ I ~ ~ X ~ H H O ~ P e r y J I R P H O C T b m . H a 3 b l ~ a l l T a K U e C T P Y K T Y P b I

~ M O P @ H ~ I M T e P M l l H O M <<MaCCHB>>, Mbl H e T O J b K O BHOCUM n y T a H l l U Y

B CUCTeMY ~ O H R T H ~ ~ , HO ( P ~ K T U ~ ~ C K I ~ B b l X O J a u U B a e M n p e K p a C H Y H l

H A e l O 0 3 a K O H O M e P H O M q e p e n O B a H M H C O B e p U e H H O O n H O T H n H b l X

3 n e M e H T O B . B I I e p e B O n H b l X n y 6 n u ~ a ~ u R x IIOCJleAHMX n e T , B b I n O A H e H -

H ~ I X npw yqacrnn u non pena~uuefi a, 6. I l o ~ m a a a n o a a ~ , B B o n u T c n

' B n p o q e ~ , HenpneMneMocTb eapnaHTa anapaMeTp unltna, sbrTeKaeT n n3 BTOpOro npHHunna, nOCKOJlbKy TePMnH nQPaMeTP M b l y n o ~ p e 6 n n e ~ TOJlbKO n0 O T H O L U ~ H H ~ O K nonnporpaMMaM.

' CnpaaennnsocTn pafin cnenyeT c ~ a s a ~ b , TO HHnunaTnBa BBefieHnR ecex <HeTpanUuHOHHblXx TepMnHOB ( W CBR3aHHan C 3TMM O T B ~ T C T B ~ H H O C T ~ ) npHHan- nexnT OAHOMY n3 ABYX CoasTopoB nepeeona - H). n . UIHPOKOMY.

CM.: RBHK nporpaMMHpoeaHnn Aga (npe f i s apn~enb~oe o n n c a ~ n e ) . n e p .

c aHr,'. B. M. K y p o r ~ n ~ a n n. 6. ~~of i l uneanosa . - M.: Mnp. 1984; B H p T H. AATOPUTMM + CTPYKTYPM naHHMX = IlpOTpaMMbl / nep . C aHm. nOA pen. A. 6. nonmnsanoea. - M.: Mnp, 1985. 1 .7

y n a q H o e n o H R T u e peayn~pno20 ~ u n a ( a r r a y type ) , XOTR n p n TOM

C O X P a H R e T C R M <<MaCCUB>> - P e U I e H M e , H a H a l l B 3 m R A , H e B n O J l H e

n O C J l e ~ O B a T e J I b H O e , n 0 C K O n b K y O H 0 n M U b P a C I l l M p R e T K p y r ~ O H R T M ~ ~

( B b l H y ~ t < ~ a R n O M H U T b 0 P a B H 0 3 H a q H O C T M P e r y J I R p H O r O T M n a U M a c -

c n s a ) . T ~ K U X O q e T C R < < M ~ O ~ ~ ~ C T M > > C T p a H H O e , HO C T O A b H Y X H O e

CJIOBO P e Z l j A f f p - M T e M C a M b l M H a B C e r n a nOKOHYkiTb C < < M ~ C C M B O M > ! ' B ~ P o ~ ~ M , HMYTO H e M e L U a e T P a C C M O T P e T b M B a P M a H T b l no-

rrpoue: B e K T o p , M a T p u u a , ~ a 6 n u u a , pemema u T. A. O ~ H ~ K O 6onee n P O A y K T U B H b l M H a M n O K a 3 a J O C b C ~ M ~ ~ ~ C T B O O A H O K O P e H - H ~ I X C n o B p f f d - rzodp~ld - n o p f f d 2 - nop~doa - n 0 p f l d ~ 0 8 b l u ' - y n ~ p f i d ~ q e t i ~ b l u'... B ~ I ~ O P O M n p 0 c T e f i u 1 e r 0 - p f f d - A O C T U r a e T C R

X e J l a e M a R C M b l C J O B a R B b l p a 3 M T e J l b H O C T b M 3 a O n H O r I O n q e p K M B a e T - C H ( P ~ ~ A a ~ e ~ ~ a ~ l b H b l f i X a p a K T e p B ~ ~ N M O O T H O U I ~ H N ~ ~ M e M a y CTPYK-

T Y P a M U T u n a array (T. e. ~ R A ~ M u ) M n 0 p R n K O B b l M M T M n a M M

~ ~ c K ~ J I R . P a 3 y ~ e e T c R , B 3TOM H e C J l e A y e T Y C M a T P U B a T b K a K U X -

nu60 I l a p a J I J l e J l e f i C M a T t M a T M q e C K U M M P R A a M M (XOTR n p U M3-

B t C T H O M B O O ~ P ~ X ~ H U M UX M O X H O 6 b 1 ~ 1 0 6 b 1 ~ ~ O B ~ C T H ) . B K a -

qecrse A o n o n H n T e n b H o r o a p r y M e H r a B nonbsy T a K o r o p e m e H u R

COUIJ leMCR H a M ~ B ~ C T H ~ I ~ ~ R 3 b l K YTOITMCT3, B KOTOPOM T e P M M H

pnd K a K pa3 M M C n O A b 3 y e T C R B H H T e p e C y l o U e M H a C 3 H a Y e H M H . <

Assignment. He 6 y n e ~ oco6oro n p e y B e n n . r e H u R B TOM, YTO

H e x u T p a s r @ o p ~ y n a y : = x ~ 6 ~ p a e T B c e 6 ~ e n B a nn H e BCK)

I I p e M y n p O C T b n p O r p a M M U p O B a H H R . B a x ~ o n H W b C O 3 n a T b y y Y a -

U M X C R o q e H b T o q H o e n p e n c T a s n e H u e o ~ e x a ~ n s ~ e , c T o H w e M 3a ~ T O A C U M B O J I M ~ ~ C K O ~ 3 a n U C b K ) . T ~ K , B e C b M a CyUl.eCTBeHHblM R B -

J l H t T C H n O H k i M a H U e O A H O H a n p a B J l e H H O C T N U n O 3 T a n H O C T U n p O T e K a H U R

npouecca: caaqana B b r q u c n R e T c R X, 3 a ~ e ~ n o n y q e H H o e s ~ a ~ e ~ u e n o M e u a e T c s B y ( s a ~ e u a ~ ~06010 TO, YTO H a x o n n n o c b B y npexne). M H ~ I M U CJIOBaMU, <<MHMUUaTOPOM> o I I M c ~ H H o ~ ~ C O B O K y n -

HOCTM A e f i ~ ~ ~ U f i B b I C T Y n a e T X (T. e. I l p a B a R q a c ~ b ) , a 0 T H K ) n b

H e y. O n ~ r a ~ o , ~ a s b ~ ~ a ~ T a K y m K O H C T ~ ~ K U M K ) n p u c e o e n u e M nnu ( Y T O B c r p e s a e T c R .lawe, HO B p R n nu ynyquraer neno) npu- C e a U B a H U e M , Mbl H e B O n b H O n P O B O U U P Y e M n p R M O n p O T U B O n O J O X H y l o

M o n e n b : ccy n p u c s a u B a e T ce6e s ~ a q e ~ u e x>>. M TOT M e T o n o -

J l ~ r M q e ~ ~ U f i K a 3 y C H a C q U T b I B a e T H e OAMH A e C R T O K J ~ T !

' M H T ~ ~ ~ C H O , q T O B O n A C a H N N R 3 b l K a A f l 1 - 0 ~ - 6 8 T e P M H H a r r a y 3 a M e H e H 6od1ee C.TPOrNM multiple value ( C O O T B ~ T C T R ~ H H O B O n N C a H I I N H a H e M e U K O M R 3 b l K e H a

M e C T e T p a i t U U M O l f H O r O Feld n O f l B J R e T C R Reihung - n O l f R T N e , C e h l a H T M q e C K M 6 ~ ~ 3 -

K o e K < < p R a y > > ) .

' A p x a n ~ ~ o e ( H O B n o n t i e p y c c ~ o e ) CJOBO n o p ~ d . G y i l y ~ ~ n C O B ~ P U ~ H H O C H O ~

G O A H ~ I M OT CMblC-1OBbIX ~ C C O U M ~ U N ~ ~ , B b l r J l R A A T ~ ~ M ~ H ' I I I R O ~ a d l b T ~ P H a ~ l l l l O i l

T e P M N H y CMaCCMB>> ( n p e a c ~ a ~ b ~ e : 3 J l e M e H T l l O p R & a , ~ O ~ R X H ~ I U T N n , MHOrOMept I1 , l l i n O p R i l M T . A , ) . O A H ~ K O 6o.nee y 6 e A M ~ e J I b ~ b l X MOTMBRPOBOK T a K O M y n p e n n o -

X C H N K J Y HBC, VBbl . HCT.

B H a c T o n q e M n e p e B o n e T e p M n H assignment ~ c m n y n e p e n a e T c R

ero TOYHbIM AMHrBUCTUYeCKUM 3 K B M B a J l e H T O M - H a 3 H U Y e H U e . CO- 0 T B e T C T B y K ) U a R r J l v O A b H a R @ 0 p ~ a -- H a 3 H a q U T b ; B n p O Y e M , UHOT-

na no YMCTO CTUJlUCTUYeCKMM M O T U B a M MbI r O B O P U M d a r b 384-

renue ( q e ~ y - T O ) U A H ~ O M ~ C T U T ~ 3 n a ~ e n u e (BO YTO-TO) . Statement. C ~ a n o ~ e n p e n o x ~ o f i H O P M O ~ ~ n e p e B o A n T b TOT

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H e c o e x e c T u M b r t : c 1B?~s\ PC. - lipunrer. rzep.

19

TOYHO ~ ~ p e ~ n u c b ~ ~ a ~ ~ q I I i i e M y , K a K c n e n y e T p e u a T b A a H H y m

saoaqy. B - T P ~ T ~ I I X , ~ p e 6 y e ~ c R 3 U K O H ~ e H H U R I I p O r p a M M a . M ~ I B C e r A a

(no ~ p a i ~ e f i M e p e npM p e u r e H u u n e p s b l x H e c K o n b K u x 3 a ~ a q , a n p a K T u L l e C K I t - IIOYTU ~ce r f i a ) ~ Y A ~ M CTPeMMTbCR K C O C T a B ~ l e H M I O

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n a p ~ ~ b ~ f i n a c ~ a n b > > ' .

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q e n o B e K a C K O M n b I O T e P O M . n o M e p e H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ U M O C T M MbI 6 y ~ e ~ O T M e q a T b T a K O r O P O A a P a 3 J I U q M R . ~ O B O P R n P O C T O 0 n a c ~ a n e (Be3 YTO'IHeHUR A U W C K T H O T O B ~ P U ~ H T ~ ) , Mbl 6 y n e ~ N M e T b B

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n ~ y m ero p a s ~ o e e ~ ~ o c r b (T. e. BapuaHT nnu a u a n e ~ ~ ) ; B paMKax x e onHoro nnaneKra ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , Typ6o n a c n a n a ) saxHo p a s n n q a ~ b oTnenbsble M O ~ U ~ U -

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23

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nnR u x p a 3 n e ~ i e ~ u ~ . M H ~ ~ M W CJ loBaMu, Korna B nporpaMMe 3 a n ~ -

cam1 nBa ujru HecKonbKO npe;lno>ne~ufi, T O Y K M c s a n ~ ~ o f i cne- nYeT PaCCTaBjlRTb MeXny H M M M , HO He B K O H U e KaXnOrO. ~ Y C T ~

B a C ~e ~ ~ C ~ O K O M T H ~ K o T o ~ ~ R T Y M ~ H H O C T ~ TaK0fi @ O P M ~ J I ~ ~ P O B K M ~ BCKO-

pe H a M ~ ~ ~ ~ C T ~ B U T C H ~~ ly l l a f i IlOrOBOpMTb 06 3TOM nonpo6~ee . Q ~ K T M ~ ~ C K M neno O ~ C T O M T Tau, YTO onpeneJeHHbre K o M n M -

B TaKMS B e P C M R X CJIOBO O U ~ P U ~ , 3aKJlIOYeHHOe B C K O ~ K W ,

OnoBeuaeT KoMnMnRTop o TOM, YTO nporpaMMa 6yneT ucnonb-

30BaTb @afiJI no MMeHli ~ l l t p ~ t , M B n a H H O M CJlyYae 3T0 03Ha-

qaeT, YTO I I ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M J HaMepeBaeTcR neYaTaTb p e s y ~ b ~ a ~ b ~ Ka- KWX-TO B ~ I Y M C ~ I ~ H U ~ . E c n ~ Bbr pa60TaeTe C KOMnkiJlRTOpOM,

KOTOpOMj ' H e n p e M e H H O T P ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R YKa3bIBaTb 3Tj' M H @ O P M ~ U M O , TO ;1m6a~ Bawa nporpaMMa nonmHa conepxaTb B c a ~ o f i nep~o i i CTpOKe CJoBo ollfpllf ( B C K O ~ K ~ X ) . A B HeKOTOPblX IlPOrpaMMaX BHYTPM 3T0fi Xe IIapbI C K O ~ O K noTpe6j'eTcR yKa3blBaTb M HeKj 'K)

n p y r y m M H @ O P M ~ U M H ) ( C M . n. 3.3). B Typ60 n a c ~ a J l e H a J l M Y M e B 3al-OJOBKe IIpOrpaMMbl napbl

~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ CO CJOBOM olltput BHyTpM H M X He 06~3aTe~lbtl0, XOTR

BKJIOYaTb 3TY H H @ O P M ~ U M H ) M He 3anPeLUCHO. (06blYH0 CJOBO

output BCe-TatiM !-Ka3bIBaIOT. BeJIaIOT 3T0 M3 TeX c o o 6 p a m e ~ ~ f i , YT06bl nporpaMMy, pa3pa60TaH~yKl B C H C T e M e Typ60 nacKaJIb,

MOXHO 6 b 1 ~ 0 663 K ~ K M X - ~ 1 ~ 6 0 nepened70K MCnO.lb30BaTb B APYI'MX BepCliRX ~ ~ C K ~ J I H . ) B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T B H T ~ J I ~ H O C T M B Typ60 nacKaJIe C a M

s a r o n o s o ~ nporpaMMbr ~ e o 6 ~ 3 a ~ e ; r e ~ - BCR nepBaR cTpoKa M O -

meT 6 b 1 ~ b onyueHa. B n a r ~ b ~ e i r n e ~ n p u p a 3 p a 6 o ~ ~ e HamMx nporpaMM M ~ I ~ c e - T ~ K M 6yneM c H a 6 ~ a T b nporpaMl\.rbr s a r o n o ~ ~ a - M M . ~ P M 3TOM M b l OI.PaHMYMMCR yKa3aHMeM C A O B a program M M M e H U IlpOI.paMMbl, a C J O B O 0~fp l l f yKa3bIBaTb He 6 y n e ~ .

O6paTMTe B H M M a H M e Ha np06e~1, pa3ne~IRIO~Mfi CdlOBa pro- gram u p rob l . B FIac~a. le cyuecTByeT p ~ n npaBun, perna- MeHTupyrourix yno~pe6 , le~r ie npo6e.lo~. Ho M ~ I noKa He 6 y n e ~ 06cj'XnaTb B C e 3TM npaBkizla, a OTMeTMM TOJlbKO CaMbIe BaXHble:

npo6eJ~ HeJlb3R CTaBUTb BHYTPIf C-TOBa (HaIlpll~ep, pr 061 He MomeT C J I ~ X M T ~ uMeHeM n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ ) , a BOT cocenHue cnosa H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O OTlle,lHTb npyr OT ,llPYra OAHMM -MJM HecKo~lbKMMli

npo6enawu unM K ~ K M M - T O npvruM p a 3 n e n ~ ~ e n e ~ ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , C K O ~ K O ~ M Z l M ~ ~ I I R T o ~ ~ ) . (3ahleTM~ nOnyTH0, YTO OnMH pas- ne.luTe;lb, rxe 6b1 OH H M 6 b 1 ~ y n o ~ p e G . l e ~ , pasperuaerc~ uonon- HRTb nPOM3BOJbHblM YUC; IOM npo6e; lo~. Kale npaBk1J0, 3T0 no- MOraeT CneJaTb TeKCT npOrpaMMb1 6onee Har, lR~Hbl~.)

f l ~ c ~ a z l HalllY KHMT?, B3T.TRHMTe XOTR 6b1 H a nepBYIO CTPOKY

IIpOrpaMMbl. Bbl, B e P O R T H O , 3aMeTIlJM, YTO HeKOTOPble C J O B a

( ~ a n p ~ h i e p , number , s u m ) sanl ica~br H ~ K ~ T O H H ~ I M ( K Y P C M B H ~ I M )

UIPM@TO>I, a HeKoTopbrc ( ~ a n p r i ~ e p , program) Ha6paHbl nony- X I ~ P H ~ I M II IPII@TOM. 3 a ~ e ~ TO cne , ia~o , M ~ I noRcHuM B n . 1.3.6.

program probl(output);

C..lenyIOlUaR C T p O K a , KOTOPYtO hlbl HaMepeHbl HanUCaTb,

He 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J I b ~ a B TOM CMblC.le, YTO 6e3 Hee IlPOrPaMMa BCe

paBH0 6 y n e ~ pa60TaTb. OfltlaK0 BK.1K)YeHMe T a K O r O POna C T P O K

B n p 0 r p a M M y R B j l R e T C R 3 J I e M e H T O M X O P O U l e r O CTHJIR J I p O r p a M -

M U P O B a H U R ( u , I IO-BHAUMOMY, ~ a u 6 o n e e B a X H b I M ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o M ) .

n 0 3 A ~ e e M b l ~ O A P O ~ H O P a C C K a X e M 0 C T A J I e I I p O r p a M M A p O B a H U R ,

a n 0 K a n 0 3 H a K O M A M B a C T O j l b K O C KOMMeHTUPURMU. K O M M ~ H T ~ - pufi ~uqei-o H e c 0 0 6 u a e ~ ~ o ~ n b l ~ ~ e p y . Ero ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u e COCTOUT B T O M , q ~ 0 6 b 1 n O R C H U T b 4 e J I O B e K y , q u T a m q e M y npo- r p a M M y , K a K y K l 3anaqy O H a B b l I I O n H R e T , UJU I I O M O q b BCJIOMHMTb Ae- T a n u n p o r p a M M b r c a M o M y ee cosna~enm. B H a q a n o ~ a m n o f i n p O r p a M M b 1 MbI 6 y n e ~ B K J K l q a T b K O M M ~ H T ~ P A ~ ~ , I I O R C H R ~ U M ~ ~ ee H a 3 H a q e H U e . n03Xe M b l 6 y n e ~ A C h O J I b 3 0 B a T b K O M M e H T a P U H U

B A P Y r N X q a C T R X I l p O r p a M M b l , H O n 0 K a O T p a H U 4 U M C R O A H U M

e A U H C T B e H H b I M K O M M e H T a P U e M , B K O T O P O M O T P a 3 H M OCHOBHYK) ueJb ~ Z i U I e f i I I p O r p a M M b I . TOT K O M M ~ H T ~ P A ~ ~ M O X e T BbIF ' J IRAeTb, H a -

n p U M e p , T a K :

K O M M ~ H T ~ P A ~ ~ O T K P b I B a e T C R CUMBOJIOM { A 3 a K p b l B a e T C R C U M -

B O A O M 1. ~ O C J ~ K O M M e H T a P U R H e T P ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R C T a B U T b T O q K Y C

s a n ~ ~ o f i , T a K K a K OH H e H B n R e T c H n p e n n o x e H u e M n a c ~ a n ~ . Mexny O r P a H H q U T e J I R M A K O M M e H T a P U R (T. e. C U M B O n a M U ( U ) ) Bb1 M O X e T e p a C n 0 J l O X U T b ~ a ~ 0 f i y r O A H 0 T e K C T , B TOM q U C J l e

a66peeua~ypb1, c n o B a , H a n U C a H H b l e C O ~ @ O ~ ~ ~ @ U ~ ~ C K U M U omu6- K a M A A T . A. B ~ O J I ~ U I A H C T B ~ n U a j I e K T O B ~ ~ c K ~ J I R B K a q e C T B e O r p a -

~ A ' i A ~ e J l e f i K O M M e H T a P U R p a 3 p e U I e H O T a K X e H C I I O J l b 3 O B a T b n p y r y K l

nap)' CUMBOJlOB - (* A * ) . f l A ~ e p a ( C H e I I O C p e n C T B e H H O C J I e -

~ y K l 4 e f i 3a H e f i J I A ~ e p o f i * O T K p b I B a e T K O M M ~ H T ~ ~ U ~ ~ , a 3a- K p b l B a m T K O M M ~ H T ~ P H ~ ~ P a C I I O J l O X e H H b l e O A H a 3a npyr0fi J l M T e p b I

* A ) . l l p u H a n u c a H u u H a u I u x n p o r p a M M M ~ I 6 y n e ~ no.nb- 3 0 B a T b C R @ H ~ ~ P H ~ I M N C K O ~ K ~ M N ( A ] . B CBOAX J I P O r p a M M a X

BbI M O X e T e Y ~ O T ~ ~ ~ J I R T ~ K a K T Y , T a K U ApyryKl nap)' O r p a -

~ u q u ~ e n e f i . O A H ~ K O B npenenax on~of i n p o r p a M M M ny4uIe n p u - M e H R T b O F ' P a H U Y U T e J l U K a K O r O - T O O A H O r O B U A a , 3a U C K J I l o ' i e H U e M

T e X C J y q a e B , K O r A a q a C T b I 0 K O M M e H T a P U R FlBJ lReTCR n p O r p a M -

~ H b l f i @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T , B CBOKl O q e p e n b ~ 0 n e p X a I L t U f i K O M M ~ H T ~ ~ U ~ ~ ' .

' 3 n e C b R B H O T P ~ ~ Y I O T C R I lORCHeHWR. B Typ60 f l a c K a J I e H e f l b 3 f l (HO B H e K O -

T O P b l X A N a J e K T a X n a c K a J f l M O X H O ) , O T K P b l B K O M M ~ H T ~ P W ~ ~ C N M B O J O M (, 3 a K p b l T b

er0 C N M B O J O M *) . C ~ p y r 0 h CTOpOHbI , n p H n p a t 3 N J I b H o f i U ~ ~ J ~ H C H ~ O B K ~ > KOMMeHTN-

p y I O l u N X C K O ~ O K B Typ60 n a c K a J I e M O X H O (a BO MHOrWX A N a f l e K T a X H e J l b 3 R ) H a n H -

C a T b K O M M ~ H T ~ P N ~ B N n a ( 8 ~ e U t l l l ~ K~MMeIiTLlpllli ( * 8,103Celinblu' K O M M ~ H T U P U ~ ~ * ) npodonwenue 8HeUHeZO K O M M ~ H T L ~ ~ U R ) . k i ~ o r a a C T O J l b 3 K 3 0 T H ' l e C K O e n p a B N J l O MO-

X C T O K a 3 a T b C R n O J I e 3 H b l M , HO B C e Xe 6 n a r o p a 3 y ~ ~ e e H e Y B f l e K a T b C f l er0 n p H M e -

H e H H e M ( ~ O C K O J ~ K ~ A p y r N e K O M n N J I R T O p b l E a C M O r Y T H e ~ o H R T ~ ! ) . - npllMf?u. nep.

C ~ e n y K I I 4 ~ f i H a U l m a r COCTOUT B T O M , q ~ 0 6 b l C O O ~ ~ ~ U T ~

( H A M , U H a q e , o ~ % R B $ T ~ ) K O M n b m T e p y , K a K U e R 4 e l l K U I I a h l R T U

( ~ a ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ e ) M ~ I c o 6 u p a e ~ c ~ u c n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ b B c ~ o e a n p o r p a M M e . n e p e m e ~ ~ a ~ - TO U M R @ U ~ U ~ ~ C K O ~ O y q a c T K a na - MRTM, B K O T O P O M B ~ a X ~ b l f i M O M e H T B p e M e H M hlO>;<eT X P a H U T b C R

T o n b K o o n H o 3 ~ a r l e ~ u e . C ~ M O ~ a 3 ~ a ~ u e c c n e p e h l e H H a m > nonpa- 3 y M e B a e T , q T O C O A e P X H M O e 3 T O r 0 y 4 a C T K a M O X e T H 3 M e H R T b C R

( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , B M e C T O q H C n a 4 C O n e p X U M b I M C T a H e T LIUCJIO 5) B

X O n e B b l I I O J l H e H U R I I p O r p a M M b l . Y T O ~ ~ I O I l p e n e J U ? b , K a K U e nepe- M e H H b l e I I O H ~ A O ~ R T C R , C n e A y e T T U a T e n b H O n p O a H a J r k t 3 U p O B a T b

p a 3 p a 6 a ~ b r ~ a e ~ y m n p o r p a M M y . P a 3 y ~ e e ~ c ~ , ecnu B npouecce p a 6 o ~ b r H a n n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i B ~ I R C H U T C R , TO B a M H Y X H ~ I e q e K a m e - T o n e p e M e H H b l e , B b t B c e r n a M o x e r e B e p H y r b c n K 0 6 % ~ ~ -

n e H u R M u A O ~ ~ B H T ~ H e A o c T a m q u e n e p e M e H H b I e .

K a ~ u e M e n e p e M e H H b l e n o ~ p e 6 y r o ~ c ~ B ~ a m e i i s a j a ~ ~ e ? O n ~ a O q e B M l l H a - T a , B K O T O P O ~ ~ ~ Y A Y T X P a H M T b C R LIuCJIa O T 4

' 9 . K ~ K M ~ I T O J I ~ K O TO O T M e T u n u , 3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i M o x e T

' U 3 M e H R T b C R , C J l e A O B a T e J I b H O , O A H a U T a Xe I I e p e M e H H a R M O X e T

6 b 1 T b H C I I O J I b 3 0 B a H a AJIR X p a H e H U R n106oro 113 4 U C e A O T 4 A 0 , 9. M M R I I e p e ~ e ~ H ~ f i T O q H O T a K Xe, K a K U U M R I l p O F ' p a M M b l , M b l

3 M O X e M ~ b l 6 p a ~ b J I W ~ ~ I M . K a ~ o e Xe UMR 6 0 . 1 1 b m e B C e r O I I O A O ~ ~ A ~ T

f nnn nepe~e~krofi , s ~ o ~ o p o f i ~ Y A Y T X p a H u T b c R qucna o T 4 no 9? P B O ~ M O X H O , H a M J l y 4 U I U M 6b1n0 6 b 1 T a K O e U M R , K a K nurnbt'rsfrorn4to9,

HO M ~ I H ~ ~ O B ~ M H a u I y n e p e M e H H y r o u M e H e M number. 3 ~ o ropasno K O p O q e ( B q e M n p e U M y U e C T B 0 K P a T K U X M M ~ H ? ) M HUCKOJ1bKO H e X y X e .

J l e r ~ o ~ o r a n a ~ b c ~ , TO ~ e o 6 x o ~ u ~ a ~ a ~ x e n e p e ~ e ~ f i a ~ n n ~ x p a H e H u R

K B a A p a T O B q U C e J l , Efi B n O J H e J I o n o f i ~ e T U M R sqnurnber. C T e M Xe Y C n e X O M AJIR H a u I U X I I e p e M e H H b I X M b l M O r J I U 6 b 1 B 3 R T b M M e H a X U Y, bob u charlie unu rate u time. Ecnu T o n b K o ~ b l H e H a p y m a e M n p a B u n

R 3 b I K a , nm60e ~ b l 6 p a ~ ~ o e H a M U H M R H e B b 1 3 0 B e T L 5 0 3 p a ~ e ~ U f i y K O M l I b -

K l T e p a . O A H ~ K O M b l P e K O M e H A y e M B a M - U 3 T 0 O A U H U 3 3 " I e M e H -

T O B X O p O u I e r O CTMJIR I I p O r p a M M U P O B a H U R - U C I l O . r I b 3 0 B a T b C O A e p -

X a T e J l b H b I e M H e M O H U 4 e C K U e M M e H a , T . e. T a K U e , K O T O P b l e n O A -

C K a 3 b I B a k O T ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e H ~ 0 2 . M T ~ K , M b l B b l 6 k i p a e ~ U M e H a

number u sqnumber. (Tenepb, H a e e p H o e , n o H R T H o , noqewy M ~ I

O C T a H O B U J I U C b U M e H H O H a H M X . )

K p o ~ e U M e H A n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i , K O M I I b K l T e p y ~eo6xonun10 O ~ % R B N T ~

0 T O M , 3 H a q e H U R K a K O r O T u n a M b l O X U A a e M B A a H H O M y 4 a C T K e

I I a M R T U . B n a c ~ a . J I e M M e e T C R M H O r O T U n O B A a H H b l X . n 0 ~ a M b l

O r P a H U q U M C R T e M , 4 T O B b I A e J l U M A B a T u n a A a H H b I X : ~ p 0 6 ~ b l e

sucna ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 3.1415 unu -4.5) u u e n b l e ( ~ a ~ u e , K a K 439 unu -7).

K ~ K O ~ % H B U T ~ n e p e M e H H y m number, H M e R B B U A y 3 T U A B a

T u n a A ~ H H ~ I X ? Number ecerna 6 y A e T c o n e p x a T b T o n b K o u e n b l e

qucna, ~ O ~ T O M Y M ~ I O ~ % R B N M ee K a K nepeMeHHyto Tuna integer. T a ~ o i i x e Tan 6 y n e ~ uMeTb nepeMeHHaR sqnumber, nocKonbKy oHa TaK xe , K a K H nepeMeHHaR number, 6 y n e ~ xpa- H H T ~ T O J ~ K O uenbte a ~ a q e ~ a ~ ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . Ha n a c ~ a n e 0 6 a ~ ~ n e ~ u e

YKa3aHHbIX IIepeMeHHbIX MOXHO 3anMCaTb CJleAyIOqUM o 6 p a 3 0 ~ :

llilll var number,sqnumber : ,integer;

XOTR AaHHOe 0 6 - b ~ ~ n e ~ u e CJIeAOBaJlO 6b1 OTne"7HTb T O ~ K O ~ ~ C

s a n ~ ~ o f i OT pacnonoxeHHor0 3a H A M npennoxeHuR, M ~ I 3~01-o

AeJIaTb He 6 y n e ~ ; yCJIOBHMCR, nOKa3blBaR OAHHOqHOe npeAJI0-

XeHHe, He CTaBMTb B er0 K O H U e 3HaK ;*. C n y x e 6 ~ o e C J O B O

Var B npHBeneHH0ii CTpOKe 03HaqaeT 6yKBanbH0 <<nepeMeHHaR>> (variable). 3 ~ o npennoxesae c o o b u a e ~ KoMnrinRTopy o TOM, TO O ~ % R B J I R I O T C R nBe nepeMeHHble - number a sqnumber - M qTO B yKa3aHHblX IIepeMeHHbIX ~ Y A Y T XPaHHTbCR TO.'IbKO UeJIble

qUCJa. ( 0 6 p a ~ k i ~ e B H M M a H H e , B TeKCTe IIpOrpaMMbI C n O B a Var H program M ~ I 3anuca~1u nonyxupHbIM UIPN@TOM. ~ T H cnoBa Ha3blBaDTCR C J ) ' > ~ < ~ ~ H ~ I M U , O H H AMeIOT B R3blKe CneUHaJIbHOe 3Ha-

qeHue. C~yXe6Hble cnona n a c ~ a n ~ M ~ I O ~ C ~ A U M B n. 1.3.3.)

1.2.4. 0 6 q a ~ cTpyKTypa nporpaMMb1 H a nacwme. O r p a ~ n r n ~ e n n begin-end

Tenepb Mbl rOTOBb1 IIPUCTYnMTb K U C ~ O J I H H T ~ J ~ H O ~ qacTu ~ a m e f i nporpaMMbr. B n a c ~ a n e Haqano u c n o n ~ u ~ e n b ~ o i i

qaCTH npOrpi3MMbI 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a t o ~ C J I Y X ~ ~ H ~ I M C J O B O M begin. 3 a C J O B O M begin CJIeAyeT HCIIOJIHHTeJIbHaR qaCTb, 38 MCIIOJIHMTeJlb-

HOE qaCTbD - CJOBO end ( U T O ~ K ~ ) , KOTOpOe 0603Haqae~ K O H e U TeKCTa npOrpaMMb1. B a x ~ o IlOHHMaTb, qTO H H begin, H H end C a M H no ce6e He RBJIRH)TCR npeAJlOXeHHRMH R3bIKa, n03TOMy

nOCJIe nm6oro M3 H H X B OTAeJlbHOCTH He T P ~ ~ Y ~ T C R CTaBHTb

T O ~ K ~ c s a n ~ ~ o f i . A BOT nocnenoBaTenbHocTb npennoxe~ui i , K O T O P ~ I O OTKpbIBaeT CJIOBO begin a s a s e p m a e ~ cnoao end, MoxeT paccMaTpusaTbcR K a K enuHoe npennoxeHue. TaKaR nocnenoaa- TeJlbHOCTb ( B K J I I O ~ ~ R begin U end) Ha3bIBaeTCR COCTU8HblM nped- n0XeHUeM. CYMMHPYR B C e BbIUleCKa3aHHOe, u306pa3u~ o 6 q y m CTPYKTYPY IIPOrPaMMbl Ha R3bIKe nacKaJIb CJenylouNM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ :

B nepesone B c e o n p e n e n e H u R ( T H I I O B ) H O ~ % R B ~ ~ H H R ( n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ x ) n O K a 3 a H b r C 3 a B e p ~ l a 1 0 ~ e A T O ~ K O ~ C 3 a n R ~ o k , q T O TOqHO COOTBeTCTBYeT

c e H r a K c e c y I l a c ~ a n s l . - npuweq. nep.

5 ;*' program . . . ; o a m n o ~ o ~ nporpaaaaam

var . . . ; 06'bmne~m w

begin Hasano 06pa60~m ( n c n m e n a ~ m yams nporpartaa~)

H a q H e ~ c ~e6onbmoro s a ~ e q a ~ u ~ . 0 6 - b ~ ~ n e ~ u e ne- ~ ~ M ~ H H o I ? TOJlbKO pe3ePBUPYeT AJIR Hee H ~ K O T O P ~ ~ ~ ~ YqaCTOK

IIaMRTH. A BOT IIOMeCTHTb B IIepeMeHHym 3HaqeHUe IIOCpeflCTBOM

O ~ % H B J ~ H U H HeJlb3H. n p o c ~ e f i m ~ f i cnoco6 naTb IIepe~eHHofi 3Ha-

qeHHe - 3T0 BbInOJHHTb npednoxertue rtU3HU'ieHUR, KOTOpOe C H a - qana BbIqucnReT 3 ~ a q e ~ u e , a 3 a ~ e ~ noMeqaeT ero B a a n a ~ ~ ~ f i

i YqaCTOK IIaMRTH.

A Tenepb OTBeTHM Ha &Ba BOnpOCa: KOTOPaR H3 nepeMeHHbIX

nonxrra nonyquTb s ~ a q e ~ u e B nepaym oqepenb H K a K u M A O J I ~ H O 6b l~b 3TO 3HaqeHHe? ~ O C K O J ~ K Y BblqHCJleHUe ( K B ~ A P ~ T O B ) Mbl

XOTHM HaqaTb CO 3HaqeHUR 4, RCHO, qTO 3T0 3HaqeHHe HyXHO

noMecTuTb B nepeMeHHym number. n o s ~ o ~ y M ~ I HanuuleM

cnenymqee: begin

number := 4

O T M ~ T H M eUe pa3, qTO CTPOKa CO CJIOBOM begin He 3aKaH-

qHBaeTCR T O ~ K O ~ ~ C ~ ~ I ~ R T o # , a c n y x e 6 ~ o e CnoBo end B C a M O M

KoHue nporpaMMb1 0603Haqae~ KoHeu npennoxeHuR, HaqaBmerocR

cnoaoM begin. n p e n n o x e ~ u e H ~ S H ~ ~ ~ H U R cnenyeT quTaTb, HanpuMep, TaK:

( B number noMeqeHo s ~ a q e ~ u e 42 unu ( n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i number ~ a s ~ a q e ~ o s ~ a q e ~ u e 4,. ~ O B O P U T ~ x e , TO ccnepeMeHHaR number PaBHa 4, - HeKOPpeKTHO, TaK K a K 3T0 BeAeT K nYTaHHUe MeXAY

CHMBOJIOM Ha3HaqeHHR (:=) H 3HaKOM PaBeHCTBa (=), K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ B nacKaJIe HCnOJb3yeTCR B COBepLUeHHO HHblX UeJIflX.

Boo6qe roaopsl, npennoxeHue ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ B n a c ~ a n e H H -

TepnpeTHpyeTCR CnenymqHM o 6 p a 3 0 ~ : He BHOCR H H K a K U X H3Me- - - - ~

~ e ~ u i i B BbrpaxeHue, cToRqee cnpaea OT onepaTopa H ~ S H ~ ~ ~ H H R , BblqHCJlHTb 3T0 BblpaMeHHe H er0 3HaqeHHe IIOMeCTUTb B ne- peMeHHym, y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ y m cnesa OT onepaTopa ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u ~ ; npu TOM cTapoe s ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i s a ~ e q a e ~ c ~ H O B ~ I M . Ha- npuMep, ecnu B x xpaHunocb qucno 7, a B y - qucno 5,

R ~ ~ G K U ~ ~ M R T U ) , HO AJIR H ~ L L I ~ ~ n p 0 r p a M M b I 3 T 0 - ~ e ~ ~ ~ l 3 b l h

X J a M . A 3 H a Y M T , K O r n a Mbl r O B O P U M , '4TO R U A K P i nyCTb1, Mbl

A O I I y C K a e M H e K O T O p y t o HeTOqHOCTb. n 0 c J I e BbInOJIHeHUR n e p B O r 0

n p e A J l O X e H U R H a 3 H a q e H U R C O n e p X U M O e I l e P e M e H H b l X 6 y f l e ~ T a K U M ,

K a K O H 0 n O K a 3 a H O H a PUC. 1.16. A R O C J l e n H e M y H a l I U C a H H O M y

n p e n n o X e H u t o n p o r p a M M b l o T s e q a e T puc. 1 .1 B.

i number number number

sqnumber sqnumber sqnumber

Puc. 1.1. a ) nocne 0 6 a f l s n e ~ u ~ nepeMeHHb1x 6 ) Ilocne ~ a s ~ a r l e ~ ~ i f l n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i c number 3 ~ a qel3ufl 4 B) nocne sblqucneHufl sqnumber

1 1.2.6. l l e r a ~ b : n p e n n o w t e H n e writeln

B ~ ~ H ~ M C R K n 0 C T a H O B K e 3 a n a q U ( ~ ~ M ~ T M M , q T O 3 T 0

B C e r A a n O J I e 3 H 0 , e C n A BbI H C n b l T b l B a e T e C O M H ~ H U R ) . B I l O C T a -

H o s K e saaasu ~ O B O P A T C R , YTO 3 ~ a q e ~ u e , cpasy nocne T o r o K a K

O H 0 BblYUCJleHO, n O J l X H O 6 b l T b O T n e Y a T a H O . ~ O Y ~ M Y 3 T O H Y X H O

cnena~b? Bce, q T O MbI O n U C a J I U , KaKPiM-TO o 6 p a 3 o ~ IIpOUCXOnUT

BHYTPA K O M n b t o T e p a . HO q e J l O B e K - T O 3 T 0 r 0 H e BUAUT. flax'? eCJIU 6 b 1 H a M U Y A a n O C b < < 3 a r J l R H y T b B K O M n b D T e P > > , Mbl 661 H e CMOrJl l l I I p O C J l e n U T b 3a T e M , q T O T a M nPOUCXOART, nOCKOJ7bKy

B C e IIpOUCXOAkfT CJUUIKOM ~ ~ I C T P O . M n 0 3 T O M Y n p y r O r 0 cnoco6a Y 3 H a T b , p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ I I p O r p a M M a UJIU H e T , K p O M e K a K n O J l y . I U T b OT

K O M n b I O T e p a H ~ K H ~ O T q e T ( ~ P N ' J ~ M B @ O P M ~ , ~ O H R T H O ~ ~ q e J O -

B ~ K Y ) , y H a C H e T . P ~ ~ Y M ~ ~ T c H , B 3TOM O T q e T e A O J l X H b I 6 b l ~ b

H a n e q a T a H b I p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ b 1 H e B c e x ero neicreuii, a n u r u b T e x ,

0 KOTOPblX MbI XOTAM U M e T b U H @ O P M ~ L I U ~ O .

npome B c e r o n e y a T b B n a c ~ a n e MOXHO B b l n o n H u T b c no- M O U ~ D n p e n . n o ) t < e H u R writeln. f l n ~ ~arueii 3anasu M ~ I 3a- n u m e M ero T a K :

K a ~ u e 661 B b I p a X e H U R HU 6 6 1 ~ ~ 3 a n U C a H b I B H y T p M C K O ~ O K

nocne c n o B a writeln, O H U B ~ I ~ C I C J I R I O T C R , a 3 a ~ e ~ n e y a T a m T c R . B n p u s e n e H H o M n p u M e p e B nurnber n o M e m e H o 4, a B sqnumber - q u C n 0 16, C J l e A O B a T e ~ b H O , 6 y n e ~ H a n e q a T a H O

416

Ho, n o f l o X n U ~ e ! n 0 . l e ~ y '4MCuTa O K a 3 a J l U C b H a I I e q a T a H H b l M U

CAMTHO? K co) t<aneHuto , B Typ6o n a c ~ a n c e c T b n p a B r l n o , no KO-

T o p O M y , ecnu O R H U M n p e n n o x e H u e M uriteln M ~ I n e q a T a e M nea s n e M e H T a nonpm, TO B T O P O ~ ~ J I ~ M ~ H T 6 y n e ~ H a n e q a T a H H e n o -

c p e n c T s e H H o nocne n p e n m e c T B o B a e u e r o . Oqeeun~o, TO H a n e q a -

T a H H b I e T a K U M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ p e 3 Y J b T a T b l ~ p a f i ~ e H e v n 0 6 ~ b 1 A J R BOC-

I I P U R T U R ! n o n p o 6 y e ~ B ~ I ~ T U 1.13 ~ O J I O X e H M R , P a C C T a B J R R , me H y X -

HO, n p o 6 e n b 1 . B m. 3 M ~ I H a y q n M c R ewe O A H O M ~ cnoco6y n e q a T l 4

n p o 6 e n o ~ nepen B ~ I B O A H M ~ I M ~ M C J O B ~ I M ~ H ~ Y ~ H I I ~ M . A n o K a

B O C n O n b 3 y e M C R C J l ' ? A y ~ l U l l M n p H e M 0 M . M b 1 A O ~ ~ B H M f l O n O J H U -

~ e n b ~ b l k 3 ; l e M e H T B n p e A J l O X e H P i e ~ r i t e l n . TOT 3 J l e M e H T , npen- ~ T ' a B J I f l t o ~ 1 . 1 ~ co608 npo6e.11, ~ ~ K J I I O Y ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ B a I I o c ~ p o @ b l (' ' ) , n o M e c T u M M e x a y c j r o e a M n number u sqnumber. n p e n n o x e ~ u e writeln n p n M e T snn

A H a n e q a T a H o 6 y n e ~ cnenytomee: 4 16

O ~ P ~ T U T ~ B H M M a H U e , npo6en o K a 3 a n c R M e X A y qUCJlaM1.1 4 U 16, OH O T n e J R e T UX OAHO OT n p y r O r 0 . O T M ~ T C I M , q T O B C R K U ~ ? pas, K O r a a MbI 6 y n e ~ n e q a T a T b HeCKOJlbKO 3 n e M e H T O B OAHUM ripen- JIO>KeHneM writeln, H a M np! lneTCR A e ~ l a T b H e q T O n O X O X e e , q ~ 0 6 b 1

pa3nenu~b n e s a T a e M b l e ~ H ~ Y ~ H W R . (I3 rn. 2 M ~ I n o ~ p 0 6 ~ o O ~ C Y A M M ,

K a K O B a B T a K U X CPiTYaLIURX POdIb ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ O B . )

npexne q e M n p n n o n x a T b n 3 n o x e ~ u e . M ~ I 6 b 1 x o T e n u

Y ~ ~ A U T ~ C R B TOM, q T O BbI X O P O W O n O H M M a e T e , K a K p a 6 0 ~ a e T

n p e n n o x e H u e writeln. C ~ a x n ~ e , M o x e T e nu B ~ I n p e n c ~ a 3 a ~ 6 , TO H a n e q a T a e T n p e n n o x e H n e writeln(number + 1 ) n n R num- ber = 4? OHO H a n e s a T a e T q u c , ? o 5, HO s ~ a s e ~ u e ~ number n o - n p e x ~ e ~ y 6 y n e ~ 4.

E C T ~ ewe o n H a B a X H a z l A e T a n b B pa6ore n p e J n o x r H u R

writeln, o K O T O P O ~ M ~ I n o K a H e ~ ~ O M R H ~ J I M . H a n e q a ~ a B B c e

B e n n q n H b I , y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ b l e B c n n c K e , n p e A . l o x e H u e writeln n o 3 a 6 0 -

TUTCR ewe n o T O M , ~ ~ 0 6 b 1 cnenytouee n p e n n o x e H u e B b l B o a a

H a q a n o n e l : a T a T b c HOBO^ CTPOKU. T ~ K ~ M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , K o r n a H a t u a

I n p o r p a i M M a B c.lenytoutnii pa3 H a q H e T TO-TO n e q a T a T b , COOT-

B e T C T B y t o ~ n e 3 H a q e t I k l R 6 m y ~ IIORB,?RTbCR H a HOBO^^ C T p O K e .

2 s a h a j Nc 048 3 3

(A q T O 6 b 1 n 0 661, eC.Ili 6 Mbl UCnOJlb30BaJIU n B a n p e A n o m e H u R F

% I T a K a R n p o r p a ~ ~ a 6 y n e ~ p a 6 o ~ a ~ b n p a B H n b H 0 , O A H a K o nPen- writeln, OAHO nocne A p y r o r o , A n R r r e q a T u number u sqnumber?

i O X e H H b I f i cnoco6 p e m e H u R sanaqu ~ p a f i ~ e H ~ ~ @ @ ~ K T u B ~ H . H ~ M B 3TOM C J l y q a e 3 H a q e H U R HaUIUX I I epeMeHHbIX 6 b l n U 6 b 1 H a -

I I e q a T a H b I H a OTneJIbHbIX C T ~ O K ~ X . ) : n b H ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ R A e n a T b ,MaCCY IIOBTOpHIOUUXCR 0nepau~f i . Ann H a -

3anaqu ( H ~ X O X ~ ~ H U R K B a A p a T O B W c e J I OT 4 no g ) 3TO H e

C T p a H e H , HO OH H e RBJIReTCR eAUHCTBeHHb1M. ECJU Bb; p a k ~ - T a e T e 38 T e p M U H a n O M UJIU H a I I epCOHanbHOM KOMnbIOTepe , TO

Y B a C RMeeTCR BOSMOXHOCTb BCe BbIAaqU H a n p a B J I R T b H a 3 K P a H .

C n e n a ~ b TO n o B o n b H o n p o c T o : npu ycnoauu, TO BM H e nanu KOM-

I l b J O T e p y A p y r U X y ~ a 3 a ~ U f i , BbIBOA 6 y n e ~ OCyweCTBJ lRTbCR K a K pa3 H a 3 K p a H . T ~ M H e M e H e e UMeTb T B e p A y l O KOnUlo p e 3 y J I b T a T O B O q e H b

~ ~ 0 6 ~ 0 , H a n p U M e p , eCnM BbI ~ 0 6 U p a e ~ e c b n O K a 3 b I B a T b P e 3 y J I b T a T b I B a -

U I e 6 I l p O r p a M M b l KaKUM-TO J IUUaM. (B I IpUJ lOXeHHl i I MbI O ~ C Y A U M ,

K a K I l O J l y q a T b T B e p A b I e KOnUU B Typ60 nac~a . l r . Ha IBM PC.) T ~ K M M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , Mbl M O X e M O P r a H U 3 0 B a T b Bbll3o.l T a K , q ~ 0 6 b 1

p e 3 y A b T a T b I n e p e C b l J I a J l U C b nu60 H a 3Kl)aH, ~ 1 1 4 6 0 I i a I I p U H T e p -

B SaBUCUMOCTR OT TOrO, qTO B A ~ H H O ~ ~ CUTYaUMU yno6~ee .

n o ~ a M ~ I H a n e q a T a n u T o n b K o napy qucen: 4 u 16; '-IT0 Xe H a M A e J I a T b A a n b U I e ? K C O X a n e H U D , OTBeT H a 3TOT

B O n p O C HeJ lb3R H ~ ~ T U B @ O P M Y J I U P O B K ~ 3 a A a q U . H a c ~ y n u n MOMeHT, K O r A a BbI CaMU AOJIXHbI O n p e n e J l U T b CBOU IlOCJle-

A y K l U H e A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R . H ~ M H O ~ O IIOpa3MblCJlUB, BbI n o t i ~ e ~ e , q T O

T e n e p b HYXHO ~ a n e q a ~ a ~ b 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ 5 u 25, 6 u 36, B n n o T b

A 0 9 U 81. H O T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C H AH H a M HOBaR I l e p e M e H H a R AJIR X p a -

HeHUR 4UCJ la 5 ( U ewe OAHa AJIR X p a H e H U R s U C J I a 25), 3 a T e M

ewe o n H a n n R q n c n a 6 M T a K nanee? H ~ T . K ~ K M ~ I yme rOBOPUJIU, 3 H a q e H U e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ f i M O X e T U3MeHRTbCR. A p y r u ~ u CJIOBaMU, Mbl M O X e M CHOBa U CHOBa UCI IOJ lb30BaTb BCe T e Xe n e p e M e H H b l e number u sqnumber.

K ~ K YCTaHOBUTb B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i number 3 H a q e H H e 5? hpen- nometrue ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ number: = 5, n o - B U A U M O M ~ , n e n a e T TO,

TO HYXHO. Aanee M O ~ H O H a n u c a m m a n p e n n o x e H u R : sqnum- ber: = number * number N writeln. Hy a s a ~ e ~ H a n u c a n no TPU n p e n n o m e H u R n n R number = 6, 7 , 8 u 9.

K ~ K 3 a C T a B U T b K O M n b l o T e p BbInOJIHRTb 3TU IIOBTOPR-

IOUUeCR, PYTUHHbIe O n e P a U U U 323 H ~ C ? ~ D A U H e H a B U n R T T a K y l o

p a60~y . K C T ~ T M , eCJIU UM H e HPaBUTCR KaKOe-TO 3 a H R T U e , OHM

H a 3 b I B a m T E r O YTOMUTenbHbIM U O A H O O ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M (name eCJIU

3 T 0 H e T ~ K ) . K 0 ~ n b I O ~ e p Xe HeHaBUCTU K I lOBTOpRKlwUMCR

O n e p a U H R M H e UCnbITbIBaeT. B HeKOTOPOM CMbICJle OH H U q e r O T a K

H e n m d u ~ , K a K A e J l a T b OnHO U TO Xe CHOBa U CHOBa. A 3 H a -

4 U T , MbI AOCTaBUM KOMnblQTePY YnOBOnbCTBHe, nO3BOJlUB e M y

n o p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b H a HaC.

B ~ ~ H ~ M C H K TeKCTY n P O r P a M M b I U IIOCMOTPUM H a f lOCneAHUe

T P U CTPOKH. ( 0 6 p a ~ u ~ e BHUMaHUe, K O r A a n p o r p a ~ ~ ~ b l f i TeKCT

3 C O A e p X U T HeCKOJlbKO n p e f l J I ~ ~ e ~ U f i , MbI O T n e J l R e M UX A P Y r OT

*; npyra T O ~ K O ~ c s a n ~ ~ o i i , HO nocne nocnemero n p e n n o m e H u R

'$ T O q K y C 3 a n R ~ 0 f i H e C T ~ B H M . ) I I

number := 4 ; sqnumber := number * number; . '

- writeln (number, I , sqnumber)

P e n O T O q U M H a U e BHUMaHUe H a B T O P O ~ U ~ p e ~ b e f i CTpOKaX.

i B b I n o n H e H u u y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ b 1 x npennome~ufi n e p e M e H H a R number e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 4, a sqnumber n o n y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 16. MUHYT-

HOrO Pa3MbIUIJ l eHUR AOCTaTOqHO, q ~ 0 6 b 1 IlOHRTb, ' I T 0 3TU Xe CTpoKH n0&0i iny~ u AJIR 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u npyrux 3 ~ a q e ~ U f i . Ecnu 6 6 1

3 H a q e H u e M number 6 b 1 ~ 1 0 q u c n o 12, TO B p e 3 y J I b T a T e BbInOJIHe-

H U H n p e ~ n o m e ~ u f i u3 B T O P O ~ ~ u ~ p e ~ b e f i CTPOK B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o t i sqnumber o ~ a s a n o c b q u c n o 144 (12 X 12), a H a n e q a T a H b l

6 b 1 n u 6 b 1 qucna 12 u 144. Ecnu 6 b 1 B number 661~10 q u c n o

15, 6 b 1 n a 6 6 1 H a n e s a T a H a napa 15 u 225 (15 B ~ ~ a n p a ~ e ) . A BOT ecnu 6 b 1 B number x p a H u n o c b 5, TO n p o r p a M M a H a n e s a -

T a n a 6 b 1 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ 5 u 25, T. e. KaK pa3 TY napy qucen, KOTOPYKI M ~ I XOTUM H a n e q a T a T b cnenymwefi. ECJIU 3 a ~ e ~ 3 ~ a - q e H u e M n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i number c T a n o 6 6 1 qucno 6 u M ~ I BePHYJlUCb

K BbInOJlHeHUlO B T O P O ~ ~ U ~ p e ~ b e f i CTPOK, TO I l P O r P a M M a H a n e q a -

Tana 6b1 CAeAytoUyB HYXHYD H a M nap)' qUCeJl 6 36. M TaK nanee.

MblcJIb HeAypHa, HO K a K 3aCTaBUTb KOMnbKlTeP B03Bpa-

UaTbCR K BblIlOJHeHUto B T O P O ~ U ~ p e ~ b e f i CTPOK B C R K M ~ ~ pas, Korna nepeMeHHaR number nonyqaeT Hoeoe s ~ a q e ~ u e ? O T B ~ T Ha 3TOT BOnpOC TeCHO CBR3aH C 4UKAa - 0 A H O r O U 3 ~04Hefi - UUX CpeACTB no6oro R3MKa I l P O r P a M M U P O B a H H R . UUKJ AaeT BO3MO)HHOCTb 3aCTaBUTb KOMnbfOTeP BbIIIO~HUTb HeCKOJbKO pa3

npennoxesue, KoTopoe s a n u c a ~ o B n p o r p a m e TonbKo OAUH pas. Eionee nonpo6so ~ b l O ~ C ~ A H M un~3Ibl n03xe. Cefiqac x e Harua 3anara COCTOHT B TOM, q~06bl yBenuquTb 3 ~ a q e ~ t i e n e p e u e ~ ~ o c number Ha 1 , T. e. CAeJlaTb eT0 PaBHblM 5; U IlOBTOPHO Bbl-

n0JlHUTb BTOpOe U TPeTbe npeAJIOXeHUR. A a ~ b HOBOe 3HaqeHUe

( 5 ) n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i number MOXHO CnenywuuM o6pasou:

number := 5

n p u ~ e n e ~ ~ o e npennomeme H a M H n K a K He noMoraeT B TOM, q~06b1 IlOMeCTHTb B number 6, 7, 8 U 9, CAeJlaTb x e 3TO

MOXHO C IlOMOUbto O n H O r O U3RUHOrO IlpUeMa, K O T O P M ~ ~ K TOMY x e npeKpacHo unnocTpupyeT pasnuque Mexny ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ u PaBeHCTBOM. M ~ I nepeXOAUM OT 4 K 5 , OT 5 K 6 U T a K nanee,

nonpocTy n o 6 a ~ n ~ ~ K npenblnyueMy 3 ~ a q e ~ u t o number eneHuuy. T a ~ o f i npouecc qacTo H ~ ~ ~ I B ~ I O T npupaurenueM n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i number. B M ~ C T O Tor0 q~06bl I ~ P U ~ ~ B J I R T ~ e A H H H U y BpyqHyH), He AyqUle J I U IlOPYqHTb 3T0 K O M ~ ~ ~ O T ~ P Y ?

K ~ K c006UU~b KOMnbkOTepy 0 TOM, qTO K IIPeAblAYueMy s ~ a q e ~ u t o cnenyer npU6a~ki~b e n u ~ u u y ? M ~ I HanuuleM npenno- XeHUe Ha3HaqeHHR. TO AOJlXHO 6bl~b CneBa OT OnepaTOpa Ha- 3Haqe~kiR? nepe~eHHaR, K O T O P O ~ ~ Mbl XOTMM AaTb HOBOe 3Haqe-

Hue, T. e. number. A cnpaea? Cnpasa nonxsa B M T ~ 3 a n u c a ~ a cyMMa cTaporo 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ number u enusuubl. Ha n a c ~ a n e TO

6 y n e ~ BblrnRAeTb T a K :

number := number + 1

~ J ' c T ~ ~ O A O ~ H ~ R 3anUCb He CMyUaeT MaTeMaTtiKOB. ha no^- HUM, oHa BoBce He o s ~ a q a e ~ , TO number pamo number + 1 , TO, pasyMeeTcR, non~efiruufi ssnop, a c o o 6 u a e ~ , TO B nepeMes- H ~ I O number n o n x ~ o 6b1~b ~ O M ~ U ~ H O Hwoe s ~ a r e ~ u e , paBHoe c y m e ee npenblnyuero 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ n 1. H ~ H H O ~ npennoxesue IlpeAnUCblBaeT KOMnbIOTepy n06pa~bcR no Rqefi~U n a M R T H C U M e H e M number, B3RTb 3HaqeHHe, XPaHRUeeCR TaM, IlpU6aBU~b K HeMy e A U H U U y U pe3yAbTaT IlOMeCTUTb B ~ q e f i ~ y number. TO, qT0 onHa u T a Ne m e f i ~ a number U C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R B HarueM npenno- XeHUU ABaXAbI, C TOqKU 3PeHHR KOMnbtoTepa RBAReTCR npOCT0 COBnaAeHUeM, T O r A a K a K C HaIIlefi TOqKU 3PeHUR 3T0 COCTaB-

J R e T CYTb I lPUBeAeHHOrO IlPeA~OXeHUR. Ecnu B number conep-

xanocb rucno 4, TO nocne BblnonHeHuR npueeneHHoro npenno- XeHUR B 3~0i3 n e p e u e ~ ~ o f i oKameTcR qucno 5. A TO cnyrunocb

Co 3HaqeHUeM 4? M c y ~ e ~ 6b l~b , OH0 OCTaJIOCb B I laMRTU KOMnb-

lorepa, u Tenepb B number XpaHUTCR sucno 54 Unu 45, unu name 9? H ~ T , 4 acTepTo, u Ha ero MecTe s a n u c a ~ o sucno 5. HO e C J U 4 CTepTO, 3HaqUT J H 3T0, qTO OH0 YTePRHO naBcerna? Aa, TOJbKO H W K ~ K O ~ ~ A p a M M 3neCb HeT, HOTOM)' qTO M ~ I yme ticnonbao~ane s ~ a s e ~ u e 4 , nonysunu cooTsercrsylouee

s ~ a q e ~ u e sqnumber u oTneqaTanu 06a ~ T U 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ .

1.2.10. npoc~oii npnMep unKna for

flnR Tor0 q~06bI U3MeHRTb 3HaqeHUR number, M M

BOCnOJIb3yeMCR Uneefi npUpameHUR, OAHaKO H e B TOM BUne, B

K a K O M 3T0 6b1n0 npennomeso BbluIe. E C T ~ 6onee yn06~blfi CnO- co6 U3MeHeHHR 3HaqeHHR number, OH COCTOUT BO BKntoqeHUU

s~opof i u ~ p e ~ b e f i C T ~ O K B uuan for. BnnIOlleHue x u x neyx CTPOK B UUKJI o6ecnesu~ U X B b l n O J H e H U e M U HeCKOnbKHX pa3-

neqHblx 3 ~ a q e ~ u f i number, npu M TOM npupaueHue n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o h number 6 y n e ~ npOU3BOAUTbCR B UWKJlUle aBTOMaTUqeCKU.

P~CCMOTPHM cHaqana npoc~e i i~uyo @ o p ~ y npenfioxeHuR U U K -

n a for B n a c ~ a n e . (Apyryo @ o p ~ y ~ T O ~ O npennoxeHuR M ~ I o 6 c y n u ~ B n. 1.3.7.) H N H ~ M c npnuepa. B TOM npuMepe 6 y n y ~ @ H ~ Y P W P O B ~ T ~ nBe nepeMeHHbIe, i U j , KOTOpMe Mbl 06%- R B U M K a K nepeMeHHble T u n a integer.

for i :3 1 to 3 do writeln(i)

n e p ~ y t 0 CTpOKY B 3TOM @ p a r ~ e H ~ e n P U H R T O Ha3MBaTb 3a-

ronoeKoM UuKna for. npennome~ue uuKna for Bcerna Harutia-

eTCR C TOrO, qTO H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ Ilepe~eHH06, 06blq~0 ee Ha3blBatoT unde~cow uuKna une ero ynpasnclroqeli nepenetinoli ( B HauIeM

npuMepe TO i ) , naercn ~ a ~ o e - T O HasanbHoe s ~ a r e ~ u e . B 3a-

rOj lOBKe yKa3blBaeTCR HaqaJIbHOe 3HaqeHne UHAeKCa UUKna ( B AaHHOM CJyqae i HaqHeT U3MeHRTbCR C I ) , a TaKme KOHeqHOe, U A U ,

m a r e , npenenbHoe 3 ~ a q e ~ u e uHneKca ( B naHHoM cnyqae i 6 y n e ~ pacTu no 3). Ha KamnoM npoxone uuKna s ~ a q e ~ u e uHneKca yeenuqusaeTcR Ha 1 . nocne cnyme6eoro cnoea do pasperuaercff IlOMelUaTb O n H O np€!nJOM€!Hue, KOTOpOe U 6 y n e ~ BblnOJIHRTbCR nnfl Kamnoro u3 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i i . B HarueM npuMepe - TO npen- noxeHue wri te ln( i ) . K o ~ n b o ~ e p B b l n O J H R e T Teno uuKna nnR HeCKOJIbKUX 3~aqeHtifi U H n e K C a . B n a H H O M Cnyqae OH BblnOJIHWT

npennoxeHne writeln ( i ) nnR i = 1 , 2 u 3. Ha KaxnoM npoxoqe uuKna npennomeHue s r i t e ln ( i ) ucnonbsye~ Hoeoe a ~ a r e ~ u e i , nonyqeHHoe n p u 6 a e n e ~ u e ~ 1 K npenbinyueMy s ~ a q e ~ t i o U H -

37

& e ~ b . ~ O C A ~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ n KOHeqHOrO 3HaqeHHR (3) BbInOJlHeHUe umna s a ~ e p u r a e ~ c ~ , n nporpaMMa npononxuTc9 npennoxeHueM, e n e n y ~ u n ~ sa U H K ~ O M . :5 , c , 8 ,

' t lpocnenn~ u a r 3a maroM, KaK pad~tAe"t.~lur for. n o - liraroeoe BbInonHeHue ~ p y q ~ y t o Bcex neficdhii, Kdropble npenne- I CaHbl IIporpa~Mofl, NHOrAa Ha3blBatoT ~ p a C h p b 8 ~ 0 f i HnH UMUTU-

queri a p y u x y r o . Tpaccnpos~a nsnnercn rpe3~,~1tialwo B a X R b l M cpen- ci-BUM nporpaMMnposaHnn. M T ~ K , i nonyliaei.. kasaab~oe 3 ~ a - s e m e 1. l l p o u c x o ~ n ~ BXOA B Ten0 u u ~ ~ r a , Pne mnonHseTcR npenJtoxeHue writeln(i) nnn i = 1. 'IlpenJtoke~nt! writeln nera- Taer sncno I. nanee, a ~ a r e ~ n e i ysea~rrieaercn Ha I, n ieno unKna BbInonHnercn Ann i = 2. Ha'. j~i).(. pa31 w ritein (i) n e s h ~ a e ~ (c HOBOR CTPOKU) 3 ~ a r l e ~ n e 2. Hako~eu , i UpHHRMaeT s ~ a s e ~ n e 3 ( ~ o ~ e s ~ o e s ~ a s e ~ u e uHneKca u w h a ) , n ~h neqaTb BMBOAHTCR V H C J O 3. K O H ~ ~ H O ~ 3Ha9eHUe 06pa6ma~o . ~ O C K O A ~ K Y YHKJI f o r 3 a ~ e p u 1 e ~ , nepexonnM K npennomeQsto, cnenywueMy 3h nPIKJIOM. '

' H ~ O ~ X O A H M O o6parn~b BHkiMaHHe Ha 02Hy 'BaXHyto AeTanb, K ' h ~ d b u y ~ ~ c n WHAeKCa UHKJla. B Typ60 nak~afit? 'no ' ~ K O H ~ ~ H H H pa60TM UUKJIa 3HaqeHHeM 3 T 0 i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b f i ' RBJlReTCR KOHeYHOe 3HAse~He UHAeKCa (npn YCJlOBHti, 9TO BXOA B Ten0 UHKJla A ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J ~ H O WMeJ M ~ C T O ) , a BOT B C T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T H O M n a c ~ a n e SnarlP~ue uHneKca nocne oKoHsaHuR uwlfna He onpeneneao. Boo6ue rosopsl, TO, KaKnM 6 y n e ~ 3 ~ a s e ~ U e ynpaemloueii ne- p e u e ~ ~ o f i no s a ~ e p r u e ~ n n unKna, p e ~ a e ~ c d ' K a x n m KoMnn- J I R T U P ~ M no-CBOeMy. A pa3 TaK, TO JlysLde H e HCnOJIb3OBaTb fnokis~yryto o c o 6 e ~ ~ o c ~ b Typ6o n a c ~ a n n . P e ~ o ~ e k i n y e ~ HnKorna He CCblAaTbCR Ha UHAeKC UUKna for BHe er0 Tens. ( B n p o s e ~ , B M C K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ PeKOMeHAaUUU MOWHO H He CAeffOBaTb, eCJIH TOnbKO rne-TO nocne npennoxeHnrr unKJra B ~ I ~asnailaere 3T0a nepe- M ~ H H O ~ HeKOTOpOe 3~a.le~kie.)

1.2.1 1. 6onee C J I O ~ K H M ~ ~ npnnep qnkna for

P ~ C C M O T ~ U M 6onee cnox~bli i npHMep, 'l~06bl Ha npaK- THKe OCBOHTb TeXHHqeCKHe TOHKOCTH IlPHMeHeHHR UUKJa for, orpa~uqn~enef i begin-end, ToqeK c 3an~T0k. n T. n. Ha TOT

pa3 M b l ~ Y A ~ M BbInOnHRTb B TeJle UUKJa nBe OnepauHH: BM- sncnsTb i * i, noMeuan p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ B nepeMeHHya j, n nesaTaTb i n j. ( 3 ~ 0 y x e osem noxome Ha TO, s ro rpe6ye~cn ceenarb B lanare I.) K ~ K n pasbme, npennonox~q~, uro Halun nepe- MeHHMe NMeloT THn integer.

f o r i := 1 t o 3 do begin

j := i * i; writeln (i ' j )

end ( UnKna f o r )

r I

O6pa~wxe ~ f l n k a ~ n e Ha HCnOJlb30BaHHe cnyxe6~oro CJlOBa begin. B C ~ O M H W M , B KaKOM el4e MeCTe np0rpaMMM M b l eTO n p u ~ e ~ n n n ? Cnoeo,begin M ~ I noMeuann B caMoM Hagane u c n o n ~ n ~ e n b ~ o i i sacTw nporpaMMM, cpasy n o a e 0 6 . b ~ ~ n e ~ ~ i i . Boo6ue roaops, B n a c ~ a n e CnoBo begin wcnonb3ye~c~ Bcerna, KOrAa nOnyCTHM0 T O J b K O OAHO Ilpen~OXeHHe, a BaM H ~ O ~ X O A H M O BHnOJIHHTb HeCKOAbKQ. T ~ K , B IlPeAJOXeHHH UHKna for nOCAe cnyme6~oro CJOBa do nOnXH0 CAenOBaTb OnHO-enHHCTBeHHOe npemoxeHne. MH x e XOTNM BunonHnTb m e onepaunn: BWH- cnnTb j, a s a ~ e ~ o'rnesararb i n j. TO oKaxeTcR BOSMOXHWM, eCnn M b l IlOMeCTUM C O O T B ~ T C T B Y D ~ U ~ nPemOXeHHR MeXAY CJy- X ~ ~ H M M N CnOBaMH begin H end. T a ~ y m rpynny n p e n f i o ~ e ~ n f i ( B M ~ C T ~ C OrpaHHYHTenRMH begin H end) PaCCMaTpHBatoT K a K OAHO npeAJlO>KeHHe, Ha3blBacMOe COCTaBHblM.

Ecnn Teno unwa ,npencTasneHo CocTaBHblM npennoxeHneu, TO B ero nocnenatolo CTPOKY, c o n e p m a u y ~ cnoBo end, npnHRTo BKntoqaTb K O M M ~ H T ~ P H ~ ~ . 06bl ' l~o 3TOT K O M M ~ H T ~ P H ~ ~ npOCTO c o o 6 q a e ~ , K KaKOMy begin OTHOCWTCR AaHHOe end. T a ~ n e FONMeHTaPHH 9aCTO IlOMOTaDT OTJlHYnTb IlpeAAOXeHHR, BXOAvHe B Ten0 UHKJla, OT OCTaJIbHbIX.

TOT ( P ~ K T , 9TO Ten0 UHKJIa npeACTaBneH0 CQCTaBHblM npeA- nome~nehi, 06%stkke~, noqeMy nocne npennomeHnR writeln He nocTaBneHa ToqKa c s a n ~ ~ o i i . T o s ~ a c s a n ~ ~ o i i snecb He HYxHa, nocKonbKy writeln y x e oTneneHo OT noenel) munx n p e ~ n o x e ~ n i i cnoBoM end, Ko-ropoe caMo RsnReTcR pa3ne,lu~ene~. B n a c ~ a n e nocne npemoxeHtiR, npenuecTBytouIero cnosy end, TOYKY c 3anRTofi CTaBHTb He T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R . B HaUleM nPHMePe IlORWeHHe TOVKU C 3anRT02 He IlpHBeAeT K KaKHM-TO HeXeJlaTeJbHblM no- CneACTB&fRM. O A H ~ K O B HeKOTOPMX CHTYaUHRX HaJlH'lHe 3TOTO 3HaKa MOXeT H3MeHNTb JOrHKy npOrpaMMH, n03TOMY - CTa- pafi~ecb He BKAlo'laTb B TeKCT IlPOrPaMMbl ~ W U l H H X TOqeK C 3 a n ~ ~ o i i .

n o c ~ o n b ~ y BOII~M: 06 yno~pe6ne~nu s ~ a ~ a a;w B n a c ~ a n e npencTaBnReTcs Becma cymecTseHHHM, o 6 c y n n ~ ero e u e pa3 donee nonpod~o. yxe s ~ a e ~ , s ~ o TosKa c sann~oii He a a ~ e p r n a e ~ npennomeHncl, a ~ e o b x o n ~ ~ a Ann oTneneHnR npennome- H U R ~ p y r OT npyra. B ~allleR KHnre, paccMaTpnsaem nn M M ~ ~ K O H Y ~ H - Hyto nPOrpaMMY HAH KaKYD-TO ee qaCTb, ~ Y A ~ M WCnOnb30BaTb~TOqKY c s a n ~ ~ o i i TonbKo n n ~ p a 3 ~ e n e ~ w ~ A B ~ X cocenHnx npennoxe~nii, HO B

KoHue nocnennero npeAnoxeHwR nporpaMMHoro + p a r ~ e ~ ~ a TOT 3 ~ a ~ CTaBHTb He 6 y n e ~ . n p n ~ e n e ~ ~ b l i i Bbllue OTPbIBOK M O X H O PaCCMaTPU- saTb KaK OAHO npennoxeHne - npennoxeHne unKna. Teno unma co- AepXHT ABa np0CTblX IlpenJOXeHHR (i: =.. . ti writel n...), KOTOPHe He- 0 6 x 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 pa3nenn~b ~ o s ~ o i i c s a n ~ ~ o f i . Cnenoea~enb~o, Tows c s a n ~ ~ o i i HyxHa TonbKo BAR p a 3 n e n e ~ n ~ ABYX npennoxe~nii BHYTPH Tena qnma n Hnrne 6onbme.

39

O T M ~ T H M , YTO IlPeflJlOXeHUR, 3aKJIlOYeHHble B OrpaHUqUTenu begin-end, BblAeJIeHbI B TeKCTe OTCTYnOM CneBa. TO o6ecnequ-

B a e T 6onbmyto HarJIRAHOCTb IlpOrpaMMbI (a Ha XOA ee BblnOn-

H e H U R H M K a K He B ~ M R ~ T ) . T ~ K U M Xe C ~ O C O ~ O M BblfleneHbl u npennoxeHuR, s a ~ n t o q e ~ ~ b ~ e Mexny begin u end B H ~ T P U Tena uuKna.

M ~ I He 6 y f i e ~ IlpOBOflUTb AeTaJIbHykO TpaCCPipOBKy naHHOr0 uUK.Jla, IlOCKOJlbKy O H a nOqTU U f l e H T M Y H a T p a C C U p O B K e npOrpaMMb1,

KOTOPYto Mbl IIOCTPOUM AJlR PeuleHUR 3aflaYki 1. ( T ~ ~ C C U ~ O B K ~ 3 ~ 0 i IlpOrpaMMbl Mbl BblnOJIHUM CaMblM n o n p o 6 ~ b l ~ o 6 p a 3 0 ~ . )

1.2.12. U H K ~ for B sanase I

B H O B ~ O ~ P ~ T U M C R K nepeMeHHbIM number Pi sqnumber. M ~ I XOTUM 0 p r a ~ u 3 o ~ a ~ b noBTopeHue rpynnbl n p e n n o x e ~ u f i ( U M ~ D T C R B Buny BblqucneHue sqnumber, neqaTb number u sqnumber) Ann HecKonbKux s ~ a q e ~ u i i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i number. K ~ K TO 3anuca~b Ha n a c ~ a n e ? O ~ U H u3 C ~ O C O ~ O B COCTOUT B npu- M e H e H U H U U K J a for. A U M e H H O , MbI MOXeM nOCTPOUTb U U K J for, ~ o ~ o p b ~ i i 6 y n e ~ U ~ M ~ H F I T ~ ~ H ~ Y ~ H U F I number OT 4 no 9, npwqeM

npu KaxnoM npoxone quKna number 6 y n e ~ yBenuquBaTbcR Ha eAPiHUUy. K ~ K MOXeT BblrJIRAeTb Ham U U K J I , nOKa3aHO HUXe:

for number := 4 t o 9 do begin

sqnumber := number * number; writeln(number,' ',sqnumber)

end ( quwra for )

A a x e He nenaR nonpo6~oii TpaccupoBKu 3~01-o uuKna, B ~ I ,

~~0,IXZHO 6b1Tb, yXe MOXeTe BbICKa3aTb HeKOTOpbIe IIpennOJOXeHUR o ero pa6o~e . U n ~ n nosTopReT npennoxeHuR, cocTaBnRtourue

el0 Te~lo (h2ihLle I l M e H t l ~ r ' ) . A-lH nunlber = 4, 5,, 6,+?, 8 kt '3. B H M M ~ T ~ A ~ H O npocnenuM p a 6 o ~ y 3~0i-0 QUKfla. 0 ~ ~ ; ~ a q k i H ~ e T c R c T O ~ O , TO nepeMeHHaR number nonyqaeT s ~ a q e ~ u e 4.' @a- ,

M e T u M , YTO noMeqeHue 3~0i-o 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ B number npoucxonuT ,,

He JlOCpeACTBOM IlpeAnOXeHUR ~a3HaqeHuR.) AnR number = 4 BbrnonHReTcR Teno uuKna. BHYTPU unKna nepeMeHHaR sqnumber nonyqaeT s ~ a q e ~ u e BblpaxeHuR number x number, B naHHoM cny- Yae 4 * 4 = 16. I I p e n n o x e ~ u e writeln B ~ I B O A H T Ha neqaTb

Yucna 4 u 16. Bce, TO BblnonHeHo. noKa coBnanaeT c TeM,

TO M ~ I nenanu no B K ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ H U R B n p o r p a m y uuKna for. Ho Tenepb KoMnbtoTep caM 6 y n e ~ U ~ M ~ H R T ~ s ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i number npu KaxnoM npoxoxneauu uuKna. n o nocTuxeHuu CTPOKEI, conepxaqeii end, nporpaMMa aaToMaTuqecKw ~ 0 3 s p a -

TUTCR K 3a1-OJIOBKY uuKna, me s ~ a q e ~ u e number yaenuquTcR Ha 1 U CTaHeT PaBHbIM 5. 3 a T e ~ BbInOJlHUTCR Ten0 U U K J a nnR num-

40

ber = 5. Ha TOT pa3 sqnumber nonyquT 3 ~ a q e ~ u e 5 * 5 = 25. n p e n n o x e ~ u e writeln HaneqaTaeT 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ 5 u 25 c HOBO^^ c ~ p o ~ u . B pesynb~aw aHanoruqHbrx n e i i c ~ ~ u i i 6 y n y ~ HaneqaTarIbl

napb1 6 36, 7 49 U 8 64 ( K ~ X A ~ R C HOBO^ CTPOKII). P~CCMOTPUM nonpo6~0 mar, Ha KoTOpOM number nOCTMrHeT CBOer'O KOHeqHOrO

3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ (9) . Ha TOM mare nepeMeHHaR sqnumber npuMeT 3HaqeHue 9 * 9 = 81 u 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHa napa qucen 9 81. M T ~ K , KoHeqHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e MHneKca uuKna 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ o . Cneno- BaTenbHO, H a M 6onbme H e HyXHO BXOflUTb B Ten0 u U K J l a ,

u M ~ I n e p e i i n e ~ K BbInonHeHuto npennoxeHuR, cnenytoqero 3a

UMKJIOM for. K a ~ o e y n o 6 ~ o e cpencmo ynpaBneHuR npenocTaBnReT H a h f

uuKn for! n p e n n o x e ~ n ~ Tejra uuKna 3anuca~br TonbKo O A U H pa3, a BblnOJIHRTbCR 6 y f l y ~ MHOrOKpaTHO. M M ~ H H O 3Ta B03MOXHOCTb - IlOBTOpRTb OAHM M Te Xe BblLIMCAeHMR n J R Pa3HblX BeJMqUH, UHaqe

roBopR, BbrnonHRTb M H O ~ O pa3 rpynny npennoxeauii B unKne,- a 0 6 y c n o ~ n n ~ a e ~ B ~au6onbrueii Mepe npeuMyqecTsa KoMnbmTepa.

I(axnoe npennoxeHue y ~ a s a a o B nporpaMMe nnmb OAMH pas, a BbInOnHeHO MOXeT 6blTb UleCTb, neCRTb, CKOAbKO yrOAH0 pas.

TO ewe ~ e o 6 x o n u ~ o cnenaTb B ~a tue i i n p o r p a ~ ~ e ? T o n b ~ o JIUWb O @ O P M U T ~ HaflnexaLUuM o 6 p a 3 0 ~ ee OKOHqaHUe -

HYXHO IlOCTaBUTb end, qT06b1 <<3aKpbITbw begin, PaCnOnOXeHHOe nocne pasnena 06 'b~sne~u i i :

end. ( probl )

O 6 p a ~ u ~ e B H U M a H U e , B K O H u e CTPOKU, coflepxallie8 end, CTOUT He , Tows C. a a n ~ ~ o i i , a Tows ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . J I t o 6 a ~ nporpaMMa Ha

n a c ~ a n e B nocnen~eii cTpoKe nonxaa conepxaTb cnoao end ( U T O ~ K Y ) . 0 6 p a T n ~ e B H U M a H U e TaKXe U Ha TO, qTO B nOCneflHlOlO

CTPOKY M b I BKJIlO'iMJlU K O M M ~ H T ~ P M ~ ~ , I ~ O F I C H H I O ~ U ~ Ha3HaqeHUe naHHoro end (end s a ~ e p r u a e ~ B C I ~ nporpaMMy probl B u e n o ~ ) . BOT Tenepb Haura nepsaR nporpaMMa s a ~ o ~ q e ~ a .

3 a n u r u e ~ e q e pa3 nporpaMMy 1. qucna, CToflqne cneBa OT npennoxe~uf i , H Y X H ~ I H a M A ~ R T O ~ O , q~06bl Ha npennoxeHuR IlpOrpaMMbI 6blno y n 0 6 ~ 0 CCbIJaTbCR B XOAe ee 0 6 c y x n e ~ n ~ . ~ T U

H O M e p a He RBJIRtoTCfl 3AeMeHTaMU npOrpaMMb1, U H X He HYXHO

BBOnUTb B M a U I M H Y . K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ U ~ ~ ' ~ R B J ~ ~ H U R IIepeMeHHblX

pa3neneHbI nycT0fi C T P O K O ~ ~ (ee H O M e p 3 ) . Boo6llie r O B O p R , IIJ'CTble

4 1

CTPOKH CJleAyeT MCnOJIb3OBaTb Be3ne, me OHU MOryT C ~ O C O ~ C T B O -

BaTb yJIyqUIeHU~ BOCnPHRTHR T ~ K C T ~ nPOrPaMMLII.

1. program probl; 2. ( Hanesarara m a p a r b 1 srieenor 4 no 9 ) 3. &. var nbmber,sqnumber : integer; 5. begin 6. for number := 4 to 9 do 7. begin 8. sqnumber := number * rlruaber; 9. writeln (number, ' ,sqnmber) 10. end ( w ~ w a for ) 11. end. ( probl )

3 a q e ~ HyxHa cTpoqa 1 l ? 1

$ xone BblnonHeHuR nporpaMMu 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo cnenymuee: 4 16 C

5 25 6 36 7 49 8 64 9 81

(OTM~THM. TO RilwnaR napa a ~ a r e ~ u f i ornesaraHa c ~oso f i C T ~ O K H - TO 0 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 u c n o n b 3 o e a ~ ~ e ~ npennoxeHnn wnteln.)

H u x e Mbl nePeqUCnReM p H & OCHOBHMX @BKTOPOB, KOTOpbIe

B a M CJlenOBaJlO 6b1 YCBOHTb K JlaHHOMY MOMeHTy. n o XOny qTeHMR

3TOrO MaTepHaJla np0BepRfiTe c e 6 ~ : BCTpeTHB BOnpOC, OCTaHOBU-

TeCb Ha CeKyHny, 9~06bf HOHRTb, RCHO J IU BaM, K a K Ha Her0

OTBeTUTti.

C ~ p o ~ a 1 naeT nporpame H M R ( K ~ K O ~ ? ) . C T ~ O K ~ 2 - 3T0 K ~ M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ ( K ~ K O B O eTO ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e ? ) .

C T ~ O K ~ 3 IIyCTaR ( 3 a 9 e ~ HyXHa T a K a R C T ~ O K ~ ? ) . C T ~ O K ~ 4 - 3T0 0 6 ' b R ~ ~ e ~ l l e ; OH0 H ~ O ~ X Q A U M O , q~06bl Bbl-

lien UTb B IIaTbifiTU npOCTpaHCTB0 nJlR X p a H e H U R 3HaqeHllfi nepe- Mennbtx (nepeqncnu~e meHa ~ T H X n e p e ~ e v ~ b ~ x ) H C O O ~ U I M T ~ KOMfIbiOTepy, naHHble KaKOrO Tuna T a M 6 y n y ~ XPaHHTbCR (Ha- 30BHTe 3TOT T u n ) .

TO nenaer cTpoKa 5? C T ~ O K ~ 6 OTKpbIBaeT UHKn for, ~ 0 ~ 0 p b l f i 6 y n e ~ 06pa6aTblaa~b

3 1 l a q e ~ n ~ number OT 4 no 9, ysenuqnsan Ha KaxnoM npoxone TeKyu@? 3HaqeHHe Ha 1 . B KOHUe 3~0fi C T P O K U , HeT TOqKH C

s a n ~ ~ o a ' , T a K K a K 3necb npennoxeHne H e ~ ~ K ~ H Y H B ~ ~ T C R (no- 'IeM,y Mbl TaK C ~ H T ~ ~ M ? ) .

C T ~ O K ~ 7 yKa3blBaeT KOMnUJlRTOpy ( K ~ K U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ? ) , qTO npU KaXnOM IIpOXOne U H K J a nOJIXH0 BMnOJIHRTbCR 6onee qeM

OAHO A ~ ~ ~ C T B U ~ .

CTPOKH 8 u 9 conepxaT onncaHue neiic~stiii, ~ o ~ o p b ~ e

JlOJlXfHbl 6M~b BblnOJlHeHbI. TO 3a npenJlOXeHHe CTOHT B B O C ~ M O ~ ~

c~polte? K a ~ o e 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e 6 y n e ~ naHo nepehte~flofi sqnumber B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e ero B M ~ O ~ H ~ H U H ? 3 a q e ~ HyxHa cTpoKa 9? TO HaneqaTaeT npennomeHne, cTouuee B 3~0ii c~poee? KaKosa ponb

3neMeHTa ' '? . C T ~ O K ~ 10 YKa3blBaeT Ha KOHeU nOCnQAOBaTen bHOCTH Upen- JIo>a<elinfi, KOTOPMe H a M HYXHO BbInOnHHTb B QllKne for. n0qeMy

rime npenbrnyuero npeaJoxeHm, B KcJHue, CTPOKH 9, H e noclTasneHa Tows c s a n ~ ~ o i i ? \noqe~y ToqKa c s a n ~ ~ o i i H e nocTaBnena n B KoHue CTPOKU lo?

42 >

ee s b ~ n o n ~ e ~ u e ) .

B X0)le TpaCCHpOBpU np0rpaMMbl H e n b l ~ a e ~ e c b yAep*HParb

B ronoBe Bce 3 u a q e ~ n ~ ~ c n o n b 3 y e ~ v x nepeMeHHblx - Quycu; pyfire wx Ha 6 y ~ a r e . npenna rae~ BaM nsa cnoco6a 0~06paxe- Hun IlepeMeHHblX. q e p ~ ~ ~ f i cnoco6 COCTOHT B TOM, UTO KaXnYK)

nepeMensyro u306pamqm~ B sune HeKoToporo nuuua,, B F Q T O P ~ ~ Ha KaxnoM ware ,sunonHeHwn nporpaMMb1 3an~cb1samr reryyey sHareHue 3 ~ 0 8 n ~ p e ~ e e s o 5 ( C M PHC. 1 .1) . ,4pyrofi cnoco? co- crnur R ~ ~ ~ O J I H ~ H H H ~a6nuqbl. C ~ o n 6 ~ b l ~ a 6 n u ~ b l COOTBeTCTEyJQ~ -. -

nepeMeHHw n p o r p a p N . B saronos~e cron6ua y ~ a 3 u ~ a r o r gMn n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i . Huxe, no Mepe sunonseswn nporpaurbl, sanwcblsamr Te 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ , KoTopMe 3 ~ a nepeMeHHaR nonyqaeT Ha KaxaoM ware. n o ~ e r u a q B ~,a6nuuy oqepensoe s ~ a r e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i , ee . npenbmyuee ' ,3~auesne sblreprwsamr (CM. puc. 1 ;2) * ,. npeu~yuec r so ~ lopoyo cnoco6a COCTOUT B TOM, sro B ~ o s u e KQHUOB nepC!P. B a M U QKaXeTCR non~blfi npOTOKOn COCTORHllR BCqF nepeMeHHblx B xonq B ~ I ~ M H ~ H U H nporpaumv. @ U K C ~ U H R sgaqepnu

IlepeMeHHblx IlepBblM cnoco60~ Jl)"llue OTpaXaeT TO, K a K B ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J ~ ~ H O C T H pa60TaeT KOMnbmTeP, IIOCKOnbKY MaUlHHa

XOAe BblnOJlHeHUR n p O r p a M M b l . n o J l b 3 y f i ~ e c b T e M cnoco60~, KOTO- p b l f i B a M 6 0 n b u . e HPaBHTCR. HO B J I D ~ O M C r I y ' I a e K a p a H A a u I U

6 y ~ a r a OKaXYTCR 6onee H a A e X H M M U I lOMOUHHKaMH, q e M B a U l a C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ R n a M R T b .

number sqnumber

4 - noule Toro, saK B saronoese unsna for nepeMeHHaR nurnber nonyrlnna 3 ~ a s e n n e 4

4 16 nocne BMrlncneHwfl sqnumber 5 16 nocne nptipaueHuR number 5 25 nocne Bblrlnc~leHnfl sqnumber c HOBMM 3 ~ a r l e ~ n e ~ number ti -raK nanee 6 25 6 36 7 36 7 49 8 49 8 64 9 64 9 81 nocne sHrncneHnR sqnumber c KoHeqHMM 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ number 9 81 nocne s a s e p ~ u e ~ u ~ unsna for

1.3. Apn@~e~tirecwne onepaqnn. Cnyme6~ble cnosa n npenonpeneneHHHe nMeHa. Bblnonne~ne nporpaMMbl

O C T ~ J I O C ~ ewe HeCKOJlbKO TeM, KOTOPble XOTenOCb 6 6 1 O ~ C Y A H T ~ B A ~ H H o ~ ~ M a B e . H a q H e ~ C TOrO, ' I T 0 n e p e ' I l i C n H M a p ~ @ ~ e ~ u q e c ~ a e onepaum R ~ M K ~ nac~anb. Ase a3 HHX H a M yxe ~ H ~ K O M M . B n p o r p a M M e 1 M M 0 6 0 3 H a q a n H c n o x e H u e 3 ~ a - KOM +, a Y M H O X e H H e 3HaKOM * ( 3 ~ e 3 ~ 0 q ~ a ) . B ~ ~ U @ M ~ T U K ~ H anre6pe AJIR 0 6 0 3 ~ a q e H U ~ YMHOXeHHR H C n O n b 3 Y D T C a M b l e p a 3 ~ 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ e @OPMU 3 a n H C H ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , a . 6, a X 6, ab HJIH a ( b ) ) , a BOT B n a c K a J I e AOnyCTUMa TOJIbKO O a H a - (a * 6).

~ ~ H @ M ~ T U K ~ 3 a n H C b I B a e T C R KaK H n H a : 6, B n a c K a J I e ~306pa- 3KaaTCR nO-npYFOMy. B n a c ~ a n e CYueCTBYWM A B e PaBHOBUfiHOCTU

AeJIeHUR - UeJIO'IMCJfiHHOe U B e U e C T B e H H O e n e J I e H H e . B m. 2 Mbl pa3 'bRCHHM, ' I T 0 n p e f l C T a B n R e T ~060fi B T O P a R Pa3HOBUAHOCTb - B e u e C T B e H H O e AeJIeHUe. n 0 ~ a ~ O C T a T O ' I H O 3 H a T b , ' I T 0 p e 3 y J I b T a T O M

B e u e C T B e H H O r O AeJIeHUR RBJlReTCR npo6~oe 'IUCJIO. B n a c K a J I e B e u e C T B e H H O e n e J l e H U e 0 6 0 3 ~ a s a t o ~ H ~ K J O H H O # ' I e p T 0 2 (1) ( 3 ~ 0

0 6 0 3 ~ a q e ~ n e oqem H a n o M u H a e T TO, K a K u306pamato~ A e n e H H e B

a p u @ ~ e ~ u ~ e ) . 3 a n ~ c b alb 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ : aa n e n e H H o e H a 6,. H a n p u ~ e p , ecnu a = 10.0, a b = 5.0, TO a lb = 2.0. Mnu e u e np~hleb: e C n U dist ( ~ ~ C C T O H H H ~ ) = 3.6, H hours ( B ~ ~ M H ) = 2.4, TO distlhours = 1.5.

LI.enosucne~~oe n e J l e H u e n p H M e H u M o n n ~ n e n e H H R o n H o r o

uenoro qucna H a npyroe uenoe. Ero p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ o ~ B c e r n a m n R - eTCR UeJ lOe 'IUCJIO, T a K K a K n p 0 6 ~ a R 4 a C T b 4aCTHOTO 0 ~ 6 p a c M ~ a -

eTCR. (B m. 5. Mbl PaCCMOTPnM, K a K ~au6onee BblUrPMLLlHO UCnOJIb3OBaTb 3 T 0 CBORCTBO B n p 0 r p a M M e . ) Z IT0661 OTJlH'IHTb

O n e p a u U t o UeJlO'IkiCJleHHOrO nC?JleHHR OT B e u e C T B e H H O r O , ee 0603- H a q a t o T B n a c ~ a n e CUMBOJIOM div. n y c ~ b , H a n p u M e p , c H d UMetoT T U n integer, C p a B H 0 10, a d P a B H O 5, T O r n a 3 H a q e H H e M C div d 6 y n e ~ 2. O ~ H ~ K O e C n U C p a B H 0 10, a d p a B H 0 6, TO

c div d n a c T 1; ecnu C p a B H 0 5, a d p a B H 0 6, TO C div d 6 y n e ~ p a B H 0 0. B K a X a O M U3 3THX CJ ly ' I aeB n p o 6 ~ a ~ ' I a C T b p e 3 y n b T a T a n e J I e H u R <TepReTCU>. A m Bbl'IHCJleHUR npo6~ofi qa- CTU p e s y n b ~ a ~ a A e n e H u R B n a c ~ a n e n p e n y c M o T p e H a onepaum, 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ a ~ c u M B o n o M mod. B b ~ p a m e ~ u e x mod y n a e T o c T a T o K OT AeJleHHR X H a y HaUC?JlO. H a n p ~ ~ e p , eCAU C p a B H 0 10, a d p a w 0 6, TO c mod d n a c T 4, 26 mod 5 = 1, 2 mod 7 = 2. ( H a x o m n e H H e p e 3 y J l b T a T a 3 ~ 0 2 O n e p a U H U HeCKOJlbKO YCJIOXHReTCR,

ecnu onwo a3 uentax wcen - o T p H u a T a b H o e . Eonee n e T a n b H o 3TOT BOnPOC P a C C M a T p U B a e T C R B Y n p a X H e H H U 1.20.) ~ O H H T H O , q T O Hki AJIR O ~ H O R H 3 y K a 3 a H H b l X 0 n e p a ~ H f i (1, div, mod) 0 H e

M O X e T 6 6 1 ~ 6 BTOpblM O n e p a H n O M , H H a ' I e Bb1 CTOJlKHeTeCb C o m u 6 ~ o i i , B M ~ B ~ H H O ~ ~ n e J l e H U e M H a HyJIb .

Hame o6cvxne~ue nOAhITOXUM ~ a 6 n ~ u e f i . OTM~THM, q T O ape@-

\ Onepau~rr I I B anredpe 1 I B n a c ~ a n e / I n p ~ ~ e p b l ~blparnen~fi n a c ~ a n n

( y mod 5 ball mod hours 1

C n o x e ~ n e B ~ r l n ~ a ~ u e Yhc~o~eHue A e n e ~ n e

BeuecTBeHHoe uenor lncne~~oe

a + b a - b

a . 6 , ab, a ( b ) a + b nnn

11

a + b a - b a * b

a l b a div b

Y + Z w + 1 z - rate ht - wt

2 + speed rate * hours

age11 2 distlhours x div 2 ball div hours

M ~ T U Y ~ C K U ~ ~ OnepaTOp pa3peUleHO OKPYXaTb nto6b1~ KOAUqeCTBgM

npo6eno~, OAHaKO nOnyCTnM0 3aflMCblBaTb oneparopbr I I 6e3 t ~ p o b e ~ ~ o d , CJOXeHUe, HanpUMep, MOXHO u306pa3u~b TaK: lj + 2. M ~ I , KBK

npaanno, 6 y ~ e ~ oTneJ7mb a p u @ ~ e ~ u s e c ~ u e onepaTopb1 OT cocen~ux CUMBOAOB OAHUM npo6eno~, e C n U 3T0 6 y n e ~ C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ H a r n H A - HOCTU TeKCTa.

1.3.2. Hlne~a

OnlilUe~, 9TO IlPeACTaBJIReT ~060ii I I P ~ B N J I ~ H o flOCTpOeH- Hoe U M R n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i unu nporpambl B ~ 3 b 1 ~ e n a c ~ a n b . N M R ' - peqb HAeT 06 H M e U H I T ~ P ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ , npOrpaMMb1 H n U clue KaKOrO-TO nporpaMMHoro 06.beK~a - TO nocnenosaTenbHocTb AonycTuMbIx B n a c ~ a n e nuTep, ynoaneTBopRlouaR cnenyrornuM npaBnnaM. M M R ItOJIXHO HaqUHaTbCR C ~ Y K B ~ I * , Aanee MOryT ,CJlegOBaTb 6yKBbl

U n U U U $ P ~ I (OT 0 A0 9) . C Y L U ~ C T B ~ ~ O T N H ~ K O T O ~ ~ I ~ npyrkie IIpaBMna

nocTpoeHuR u M e H , HO OHU, K CoxaneHum, He CoPnanamT Apyr c npy- r0M B pa3HbIX BePCURX ~ ~ c K ~ J R . B HeKOTOpbIX BePCURX, BKJID4aR

Typ60 n a c ~ a n b , B qucno pa3pe~~eHHblx AJJR u 3 0 6 p a m e ~ u ~ N M e H H J U T e p B K J I ~ ~ ~ ~ H 3HaK IlOArIePKUBaHUR <<-2. ~ O C K O J ~ ~ K ~ 3TOT 3HaK

JlerKO CnyTaTb CO 3HaKOM aMUHYC2, Mbl 6 y ~ e ~ CTapaTbCp nOJIb-

30BaTbCR U M K a K MOXHO PeXe, 3a U C K J t O l r e H U e M TeX CJIyqaeB,

Korna ero y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ u e aeJ7aeT nporpamy 6onee ~ a r n ~ n ~ o i i . E C T ~ u Tame Bepcuu R ~ I A K ~ ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , UCSD Pascal) B K O T O P ~ ~ X XOTR H pa3peWeHO UCnOnb30BaTb 3TOT 3HaK IJpN IlOCTpOOHHU

UMeH, K O M n U ~ R T O P O M OH UTHOPUPYeTCR. B 3TUX BePCURX HMeHa under-bar U underbar AnR KOMnbtoTepa Hepa3JNqUMbI. Oc~aJIb~ble

nuTepbl ( e ~ n r o s a ~ npo6e.n) s a n p e u e ~ b l BO Bcex ~ w a n e ~ ~ a x nac- KanR. B OAHHX BepCHRX R3blKa AJIHHa H M e H U OrpaHUlrUBaeTCR BOCeMbto JIUTePaMN, B APYrUX - MOXeT 6b1~b U P O W ~ B O J I ~ H O ~ ~ . B Typ60 nac~aJ Ie UMR He AOJIXHO npeBb1UaTb &JIkiHbI CTPOKU' (ASIR IBM PC oHa cocTaBnReT 127 n u ~ e p ) . B paMKax 3 ~ o r o OrpaHuqeHuR

pa3peLUeHbl H M e H a ~110608 nJIkiHb1. B TeX CJIyqaRX, KOrAa MbI CO'ITeM

3T0 Y A O ~ H M M , Mbl 6 y ~ e ~ AaBaTb nPOrPaMMHbIM O ~ % ~ K T ~ M nJIUHHble

UMeHa. OTM~TKM, OAHaKO, qTO HU B O A H O ~ ~ W3 ,HaWUX IIpOrpaMM AJlUHa H M e H H AaXe U He ~ J P U ~ J I U ~ N T C R K I l p e ~ e J I b ~ ~ f i BeJIHqHHe

B 127 nuTep. 0606un~ npaBnna nOcTpOeHUR U M e H B Typ6o nacsane. Mapcu-

MaJbHaR AJIUHa H M e H U - 127 JlUTep. n e p ~ 0 f i J H T ~ ~ O ~ AOJlXHa 6 b l ~ b ~ Y K B ~ , 3a He6 MOrYT CneAOBaTb 6 y ~ ~ b 1 , uU@pbl U 3HaK Don- sepKusaHnR. Mcnonbsoea~ue npyrnx n m e p s a n p e u e ~ o .

n p u ~ e n e ~ n p u ~ e p m n p a e n n b ~ ~ x n ~ e u : a , al , bab8n, XYZ, ' B opnrnnane identifier. - llpruter. nep. * J l a ~ a ~ c ~ o r o a n @ a e n ~ a . - R p u ~ e r . nep. ' k i u e e ~ c ~ e B H A ~ cTpoKa sKpaHa nns nesaTaloluero y c ~ p o h c ~ s a -- h ' p u ~ e ~ . nep.

sEvEn, verylongName, R2D2, cdc6600. A BOT HecKonbKo O U I U ~ O ~ -

H ~ I X K O H C T ~ ~ K U H ~ ~ ( B C K O ~ K ~ X y ~ a 3 a ~ a npuquHa O U I U ~ K W ) : a b (npo- BHYTPH H M ~ H N ) , 2 - lj ( W C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ A O ~ Y C T N M ~ I ~ ~ 3HaK <<MU-

H Y C X ) , l a ( W M R HaqHHaeTCR C UW@PY, a He C ~ Y K B ~ I ) , a>b ( U C -

nOJlb3OBaHa HenOnyCTNMaR JINTepa a>>) . K ~ K B ~ I yxe, BepoRTHo, norananucb, B n a c ~ a n e paspewesb~

H npOnUCHbIe, N CTPO'iHbIe 6yKBb1, npUqeM B OAHOM U TOM Xe U M e U H

MOrYT IIPUCYTCTBOBaTb U Te, U APyrHe ( ~ O ~ ~ C T U M O , HanpUMep, U M R

sEvEn). KOM~UJIRTOP He pa3nnqae~ nponucHble ki CTp04Hble '" 6ywb1, ~ O ~ T O M Y S E V E N , sEvEn u seven -,oaHo n TO me U M H c

TOVKU 3PeHWR KOMnUnRTOPa . O A H ~ K O UeKOTOpble PeKOMeHAaUUN no ' UCnOJIb30BaHUK) CTPO'IHMX n n p O n H C H M X ~ Y K B BCe-TaKU HMeDTCR,

Mbl A a n U M H X B n. 1.3.6.

1.3.3. CnymeB~ue cnosa

C n o ~ a , y n o ~ p e 6 n ~ e ~ b t e B n a c ~ a n e , nonpa3nenslro~c~ Ha rpu rpynnbl: cnyme6uble cnosa, npenonpeneneHHMe U M e H a u UMeHa,

onpenenReMble nporpaMMucToM. P a c c ~ o ~ p u ~ nonpo6~o Kaxnyro u s yKa3aHHblX rpynn.

HeK0~0pble CJIOBa B 'R3blKe nacKaJIb UMetoT CneUHafibHOe, pa3 U naecerna s a ~ p e n n e ~ ~ o e 3a H N M U 3 ~ a q e ~ n e . BOT uecKonbKo npuMepOB TaKnx cnoB - OHU H ~ B ~ C T H ~ I H a M no nepeoii nporpame: program, begin, end, for. ( K a ~ n e erne cnoBa, nono6n~e nepe'IncnenHblM,

BcTpeqanncb B nepaoii n p o r p a ~ ~ e ? ) 3 ~ n cneuuanbme cnoaa ~a361-

BatoTCR C ~ l j ~ e 6 r t b l M ~ ( H A H pe3epB~p0Ba~~blMU). ~ P O ~ P ~ M M U C T He HMeeT npaBa UCIIOJlb30BaTb UX K ~ K - n u 6 0 UHaqe ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , B Ka'IeCTBe U M e H , OIIpeAeJIReMbIX ~ ~ O ~ P ~ M M H C T O M ) . T ~ K , B ~aLlJefi

nporpaMMe M ~ I He Mornti 6b1 ucnonb30~a~b nepeMeHHyto c uMeHeM begin. ~ O J I H M ~ ~ C n U C O K CJIyXe6~blx CJIOB Typ60 n a c ~ a n f l npuBeneH B npunoxettun 11. C ~ U C K U cnyxe6~blx cnoB n n ~ npyrux aepcufi nacKaJIR MOrYT HeCKOJIbKO OTJlUqaTbCR OT npWBeAeHHOr0.

CylIlec~~ye'f ewe OAHa rpynna MOB, KOTOPbIe HMeIOT

c n e ~ u a n b ~ ~ i i , a a p a ~ e e s a n a ~ ~ u i i , cwblcn. O R H ~ K O npOrpaMMuCTaM p a 3 p e ~ a e ~ c ~ o6xonn~b s a ~ p e n n e ~ ~ u e 3a H U M R n e p ~ o ~ a q a n b ~ ~ e

3HalreHHR - 3TU CJlOBa MOXHO UCl'IO~'lb30BaTb B KBqeCTBe UMeH,

O~peAeJIHeMbIx IIpOrpaMMUCTOM. T a ~ u e U M e H a Ha3MBaK)TCR CTaH-

d a p ~ ~ b l ~ ~ U J U npedonpede~ennbl~u Ecnn IIpOrpaMM WCT He Onpene- nuT R B H ~ I M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , A n R KaKux ueneii ncnonb3ye~c~ TO unu nHoe CTaHnapTHOe H M R B er0 npOrpaMMe, 3T0 U M R 6 y a e ~ BOCnPMHM-

MaTbCR B ITPMCYIUeM AaHHOMy U M e H U npeAOnpeAeJleHHOM CMblCJIe.

H a n p n ~ e p , CJIOBO writefn H M e e T H ~ K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ c n e u k t a ~ b ~ b l f i CMbICJl

( K ~ K O ~ ? ) . T ~ M H e M e H e e n p o r p a M M u c T y paspeweso O ~ X R B M T ~

n e p e M e H H y m c u M e H e M writeln, u H o B a R ccponm ~TCH-o u M e m

6 y n e ~ M M e T b 6onee B ~ I C O K M ~ ~ I I p l i O p M T e T , YeM I l p e X H R R . M T ~ K , n p O r p a M M U C T M O X e T U C n O J l b 3 O B a T b C T a H A a p T H O e MMR B H e C T a H n a p T -

HbIX U e A R X , XOTR T P Y n l l O I l P e A C T a B U T b , YTO OH O T 3 T O r 0 B b I U r p a e T .

~ O ~ T O M Y P e K O M e H A y e T C R H e n e p e O n p e n e n R T b C T a H A a p T H b l e U M e H a ,

e c A u ~ J I R 3~01-o H e T B e c K u x O C H O B ~ H U ~ ~ . B n p u n o m e H n u 11 npmenenbr M H O r M e C T a H f l a P T H b l e M M e H a Typ60 ~ ~ C K ~ J I H . B n p y r U X n u a n e K T a x

~ ~ C K ~ J R CnMCOK C T a H n a p T l l b I X U M e H M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b H e C K O n b K O UHMM.

O c ~ a J l b ~ b l e U M ~ H ~ (re, K O T O p b I e H e OTHOCRTCR HII K Cu'lY- X ~ ~ H ~ I M , HM K C T ~ H A ~ P T H ~ I M ) n p M H a f l n e X a T K rpynne MMeH, onpede- nxewwx n p o z p a , m i u c T o n t , u n M , u H a q e , n o n b 3 ~ t l a ~ e n b c ~ u x n M e H . OHM n O J l X H b 1 6 b 1 ~ b MCYepJlb lBaIOLUe 0 6 ' b ~ ~ J I e ~ b l B I I p O r p a M M e C n 0 M O I U b m

t I p e A Z l O X e H M R Var MJIU OAHUM M3 C ~ O C O ~ O B , C KOTOpblMU Mbl n 0 3 H a -

K O M M M C H n o 3 ~ e .

B ~ a l u e f i K H u r e M ~ I G y n e M n p u n e p m u B a T b c R onpene- n e H a b I x n p a B a n H a n u c a H u H u M e H . C n y X e 6 ~ b l e cnosa, ~ e s a ~ u c n ~ o OT TOTO, r A e O H M y n o ~ p e 6 n ~ m ~ c ~ - B n p u M e p a x n p o r p a M M N J U

B OCHOBHOM T e K C T e , - B C c l U a 6 y ~ e ~ 3 a I I M C b l B a T b IlO.Tl).'XMPHbIM

U I ~ M ~ T O M ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , for M J M begin). n p e n o n p e n e n e ~ ~ b ~ e M M e H a I l U W H a , O n p e n e J l e H H b l e I IPOTPBMMUCTOM, B T e K C T a X

n p O r p a M M M B BbIXOAHblX A a H H b I X ~ Y A ~ M u 3 0 6 p a x a ~ b l l P R M b I M .laTHHCKMM L U P M ~ T O M . B OCHOBHOM T e K C T e 3TM M M e H a 6 y n e ~ B b l n e n n r b K Y P C M B O M ' . U p e n ~ n p e n e ~ ~ e ~ ~ b ~ e u M e H a acerna 6 y a e ~ 3 a n H C b I B a T b CTPOYHbIMM ~ Y K B ~ M U ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , wri tdn). M M ~ H ~ , O n p e A e n e H H b I e I I p O r p a M M M C T O M , ~ Y A ~ M , K a K n p a B U n 0 , ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ a ~ b C T P O Y H ~ I M M ~ Y K B ~ M M ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , probl u n M rzurnber), o n H a K o

B C n Y Y a R X , K O r n a 3 T 0 O T B e Y a e T T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H M B MHeMOHMYHOCTM N M e H

( ~ a n p m e p , ueryLoqgNarne u m class-size), npu ux H a n u c a H u u 6 y n e ~ M C n O J b 3 0 B a T b n p 0 n H C H b l e 6 ) ' K ~ b l M 3 H a K n o n Y e p K M B a H u n .

' T. e. H a K J O H H b l M LUPR@TOM, f l 0 9 0 6 ~ b 1 ~ P Y K O f l H C H O M Y . - ~ P U M E ' L . nep

48

*

.. , n p ~ ~ e f l e ~ ~ b l e C O r A a l l l e H U R K a C a D T C R B O n P O C O B BOCnPMRTMR TeKC- : T a q e J l O B e K O M -- H a BbII IOnHeHMe I l p O r p a M M b l OHM H e O K a 3 b l B a f O T HM-

K a K O r O BJIMRHMR. n $ Y e ~ y ? Aeno B TOM, YTO n p U B B O n e T e K C T a f J p Q r p a M M L J B b l I l e M O i K e T e BOCIIOJlb3OBaTbCH HM K).PCMBOM, HM \.'TOJI-

W f f H b I M M ~ Y K B ~ M M ; BCe, YTO Bbl B B O n U T e , H ~ ~ U P ~ ~ T C H OAHUM LLIpM@-

TOM: I ~ O ~ T O M Y B b I M O X e T e Y C T a H O B V T b U H e K O T O P b I e A p y r M e C O r J l a U I e -

H)IR OTHOCUTeJl b H O O @ O P M ~ ~ ~ H N R I I p O r p a M M . H a n p u ~ e p , I lOCKOAbKy

K o M n n n m o p H e p a 3 n u ~ a e ~ n p o n u c H b r e M C T p o q H L l e ~ Y K B ~ I , M O X H O

. . . . ... ,. YCJIOBMTbCR n p M H a n H C a H U U c n y x e 6 a b l x C J O B M C n O A b 3 0 B a T b TOJbKO ' ,& . .. n p O n H C H b 1 e 6 ' j ~ ~ b l ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , BEGIN). C a ~ b l k r n a ~ a b l f i COBeT,

'2. K O T O ~ ~ I A MbI B a M M O X e M J a T b , 3 a K J I H ) Y a e T C R B C.leJYH)UleM: 6 y J b ~ e

,.. n O C J e a O B a T e J l b H b 1 B B ~ I ~ P ~ H H O M BaMM C T U j l e O @ O P M ~ ~ ~ H U R n p O r p a h l M .

H a ~ o ~ e q , erne O n H O n p a B U J 1 0 : O n H O M TO Xe UMR H e J l b 3 R Y n O T -

e 6 J l R ~ b B P a 3 H b I X 3 H a Y e H U R X B I I p e n e J l a X O A H O ~ n p O r p a M M b l

nn n o n n p o r p a M M b 1 ( ~ O H R T U ~ c t n o n n p o r p a M M a B M ~ I nonp06~0 6 c y ~ n ~ B nocndnymLuux masax) . H a n p u ~ e p , ec.ilki u h ~ e e ~ c ~

n e p e M e H H a R c u M e H e M query, TO B ~ a m e i i n p o r p a M M e H e M o m e T

6 b t ~ b 6 0 J I b U I e HU OflHOrO o 6 ' b e ~ ~ a C T a K U M M M e H e M . EcJIM C T a H A a p T H O e

U M R B b I c T y n a e T B ponu u M e H u n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i , onperrene~~oii npo- r p a M M M C T O M . T O O H 0 YXe H e M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b I l P M M e H e H O B CBOeM IIpef i -

o n p e A e n e H H o M a ~ a q e e u n .

& 1.3.7. Q u ~ n for-downto :*. . -'i .. ;,!. .-

.3;. ~ O ~ M T ~ ~ M C R HeCKOJlbKO M O J U @ U U U P O B ~ T ~ n p O r p a h f M y 1. n y c ~ b ~ p e 6 y e ~ c ~ H a n e q a T a T b c n M c o K 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u i i n e p e M e H H b l x number M sqnumber B O ~ P ~ T H O M IIOpHflKe. T . e. T a K , Y ~ 0 6 b l OH H a Y M H a J C R

c n a p M q M c e n 9 81 u ~ ~ K ~ H Y M B ~ J C R Y M c n a M u 4 16. 3 ~ y s a n a q y -' M O X H O P e U I M T b HeCKOnbKUMM C ~ O C O ~ ~ M U , ~ O J I ~ W U H C T B O M 3 KOTOPblX, ': K C O X a J l e H N I O , CJIMLUKOM C J I O X H b l A J R U 3 J l O X e H U R B A ~ H H O ~ ~ T, IRRe.

O A I I ~ K O Mbl AOCTMrHeM UeJlU, e C J U B O C n O J b 3 y e M C R pa3HOBMJHOC7'1,K)

u u K ; l a for co c n o B o M downto. B U u K n e for-downto 3 H a Y e H n e

U H n e K c a U U K j r a M3hfeHReTCR OT 6 o ~ l b t u e r 0 3 H a Y e H M R K h1eHblUeMJ- ,

y M e H b u a R c b H a K a x n o M npoxone. Oqepen~oe B x o x n e H u e B T e n o

uuK.rla n p o u c x o n u T , ec;ru T e K y u e e s ~ a q e ~ u e M H n e K c a . c p a B H u 6 a e ; M o e

% 5; C KOHeYHblM er0 3 H a Y e H U e M , O K a 3 b l B a e T C R 6onbme U J M P a B H O

: K o l l e Y H o M y ~ H ~ L I ~ H U H ) . Ecnu B o 6 q e ~ cnyqae u u K n for 3 a ~ e p l u a e ~ c ~ , :k K o r A a r i H A e K c U u K n a n o c T u r a e T c6oero ~au6onburero 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ ;". ( n p M 9TOM TeJlO UUKJIa B b l n O J H R e T C R B ~ O C J ~ ~ ~ H N ; pas) . TO np!!

M C l l O J b 3 O t l a H M U pa3HOBMflHOCTU for-downto UMK;I 3 a t l e p L l J a e . r C f i , KOT- '..! A a er0 MHAeKC I l p U H U M a e T C B O e H a M M e H b U I e e 3 H a Y e H U e . . I- Y T O ~ ~ I ~ ~ U C ~ O C O ~ U T ~ H O B ~ I R UUKA AJIR P e W e H W R B U L ~ O C I ~ M ~ H ~ H ~ ~ O ~ K F. .. . 3 a n a Y H , B n P O r p a M M Y 1 f lOCTaTOYHO BHeCTU COBCeM H e 3 H a Y U T e A b -

H b l e M3MeHeHMR. Bce, YTO T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C H , - 3 T 0 Y C T a H O B H T b B K a Y e C T A P

: H a Y a J l b H O r O 3 H a Y e H I 1 R MHAeKCa UMKJla YMCJIO 9, B K a Y e C T B e K O H e g -

4 \I

eoro -'sucnol 4. Cnyme6~oe cnoeo downto ( a a ~ e ~ n ~ m e e to) 3aCTaBAT KOMnbWTep ha KaXAOM np0XOAe qNKJla YMeHbUlaTb

3HaqeHWe H H A e K C a . UNKJ BblnOnHUTCR aJlR CJleAyloUHX 3HaqeHui nUm- ber: 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 H 4. nocne Tor0 K a K 6 y n e ~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ o s ~ a q e ~ n e

4, U U K n 3aBepmkiTCR. BHeceHHble B npOrpaMMy H3MeHeHNR ~ e o 6 ~ 0 - AuMO, ko~eriko we, OTpa3HTb B K O M M e H T a P N W K ee 3arOnOBKy.

B'o? " K ~ K Ebl~Jl5lA~T T ~ K C ? ' npOrpaMMb1 C NCnOJb3OBaHHeM U H K n a for-downto. ' '

program probl; ( Hane~aTa~b KsanpaTsr ween OT 4 ~o 9 ) var number,sqnumber : integer: begin : ' ' fol: number : = 9 downte 4 do

a -gin Bqnumber := number * number;

, ~rjteln(number,~ 8,sqnumber) I . a d ( -a for . . .dawnto )

end. { pr6bl )

,(.3.8. 0606met t~aa ~ Q P M ~ UHKna for I '

Asa BapuaHTa uuKna for, KoTopMe M ~ I AO cnx nop n p u - M c H R a H , RfLnRmTCB Y a C T H M M H CJIyqaRMH o 6 ~ e i i @OPMM IlpeAJlOMe- HUI for.l<Aeno B TOM, TO HaqanbHoe (start) n KoHelrHoe (limit) 3HaqeHNsl kiHAeKCa ,l.lHKna MOrYT 6b1~b JlPeACTaBJleHbl ~ ~ P ~ M ~ H H O G nnn aame sblpa>KeHnew. 0 6 0 6 m e ~ H a ~ @ o p ~ a unKJla for npnseneHa HHNe. % 8

' for i := start Co limit do , , r e n o m a a '

I, . HnH

B KaqeCTBe HaqaJlkiHOrO 3HaqeHNR H H A e K C 4HKJla i nOJIYqHT

3 ~ a q e ~ u e BblpaxeHnsl starl, jaTeM s ~ a q e ~ u e i 6 y n e ~ nocnenoBaTenbHo

YMeHbLUaTbCR ( ~ C J I U Bbl NCnOJIb3yeTe BapUaHT for-downto) HJIH Y B e J H - qMpaTbcR ( e c n ~ sbl ncnonbsye~e BapnaHT for-to) no Tex nop, noKa H e 6&!Ae~ a 6 p a 6 o ~ a ~ o KOHeqHOe 3HaqeHHe H H A e K C a limit. Heo6xonn~0, tf~06k.1 start H timid nonyqnnu s ~ a s e ~ n ~ no Haqana LInKna (no- h a ~ y ? ) . P~CCMOTPMM npnMep, ( K ~ K Bcerna, nonaraeM, TO Bce nepeMeHHMe wMeloT THn integer.)

j. :* 4r , Gin 1 5 3:

r .for i t = j-1 to n*2 do Tedo mxna

50

. ,I. Tenepb, KOrna H M e e T C R 32IKDHqeHHafl IlPOrPaM#a H a nac-

: KaJIe, Mbl flOnXHb1 XOTR 6b1 B HeCKOnbKWX CnOBIX paCCKa3aTb

0 TOM, K a K 3anyCTUTb ee H a peaJlbH6M KOMnbloTepe~ 3aR4erla~ue: TeX- HHqeCKkie AeTann 3anyCKa lnpOrpaMMb1 Ha p a 3 ~ b 1 ~ KOMnblOTePaX

'$ MOrYT CYUleCTBeHHO pa3JlHqaTbCR; OHM MOrYT H e C ' O B ~ ~ A ~ T ~ AaXe

"' L , nJlR KOMnbloTepOB 0nH0fi H ~ 0 f i Xe MapKn, yCTaHOBJleHHbIX B pas- H ~ I X o p r a ~ u 3 a q n ~ x . Y ~ ~ A u T ~ c ~ B TOM, TO B ~ I TO'IHO s ~ a e ~ e

- npasnna a a n y c ~ a nporpamw na O B ~ ~ M ~ o ~ n b m p e . (Y bac, BepopT- $;

HO, eCTb B03MOXHOCTb n03HaKOMHTbCR C COOTBeTCTBYloUNMU H H -

, C T ~ ~ K U U R M U . ) ?p K ~ K yme o ~ ~ e q a n o c b , B ~au le f i ~ ~ n r e n p e ~ n m a r a m n , 'ITO &I f p a 6 o ~ a e ~ B CUcTeMe Typ60 n a c ~ a n b H a Ko~nb@?epe IBM'PC: 0 6 ~ s - f' k0 AkiaJlot' C KOMBbKlTePOM BeAeTCR C IlOMOlIlba ~ J l a ~ k f a ~ y p b l H .g s" 9KpaHHol 'O M ~ H W T O P ~ Ha ~ J ~ ~ K T P O H H O - J I Y ~ ~ B O ~ T P Y ~ K ~ (er0 H H U ~ & ~

1 ' Ha3MBalOT BUAeOAHCnJIeeM UJIH npOCT0 ~ K P ~ H O M ) , a n p o r p a ~ ~ h H "ZlHHble X p a H R T C R Ha AWCKeTaX.. Bce npWpaMMbt, IIpNBeneHHbIe

B K H N T e , ~ ~ I J I H pa3pa60~aHbl H OTJIaXeHbI Ha nepCOHaJlbHOM K0MnbK)-

Tepe IBM PC B cncTeMe Typ6o nacsanb. nepeiine~ K onwcatinm

1 ae~anei i s a n y c ~ a nporpaMMb1. * 7 . .

i \ 1.3.10. B B O ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ u I ' c nomoubto TeKcToeoro penartopa 5

npenine .reM s a n y c ~ a ~ b nporpaMMy, ee H a A o BBeCTU B

KOMnbloTep. Ecnn Bbl p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ e H a MHKPOKOMnbIiTTePe (Ha nepC0-

HaAbHOM ~bklnbio~epe IBM PC H n U Ha KOMnbIOWpe s ~ i i ~ ~ f i - J l n 6 0

npyroii ~ o n e n n ) , TO cAeJlaTb TO MOXHO c noMoubm k n a ~ n a ~ y p ~ # nucnneR. BBona nporpaMMH H a M n o ~ a n o 6 n ~ c ~ TaKxe CHCTeMa PeAaKTUpOBaHHR TeKCTOB. C Y U ~ ~ C T B Y ~ T MHOXieCTBO pa3JU9-

HblX TeKCTOBblX PeAaKTOpOB ( K H H ~ ~ , KOTOPYK) Bbl AePXUTe B P Y K a X , 6b1na HanuCaHa C UCIIOJlb30BaHWeM UeJlOrO PRna CLiCTeM P n a K T H - P O B a H N R T~KCTOB) . I( CqaCTbK), CNCTeMa I ~ P O ~ P ~ M M H P O B ~ H H R Typ60

n a c ~ a n b c ~ a 6 m e ~ a C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I M BCTPOeHHbIM PeAaKTOPOM, K c T ~ T H ,

O r e H b nPOCTblM B 06parne~nu . B n p U n O X e H U U I n p U B e A e H b l C ~ O A ~ O ~ H M M U IIORCHeHURMU U I l p k i M e p a M U KOMaHnM, KOTOpble

H ~ O ~ X O A U M O 3 H a T b n p U p a 6 o ~ e B P e A a K T O p e Typ60 n a c ~ a n ~ . (Ecnu BM 6 y ~ e ~ e U C n O J I b 3 0 B a T b H e Typ60 n a c ~ a n b , a KaKYIO-TO

A p y r y l O CUCTeMy n P O T P a M M U P O B a H U R , B a M I I p U n e T C R U3yqWTb KOMaHAM T o r 0 TeKCTOBOrO P e A a K T O p a , K O T O P ~ I ~ B H ~ G ~ ~ u M ~ H H ~ T c R . )

M b l AOJIXHbl T a K X e C K a 3 a T b 0 TOM, B K ~ K O G @ 0 p M e BBOAWT- CR T e K c T n p o r p a M M b 1 . K a x n a ~ c T p o K a BBOAUTCR K a K rpynna n u T e p ,

s a s e p u a e ~ a ~ H a x a T u e M on~oi i u3 cnenymuux K n a B u u : <<return, u e n t e r ~ unu anew line%. Kaxnoe npennoxesue n p o r p a M M b l H a n a c ~ a n e AOJIXHO H a q u H a T b c R c HOBO^^ CTPOKU. Ecnu npennoxesue HaCTOnbKO AJUHHO, q T O H e I I O M e U a e T C R B OAHO; CTpOKe, er0 M O X H O n p O n O J l X U T b H a C J l e n y l O ~ e h CTpOKe. A n R 3TOT0, 3 a n U C b l B a R n p e n n o x e H u e H a nep~o i i c T p o K e , HYXHO n p o c T o me-TO c c o c T a H o -

B U T ~ C R B (nyque H a npo6we unu T o w e c s a n ~ ~ o f i , B c e p e n n H e C n O B a O C T a H a B n U B a T b C R H e P ~ K O M ~ H A Y ~ M ) U OCTaBUlY£OCR q a C T b n p e A n o x e H u R n o M e c T n T b H a c n e n y ~ ) r n y ~ ) CTPOKY. Ecnu n p e n n o x e H u e nonxso s a ~ e p u a ~ b c ~ ~ o q ~ o i i c s a n ~ ~ o f i , TO ee nowernam T o n b K o B c a M M f i KOHeU n p e A J O X e H H R , B KOHUe I I ~ P B o ~ ~ CTPOKU O H a H e CTaBUTCR. C ~ W T ~ B n e p B y I O CTPOKY, K O M n b D T e P O n p e A e J l U T , q T O n p e A -

J l O X e H U e ewe H e 3 a K O H q e H O ( K ~ K OH y 3 H a e T 06 TOM?) U n p O A O J l X U T CqkiTMBaHUe. kd TOnbKO K O r A a OH YBWAUT T O q K y C 3 a n R ~ o f i ( T O ~ K ~ C s a n ~ ~ o i i p a 3 n w ~ e ~ n p e n n o x e ~ ~ ~ ) , OH n o i i ~ e ~ , TO npennoxetrue 3aKOHqUJlOCb. ~ ~ M ~ T U M , q T O B a M P e n K O IIpUAeTCR I I epeHOCUTb TeKCT n p e n n o x e H n R , n o c K o n b K y B ~ O J I ~ L U U H C T B ~ cnyqaee npennoxesue n p e K p a c H o y M e c T u T c R H a OAHOA c T p o K e . T ~ M H e M e H e e B p R n e C J l y q a e B A n R y n y q I l l e H U R BOCnPURTUR TeKCTa Mbl 6 y n e ~ H a M e p e H H O P a C n O J I a r a T b HeKOTOpble n p e A J O X e H U R B HeCKOnbKUX CTPOKaX ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 9 ~ 0 6 6 1 O T n e n u T b T e n 0 u u K n a OT ero s a r o n o ~ ~ a ) . K ~ K npa- suno, n p o c T b l e n p e n n o x e H u R , u B TOM qucne n p e n n o x e H u R

H a 3 H a q e H U R , H a M B n O n H e YAaCTCR p a 3 M e r r l a T b no OAHOMy H a CTPOKe (ecnu M ~ I ~ T O ~ O S ~ X O T U M ) .

Bce TOAbKO q T O C K a 3 a H H O e COOTBeTCTByeT A ~ ~ ? C T B U T ~ ~ ~ H O C T U JlWIllb HanOJlOBWHy. ~ P O ~ P ~ M M U C T ~ COBePUleHHO H e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e ~ b H 0

H a 4 H H a T b K a X A O e I l p e A J O X e H k i e C HOBO^^ CTPOKW, XOTR T ~ K O ;

cnoco6 3anucn I l p o r p a M M b l AeJ l aeT ee donee yno6~oR BOCnpWR- TWR. A p y r t i ~ n CnOBaMW, H a O A H O ~ CTPOKe M O X H O IIOMeLUaTb HeCKOJlbKO n p e ~ ~ r o x e n u R n a c ~ a n ~ , o T n e n m ux npyr OT npyra T O ~ K O A c s a n ~ ~ o f i . n p u ~ e n e ~ n p u M e p :

7r * p a C n O 3 H a e T , me 3 a K a H q U B a e T C R O n H O . n p e A J l O X e H U e U HaYWHaeTCR

C n e A y D u e e . BOT n o q e M y M M T a K A e T a n b H o o r o a a p u e a e l l r , me T o l r K a c 3 a n R ~ 0 i H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M ~ , a me HeyMeCTHa . B ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ ~ ~ H O C T U , n p a B H J l b H 0 P a C C T a B n R R TOqKU C ~ ~ I I R T O ~ ~ , Bbl M O X e T e Pa3MeCTWTb

A o e o n b H o M H o r o npennoxe~uii B npenenax CTPOKU. Hwxe npueo- AWTCR H O B ~ I R B a p U a H T o @ o ~ M J I ~ H u R n p O r p a M M M 1, W ~ n 0 J I b 3 y l O u l U R

3 T y B03MOXHOCTb. O ~ P ~ T U T ~ BHUMaHUe H a TO, r T 0 HUKaKWX KOMMeH-

T a p U e B 3 A e C b HeT , a c J l y x e 6 ~ b l e C J O B a H e BblAeJleHbl nOJ lyXUpHb1M

U J ~ U @ T O M .

program prob1;var number,sqnumber:integer;begin for number:=4 to 9 do begin sqnumber:==number* number:writeln(number,sqnumber) end end.

M b l nonaraew, TO B a M RCHO, q e M q p e B a T o T a K o e n306paxe~ue n p o r p a M M M . XOTR nporpama ~ ~ ~ J I I O T H O n p a e u n b H o H a n n c a H a , O H a COBePl l l eHHO H e n O H R T H a ( ~ ~ J ~ o B ~ K Y , a K O M ~ ~ D T ~ ~ Y ? ) . KO- HeqHO, Bbl C3KOHOMUTe HeMHOrO M e C T a , n O M e l U a R A B a WnU donee n p e n n o x e H u R H a o n ~ o h c T p o K e . Ho emu c n e n a T b TO n p a e n n o M ,

TO Bbl o 6 p e l r e ~ e c e 6 ~ H a ~ ~ C K O H ~ ~ H H ~ MYqeHUR, T a K K a K I l p O r p a M M M , B KOTOpblX T P y A H O p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b c R , eule T p y n H e e 3 a C T a B U T b p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b . Yepe3 HeKOTOpOe B p e M R Bbl, BePORTHO, O ~ H ~ ~ Y X U T ~ , l r T 0 O n e Y a T O K n p U BBOAe n p O r p a M M y B a C CTaJIO n0RBJ lRTbCR 6 0 J ' I b ~ e , U ki3.3a ~ a x n o i i o n e q a T K u B a M n p u n e T c R T e n e p b ~ a 6 u p a ~ b s a ~ o e o BCIO CTPOKY, B K O T O P O ~ ~ p a c n o n o x e H o y x e H e o n H o n p e n n o x e H H e , a n B a unu TpU. H ~ K O H ~ U , HUKOrAa H e 0 6 . b e n ~ ~ R f i ~ e CJ lOXHOe n p e n n o x e H u e c qew-nu60 erne. ye nose^ c K o p e e ecero H e O ~ ~ ~ T H T B H u M a H u R H a M a n e H b K o e n p e n n o x e H u e , ecnu OHO p a c n o n o x e H o

PRAOM C I-POMOBAKOA K O H C T P Y K U U ~ ~ ~ . B M 3 H a q U T e J l b H O o6nerru~e c~0f i T p y n , e C J U 6yne'l'e n p U n e p X U B a T b C R n p a B U J l a H a Y U H a T b K a X n O e n p e n n o x e H u e c HOBOA CTPOKU. B ~ a u e f i mure M M 6 y n e ~ H a p y m a T b ero T o n b K o B T e x cnyqanx TO nonenaerub, C J ~ ~ O C T ~ ! ) , K o r n a

6 y n e M n 0 M e U a T b HeCKOJlbKO nPOCTMX n p e B J l 0 x e ~ U f i H a 3 H a Y e H H R H a on~ofi c T p o K e . B o c T a n b H M x c n y q a R x K a x n o e n p e n n o x e H n e M H 6 y n e ~ H a q W H a T b C HOBO^ CTPOKU. P ~ K O M ~ H A Y ~ M B a M n O C T y n a T b T a K Xe.

l lpeanoxe~ue n a c ~ a n ~ M o x e T H a q t i H a T b c R c K ~ K O R y r o n H o

nO3UUUU CTPOKU, OAHaKO n p U BBOAe n p O r p a M M M peKOMeHAye7Cf f C n e n O B a T b HeKUM e&UHblM M R BCeX B a U U X n P O r P a M M n p a B W n a M

o @ o ~ M J ~ ~ H U R TeKCTa . P~CCMOTPHM T e n p a B U J l a , KOTOPblM MM ~ Y A ~ M C n e A O B a T b B 3~0fi K H U r e (CM. TeKCT I l P O r P a M M b l 1 B n. 1.2.14). r f ep I3a f f CTpOKa n p O r p a M M b 1 n 0 J X H a H a q U H a T b C R C ~ ~ P B O G n03WUUW ( B HeKOTO-

PblX CTaPhlX CHCTeMaX UCnOJlb30BaHHe n03HUMM 1 3 a n p e q , H o ) . KOM- ~ e ~ ~ a p n i i , x a p a ~ ~ e p ~ 3 y m q u f i BCIO n p o r p a M M y B u e n o M , 6 y A e ~ ,pas- M e u a T b , E t a ~ l u ' ~ a R CO B T O P O ~ ~ n03MUHN. O ~ % R B J ~ H N R M CJIOB$? begin- end, ' C O C T ~ B ~ H ~ I U U ~ C a M y l o BHeUIHfOFO napy, 6 y n e ~ 3 a n t i c b f B a ~ b ,

H a q M H a R C nO3UUHU 3 (T. e. C OTCTYJIOM H a A B e ~ 0 3 M U H U , B ~ P ~ B O n0 O T H O W ~ H U I O K H a r I a n y nep~oi i CTPOKM n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ ) . Bce n p e n n o x e ~ u ~ BHYTPU 2 ~ ~ 6 0 A r l a p b l o r p a ~ n q n ~ e j r e i i begin-end 6 y n e ~ p a c n o : a r a ~ b

C OTCTYnOM H a A B e JIO3HUNN no OTHOUIeHMlo K n e p B 0 f i 6 y ~ ~ e CJIOBa

begin (end). r I p e n n o x e ~ u ~ T e n a s u K n a 6 y A e ~ B b l p a s H n a a T b no p a c n o n o x e H u m y n p a ~ n ~ m u e f i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i uptwra B J ~ ~ ~ O J I O B K ~ .

O c ~ a J I b H b l e I IpaBUJIa O ~ C Y A N M n O 3 X e .

XOTR npk iMeHeHNe TeKCTyaJIbHblX OTCTynOB, CTpOrO rOBOpR, H e

0 6 ~ 3 a , r e n b ~ o , MX nPMHRTO CqMTaTb nPM3HaKOM XOPOUlerO CTUJIR

r r p o r p a ~ i w n p o ~ a ~ n ~ , n o c K o J b K y QHH A e n g m T n p o r p a M M y 6onee H ~ ~ J I R ~ I I o ~ . B ~ a U I e f i KHNW Mbl CTaPaJ IUCb 6 b l ~ b nOCJIeAOBZiTeJIbHbIMM

B npMMeHeHAU I lPeAnOXeHHblX npaBMJI. P ~ K O M ~ H A ~ ~ M U B a M B b I p a -

6 0 ~ a ~ b AJIH ~ e 6 ~ KaKUe-TO n p a B M J I a IIOJIyqeHHR HarJ IRAHbIX, f lpOrpaMM.

M TO c a M o e r J a B H o e , n p u ~ e p x u ~ a f i ~ e c b nx BO B c e x c ~ o s x I I p O r p a M M a X . B ~ I O q e H b CKOPO JIO'iyBCTByeTe, qTO BpeMR,rIHWOpOe Bbl

T p a T M T e H a O ~ $ O P M J I ~ H U ~ TeKCTOB I I P O r P a M M , OKynaeTCR C JIkixBoii.

. M T ~ K , MCnOJIb3yR U M ~ I O U U ~ ~ C R B BaUIeM paCnQPRXeHMki

p e n a K T o p , B ~ I H a 6 p a J I M TeKcT n p o r p a M M b l ( u ~ ~ ~ O M H U J I ~ H * ero). T e n e p b , K a 3 a J I 0 c b 6b1, MOXHO nPWCTYnaTb K BblnOJIHeHMIO I I p O r p a h f M bI.

O ~ H ~ K O n p e X A e ee HYXHO OTKOMnMJIHPOBaTb. BO B B ~ ~ ~ ~ H H U Mbl

y x e roaopupu, TO H ~ O ~ X O A U M ~ c n e q u a j l m a f l n p o r p a a r w a , ~ a 3 b 1 -

B a e M a R IcoanuARTopoa, K o T o p a R n e p e B e n e T n p o r p a M M y c n a c ~ a n ~ H a

M ~ U I U H H ~ ~ ~ ~ R3blK. T ~ K U M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , cne~yrouufi W a r COCTOHT B TOM, q ~ 0 6 b l ,IIOnPOCHTb KOMnHJIRTOP <<nePenHCaTb>> I lPOrPaMMY B ~ O P M ~ ,

~ O H R T H O ~ ~ KQMnbfOTepy. K ~ K TOnbKO n p O r p a M M a OTKOMnHnHpOBaHa ,

ee MOXHO 3 a R Y C K a T b H a BblnOJIHeHMe. B ~ O J I ~ U ~ U H C T B ~ CUCTeM np0- rPaMMMPOBaHMR KOMnMJIRUMR N BblnOJlHeHBe AOJIXHbI IlPOBCYARTbCR

OTAenbHo. O A H ~ K O ecnu B ~ I p a 6 o ~ a e ~ e B c u c T e M e Y K C f i - n a c ~ a n b

crnu Typ6o n a c ~ a n b , TO B same p a c n o p R x e H u e n p e n o c r a e n R e T c R

KOMaHAa AJlR OCYUeCTBJIeHNR 3TMX 3 T a n O B KaK eAMHOr0 U l a r a , XOTR

q a C T O OKa3blBaeTCR 6onee Y A O ~ H O K O M ~ M J I R ~ M I O M BblnOJIHeHne

npoeec~u ' p a s n e n b ~ o . B n p u n o x e H u u I onucatia y n p o q e H H a R

nOCJIeAOBaT@JIbHOCTb A ~ ~ ~ C T B U ~ , KOTOPble H ~ O ~ X O A ~ M O RPOU3BeCTU

I IpOrpaMMRCTy AJIR TOrO, ~ ~ 0 6 b l OTKOMnMJIMPOBaTb H 3anYCTMTb

c ~ o m n p o r p a M M y B CMcTeMe n p o r p a M M H p o B a H u R Typ6o n a c ~ a n b . Ewe

* M M ~ ~ T C R B B U n Y 3allWCb H ~ ~ ~ ) ~ H H O I O TeKCTa H3 B p e M e H H O r O 6y@epa B TeK- ~ ~ 0 0 b l f i 4a i i~1 . - n p u ~ e v nep.

pa3 IIOBTOPHM, Bbl AOJIXHbI O T A a B a T b ce6e OTqeT B TOM, LIT0 B a U l a

CHCTeMa M O X e T HeCKOJIbKO OTJIUqaTbCR OT CUCTeMM, O ~ H C ~ H H O ~ ~ $Jt, H a M u . T ~ M H e M e H e e lilb~ y B e p R e M B a c , TO B ~ 1 1 0 6 0 ~ cnyqae npouecc $: j KOMnHJIRuUU ki 3 a n y C K a I I p O r p a M M b l q p e 3 B b l q a f i H 0 flpOCT, e C J H

' 1 , TOJIbKO Bbl TOLIHO 3 H a e T e T P ~ ~ O B ~ H W R BaUle f i CuCTeMbl. BOT ' T e n e p b B ~ I ~ O T O B ~ I n p e n c T a B n T b s a m y n e p B y m n p o r p a m M y H a

paCCMOTpeHUe. YnasM B ~ M !

1. n a c ~ a n b cytuecreyer so M H O ~ H X pajHOBHnHOCTR\. B Hacrontuen

KHHR HCnOJIb3yeTCfl Typ60 n a c ~ a n b - nHa.fleKT fl3blKa, n p e ~ ~ a 3 ~ a l l e ~ ~ b l h RJIR nepC0-

HanbHblX KOMnbloTepOB @ H P M ~ I M6M (IBM PC). 2. n p o r p a ~ ~ a H a n a c ~ a n e cocraennercfl n3 orne.ibsMx cnHraKcurlecKn ~ ~ K O H -

U e H H M X 3neMeHTOB. Ha3blBaeMblX npeAnOXeHHflMH. B Typ60 n a c ~ a ~ e TeKCT npOrpaMMt4 06blqH0 H a ' l H H a e T C R 0 ~ 0 6 ~ ~ npen~lOXeHHeM - 3arcklOBKOM - Cne- nyrotuero snna;

program prob; 3necb pro6 ecrb H M R K O H K ~ ~ T H O R nporpaMMM. B npyrHx eepcnsx n a c ~ a n f l 3arcxlOBKH IlpOrpaMM MOrYT O @ O P M J I R T ~ C R HeCKOJlbKO HHa'IF.

3. Kaxnoe npennoxesee n a c ~ a n ~ nonxHo oTnenRTbcR or 8pyroro. cnenyro- ue ro 3a HUM, ~ o r l ~ o f i c 3annrok (;). (McK.lmrle~ne n3 yKasaHHoro npaenna cocrae- nRloT KOMMeHTapHH, KOTOPble, CTPOrO TOBOPR, He flBnRIOTCR npennOBeHHRMH ) E c n ~ flpenn0xeHtie C.lHUJKOM nnnHHo. q~06bl 6blTb Pa3MeUeHHblM B oii~ofi CTpOKe,

er0 HOXHO npOn0,lXHTb Ha CJlenyloulefi CTpOKe, TOrlKa C 3anflrofi npH 3TOM CTaBHTCH TonbKo B KoHue Bcero npennoxeHwR

4. 0 6 ~ r l ~ 0 Kaxnoe npennoxeHne sanncb~sa~or c ~osofi CTPOKH, XOTR C H H T a K c u - rlecKn nonycKaeTcR p a 3 ~ e u e ~ ~ e B onsofi crpoKe nsyx rl donee npennoxe~nf i ( ~ O C K O ~ ~ K ~ Bce OHM OTneJlRK7TCR npyr OT np)ra TOqKaMH C 3an~ro f i ) . O A H ~ K O floMeuaR B Kaxnofi crpoKe He 6aqee onHoro npennoxenen, M ~ I nenaeM nporpaMMy donee ~ a r n ~ n n o f i H nerrle n o ~ n ~ a e ~ o e M M ~ R B Btiny re x e uene, npn HanncaHnn nporpaMMbl H a n a c ~ a n e npn6eramr n K npyreM npeeMaM supa3srenb~ofi opra- HH3aUHH TeKCTa - OTCTynaM A BblpaBHHBaHHRM.

5. K O M M ~ H T ~ ~ H H n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ t . l nnn roro, q~06bl noRcHnrb ( q e n o ~ e ~ y . H O tie

~ o ~ n b l ~ ~ e p y ' ) , KBKYH) 3anarly BblnOJlHReT naHHaR IlpOrpaMMa K o ~ ~ e ~ r a p e n H r H O -

p n p y ~ o r c ~ KoMnnnRropoM. onHaKo npn BblsoAe M M reKcra nporpaMMbl - nerlaramcrr 6 M M R €3 Typ60 n a c ~ a n e - 3TO npaKTHqeCKB ,1106an K O M ~ U H ~ U U R 6 y K B H

UH@P npH OAHOM HenpeMeHHOM YCJlOBUH: nro6oe H M R AOJIXHO HarlHHaTbCfl C 6yKBbl

B npyrex AtianeKrax n a c ~ a ? ~ npaeti.laMH nocrpoeHnR nMeH tiaKnanblealoTcn AOnOJlHHTenbHMe OTPaHHrleHHR, HanPHMeP H a npe~e,lbHylo mHHy H M e H H . 6yKBb1,

pa3nur l a lo~u~ec~ HaqepraHneM (6onbmne n ~ a n ~ e ) , M O ~ ~ T C B O ~ O J ~ H O Y ~ O T ~ ~ ~ ~ R T ~ C R

B H M e H a X K a K B3aHM03aMeHReMble.

7. B n a c ~ a n e nMeercR o c o 6 a ~ rpynna nMeH ( r a ~ n x , K a K begin, for, end, prog- ram H np . ) , 3a KOTOPMMA 3 a ~ p e n n e ~ b l CneuuanbHbie CMHcnoBble 3 ~ a r l e ~ u ~ . TaKHe HMCHa Ha3blBaK)TCR C J ~ ~ X ~ ~ H ~ I M H ( H A M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B H P O B ~ H H ~ ~ M W ) CnOBaMH H nOnXHbl

ynOTpe6Jlfl~b~fl ( ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M H C T O M ) B CTpOrOM COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aJlOXeHHblM B HHX

CMMCJlOM. 4 ~ 0 6 ~ nOnrlePKHYTb c n y x e 6 ~ y m POnb YnOMRHYTblX CAOB, B TeKCTe H~cToRu~R KHtirH OHH BClOnY BMneneHbl nO.7yXrtpHMM U J ~ H @ T O M .

8. Cyuec~syer n npyran rpynna H M ~ H , n ~ e t o t u ~ x cTaHnaprHo o n p e n e n e ~ ~ ~ f i CMblCn ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , integer H art teln) Mx rah H ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a m r - cTaHnapTHble nu npenonpenenessble) w e H a B orntiqee or cnyxe6~blx c n o ~ , cMMcnoeble s ~ a r l e -

HHf l C T a H n a p T H M X H M e H B R3blKe H e @ I I K C H P O B ~ H ~ ! ; npH XeJlaHHH n p O r p a M M t l C T

55

Y

MOXeT nepe0npeneJlUTb UX, yno~pe6us KaKUe-TO H 3 CTaHAapTHblX UMeH B HOBOM

( H ~ C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O M ) 3HaqeHUU. M M ~ H ~ , He OTHOCflUlUeCfl H U K C J ~ X ~ ~ H ~ I M . H U K

CTaHAapTHblM, paCCMaTpUBaIoTCfl KaK OnpeAeJlfleMble npOrpaMMHCTOM. 9. ~ O A saronoBKoM nporpaMMb1 pacnonaraeTcfl ee AeKnapaTusHafl qacTb,

npeAcTasnflmmafl co6oA cosoKynHocTb npennoxesuii onucaTenbHoro xapaKTepa. B H U X KOMnHJlflTOPY c 0 0 6 q a e ~ c n 060 BCeX HMeHaX, OnpeAedlfleMblX nPOTPaMMUCTOM, H 0 TO^ POnH. KOTOPYK) 3 T H HMeHa AOflXHbl UrPaTb B nPOrPaMMe (T. e. 6 ) ' ~ y ~ flu O H U KOH-

CTaHTaMH, nepeMeHHblMH HnH qeM-TO e ~ e ) . 3a ne~alapa~kiB~0h qaCTbK) CneAyeT UCnOJlHHTeJlbHafl qaCTb nPOrPaMMbl, 06pa~~f l eMaf l C f l O B a M H - O r p a H H q U T e , l f l M U be- gin a end. Mexny y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o A napoh cnos H p a 3 ~ e m a m ~ c f l npennoxeHm, B ~ I -

n0JlHflH)LlLUe B npOrpaMMe Te UnH UHble Aekc~BUfl M ~ n ~ ~ ~ k i ~ e . ~ b l i y H ) qaCTb UHorAa Ha3blBaloT TeflOM npOrpaMMbl.

10. n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a f l - 3 T 0 TaKafl pa3UOBHAHOCTb HMeHOBaHHblX nPOrPaMMHblX 06beK- TOE, KOTOPafl npenHa3HaqeHa LlJlfl XpaHeHUfl N H ~ $ O P M ~ U W U BO BpeMfl BblnOJHeHHfl np0- rpaMMb1. n o npasunaM n a c ~ a n ~ Kaxnafl nepeMeHtiafl AonxHa 6 b 1 ~ b o b b f l ~ n e ~ a , T. e. onucaHa B n e ~ n a p a ~ a e ~ o h qacTu nporpaMMbl nocpencTsoM C B H ~ ~ I B ~ H U ~ ~ ee uMeHu C HeKOTOPMM THnOM AaHHblX. ~ P O C T ~ ~ L U W M nPUMePOM Tuna MOXeT CJlyXUTb ~eJI0qki~dIeHHblfi Tun (integer); nepeMeHHan Tuna lnteger H O X ~ T c o n e p x a n B cede TOJlbKO LlClble 3HaqeHUfl 06bflBfleH~e AByX UeJOqUCfleHHblX nepeMeHHblX C HMeHaMU X H y BblrJRAUT TaK:

var x,y : i n t e g e r ;

11. n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ He aMeeT ~ a ~ o r o - n u 6 0 KoHKpeTHoro ~ H ~ ~ ~ H N F I no Tex nop, nOKa K0MnbH)Tepy He 6yAe~ AaHO TOqHOe npennUCaHHe flOMeCTHTb qTO-TO OnpeAe- neHHoe B CooTBeTcTByDqym flqeii~y naMflTn. Ha n a c ~ a n e TaKoro pona npenna- c a m e 06hlqH0 BblpaxaeTcfl npennoxeHueM ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ u n , uMeDquM BHA:

B ~ I ~ o ~ H ~ H H ~ TaKOrO npeA,lOXeHHfl HaqHHaeTCfl BblqnCJleHHeM BblpaXeHUfl, CTOflUlerO cnpaea OT cnMBona H ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ H U F I (:=). nonyqeseoe s ~ a q e ~ w e s a ~ e ~ noMeuaeT- C R B nepeMeHHym ( u ~ a q e - ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ c ~ eii), yna3a~~q.10 cneBa OT :=.

12. B n a c ~ a n e yn0~pe6H~bi 06b1q~b1e a p u @ ~ e ~ w q e c ~ n e onepaunu: cnoxeHue (+), BblqHTaHUe (-) u YMHoxeHue ( = ) . Onepauw~ neneHnfl npencTaeneHa B

n a c ~ a n e nByMfl pa3HOBUAHOCTflMU. Y~06bI OCyUleCTBNTb AeJleHne BeUleCTBeHHblX BeJlH- qUH, nPHMeHflH)T CHMBOn BeIUeCTBeHHOrO AeneHHfl /. H a n p u ~ e p , 712 AaeT 3.5. Hapflny c ~ T H M cyqecTByeT u onepauufl uenoqnc.leasoro nenesan, u s o 6 p a x a e ~ a f l one- PaTOpOM div. B OTflUqUe OT BeLlLeCTBeHHOl-0 neJeHUfl, OHa UrHOPUPyeT ~U@pbl B ~ ~ 0 6 - H O G qacTu p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 7 div 2 naeT 3 ) . Onepauun x mod y aaeT ocTaToK OT AeJleHNfl X Ha Y (Hanpki~ep, 3HaqeHHeM 7 mod 2 6yAe~ 1).

13. Y T O ~ M OTneqaTaTb 3HaqeHNe O A H O ~ UnU HeCKOJbKUX nepeMeHHbIX, M O X H O

npuMeHuTb npennomeHue writeln. H a n p u ~ e p , npennoxeHne writeln (x, ' ', y) HaneqaTaeT 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ f l , conepxaulwecfl B x u y, oTnennB OAHO OT Apyroro npobeno~. Cnenymulee npennoxetine Btmona (write unu writeln) HaqHeT neqaTb H H @ O ~ M ~ U U N

c H O B O R CTPOKU. 14. 06blqH0 npenilOmeHHfl BblnOJlHflDTCfl nOC3eAOBaTeJIbHO. OAHO 3a APYrUM.

q ~ 0 6 b 1 U3MeHHTb 3TOT ~ C T ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ; XOA BbInOJHeHUfl IlpOrpaMMbl, IIPUMeHflloT OCO-

6yt0 YnpaBJflloUIytO KOHCTPYKUHH), Ha3blBaeMyD UHKAOM. B CaMOM 0 6 ~ 2 ~ Cnyqae U H K ~ npencTasnfleT co6oR rpynny npennoxe~uh, KoTopMe 3anacb1sam~cfl B TeKcTe IIpOrpaMMbI OAUH pas, HO TeM He MeHee MOrYT 6 b 1 ~ b BblnOnHeHbl MHOTOKPaTHO. B n a c ~ a f l e npenycMOTpeH0 HeCKOnbKO CTPYKTYPHblX ~ ~ ~ H O B U A H O C T ~ ~ UnKJlOB. O A H ~ H 3

H N X (Pacc~OTpeHHafl B ~ a c ~ o f l u l e n KHHre nepeoh) - 3 T 0 U H K f l for, ~ 0 3 ~ 0 f l f l H ) ~ ~ ~

BblnOAHHTb CePUH) flpeAJI0~e~Uh 3aAaHHOe qHCn0 pas. 15. 0 6 m a ~ l $ o p ~ a uuKna for TaKosa:

f o r i := s t a r t t o l i m i t do Teno quma

B ~ ~ H H O H K O H C T P Y K U I ~ U 1 BblnonHReT podb ynpaenfltoqeii n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o h rinn, uHaqe, "HneKCa uuKna Cnoso start 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ snecb cTaproeoe ( ~ a q a n b ~ o e ) s ~ a q e ~ u e

, -- . ~0cTOflTb u3 O A H O ~ O - ~ ~ I ~ H ~ T B ~ H H O ~ O npennoxeHufl; BnpoqeM, ~ T O He MeuaeT no- ,: M ~ C T U T ~ B Teilo UuKna CocTaBHoe npennoxeuue. ." 16. UNKJ for BbInonufleTcfl cnenymmuM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ . C ~ a q a n a npou3~onu~cf l U H U -

U~anu3auufl NHiIeKCa i - er0 Haqa~lbHblM 3HaqeHUeM CTaHOBUTCfl ~ f a r f . Ecnu i MeHblUe snu p a e ~ o limit. Teno uuKna BblnonuneTcfl (npu 3 ~ a q e ~ u u i paBHoM s t a r t ) . BCR- KHA pa3 Korna Teno uulr~la saeeprnae~cn. sHaqeHue i aBToMaTuqecKu YsentiquBaeTcfl

'

Ha I , H TUO UuKna BblnOJIHReTCfl B H O B ~ , HO y x e c H O B ~ I M ( c ~ l e n y ~ q u ~ no nopf ln~y) s ~ a s e u n e ~ i. 4 u ~ n n q e c ~ u e nOBTOpeHnfl Te-la 6 y n y ~ npononmaTbcn no Tex nop, noKa He 6yAe~ npee30ine~o npenenbHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e (limit). Korna TO C J Y ~ U T C R , UHKn s a ~ e p m u ~ c f l , u 6 y n e ~ BblnonHflTbcfl npennoxeHue nporpaMMb1, HenocpencTseHHo CneAymqee sa ~ o ~ c ~ p y ~ u n e h for.

17. 0 6 u l a ~ @ o p ~ a uuKaa for, n o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ a f l B n. 15, n0nycKae-r HeKoTopbre sapnaurru. T ~ K , HanpuMep, B Tene uuma MoxeT HaxonuTbcfl coc-raeuoe npennoxe- Hne, T. e. HeKoTopafl rpynna npennoxe~nh, 0 6 p a ~ n e ~ ~ a f l napoh C ~ O B - o r p a ~ u - qki~eneii begin H end. T ~ K U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , CTaHOBHTCfl B O 3 M O x H b l M UHKnnqeCKOe nOBTOpeHUe nm6oro qUCfla rIpen.lo~eHUh. B CTpyKType, noKa3a~Hoh HHXe, npU ' KaXnOM BXOSe R Ten0 UUKdla 6 y n y ~ BblllOJHflTbCfl: rlpedil0XeH~e-1, n p e d f l o ~ e ~ u e - 2 , ...,

" npedfloxe~ue-n.

f o r i := s t a r t t o l i m i t do beg in

npennoxce~we-1; npenaoxce~ue-2; . . . npennoxce~ue-n

end

18. B sapname uuKaa for co cnosoM downto ( B M ~ C T O to) uHneKc npo6erae.r nOCJleAOBaTeJlbHOCTb 3UaqeH~ih OT HaqaJlbUOrO K KOHeqHOMy B O ~ P B T H O M nOpflAKe, YMeHbmaflCb KamAblh pa3 Ha I . B H ~ U H ~ 3 T 0 B b l M f l I U T TaK:

f o r i := s t a r t downto l i m i t do Ten0 umna

3 ~ e c b i, s tar t u limit uMew TOT me CM~IC.I, TO u B OCHOBHOM BapuaHTe uuKna for. O~nuqne COCTOUT nuub B TOM. TO i, HaqaB co start , 6yfieT noc,lenoearenb- no n p u o 6 p e ~ a ~ b 3 ~ a q e ~ n f l : start , start-1, ..., Limit'.

n p e ~ n o . ~ a r a e ~ c f l , TO Bce nepeMeHHble B yrlpaxHeHnflx U M ~ D T T U ~ integer. ManeHb~oe HanOMuHauUe: He 3abbl~aATe BKJDqaTb B nPOrPaMMbl KOMMeHTaPUU.

1.1. npoc. lenu~e mar sa maroM. qro n p o ~ c u o n u ~ npu eblnonsesun npu- BeAeHHblX Hnme @parhqet~~oe nporpaMM Ha n a c ~ a n e . I l o ~ a x u ~ e , Kame 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ XPaHflTCfl B nepeMeHHblX Ha KaXnOM mare Bbl l10 r lHf2HUf l . B 0 ~ n 0 f l b 3 y h ~ e ~ b ,106bl~ CnO- C 0 6 0 ~ TpaCCUpOBKU U 3 qUCfla npeiLJlOXeHHblX B n. 1.2.15. Kp0Me TOrO, noKaxuTe, . IT0 n a n e q a ~ a e ~ ~ a ~ n b l n H 3 npNBeAeHHblX @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o B .

' A TaKjKe B TOM, 9TO !'C.lOBNeM npeKpauleHUR UUKJla CTaHOBUTCfl <<i MeHbUle limit,. - l l p u ~ e r . nep.

57

(6) rate := 5 ; time := 4; junk := rate - time; dist := rate * time; writeirate, I , time,

* ,Junk, ' ' ,dist)

(r) number := 2; cbnumber := number *

number * number ;

writeln (number, I ,

cbnumber, I ,

numbertnumber)

(A) for x,:= 7 to 9 do

begin y := X * 3; writeln(xI1 ',y)

end ; x := 14; writeln(xI1 ',y)

(e) s := 0; for i := 1 to 4 do

S := s + 1; writeln (s)

1.2. ( a ) T ~ ~ C C H ~ O B K ~ a m @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ o ~ I ( a ) - l ( r ) o ~ a s a . ~ a c b ropa3no n p o u e , q e M n n H a p a r u e ~ ~ o ~ I ( A ) H I ( e ) n o q e ~ y ? ( f l o d c ~ a s ~ a : n o a q u a i ~ e , K a K H e H O B b l e ~ p e A d l O X e H H f l n 0 f l B H ~ l N C b 80 @ p a r h l e H T d X I (,!I) H I ( e ) ')

( 6 ) MOXHO n n B y n p a x H e H u t i 1.1 ( r ) 3 a v e ~ u ~ b n p e i l . l o x e s u e cbnumber. = number * number * number H a n p e n n o x e H H e cbnumber := number * number uar sqnumber := number * number * number' E c n ~ M O ~ H O . TO CTOWT ,IW TO n e n a ~ b ?

E c d 1 H H e T , T O O ~ ~ R C H R T ~ , n O q e M V . 1.3. TO 6yner H a n e q a T a H o B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e B b l n o n H e H m ~ a x u o h n 3 cnenymunx

n p o r p a M M H a n a c ~ a a e ?

(a) program proba; var x : integer; bi3g'ih for x := 1 to 4 do

writeln(x,' ',x-1,' ',x+l) end. 2

(6) program probb; var p,q,r : integer; begin q := 5; r := 9; for p := q to r-1 do

writeln(p, ' ,q, ',r) end.

1.4. n p e n n o n o x ~ ~ , TO n e p e M e H H b i e x , y, z n w n o , l y q a m T H a q a n b H b I e

3 H a q e H N f l B p e 3 Y ~ l b T a T e BblnO*lHeHHR C n e n y l O U H X ~ ~ ~ ~ I J I o x ~ H u ~ : X 5; lj := 10; 2 := 1; W := 8. ~ O K ~ X H T C , q T O 6 y n e ~ X P a H H T b C R B 3TNX n e p e M e H H M X H a K a X n O M

mare BtJnOJlHeHUfl I l p H B e n e H H b l X H H X e I i P O r P a h l M H b l X ~ P ~ ~ M ~ H T O B .

58

(6) x ,:A y div w; (r) w := y - w; z := y mod w z := y div x

Z

1.5. K a x n b l h I I y H K T 3 7 0 r O y R P a R H e H N X COCTOllT ti3 n B y X ? a 3 n & l O t l ~ O C . ~ C J O -

[Ijl BaTPJ lbHOCTH n p e n n o ~ t t e ~ ~ f i , C O C T a B J l p l O U l H e P a Z i n e J I b l OlIHOI'O I I y H h T a , H a n e p t l b l a @"r.lfl,~

+ O q e H b I I O X O X H Mexny Tet$ 3Tfi D O C n e A O B a T e f l b H O C T H C q U e C T 8 e f l t l O P I I I H q a I O T C H npocnean~e ,3?* B M ~ W H ~ H N P M n p e n n o x e ~ u h K a x n o r o pa.ue11a w l o h a / - n l r T t % .

IITO 6 y n e ~ H a n e q a T a H o B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ p nx B b l n o ~ l H e H n R Y 6 e a n r e c ~ , - ~ . ~ y , I ~ T O G E ~ I no

(a) (1) number := 7; (2) number := 7;

writeln(2 * number); number := 2 * humber; wrriteln (number) writeln (numbFr) '

(6) (1) number := 2: (2 . .

writeln(number) ; number := number + 1

; .I;, ' '.

number := 2 ; number := number + 1; writeln(number)

(a) for i := 1 to 10 do begin : ,-b

k := 11 - i; m := 2 * k; writeln(i,' ',k,' ',m)

end a r

. (6) for k := 10 downto 1 do

begin m := 2 * k; writeln(k,' ',m)

end

1.7. KOHCTPYKUNR for-downto H e P a C W H p R e T B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~ R 3 b l K a B TOM CMblC*le,

q T O BCC ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B N R , K O T O P M e M O r Y T 6 b l T b p e a J l k i 3 0 B a H b l n O C p e n C T B O M U H l i J l a for-downto, M O r y T 6 ~ T b . B ~ I ~ O J H ~ H ~ I W n O C p e n C T B O M 0 6 b l q H 0 r 0 UHKJla for. n o ~ a x u r e 3TO.

( ~ O ~ C K U ~ K U : n p o a ~ a n e 3 n p y i ~ e q u ~ n b i ( a ) H ( 6 ) u3 y n p a x H e H n R 1.6.)

1.8. Hnxe npnaeneH cnucoK nMeH nepeMeHHblx, B O ~ M O X H I A X B n a c ~ a n e . K a ~ l l e H 3 Hi$X AOnyCTNMbl B Typ60 nac~aJ le? K a ~ n e 3anpeLUe~bl? Ecnn N M R HenOnyCTnMO, obaflcnn~e, noqeMy ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , noroMy s ~ o OHO CnnuKoM nnnnHoe).

beginend space1999 1999space P clrs IBM i.b.m. one ON6 2 one2 zone

help+me help me abc. . . xyz f o m for legal l,egal? # 1 number 1 HOMEP 1 BYQEP

(13) zyxwuterqponmlkjihgfedcba (14) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

1.9. B 3TOM H HeCKOJlbKHX nOCJlenytOUNX YnpaXHeHNRX BaM 6yne.r npeAJIOXeH0 BHeCTH HeKOTOpble H3MeHeHHR B npOrpaMMy 1 nepBaR M O ~ H @ H K ~ ~ N H N C X O ~ H O ~

nporpaMMbl6yne~ C ~ C T O R T ~ B TOM. 'ITO M ~ I noMecTnM npennoxeHne sqnurnber .= num- ber * number nocnc npennoxeHnR writeln. n e p e n n l u ~ ~ e a a ~ o e o TeKcr nporpaMMbl n npocnennTe, TO npon3oBne~ nocne roro, KaK nporpaMMa 6ynm s a n y q e ~ a Ha Bbl~OJIHeHIi~. ( ~ o ~ c K ~ ~ K u : IlpOCpaMMa pa60TaTb Gyne~, HO ee pe3yJlbTaTbl OKaHtyTCR AOBOnbHO C T P ~ H H ~ ~ M H . )

1.10. n p o r p a ~ ~ y I MOXHO HanNCaTb 6e3 NCnOJlb30BaNNR UHKJIa. B TBKO&"~

nporpauMe KeanpaT Kaxnoro rncna 6yneT BblrncnRTbcR oTnenbHo. n o ~ a x n ~ e , KaK 3T0 CfleJaTb. Tenepb IlpennOJOXHM, q T O HaM H Y X H O Bbl l lHCJNTb KBanpaTbl rncen n3 nnana3o~a OT 4 no 79. CKOJI~KO npennoxe~nfi n o n a n o 6 n ~ c ~ B TOM cnysae n06aBdTb B n p o r p a ~ ~ y ? 4 r o cnenoeano 6~ N ~ M ~ H H T ~ B natuefi W C X O ~ H O R nporpauMe, '1~06bl llOJJYL(HTb KBanpaTbl sHCeJl OT 4 a0 79> A KaKNe N3MeHeHNR n o ~ p e 6 y m ~ c ~ , eCJN M b l 3aXOTHM BMqNCJlHTb KBaflpaTbl qNCeJl OT 4 no 789?

1.1 1. ~ O K ~ X H T ~ , K ~ K M O ~ H @ H ~ H ~ O B ~ T ~ NCXOAHYH) n p o r p a ~ ~ y , 'l~06bl OHa ne4aTana KBanparN rncen ( T O ~ ~ K O m a n p a w , c a m rncna n e s a r a n He H ~ X H O ) OT I no 125, npnqeM waxnoe 3HareHne c HOBOR CTPOKH? H O B ~ R nporpaMMa nonxHa neraTaTb rncna 1 4 9 16 25 n TaK nanee

1.12. B H ~ O H ~ M ~ H N T ~ NCXOnHYK) npOrpaMMY TaK, 4~06bl OHa BblBOnHJla Ha neraTb rncna or 4 no 9, N X KsanpaTbl, a raKxe nx ~y6b1. B nep~oi i crpoKe nonxHo 6bl~b, HanpnMep, HanesaTaHo 4 16 64.

1.13. nepennlun~e nporpaMMy I TaK, '1~06bl oHa nesarana rncna OT 4 no 9, nx XBaApaTbt, a TaKXe pe3ynbTaTbl YMHOXeHRR 3 T N X qHCen Ha nBa H Ha TpH

1.14. M ~ M ~ H N T ~ HCXOnHylo IlpOrpaMMy TaK, 9~06bl OHa neraTana TOnbKO qeTHble rncng OT 4 no 30, a pRnoM c KawcnblM n3 H H X ero KBanpaT. n p o r p a ~ ~ a nonxsa neraTeTb sncna. 4 16. 6 36. 8 64 n TaK nanee. (nodcrcas~a: ecnn nepeMennaR i ysennrneaercfi Ha 1, TO 3 ~ a s e n n e BMpaxeHnR 2*1 6 y n e ~ yeennrneaTbcn Ha 2.)

1.15. Monn@nunpyBre nporpaMMy n3 ynpaxHeHnR 1.14 TaK, s~o6b1 cnasana oHa HaneraTana s e ~ ~ b l e rncna n nx KeanpaTbl, a s a ~ e ~ Hesernble rncna OT 5 no 29 n nx ~y6bl.

1.16. M ~ M ~ H H T ~ N C X O ~ H Y H ) n p ~ r p a ~ ~ y 1 TaK, '1~06bl OH^ neqaTaJIa 3HaseHn~ qNCeJI or 4 no 9, a nnR sncen 60jrbtue 5 - e q e n nx Ksanpaw. n p o r p a ~ ~ a nonxHa nane- qaTaTb CJlenyloU(ee: 4 5 6 36 7 49 ... O 6 p a ~ n ~ e BHHMaHNe Ha TO, qTO qNCJIa 4 H 6 HanesaTaHbI, a N X KBanpaTbl - HeT. (nodc~a3Ka. 06pa60~af i~e 3Ha'leHNR 4 H 5 meJlbH0, BHe UHKJP.)

1.17. Hannwn~e nporpauuy, Koropan neraraeT Bce rncna, KparHble 10 n ne npeBblLUaloluHe 3HaseHliR ZUUU. BOT HeCKOJlbKO llePBblX qNCeJl N 3 TeX, KOTOPMe n o n x m 6b i~b HanesaTanbl: 10 20 30 ... (CM. n o n c ~ a 3 ~ y K ynpaxHeHnm 1 14.)

1.18. H ~ ~ N L U H T ~ nporpamy, neraTammym rncna, Kpa-rHble 10. P a s y ~ e e ~ c ~ , naneraTaTb Bce Tame rncna B ~ I He CMoxeTe ( n o r e ~ y ? ) . BblRc~nTe, C K W ~ K O

sncen 6yae-r HaneraraHo, cKaxeM, 3a 5 nnn 10 ceKyHn nnn 3a onHy M N H Y T ~ . ( 3 ~ 0 ~ a n a ~ n e wMeeT CMblCJI, pnbKo ecnn B ~ I p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ e Ha MnKpoKoNnbloTepe, a He Ha 6onbuoB ~ a m n ~ e . )

1.19. B n p ~ s e n e ~ ~ o i i Hnxe nporpaMMe MHoro OUINGOK. n o c ~ a p a a ~ e c b n a h n 4 1 X W NCllpaBNTb. He~o~opb le O U J N ~ K N O'leHb HeCypa3Hble. HanpnMep npOnyueHa TO'IKB C 3anRT0ft. E C T ~ N HenpaBNnbHO HanNCaHHble CnOBa. N HeKOTOpble ApyrHe O U I N ~ K H . Korna BH corTeTe, TO Bce O U I H ~ K N ncnpaenew, nonwafi~ecb BHnonHnTb IlpOrpaMMy, qT06bl y6enNTbcR B TOM, qTO 3TO ~ ~ ~ C T B N T ~ ~ ~ H O TaK. ~ ~ O U ~ C C YCTpaHeHHR o lun60~ N nOJlYqeHNR nPaBNnbH0 pa6o~at0ueA nPOrPaMMb1 Ha3blBaloT O T J I ~ A K O ~ ~ . n o MepC pa3pa60TKN CBONX C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I X npOrpaMM Bbl 6 y n e ~ e y3HaBaTb 06 OTnanKe

: Bce 6 0 n b ~ e H 6onbtue. (3awera~ue : r ~ 0 6 b 1 cnnmKoM y x saM ne nonc~a3t.1aa~b. M M He ncnonb3ye~ B TOM @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ e yTonqeHHbre 6yest.1 nnR BHnenennR cnyxe6- H ~ I X C ~ O B . )

programs; prob7: ( K a ~ B n ~ a p e i i npaeenbnbrii ( ; vary x : integers;

y integers; x + 1 := 4; y := y + 1; x = 3y + 5x print(x and y) end program7

1.20. O ~ N ~ H O UeJlOqNCneHHble OIlepaUHN AUeHHR H nWy4eHHR OCTaTKa OT neJleHNR (div N mod) BblnOJHRtoTCR Han nOnOXNTeJlbHblMH qNCnaMti. O ~ H ~ K O O H M OnpeneneHbl n nnR oTpnuaTenbHbrx rncen. HanHmn~e pRn He60JIbtu~X nporpalrlu, KOTOPble n03BOJINnH 6b1 BaM BblRBNTb npaBHJla BblnOnHeHNR onepaunfi div H mod Han oTpnqaTenbHblMn rncnaMn B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e . H a n p n ~ e p , nanntun-re nporpaMMy, KOTOpaR BblqHCnNT 3HalleHHR cnenymqnx Bblpaxe~nk: -1 mod 5, 8 div -2, -2 mod -3. n o c ~ p o i t ~ e ~a6nnuy . c y ~ ~ n p y t ~ u y m 3 ~ n npaenna. (npedynpexde~ue: nnR pa3~blx KOMnHnRTOPOB ~ ~ c K ~ J I R OTnenbHble npaBNna BblnOnHeHNR 0nepauNfi div H mod

. Han OTPHUaTenbHblMH qNCJlaMN MOrYT HeCKOnbKO OTnN'laTbCR. M M ~ H H O n03TOMY B npOrpaMMaX, KOTOPble B n a n b ~ e f l l u e ~ MOrYT 6blTb NCnOnb30BaHbl B CHCTeMaX C

nPYrNMN KOMnNJlRTOPaMN nacKanR, ~ C M ~ L U N H C T B O nPOrPaMMNCTOB CTaPaH)TCR n36era~b npNMeHeHHR O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ & " ~ R3blKa, O ~ Y C J I O B J I ~ H H ~ ~ X TNnOM K O M ~ H ~ R T O ~ ~ . )

0 , U n ~ n while n p e n n o m e ~ n e ycnoann ( i f ) : - npennoxeene wrrteln . Btmwcne~nsl no 40pMyJIaM C T ~ ~ W U H C T B O a p w ~ ~ e r n q e c ~ u x onepaunfi A a ~ n b l e BeUleCTBeHHOrO TNna ( r e a l ) HayqHasl 3anHCb qncen C~aHnapTHble ~ Y H K U N N . O U I N ~ K H N W X YCTpaHeHNe

q ~ 0 6 b 1 cAenaTb Hauly e ~ o p y r o 3anaqy nonHTepecHee, Haq-

H e M rJaBy C ~e60nbmofi WCTOPHN. B W H O M YHNBepCHTeTe - Ha3OBeM

el% A - OTMe'-taeTC% 6onbmoii HaaJIblB CTyAeHTOB H a KypC, q ~ ~ a e ~ b l #

I ' ~ ~ o @ ~ c c ~ o M B, qTO ~ ~ ' ~ R C H R ~ T C R IlOBblUleHHblM HHTepeCOM K ero JIeKUHHM. Hnqero He OCTaeTCR, K a K n p ~ 6 e r ~ y ~ b K npoqeAype o~6opa CTyAeHTOB. 3T0r0 HaUI ~ P O @ ~ C C O P B, B3RB CPeRHIOH) OlIeHKy HeKOerO CTyAeHTa ( o ~ o ~ H ~ ' ~ u M ee x ) , IIOAETaBJlRJl 3TY

OUeHKy B AOBOJlbHO CJlOXHylO MaTeMaTHqeCKyH) @0p~yf ly B H n a lj = ffx) H nPOH3BOARJI H ~ O ~ X O A U M ~ I ~ BblqHCJIeHWR. no IIOJIyqeH-

H O M ~ ' p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ y npnHnManocb oKoHqaTenbHoe pemeane: ecnn OH AOCTaTOqHO B e n H K ( B A R , 6blTb MOXeT, eCnH IlPeTeHAeHT YeM-TO

CNMnaTHYeH npo@ec~opy), CTyAeHT AonycKa~lCR K CJlyUaHMH)

KypCa. O A H ~ K O T?KaR CKYqHaR p a 6 o ~ a n p ~ @ e ~ ~ ~ p y ~ H e no Ayme. ~ O ~ T O M Y Tenepb C T ~ A ~ H T ~ I AOJI%H~I O ~ P ~ L I I B T ~ C R K perucTpaTopy, KOTOPOMY H nOPYZleHO BblnOnHRTb YKa3aHHMe BblqHCJeHUR. A 0 He- naBaero B p e M e H n , B ~ I R C H ~ B y cq&etrra ero cpeAHmm oueHKy (x ) , perncTpaTop noncTaanRn ee B 4 o p ~ y n y y = f ( x ) , a s a ~ e ~ npons- Hscnn nnn ~ ~ o ~ A ~ ~ B J I R K ) > , nnn c<Becb~a caxanelo,. n o c x o n b ~ y

cTyneHToe, xenamunx npocnymaTb ~ y p c npo$eccopa, M H O ~ O ,

3 ~ 1 6 0 ~ y perncTpaTopa, 06pa6a~blea10uero nx oueHKw B P Y ~ H Y H ) ,

, BbIue ronoBbl. OTCDAO n ~ a 3 ~ a ~ u e ~ a u e i i sanaqn a 0 3 a 6 0 ~ e ~ ~ b r i

p e r n c ~ p a ~ o p > > . : * H a ~ o ~ e u , PerHCTpaTOp pemUJI n p n 6 e r ~ y ~ b K IIOM04HI KOM~IID-

Tepa, nopyqws eMy qactb CBO& pa6o'rbl ( B y n p a x H e H u H x M ~ I npen- JIOXHM B a M p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b JIpOrpaMMbl, C nOMOL4bH) K O T O P ~ ~ X MOXHO

6bmo 6b1 PeDaTb H HeKOTOpble ApyrHe 3a~laqki. BCTaloUlre nepeA pernCTpaTOpOM npH o~6ope C T Y A ~ H T O B ) : nOCTpOeHUe ra6nnub1,

KOTOpaR 6b1 AJlR pa3JIHqHbIX 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ f i c p e ~ ~ e f i OUeHKM STYfleHTOB no~a3blsana COOTBeTCTBYIOI4kie 3TMM O U e H K a M 3HaqeHHR Y. Tenepb

I 3afia'ia 2 H a n u m n ~ e 3aKOHqeHHYH) TlpOTPaMMY flAR neqaTM ~a6nnubl

<perkiCTpaTOpa>, B K O T O P O ~ ~ Aj lR BCeX X OT 0.00 A0 4 . 0 0 . 3 a ~ a ~ ~ b 1 x

C UarOM 0.50, COAepXaTCR 3HaVeHWR Y, BblqHCfleH~Me n0 @OP-

Myne xJ + 7x- I

y' - 9 x + 5 x-- -

3 PRAOM C KaXAbIM HeOTPWUaTeJlbHblM 3HaqeHHeM y LIOJFHO 6 b l ~ b

~ a n e q a ~ a ~ o cnoso ~ ( ~ P W H R T B . I

Ecnn npkiBeAeHHaR @0p~yJIa Bbl3bIBaeT y BaC TpeBOI'y, ycn0~0fi-

TeCb. HHKTO He T P ~ ~ Y ~ T , q~06bl Bbl AeJIaJlN BMqHCJIeHNR Bp)'qj4ykO,

U X ~ Y A ~ T BblnOnHRTb K0MnbH)TeP. Bce, YTO OT BaG ~pe6ye~cs l - 3'70 onnH pa3 s a n u c a ~ b 4 o p ~ y n y perHcTpaTopa, T ~ K , ' * ~ ~ T + S B . ~ej i CMOr pa306pa~b~Sl KOMnbIOTep.

P a s y ~ e e ~ c ~ , BCR Hama ncTopnR BblMbluineHHaR. .He ~p>ltrro nyMarb, YTO npo4eccop wnn perncTpaTop cpanti 6 ~ . peuraT6 npo6ne~y o ~ 6 o p a CTyneHTOB O n H C a H H M M 3nWb cnoco6o~. Mbl npHAyMaJIM 3TY 3aAaqy TOJlbKO AJlR TOTO, W T O ~ M n03HaKOMNTb

B a C C TeM, K a K M M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ B n a c ~ a j ~ e IIPOBOARTCR BMYWCJIWMR

no I $ o ~ M ~ J I ~ M .

2.2. n p o r p a ~ ~ a 2. Unwn while

I 2.2.1. Harano n p a r p a ~ ~ b l - =

K ~ K w B r i . 1 , 9~06b1 pemuTb nocTasnettHyto sanasy, M ~ I nOJIXHb1 HanHCaTb 3aKOHqeHHYH) npOrpaMMy Ha n a ~ ~ a J I e . Ha 3TOT Pa3

D ~ I ~ M C ~ ~ H U R ~ Y A Y T CJIOXHblMM, TeM 6onee U X C J I ~ A Y ~ T BbfnOJI-

HMTb Ha KOMnbIOTepe. H ~ ~ O M H H M , neJIaTb BblqHCJleHNR BpyqHyIO He HYXHO --- AJIR 3TOr0 eCTb K O M ~ ~ I O T ~ P !

~ ~ U C T Y ~ M M K pa3pa60T~e npOrpaMMbl. n e p ~ a R CTpOKa H M q e M He 6yneT O T J I M ~ ~ T ~ C R OT nep~oR CTPOKM HaUlefi I l ~ e n b l ~ y ~ e f i npOrpaMMbl, 3a MCKJIIOqeHMeM O A H O ~ ? neTaJIU - N M e H M npOrpaMMb1. B M ~ C T O probl B s a r o n o ~ ~ e 6 y n e ~ C T O R T ~ prob2 K O H ~ ~ H O , M O X H O

no-npe>t<HeMy MCflOJb3OBaTb MMR probl, HO OT 3TOTO MbI TOJlbKO

s a n y ~ a e ~ c ~ . MOXHO ~ a 3 ~ a ~ b Hamy nporpaMMy n 6onee ~b1pa3n-

TeJIbHO, HanpMMep formufa. O ~ H ~ K O C TeM, q~06b1 06JIerYNTb

CCLIJIKM Ha npOrpaMMbl, n O ~ c e f i K H N r e Mbl ~ Y A ~ M MCnOJIb30BaTb

N M e H a , COAepXaIUNe n0pRnK0~b1fi HOMep nporpa~hfbl.* ~ O ~ T O M Y

nepBaR CTpOKa Hamefi HOBO^^ flpOrpaMMb1 6 y n e ~ BblrJRneTb T a K :

program prob2

O T M ~ T M M , qTO TeKCT K O M M e H T a P N R CJMUlKOM AJICIHeH, q~06b1 6b1~b

pa3MeLUeHHbIM Ha 0 ~ ~ 0 6 CTpOKe; n03TOMy M b I pa36unn eTO Ha A B a Go.~ee KOPOTKMX K O M M e H T a P M R . n p k i e ~ , C O C T O R U N ~ ~ B H a n N C a H N U @ O ~ M ~ J ~ H O He3aBMCMMbIX KOMMeHTapMeB, M b l n p U M e H M J H N3

coo6paxeH~fi HarJRnHOCTM. TOT Xe TeKCT MOXHO 6bl~10 6b1 0@0phlllTb

M K a K t'nMHbifi K O M M ~ H T ~ P M ~ ~ :

( Tabruqa 3HaVeHHfi, Bbl'4HCneHHblX

no cpopuyne y = f ( x ) , nnfl x or 0.00 no 4 . 0 0 cmarou 0 . 5 0 )

n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b l e , KOTOPble Mbl HaMepeBaeMCR NCnOJlb3OBaTb B

nporpaMMe. H ~ X H O O ~ M B I I T ~ , 3 a n a ~ M X TunbI. M ~ I y x e N C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ J I M

B KaqeCTBe H M e H nepeMeHHblX X N y. A MOrJlM 6b1 Ha3bIBaTbCR 3TN

nepeMeIrHble MHaqe, HanpMMep number M sqnumber? Teope~uqec~ki

TO nonycTnMo, HO MoaeT npuBecTu K nyTaaMue ( K T O s a n y ~ a e ~ c ~ , Mbl MJM Ko~nbIOTep?).

3HaqeHNR K a K O r O XapaKTepa 6 y n y ~ XPaHUTbCR B X M Y? ~ Y A Y T JM OHTI U ~ J I O ~ C I C J ~ H H ~ ~ M N ? A P ~ Y M ~ H T X B @0p~yJIe PerMCTPaTOPa ,lo.l>K€'H, HaqaB C 0.00, np06exaTb qMCJOBbIe 3HaqeHMFI 0.50, 1.00,

1.50 ,..., 3.50, 4.00. Cpenu ~ T N X qnceJ nonanaDTcR uenble, HO

eCTb M np06~ble; nOCJlenHee O ~ C T O R T ~ J ~ ~ C T B O He Il03BOJIReT TPaKTO-

s a T b x K a K nepeMemHym Tuna integer. L ~ T o ~ ~ I 06ecneqn~b 803- '

MOXHOCTb pa60Tb1 C L I ~ O ~ H ~ I M M q N C J I a M U , MbI O ~ ~ R B M M X nCpe~eHH0fi BeUleCTBeHHOi-0 T N n a -real. TO nOn 3TNM nOHMMaeTCR, Mbl A e - TanbHo O ~ C Y A H M , Korna HannmeM nporpabiMy no KoHua. A noKa AOCTaTOYHO 3HaTb, qTO 3TOT TMn AaHHblX n03BOJIReT XPaHNTb

b X BeUeCTBeHHOe qNCJIO, T. e. qMCJI0, OTJlNqHOe OT UeJOI-0. T ~ K U M 06pa30~ , OTHOCR X K TUny naHHbIX real, MbI IIOJIyqaeM B03MOXHOCTb

XpaHHTb B Hek? np06Hble qNCJla; NHOrna N X Ha3bIBaDT qMCJaMM C nna- eamueii s a n ~ ~ o i i . RCHO, TO 3 ~ a q e ~ u e y, BbIqucneHHoe no @ o p ~ y n e , I-le 6 y n e ~ u ~ J I ~ I M q N C J I O M , n03TOMY Y TaKXe H ~ A O 063R~NTb IIepe~eHH~fi Tnna real.

var x , y : real;

~ O T O B ~ I A M ~ b l OT A ~ K J I ~ P ~ T N B H o ~ ~ q a C T N nPOrpaMMb1 nepefi- TM K C O ~ C T B ~ H H O O ~ ~ ~ ~ O T K ~ ? He COBCeM. O ~ ~ B H ~ H O n O K a O n H o : B Ha- urea nporpaMMe nonxea p a 6 o ~ a ~ b H ~ K M ~ UNKJI, s a c ~ a ~ n ~ m u u f i nepe- M e H H y I O X np06eraTb OnpeneJIeHHyIO IlOCAenOBaTeJlbHOCTb 3HaqeHMfi.

K ~ K O B O caMoe nepBoe s ~ a q e ~ u e x? 0.00. A caMoe nocneneee? 4.00. n p u p a u e ~ u e ? 0.50.

K COXaJleHMIO, BO3HUKJIa O n H a HeyBR3Ka. B nac~aJ Ie , npM KaX-

AOM npoxone uwKna for s ~ a q e ~ u e ero ynpa~.lrrmuefi n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o a . M3MeHReTCR, I IepeXOnR K CJenyIOUeMy 3HaqeHND TOI-0 T N n a , K - KOTOPOMY 3Ta flepeMeHHaR npMHanJIeXMT. B UMKJle, MHAeKC KOTOpOrO

npnHannexuT T n n y integer, nepexon K cnenyDueMy ~ H ~ ~ ~ H N K I , N H A ~ K C ~ 0 3 ~ a ~ a e ~ He TO moe, K a K yBeAuqeHue ( u n ~ y ~ e ~ b m e ~ u e )

ero TeKyuero 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ H a 1 . A TO 3 ~ a q ~ i ~ ccnepefi~u K cnenyDueMy

BeUeCTBeHHOMy qNcJIy>>? K ~ K y?Ke rOBOpMJIOCb, K BeueCTBeHHblM

qMCJlaM OTHOCRTCR B C e qMC,la, npeACTaBNMMe B B N n e ~ ~ C R T H ~ H O ~ ~

apo6a, 3HaqMT. 2.1 N 2.01 RBJRIOTCR BeUeCTBeHHblMN qMCJaMM.

HO U qMCJIa 2.001, 2.0001, 2.000001 TaKXe RBJlRDTCR BeUleCTBeH- HbIMN. K a ~ o e Xe BeUeCTBeHHOe qMCJI0 RBJIReTCR CnenyDUMM nOCJle

2.0? O . ~ ~ B U ~ H O , qTO OTBeTMTb Ha 3TOT BOnPOC HeJIb3R1. . ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y flOHRTMe 6tCJleAYIOUee BeUeCTBeHHOe qNCJIO>> He Onpe-

neneao, B nac~<ane s a n p e u a e ~ c ~ ncnonbso~a~b B KaqecTBe MtineKca

qnK.na for nepeMeHHym Tnna real. A TO ~ H ~ ~ C I T , TO AJIR pemeHuR

& I T o q ~ e e , e ro nonpo6soe paccMoTpeHue El paMKax ~ a c ~ o f l q e ~ KHurH ~ e u e n e c o o 6 - w 3 H 0 ( 3 ~ 0 y B e ~ 0 6b1 B 06nacrb ~ U C K ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ ~ ~ U @ M ~ T I ~ K U , i l a ~ e ~ y l o OT n a c ~ a n f l ) . --

n p u ~ e r . nep

B c e x e B O ~ M O X H O , C M . y n p a x H e H u e 2.18). K C q a c T b m , B n a c ~ a n e e C T b npyroB BUA UUKJIa , r O p a 3 A O 6onee y A 0 6 ~ b I f i B A ~ H H O ~ C U T Y a U U U .

2.2.4. U,HKJI while

P ~ C C M O T P ~ M n P U M e P . ~ ~ ~ A ~ o J I o X U M , B H ~ K O T O P O ~ I I p O r -

': p a M M e H a M H Y X H O Y M H O X a T b qUCJIO 5 C a M O H a c e 6 ~ A 0 T e X n O p , n o K a .

p e 3 y J I b T a T H e C T a H e T 6 0 n b m e UJIU P a B e H 100. ( M ~ a q e r O B O p R , H Y X H O

n O J I Y q U T b H a U M e H b U l Y l O C T e n e H b q U C n a 5, K O T O p a R 6 0 n b m e UJlU

D a B H a 100 ) K ~ K T O J b K O 6 y n e ~ n O J I y q e H N C K O M ~ I ~ ~ p e 3 y n b T a T 7 ero

HOB~IB B U A U U K J l a , T a K ~ a 3 b I ~ a e ~ b 1 8 U U K n while, n 0 3 B O -

J I R e T M H O r O K p a T H O B b I n O J I H R T b OAHU U T e Xe A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R B 3aBUCUMOCTU

OT H e K O T O P O r O YCJIOBUR, 3 H a q e H U e KOTOPOrO 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 U 3 M e H R e T C R A e B -

C T B U R M U BHYTPU u u K n a . UUKJ while u M e e T cnenymuym @ o p ~ y ( 3 n e c b yCflO8Ue - n106oe B b l p a X e H U e , p e 3 y J I b T a T O M BblqUCJleHUR

K O T O p O r O M O X e T 6 b l ~ b J I U ~ O <<UCTUHa>>, nu60 cc; loXb>>) :

while YCnOBHe do Ten0 w m a

Ten0 q u K n a COCTOUT u 3 OAHOI'O n p e n n o x e H u R n a c ~ a n ~ . Ecnu He B T e n e u u w a ~ p e 6 y e ~ c ~ B ~ I ~ O J H U T ~ 6onee q e M OAHO n p e n n o x e H u e ,

T O C J l e n y e T U C I I O J I b 3 O B a T b I I p U B e A e H H y l O H U X e KOHCTPYKUUIO.

~ ~ M ~ T U M , q T O O r p a H U q U T e J I U begin H end n P U M e H R I O T C R 3 A e C b

T a K U M >tte o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , K a K U B n p e A J I O X e H U U for.

while ycnome do begin

npennonceaue-1; npennonceaue-2;

. . . npennonceaue-n

end ( suma while )

UUKJ while p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ T a K . C ~ a q a n a B b r q u c n R e T c R s ~ a q e ~ u e

YCAOBUR. Ecnu O H 0 UCTUHHO, T O BbInOJIHReTCR T e n 0 U U K J l a . K ~ K TOJIbKO

KOHeU T e J I a UUKJIa AOCTUTHYT, MbI B H O B b B 0 3 B p a U a e M C R K 3 a r O J I O B K Y ,

r A e c a o B a B b I q u c n R e T c R ycnosue. Ecnu ero s ~ a q e ~ u e B c e e u e UCTUHHO

(a 3 T 0 0 6 b 1 q H 0 3 a B U C U T OT K a K U X - T O B e J I U q U H , U 3 M e H R e M b I X BHYTPU

U U K J ~ ) , TO T e n 0 u u K . n a B b I n o n H R e T c R e u e pas, nocne q e r o B H O B ~

~ ~ O U ~ B O A U T C F I n p o B e p K a y c n o B u R . ECJU n p o B e p K a y c n o B u R nana < < n o m b > > , TO B b l n o n H e H u e u u K n a while s a e e p m a e ~ c ~ ( ~ e n o u u K n a

H e B ~ I ~ O J H H ~ T C H ) , u npo rpama n e p e x o n u T K C j I e A y l o u e M y nocne U U K J I a n p e n J l 0 X e H U I O . K o p o q e r O B O p R : T e n 0 U U K J l a BbInOJIHReTCR

no T e x nop, n o K a y c n o B u e H e c T a H e T J I O H H ~ I M . B TOM u COCTOUT B a x -

H o e p a 3 n U q U e M e X A y UUKJIOM while U UUKJIOM for, q T O UUKJI for B b I n O n -

H R e T C R 3 a p a H e e 3 a A a H H O e q U C J I 0 pas , T O r n a K a K q U C J I 0 B ~ I ~ o J I H ~ H u ~ ~

u u K n a while 3 a ~ u c u ~ OT n p o B e p R e M o r o y c n o B u R . Ecnu y c n o B u e while C p a 3 y O K a X e r C R J I O X H b I M , T O Mbl ~ 0 0 6 u e H e B O ~ A ~ M B T e n 0 U U K J I a .

Ecnu YCJIOBNe B C e r A a UCTUHHO, UI4K.n 6yp.e~ BbInOJIHRTbCR ~ ~ C K O H ~ ~ H O .

, ~ e o 6 x o n u ~ o H a n e q a T a T b , a s a ~ e ~ nepe i i~u K B b l n o n H e H u m o c ~ a n b ~ o i i

l r a C T U I l p O r p a M M b l . M ~ I P e u l U M 3 T Y 3 a A a q y , n P U M e H U B U U K n while. (MOHHO JIM AJIH p e m e H u R ~arue i i s a n a q u u c n o n b s o ~ a ~ b u u K n fo r? ) . O T M ~ T U M , q T O B T e J I e d U K J I a BbInOJIHReTCR TOJIbKO OAHO n p e n n O X e H U e ,

a n p e n n o x e H u e writeln H a x o n u T c R B H e u u K n a .

x : = 1 ; ( aasanaaoe a ~ a s e ~ u e ) while x < 1 0 0 do

x := x * 5 ; w r i t e l n ( 'Hau~eaaruarr creneHb sucna 5 , ' ) ; wri te ln ( '6onaruarrmupa~~arr 1 0 0 , ecrb ' , x )

n p o c n e ~ u ~ 3a B b I n o n H e H u e M 3~01-o u u K n a . C ~ a q a n a B x n o M e -

W a e T c R s ~ a q e ~ u e 1 . ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ y c n o B u e UUKJIa ( X < 100) UCTUHHO,

BXOAUM B T e n 0 U u K n a . Y M H O X ~ ~ M x H a 5, n o n y q a e M H o B o e s ~ a q e ~ u e

X, P a B H O e 5. B b ~ n o n ~ e ~ u e T e J I a UUKJIa 3 a K O H q e H 0 , B 0 3 B P a U a e M C H

K 3 a r O J I O B K Y U U K J l a , rfle C H O B a n p O B e p R e M YCJIOBUe. ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y

X B C e cue M e H b W e 100, C H O B a BXOAUM B T e J I O UUKJla U BbIqUCJlReM

cnenylouee s ~ a q e ~ u e x , n o n y q a e M 25. n p o e e p ~ e ~ y c n o B u e u nomo- p R e M T e n 0 U U K J a , Y M H O X a R X H a 5. T e n e p b X p a B e H 125. Ha 3 T O T

pa3 n p O B e p K a yCJIOBUR ( X < 100) A a e T <<JIOXb>>, C J I e n O B a T e J b H O ,

T e n 0 U u K n a n p o n y c K a e T c R u B b l n o n H R e T c R n p e n n o x e H u e , n e q a T a m -

uee H a H ~ e ~ b t l I a ~ CTeneHb V U C n a 5, bonbluafl Hnn paBHa5l 100, ecTb 125

2.2.6. C p a s ~ e ~ u e ~ H K J I O B while H for

T ~ K M O X H O JIU n p U M e H U T b UUKJI for B H a U l e M n p ~ ~ e p e ? B 3TOM H e T H U K a K O r O CMbICJIa, n O C K O J b K y H a M H Y X H O Y M H O X a T b nepe- M e m y l o x H a 5, a ~e ~ a ~ a ~ b eB n p u p a u e H u e , pamoe 1 . M XOTR c y q e C T -

BYIOT H e K O T O P b I e UCKyCCTBeHHble I I p U e M b I , n O 3 B O J R I O U U e n P U M e H U T b

UUKJI for n n R p e r u e H u R ~arue i i s a n a q u , B C u T y a u u R x T a K O r O pona B c e x e 6 o n b m e n o n x o n u T u u K n while. Ha c a M o M nene, n106ble ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U F I , K O T O P b l e M O X H O BbInOJIHUTb n O C p e n C T B O M UUKJIa for, M O X H O BbInOJIHUTb U nOCPeACTBOM U U K n a while. P ~ C C M O T P U M AJlR

I l p U M e p a A B a u U K J l a . UUKJ for M O X H O 3 a M e H U T b UUKJIOM while. B 3a- r o n o e K e u u K n a while M ~ I B U A U M c u m o n < =. T ~ K B n a c ~ a n e ~ 3 0 6 p a x a m ~ O T H O W e H U e <<MeHbLLIe UJIU p a B H O > > . B M a T e M a T U K e MbI

n p U B b l K J I U n O n b 3 0 B a T b C R 3 H a K O M <, HO B n a c ~ a j l e OH H e p a 3 p e W e H -

( eTIqn ~muh ) pua 05'0 + x =: x

! (A' , , 'x) UT~JJIM ! EU~N~O@ =: A

u16eq op OO'P => x eTIqn

!OO'O =: x

:VHUh m&?H sLaUKuJrsa ~auAg >ten 'wud.~ow30~ .eunun euaL anHon a ~.Lu.L~~~ou OHMAH OJ~ ta~uuada3 a 's~rsg .Laxow CanHon g CarreheH g Cauy -axouuadu 0.~6 ~.LU.L~~WOU ~aAuau3 eunun auaL a oHHawu auj

:HUH

-aheHEeH Ku~axouuadu 0Jone.L woa~~uad3ou oHmow au~amedudu x yo~~awadau s.Leu ~s.~euau3 016 ne)I "' 00.1 '0s.0 '00.0 BuHaheHE euexagodu x ~e~~awadau rqgo~h .a ..L '()yo e~ q30ueauhuuaa~ x NOH

-Hawadan aUHaheHE i?V>tUh auoxodu PlOU>rte>i eH Iq90.Lh 'OHX~H MeH 's3oue~uwouA axA sen .aunun a o~owa~daaodu '11uaou3A auHaheHE .LU3Uae€ yo~~awadau NO16 HUHahBHE .LO 911'38 'X J~oHH~N~~~u NUHahBHE . auHaHawEu s.LeaoEu~e.Id0 sen '~LuuA~~o I~HXITOU ~qw sdaua~

au~axouuadu waiC~quou3u 'UHO~L~ yoaOH 3

(ti u x) Aden a,(uxen s.LeLehaueH wahudu '016 q~euau3 rqgo~h 'ti u X KUHaheHE qlelehaUeH .LaAua~3 fi IIUHaheHE IIUHaV3UhIq€l aU30U .p .VJ e~am11a3ou Auo~aw AWOIC .UWIIL~OH~O~UOU uwrqwuuoxgoaH waKHuoueH waLeE yndo~on '~u~arnad n030dge~ yumgo wa11rrae~303 euehe~3 I~W eUJon 'uu~ea~duwwed~~du a waudu kj~q~h~qgo 016 'LaH .KEsuaH wo~edgo wuneL rswwed~odu q.~e3uu O.L~ 'q.~ewAu ~aAUav3 aH 'u.L~.L~)I .axuH onquon3a~ A3oduoa ANOLE n 113q~A~daa rqgoLh 'wa~ 3 vvfiwdoqb = : ti warnuueH 0.~3odu rqw enou v (to~uuaaho 016 wea uv aeuoua) ..~ououx orreKaH weH .LM~~.L~OU qrren3e~ eH ~suAwdoQ, euoaadau ~anodu we3 O.L~ 'wu.LaweE .11uen3e~ uweaU :,:' -uad3 aa au~edrsa 'AuAwdoQ, weH ~AHx,(H WU.L~~WOU = : euoawu3 ro eaedu~ auJ =: ti :qresuueE or~odu oHhorersou OHMAH aH ?d 'OH~~HOX 'OIAHhAda q.LIIV3UhI99 ,jh 8 laalo 9.Lfi.L3aWOLi Wa.LeE ~qgO.Lh

'aAHhAda AvAw~oQ) q.LIIV3UhIqH WBH uuaxAa~ 'ti a q.L3eUOU OHXVOU '0 = x ~du auAwdoQ, ou o~au3uhlqa .LauAg O.L~ '01 a39 IIeHHawadaU

q.LuhAIf0~ eHHtVOu aMHaheHE ax a0Xe)I 'eV>tUh ud~A~a 016 NaeU -an3 rsw 'KuHaheHE OJOH~HUH oHeu ourqg aH ama ti ~0HHalvadau OL~

'0~3~ 0HHamdaao'J ax O.Lh v '00.0 aUHaheHE aOHqVeheH X UVUL3aKOU AH "IIuH~~E?HEE?H au~axovuadu aOHUOX3U aUHIfOUIq9

op OO'P => x eTIqn

OP OO'P > x 8TrqM

eunun noaouo.ws wusedgosu rsw uvsa 'a~axens rsa O.L~ 'auHaheHE aOHqYeheH aodolona~ qLaWM BHXUOU ~H(A X IIeHHaKadau undaaodu yoadau A~~awow n !OO'P yo~aed '1qhu~ed.1 ya~xdaa au~axu.~3oU eH x KuHaheHE s~~daaodu OHXAH WBH 'o~sva~eaonav3 -0yo woJern 3 OO'P OU 00'0 .LO Il>q.LIIHaKEU OHXVOU X aMHaheHE 'q30rrudoao~ aXCA Xe)I taunun a q~~daaodu 113waedugo3 ~qw auaorr3A aone)I terrnuh aHa auH -aheHE aOHqVehEH X yo~~awadau qleaeUeE II~LMUOXU~U WBH AW~~OU

.uheueE NOHL~~MHOH WBUBOV~A laehaalo arnsvog XMH EU Kenen '0.10.~ LO u~30wu3uae~ a or~nnAd~3~0n ~AHM UVM ,(I q~~~awudu wauAg ax rqw .yua.~3yau ~3xurna1ldo.~aou ~L~OH~L~~.L~~OU~V~OU s~u~uourqa ~3~aAgad.L am 'uheuec yogorrr IIu~amad IIUU al!q~ Vnuh ~L~~OE~VOU~U .L~e.LMh~uUadu rq~~~wwed~odu ~I~~OLOX~H

pua I+?=: J

:umHh orrar pue u~beq umuh ouar

OP 01 => J BTIqM u~beq 1 =: J op 01 03 1 =: J xoz

B ~ ~ B O A H M ~ R H H @ O P M ~ U A R MOXeT nOKa3aTbCR HeCKOJIbKO Heyn06~0fi nnR BOCTIPURTHR, OTrIaCTU ~ 3 - 3 a TOrO, qTO quCJla C nna- BaIOUJefi T O ~ K O ~ ~ OKaXYTCR HanellaTaHHblMU B nOBOjIbH0 C T p a H H O M

BUAe (CM. n. 2.3.1 ) . ~ J I R A R H a OTneqaTaHHbIe pe3yJbTaTbl IIpOrpaMMbI 1 (CM. n. 1.2.14), nerKo 6b1no noHRTb, ~ I T O 3 ~ a q e ~ u e sqnumber A ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J I ~ H O paBH0 KBaApaTy 3HaqeHUR n e p e ~ e H ~ 0 i number,

TOrna K a K B nPOrPaMMe 2 COOTHOUeHUe MeXAy X U y COBCeM He TaK

OqeBUAHO. EblJI0 6b1 3aMaHqUBO PRAOM C KaXAblM BbIBOnUMbIM

YMCJIOM nelIaTaTb TeKCT, IIoRcHRIOI~(B~~, qTO OH0 ~060ii IIpenCTaB- n R e T . T ~ K , HanpuMep, TeKcT Buna x = 0.00 y = ... ropa3n0 6onee HarJRAeH, qeM npOCT0 nOCJIenOBaTeJlbHOCTb V U C e n 0.00 ... 0.50 ... K ~ K Xe 3aCTaBUTb KOMnbloTeP neqaTaTb CJIeBa OT KaXAOTO U3

sucen C O O ~ U ~ H H R X = U y = ? Boo6qe rOBOpR, Mbl U M e e M BOSMOXHOCTb HaneqaTaTb c 0 0 6 u e ~ u e ,

npencTaBJIRIOUee co6oii n106yro K O M ~ H H ~ U U ~ ~ AOnYCTUMbIX JIUTep.

A ~ H 3TOr0 AOCTaTOqHO B C e c 0 0 6 u e ~ u e 3aK~Tlo9UTb B OAHHOqHbIe

KaBblqKu (anoc~po@br), noMecTuB ero B npennoxeHue writeln. ( ~ O C ~ ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ J I ~ H O C T ~ JlUTep, 3aK~'IIoqeHHyIo B ~ ~ O C T P O @ ~ I , Ha3bIBaIoT

CTPUHZOAt UJlU TelCCTOBbLM ~ u T ~ ~ ~ A o A ' . ) T ~ K , MOXHO HanNCaTb

TO npennoxeHue HanesaTaeT cnoBo <<help>> ( H O He s ~ a s e ~ u e nepe- M ~ H H O ~ C U M e H e M help), CJIOBO <<me>> U 3HaqeHUe n e p e ~ e H ~ 0 h X

( I I o c K o J I ~ K ~ 6 y ~ s a X He 3aKJIIOqeHa B ~ ~ o c T ~ o @ ~ I ) . Bce TPM Y n O M R H y -

TbIX 3JleMeHTa HaneYaTaIOTCR BnJIOTHYIO npyr K npyry, IIOCKOnbKy 0

pa3AeJleHUU U X n p o 6 e n a ~ u Mbl H U K a K He ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T H J I U C ~ . n o n p o 6 y e ~ HaneqaTaTb 6 y ~ B y x, a e u e nysure - TeKcT x=. AJIR 3~01-o M ~ I BKJIIO-

qnM B npenJoxeHue writeln ~ J I ~ M ~ H T 'X = '. A AJIR Tor0 Y T O ~ ~ I H a - neqaTaTb TeKcT y = , M ~ I A O ~ ~ B U M B npennoxeHue writeln me- M e H T 'y ='. ~ P U nerIaTU CTpUHra MbI 06b1~1~0 6 y n e ~ BKjIloqaTb

OAUH unu HecKonbKo npo6enoe B KoHes, a uHorna u B Hasano C T P U H T a , '4~0661 OTAeJIHTb er0 OT COCeAHUX 3HalreHufi. C YqeTOM

C K ~ ~ ~ H H O I - o 3 a n u ~ 1 e ~ HoBoe npennoxeHue writeln:

I f l U ~ e p a J I 0 M H a 3 b l B a e T C R C U H T a K C U q e C K U f l p a B U f l b H a R K O H C T P Y K U U R R 3 b l K a . ~306 - p a x a l o m a n K o H K p e r H o e s ~ a q e ~ n e ( o n p e n e n e ~ ~ o r o ~ t i n a ) . H a n p u M e p : 0, 1990,3. 1 4 1593. 2 . 5E-3, TRUE, False, 'b', ' 3 ~ 0 C T P M H ~ ' . B nacliane nurepan H e cnenyer C M e U I M B a T b C K O H C T ~ H T O ~ - H M e H O B a H H b l M f l p O r p a M M H b l M O ~ % ~ K T O M (CM. f l . 4.3.5) -- npumeu. nep.

n p u s e n e ~ ~ o e npepnoxeHue nesaTaeT qeTbtpe sneMeHTa (nonon- HUTenbHble npo6enb1 nOCJle ~ a ~ n 0 f i 3anR~oii BKJlIOqeHbl TOJlbKO AJIR

6oJIb~1efi HarJIRnHOCTU TeKCTa JIpOrpaMMbI, K O M n U J l R T O P O M OHU U r - H O ~ H P ~ ~ ~ T C R ) . C ~ a q a n a B ~ I B O ~ U T C R TeKcT x = , nanee nesaTaeTcR

w1 VJ, ~, 3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o k X, 3 a ~ e ~ TeKcT y = , HaKoHeu, 3 ~ a q e ~ u e y. g, (Y6enU~ecb B TOM, qTO B a M BnOJIHe RCHO pa3JlMqUe MeXny IIOHRTURMU

, n a c ~ a n ~ : nuTepan 'x' u 3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i x.) K o ~ e q ~ o , Hanezra- TaHHbIe B TaKOM B U A e qUCJIOBble 3HaqeHUR donee IIOHRTHbl. B 3TOM U

COCTORT Bce npeaMyuecTBa Hosoro npennoxeHuR writeln. Bbrsonu-

MbIe pe3YJlbTaTbI BCerfla PeKOMeHAyeTCR cHa62Ka~b K a K U M - T O TIORCHU- * TeJlbHbIM TeKCTOM, r1~06bl nO~'Ib30BaTe~'Ib MOr p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b c ~ , llT0 U M e H -

$ HO HaneqaTaHo. T

B HaUefi npOrpaMMe Mbl XOTeJlU 6b1 BbIBOAUTb HeKOTOpOe

coo6ue~ue , IIORBJIeHPie KOTOpOrO 3aBUCUT OT Pe3YJlbTaTOB BblqHCJleHUR

no @ o p ~ y J e . B nOCTaHOBhe 3aAaq rOBOpPiTCH 0 TOM, 9TO M b l AOJX-

HbI PRAOM C KaXnbIM HeOTPUUaTeJIbHbIM 3HaqeHUeM Y HaneqaTaTb CJIO-

BO < < ~ P B H R T > > . TO )Ke Mbl AOJIXHbI IIpeAyCMOTpeTb B IIpOrpaMMe, qT0-

6b1 TO P ~ ~ J I U ~ O B ~ T ~ ? ) Hanella~aB olrepen~ylo napy a ~ a s e ~ u i i x u y, M ~ I

6bI XOTeJU IlOJIyqHTb OTBeT Ha T ~ K O ~ BOnpOC: u f l s n ~ e ~ c ~ J l U 3Haqe-

HMe y I I O J I O X U T ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M ? > > Ecnu MbI nOJIYrIUJlU Y T B ~ P A U T ~ J ~ ~ H ~ I ~ OTBeT

(na, y > O), TO HaneqaTaeM CJIOBO K ~ P U H R T W u npOAOJIxuM 06pa60~- Ky . Ecnu Xe OTBeT 0~pU~a~enbHblfi (9 < O), H a M CJleAyeT n e p e f i ~ ~ K

OqepenHOMy 3HaqeHUlo X U nPOAOJIXUTb npOueCC. A ~ R Tor0 q~06bl

s a n a ~ b K ~ K O R - T O B O ~ P O C , B n a c ~ a n e npuMeHRloT npennomeHue i f , nnu, uHase, npennoxeHue ycnoBuH.

if y >= 0 then writeln(' I I ~ H H R T ' ) '

C H M B O ~ > = o 3 ~ a q a e ~ ct6onbme una paaHo>>. nocne cnyxe6aoro CJlOBa if AOJlXHO CnenOBaTb yCAO8Ue, 3HaqeHUeM KOTOpOrO MOXeT

6b1~b true unu false. Ecnu ycnosue U C T U H H O ( t rue) , TO BblnOJIHReTCR

npennoxeHue, pacnonoxeHHoe nocjle c n y ~ e 6 ~ 0 r 0 cnoBa then ( B Ha- lueM cnysae TO npennoxeHue writeln ( ' ~ P U H R T ' ) , 3 a ~ e ~ BblnOJI-

HReTcR cnenylouee npennoxeeue. Ecnu nposepKa ycnoeuR naeT 3 ~ a -

qeHue false, TO npeAnoxeHue, C T o R q e e nOCJle then, npocTo nponyc- KaeTcR, u M ~ I <<npoBanusaeMcR>> Ha cnenylouee npennoxeHue. B HaureM cnyqae, ecnu y 6onbue unu pastio 0, TO neqaTaeTcR CJOBO

~ I ~ P M H R T , ; ecnu y Metihue 0, TO Huzlero He neqaTaeTcR, u M ~ I nepexo- R U M K c~lenyloueii cTpoKe nporpaMMb1, conepxaqeii npennoxeHue x : = x + 0.50. nocne Toro K a K x no~lyqaeT npupaueaue, M ~ I 0~a3b1-

BaeMc~ B K o H U e Tena UuKna, s a ~ e ~ ~ 0 3 s p a u a e ~ c ~ Ha ero s a r o n o ~ o ~ .

H p e X A e q e M A B M r a T b C R A a n b m e , n O C M O T p H M , K a K B b l T A R -

A N T H a U U N K n B UeJIOM.

X := 0.00; while x <= 4.00 do

begin y := a o p ~ y n a ; w r i t e l n ( ' x = ', x , ' y = t .Y) ; if y >= 0 then w r i t e l n ( ' T I P H H R T ' ) X := X + 0.50

end ( rrnxna while )

Y ~ ~ A H M C R B TOM, q T O OH ~ ~ ~ G C T B U T ~ J ~ H O p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ . C H a q a n a X no- n y q a e T H a q a n b H o e s ~ a q e ~ n e 0.00. OHO n o n c T a B n R e T c R B $ o p ~ y n y n Bb14UCJlReTCR C O O T B e T C T B Y l O U e e 3 H a Y e H H e lj. 3 a ~ e M X B lj n e q a T a l O T C R .

Aanee n p o t l e p R e T c R y c n o B n e y 2 0. Ecnn TO y c n o B n e B b l n o j I H R e T c n

(T. e. y > 0) , TO n e q a T a e T c R CJIOBO <<~PHHFIT, , a x n o n y q a e T npnpa- U e H M e H C T a H O B n T C R P a B H b I M 0.5. ECJH 3 T 0 YCJlOBHe H e Bbl l lOJ l -

H R e T C R (T. e. lj < O ) , TO X T a K X e I l O J l y Y a e T n p k l p a u e ~ n e H C T a H O B H T C R

P a B H b l M 0.5, HO n p M 3 T O M H H q e r O H e n e q a T a e T C R . 3 a ~ e M IIPOHCXOAMT

B O 3 B p a T H a 3aTOJIOBOK UMKJla, me X C p a B H H B a e T C R C qMCAOM 4.00. ~ O C - KOJlbKY X M e H b U e 4.00, T . e. y C n 0 B H e B 3 a r O J l O B K e U n K J l a (X < 4) B b I I l O n H R e T C R , Mbl I IOBTOPHO BXOAHM B T e n 0 UMKJla . T a M B b l q U C J l R e T C R

H o B o e 3 ~ a q e ~ w e y, B b l n o n H R e T c n n e q a T b y n n p o B e p K a 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ 1 9; x C H O B a Y B e J l U q k i B a e T C R U T e n e p b CTaHOBUTCR P a B H b l M 1.00. B K O H e q H O M

H T O r e Mbl H a n e q a T a e M X = 4.00 Y =... ( r ~ e B M e C T O M H O r O T O q H R ~ Y A ~ T H a n e q a T a H o 3 ~ a q e ~ u e y, B b l q n c n e H H o e no $ o p ~ y n e A n R x = 4.00). nocne ~ T O ~ O M ~ I B o q e p e ~ ~ o f i pa3 n p o s e p n M ycnosue (y >, 0) . Aanee n e p e M e H H a R x c T a H e T p a ~ ~ o t i 4.50. n o c ~ o n b ~ y T e n e p b s ~ a q e ~ n e x 60nbme, q e M 4.00, n p o B e p K a y c n o B n R B s a r o n o ~ ~ e u n K n a n a c T u n o x b i , U Mbl B b l f i A e M M3 UCIKJla. Ha 3TOM M O X H O 6b1~10 6 b 1 3 a ~ o ~ q n ~ b n p O r p a M -

MY. Ho M ~ I e u e B K J I I O ~ N M B H e e B ~ I B O A C O O ~ U L ~ H H R o TOM, TO n e q a T b

~ a 6 n M U b 1 O K O H q e H a .

A BOT H 3 a K J I H ) Y U T e J I b H a R C T P O K a H a l l l e f t BTOPOA I I p O r p a M M b l :

end. ( p r o b 2 )

w r i t e l n ( 'Tabnua a ~ a q e ~ n i i L$YHKWH' ) i

! 3 a q e M n e Y a T a T b T a K O e coo6ue~ne , B e A b y H a C e C T b K O M M ~ H T ~ P H ~ ~ H a 3 T O T CWT? HO K O M M e H T a P N H C B R 3 a H b l TOJIbKO C TeKCTOM n p O r -

I P a M M b l , T O r A a K a K 3 T 0 ~ 0 O d l l l e H n e A M e e T O T H O U e H W e K A a H H b l M ,

B b r B o A n M b l M n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i . BH y n a B n n B a e T e pa3nuqne? B K a K y l O Xe T O 4 K Y I l p O r p a M M b l I I O M e C T H T b n p W B e A e H H O e n p e A J I 0 -

x e H n e writeln? B H Y T P ~ u n ~ n a ? nocne ~ e r o ? nepen H N M ? K ~ K M ~ I y x e aunenn, K o r n a M ~ I n o M e u l a e M n p e A n o x e H n e writeln ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , writeln ('Ko~eu. ~ a 6 n n u b l ' ) ) nocne q u K n a , TO C O O T B ~ T C ' T B ~ K ) ~ ~ ~ ~ 'PeKcT

n e q a T a e T C R T O J I b K O OAUH pas, n O C J l e 3 a B e p l l l e H H R 4 W K ~ l a . A ~ a n o r n q ~ O e

n p e f l n o x e H n e BHYTPU u n K J l a ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , writeln ('x = I,...)) 6 y n e ~ n e q a T a T b CBON 3 H a q e H U R I I p H K a X A O M B b I n O J I H e H H H Tens UHKJIa .

~ C H O , TO ecnu p a c n o n o x n T b npennoxetine writeln nepen UUKJIOM,

T O O H 0 6 y ~ e ~ B b I n O J I H R T b n e q a T b OANH pas, nepen H a q a J I O M p a 6 0 ~ b l

I I H K J l a . K ~ K ~ R A 3 T p e X YnOMRHYTblX 3 A e C b C H T Y ~ U U ~ ~ COOTBeTCTBYeT

TOMY, q T O H a M HYXHO? P ~ ~ Y M ~ ~ T c H , IIOCJleAHRR, B K O T O P O ~ ~ H a 3 B a H H e

~ a 6 n n u b l O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R nep~oA n e q a ~ a e ~ o f i C T P O K O ~ ~ . Hy, a pa3 T a K ,

n o M e c T n M H a m e n p e A n o x e H n e writeln M e x n y n e p B b l M begin H npen- n o x e H n e M , A a m u n M n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i x H a q a n b H o e s ~ a q e ~ n e 0.00.

2.2.1 3. Cpasnenue n p e ~ ~ l o x e u u i i write H writeln

Ho n o K a B TOM, K a K M ~ I o p r a ~ n 3 o ~ a n n n e q a T b , e c T b OAWH HeAOCTaTOK: CJlOBO U ~ P U H R T > BblBOAUTCR H e B O A H O ~ ~ C T p O K e C COOTBeT-

C T B y l O U H M U 3 H a Y e H N R M U X U Y, a B HOBO^^ C T p O K e ( n 0 ~ H M M H ) . H ~ C M O T - P R H a H e K O T O p b l e O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H p a 6 0 ~ b l T I p e A J I O X e H W R wrifefn B pasnuq- HblX C H C T e M a X , 06uefi AJlR B C e X CHCTeM qep~0ft RBJIReTCR TO, . I T 0 O H 0

n e q a T a e T CBOH 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ OAHO 3a ~ p y r u ~ , H e nepexom H a H O B Y ~

CTpOKY ('?CAM H e y K a 3 a H O ~ H a q e ) . M J H M b K O l A a CnMCOK B b l B O R a

n c q e p n a H , ~ y p c o p l n e p e x o n n T B n e p B y l o nosuqnm HOBO^ CTPOKN.

H ~ M He H Y X H O K a K H M - T O 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ C O X P a H H T b B 0 3 M O X H O C T b n P O A O J I - ! X M T b n e q a T b B TO^ Xe C T p O K e T a K , q ~ 0 6 b l I IOCJle 3 H a l l e ~ n f t I I e p e M e H H M X

X N y P R A O M C HHMH H a n e q a T a T b B T e X C T p O K a X , r A e 3 T 0 T P ~ ~ Y ~ T C R ,

CJIOBO < < ~ P H H R T > > .

K ~ K C O O ~ I ~ ~ H T ~ K O M n b I O T e P Y , YTO n O C J l e O K O H Y a H H R I I e Y a T H n e p e X 0 -

s ' Kypcop - cneunanbHafl caeToaaR MerKa Ha sKpatie nncnnew, y ~ a s ~ s a r o l u a n

Ha OAHY N 3 AMCKPeTHblX n03~llnh, B KOTOPblX MOrYT pa3MelllaTbCR JHTepbl TeKCTa. Ynpaane~ne nepeMeueHneM Kypcopa no ~ K P P H ~ 06ecneqn~ae~cn ~ n a s n a ~ y p o k (npn a a o ~ e ) nnn n p o r p a ~ ~ o i (npn B ~ I B O A ~ ) . - npumer. nep.

f l l l ~ b ~a HOBYD CTPOKY H e cnenye~? M b l C A ~ J I ~ ~ M 3 ~ 0 , 3 a M e H U B npenno- x e m e writeln n p e n n o x e H n e M write:

w r i t e [ ' x = ', x, 'y = ' I Y) ~ T U M n p e n n o m e H u e M M ~ I c 0 0 6 ~ l a e ~ K o M n b m T e p y , YTO nepen s ~ a ~ e - H n e M x AOJIXHO 6 b l T b H a n e q a T a H o ' X = ', a nepen a ~ a q e ~ n e ~ y -- 'y = '. n0cJe 3 T O r 0 K 0 M n b H ) T e P & O J I X e H 6 b l T b r O T O B n p O f l O n X U T b

n e q a T b B 3~0f i x e c T p o K e .

n o n q e p ~ ~ e ~ TOT + ~ K T , YTO, u c q e p n a B c n u c o K a b l a o n a , npennoxe- H u e writeln n e p e B o n n T ~ y p c o p H a cnenyloulym C T P O K ~ , T o r n a K a K

nocne B b I n o n H e H u R n p e n n o x e H u R write ~ y p c o p H u K y n a H e n e p e M e -

L u a e T c R . B TOM COCTOUT e n n H c T e e H H o e pa3nnvue M e x n y npennoxe- H n e M write u n p e n n o x e H u e M writeln. O T M ~ T U M , YTO H U TO, H U A p y r o e

n p e n n o x e H u e H e H a q n H a e T n e q a T b c nep~o i i n o s a u a ~ ~ o ~ o i i c T p o K n

a B T O M a T H q e C K H . C K ~ K O G MMeHHO n 0 3 M q H H ~ Y A ~ T H a Y a T a n e Y a T b , 3 a B H -

CUT OT TOTO, B b I n o J H m o c b nepen ~ T U M n p e n J r o x e H u e write unn npen- noxeeue writeln.

n p e n n o x e ~ n ~ write n writeln MOXHO K O M ~ H H M P O B ~ T ~ . TO 1103- B O J I R e T C ~ O P M H P O B ~ T ~ H ~ O ~ X O ~ N M Y H ) H a M CTPOKY B b I B O A a , O T n e Y a T a T b

ee, a s a ~ e ~ nepeii~u K HOBO^^ c T p o K e . H a n p u ~ e p , ecnn M ~ I B e p H e M c R

K n P O r P a M M e 1 , TO Y B U n U M , YTO n P e A J l O X e H M R

w r i t e ( n u m b e r ) ; w r i t e l n ( ' ' , s q n u m b e r )

B o6oux C J I y q a R X K O M n b l o T e p r O T O B I I P O f l O J I X U T b I I e Y a T b , H a Y M H a R C

nep~oi i n o 3 ~ u e n cnenymweii CTPOKM.

C n e n a e ~ erne o n H o s a ~ e q a ~ n e . n p e n n o x e ~ n e writeln 6e3 c n n c K a s ~ a q e ~ u i i a b r s b 1 ~ a e . r n e p e n B u x e H u e K y p c o p a H a H a q a n o cnenyloweA CTpOKU. ~ O ~ T O M Y , e C n U K M O M e H T y BbInOJIHeHMR T a K O r O I I P e A J I O X e H N R

K Y P C O p H a X O A U T C R B H a Y a J l e CTPOKH, T O P e 3 Y d b T a T O M er0 B b I n O n H e H H R

6 y n e ~ ee n p o n y c K . ~ T H M C B O ~ ~ C T B O M ~ ~ Y C T O ~ O B writeln q a c T o nonb- ~ Y I O T C R n n ~ T O ~ O , q ~ 0 6 b i T e K c T , n e q a ~ a e ~ b ~ i i n o c n e n y l o u n M npenno- X e H H e M write MJIU writefn, H a B e p H R K a H a q U H a J C H C HOBO^ CTPOKU.

B M ~ C T ~ C T e M 3 T 0 N O Y e H b ~ ~ 0 6 H b l f i n p U e M . p a s ~ e q e ~ u ~ A B O ~ ~ H ~ I X

nYCTbIX C T P O K B BblBOnMMOM H a n e Y a T b M a T e p U a n e , I I O B b I U l a I O ~ U X er0 HZiTJlRAHOCTb.

M U C T p o K a M u A o n x H o 6 b 1 ~ b H a n e q a T a H o erne u c n o B o <<IIPUHHTD), M ~ I

M O X e M O @ O P M U T ~ BCH) 3 T y H H @ O P M ~ U M D B B U A e K O M ~ ~ K T H O ~ ~ ~ a 6 J w u b l .

C T 0 ~ 6 u b l T a 6 J I ~ u b l 0 3 a T ~ l a B H M , 3 T 0 n 0 3 B O J I H T H a M U C K J I D Y U T b N 3 K a X -

noro n p e n n o x e H u R airrlteln s n e M e H T b l ' x = ' n ' y = '. B K a K U X T O Y K a X I l p O r p a M M b l N C K O J b K O pa3 H y X H O I I e Y a T a T b 38-

~ O J I O B K N ? MX c n e A y e T H a n e q a T a T b OAMH pas, n o M e c T u B c o o T s e T c T -

symluue n p e n n o x e H u R nepen H a q a n o M u n r t n a , HO nocne n p e a n o x e H u R ,

1 n e q a T a m m e r o ~ a s s a ~ u e ~a6nuub1. H u x e n p u s e n e H a n o c n e n o a a T e n b -

H O C T ~ n p e ~ n o x e ~ u i i writeln. ~ T U n p e n n o x e H n R n e q a T a l o - r s a r o n o s ~ u , ~ a 6 n n u b 1 M n y c T b I e CTPOKH, TO n e a a e T ee 6onee ~ a r n ~ n ~ o h .

w r i t e l n ( 'Ta6nnqa a ~ a . r e ~ n i i @ y ~ ~ q n n I ) ; w r i t e l n ; w r i t e l n ; w r i t e l n ( ' c p e n ~ e e no @ o p ~ y n e cTaTyc ' ) ;

w r i t e l n

B b l n o n ~ e ~ u e n B y X H y C T b l X npennoxe~nfi writeln n p u s e n e T K TOMY,

YTO 3 a r O J I O B K U C T O J I ~ U O B T ~ ~ J U U ~ I 6 y n y ~ H a n e q a T a H b I H a T P H CTPOKH H u x e , q e M T e K C T c t T a 6 n u u a 3 ~ a q e ~ u f i @ ~ H K U H U > > ( H a 3 B a H u e T ~ ~ J I U U ~ I

: U ee 3 a r O J O B K H 6 y f l y ~ p a 3 n e n e H b 1 n B Y M R UyCTblMM C T P O K ~ M U ) . 0 6 p a ~ n - ' T e B H U M a H U e H a f l O n O J I H M T e n b H b 1 e npo6enb1 B T e K C T e 3 a r O J O B K O B - 6 n a r o n a p ~ MM 3 a r O J I O B K H 6 y n y ~ H a n e q a T a H b I C n p O M e X y T K a M H .

C J I e f l y e T T B e p n O n O M H U T b 0 TOM, YTO B C e npo6enb1 B T e K C T e , B3RTOM

B a n o c ~ p o @ b l , n e q a T a m r c R . ~ ~ O ~ ~ C T U M O nu K O ~ O H K U , B K O T O P ~ I X 6 y n y ~ U e q a T a T b C R q U C J l O B b l e 3 H a q e H U H X U Y, 0 3 a r J I a B H T b C A O B a M H < < C p e A H e e > >

u <<no @op~yne>>? P a j y ~ e e ~ c ~ , na. M 3 ~ n ~ ~ I - O J I O B K H ropa3no donee M H ~ $ O P M ~ T U B H ~ I , q e M I IPOCTO ax>> M <<Y". M b l T a K U 6 y n e ~ I I O C T y n a T b

B ~ a u l e a K H n r e : B B ~ I X O A H ~ I X A a H H b I x 6 y n e M n e q a T a T b H e H M H n e p e M e H - HOG, ~ u r y p u p y ~ ) ~ e e B n p o r p a M M e , a CJIOBO (nnu H e c K o n b K o CJIOB),

o n u c b ~ ~ a m ~ ~ e e ee ~ a 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e . C J I e f l y l o u l U e HeCKOJIbKO C T P O K T ~ ~ J I M U ~ I Mbl n O A y q U M , BbInOJIHHR B

u m n e TPW n p e n n o x e H u R

w r i t e ( x l ' ' , y ) ; if y >= 0 then w r i t e ( ' ~ ~ U H R T ' ) ;

w r i t e l n

3 a M e T b T e , Mbl O T K a 3 a J I M C b O T n e Y a T U T e K C T O B 'X = ' U 'Y = ', (nose- M Y ? ) A no K a ~ 0 f i n O 3 U u U U 6 y A y ~ B b I p a B H U B a T b C R q H C J l O B b I e 3 H a - - . Y ~ H M R ?

B H e K O T O P b I X C T P O K a X nOMMMO ' ~ M C J ~ O B O ~ ~ U H @ O P M ~ ~ H U A O J I X H O

6 b l T b H a n e Y a T a H O C J O B O < < ~ ~ u H H T > > . M M ~ H H O n 0 3 T O M Y MM U BblBOJUM 3 H a q e H u R X H y n O c p e n C T B O M n p e n n o x e H u R write. Ecnu 6 b 1 M ~ I UCnO.:lb-

sosann nnn n e q a T u 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i x u y n p e n n o x e H u e writeln, TO c n o B o

' L ~ P H H R T > > IIORBJIRJIOCb 6 b 1 , H a q u H a R c nep~oi i nosuuuu cnenymme8 C T P O K M , a H e B O ~ H O G C T p O K e CO 3 H a Y e H N H M M X U Y, B C T O A ~ U ~ , 0 3 a m a B -

75

n e H H o M ccrarycw. Ecnu neqaTaTb cnoeo U ~ P U H R T W npennoxeHueM writeln, TO o q e p e n ~ a ~ napa 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i x u y 6 y n e ~ neqaTaTbcR c ~ o ~ o i i CTPOKU. O R H ~ K O H a M H ~ O ~ X O A ~ ~ M O 0 6 e c n e q ~ ~ b nepeXOA Ha HoBym CTpo- KY u B TOM cnyqae, Korna cnoeo < < ~ P U H R T > neqaTaTb He HYXHO.

~ O ~ T O M Y nOCne ~peAJl0XeHUR if BCTaBneHO AOnOJlHMTeJIbHOe ripen- noxeHue writeln 6e3 cnucKa Bbleona. TO npennoxeHue Husero H e neqaTaeT n HYXHO TonbKo AJIR Toro, q~06b1 n e p e i i ~ u Ha H O B ~ I O CTPOKY nepen TeM, K a K npononxuTa uurtn. TaBnuua, B ~ I B O A U -

M a R HaLLleii I lporpa~M~fi , 6 y n e ~ BbIrJlRAeTb n p ~ 6 ~ 1 ~ 3 u T e n b ~ o TaK:

B ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J I ~ H O C T U paCIIOJIOXeHUe BXOAHbIX naHHb1X U @ O P M ~ T UX npeACTaBneHUR 6 y n y ~ HeCKOJlbKO UHblMN. B 'laCTHOCTU, TOqKU ~ Y A Y T 3aMeHeHbl Ha KOHKPeTHble 3HaqeHUR, a C a M U qUCJla 6ynyT Hane- qaTaHb1 no-npyrOMy. K ~ K 6 y n e ~ BbIrJRAeTb HaUa ~ a 6 n u u a Ha CaMOM

nene, M ~ I noKaxeM B n. 2.3.1 (CM. puc. 2.1). A noKa s a i i ~ e ~ c ~ @ o p ~ y - noii.

np0rpaMMa IlOqTU 3aKOHqeHa. H ~ M OCTaJlOCb TOJlbKO 3anU- CaTb Ha n a c ~ a n e @OPMYJIY. Mcnonb3~R CUMBOJIbI, BBeAeHHble B n. 1.3.1, M ~ I MoxeM nocTpouTb HeKoe <<nepBoe n p u 6 n n x e ~ u e > > ~ p e 6 y e ~ o i i sanu- CU. ( H u U C X O A H ~ I ~ ~ BUA @ o p ~ y n ~ , H U ee u306paxe~ue Ha l l a c ~ a n e He AOJXHbl nyraTb BaC. Bce BblYUCJleHUR npOH3BeAeT KoMnbIO~ep.)

H ~ ~ O M H U M @0pMyJIy

2.2.1 6. Beqec~sentioe Aenenne

n€!p€!Bon @0pMyJlbI Ha n a c ~ a J I b BblnOJlHeH HenpaBUJlbHO.

M ~ I e q e o 6 c y n u ~ , nbqeMy TO npou30~ln0, HO CHaqana oTMeTuM TO,

qTO, BePORTHO, B nOJyqeHHOM npeAJlOXeHHM ~ ~ c K ~ J I R BblrnRnMT A J R s ac C T p a H H M M . Ann u 3 0 6 p a x e ~ u ~ onepauuu AeneHuR He npuMeHeHa onepauufl div. n o q e ~ y ? B C ~ O M H U M , K K a K O M Y TUny npuHaAnexuT

'6 ' ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ a e ~ a ~ CUMBOJIOM div? K ~ K 0TMe.lanOCb B n. 1.3.1, ee pe3yJlb-

TaT - BCerAa Ue j rOe qUCJI0. ~ O ~ T O M Y C IIOMOLUbIO div M M He CMOXeM

B ~ ~ H ~ M C R K B O n p O C y 0 TOM, nOqeMy JIepeBOA @ O P M Y J ~ I

o ~ a 3 a n c ~ HesepeH. TO ~ ~ O U ~ O U I J I O noToMy, TO npu nepeBone H e 6b1no

YqTeHO CTaPUlHHCTBO 0nepau~fi . H a n p u ~ e p , B ucxon~oii MaTeMaTH- s ec~o i i @ o p ~ y n e Bce, TO 3 a n u c a ~ o B qucnurene, nenuTcR Ha Bce TO,

TO 3 a n u c a ~ o B s ~ a ~ e ~ a ~ e n e , T. e. onepauuR A e n e H u R AonxHa ebrnon-

H R T ~ C R nocnen~eii. O A H ~ K O u3 3anucn @op~ynbl Ha n a c ~ a n e , KOTOPYIO

M ~ I - nonyqunu, cnenyeT, TO nocnen~eii nonxtia BblnonHRTbcR onepa- UUR CJIOXeHUR 3HaqeHMR ~ € ! ~ ~ M ~ H H o W X U qHCJla 5 (n0qeMy H M e H H O 3Ta

onepauuR nocnenHm, B ~ I c ~ o p o n o i i ~ e ~ e ) . K ~ K x e y ~ a s a ~ b K O M ~ ~ I O -

Tepy Tpe6yeMbIfi n O p R n O K BbInOJHeHUR onepau~fl? f i p y r u ~ u CJIOBaMU,

K a K 06ecnesu~b, qT06bl OnePaUUu BbInOJIHRJlUCb B H Y X H O A H a M

nocneAoBaTen ~ H O C T U ? qT06b1 OTBeTUTb Ha 3TOT BOnpOC, P a C C M O T p H M , B KaKOM IIOpRAKe

BMnonHRmTcR onepauuu B n a c ~ a n e , ecnu M M CneuuanbHo He s a n a e ~ nOCne&OBaTeJbHOCTb U X BbInOJHeHUR. k i ~ a q e TOBOPR, P B C C M O T P N M ,

KaKOB I ~ P U H R T ~ I ~ ~ B n a c ~ a n e IlOpRAOK BbInOJHeHUR 0nepau~fi . HaqHeM c 3 a ~ e q a ~ u ~ o TOM, TO 3 ~ a ~ <<MUHYC>> B n a c ~ a n e u c n o n b s y e ~ c ~

~ B O R K O : A m u 3 0 6 p a x e ~ u ~ onepauuu < B ~ I ~ U T ~ H U ~ B ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 5-3) U K a K O A H O M ~ C T H ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ~ H a p H b I f i ) M U H Y C (Hanp~Mep , -7). C ~ O X ~ H U ~ U BblqMTaHUe W M ~ K ) T O A U H ~ K O B M U IIPNOPMTeT. Y M H O % ~ H U ~ ( * ) U nene- Hue (1, div n mod) cocTaanRmT erne onHy rpynny onepauuii, uMeD-

UHX O ~ U H ~ K O B M ~ ~ IIpUOpUTeT. AeJleH~e U YMHOXeHUe - donee npH- opuTeTHau rpynna onepauuii, seM BuruTaHne u cnoxeHue. T ~ K , B

BbIpaXeHUU a * 3 - b YMHOXeHUe nPOU3BOAUTCR A0 BblqUTaHHR,

a B BMPaXeHUU X + 1 div 2 O I l e P a U U R div BbInOJHReTCR PaHbUle

CnOXeHHR. O ~ H O M ~ C T H ~ I ~ MUHYC UMeeT caMb1fi B ~ I C O K H ~ ~ IIpNOpUTeT

C p e A U BCeX ~ ~ H @ M ~ T U Y ~ C K U X 0 n e p a u U f i . CUMBOJ~I ABYMeCTHbIX O n e -

paquii, H a n p U M e p * U J U +, M O X H O I lOMeLUaTb P R n O M C OnHOMeCTHblM

MMHYCOM 6e3 UCI lOJ Ib30BaHUR C K O ~ O K . T ~ K , B b I p a X e H U e 5 * - 4 3KBUBaJIeHTHO B b I p a X e H U K l 5 * (-4). Ecnu B B b I p a X e H U U @ U r y p U -

PYKlT A B a 0nepa~0pa C OAUHaKOBbIM I lPUOPUTeTOM ( ~ a n ~ u M e p , - a / b - * C

U J U a - b + c ) , TO COOTBeTCTBYKluUe A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R BbIIIOJHRKlTCR B no- p R n K e sanucu - c n e B a ~ a n p a ~ o . ~ T U n p a B u n a n o n H o c T b m cosnanam C ~ P U @ M ~ T U Y ~ C K H M K IlPZiBUJlaMU BbIIlOJIHeHUR onepauuii ( ~ Z t n p U M e p ,

2 + 3 * 4 pamo 2 + 12 = 14) . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , YTO B anre6pe c a M a

@ o p ~ a sanucu onepauuii n o n c ~ a s b ~ a a e r s u ~ a ~ e n l o , K a K o B n o p R n o K ux BbInOJIHeHUR. T ~ K , 3 a n U C b @0pMyJ Ib1 3 - 2 X I l O n Y e p K U B a e T , YTO YM-

H o x e H u e n p e n m e c T B y e T B b I q u T a H u m ; a H a n o r u w o 3anucb 2x3 I IOKa-

3 b I B a e T , YTO B 0 3 B e A e H U e B C T e n e H b BblnOJlHReTCR DO Y M H O X e H U R .

A YTO n e J l a T b , e C n U I l P U H R T a R B n a c K a J I e n p U 0 p U T e T H O C T b a p U @ -

MeTUYeCKUX 0 n e p a u U f i H e COOTBeTCTByeT HYXHOMY H a M n O P R A K Y

BbInOJIHeHUR ~ € ! ~ c T B u ~ ? ~ Y C T ~ , H a n p U M e p , T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R nOMeCTUTb B

n e p e M e H H y m y s ~ a s e ~ u e a, n e n e H H o e H a C ~ M M ~ b u 3, T. e. B ~ I ~ O J H H T ~

n e i i c ~ ~ u ~ , O n U C b I B a e M b I e @ O P M Y J O ~ ~

n e p ~ o e , YTO n p u x o n u T B r o n o B y , TO H a n u c a m T a K o e n p e n n o x e H u e

~ a s ~ a s e ~ u ~ : y: = a / b + 3. Ho B b r p a x e H u e B n p a ~ o i i s a c T u 3 ~ 0 ~ 0

n p e n J l O X e H H R H e COOTBeTCTByeT @ 0 p M y n e , IlOCKOJlbKy n e n e H U e B HeM

B ~ I ~ O J ' I H R ~ T C R P a H b u l e C J O X e H U R . K ~ K Xe O ~ O ~ ~ T N n ~ U ~ R ~ b l f i n O p R A O K

B ~ I ~ O J I H ~ H U R onepauuii? B n a c ~ a n e ( K ~ K u B a p u a ~ e ~ u ~ e ) AJIR 3 T O r 0 U C ~ O J l b 3 Y K l T C K O ~ K U . q ~ 0 6 b 1 C J I O X e H U e BblITOnHRJlOCb n e p e A ne- J I eHUeM, AOCTaTOYHO 3 a n U C a T b @ o p M y J I y T a K : y : = a / ( b + 3) . AH^-

JlOrUYHO B B b I P a X e H U U X * 2 + 1 C H a q a J l a X Y M H O X a e T C R H a 2, a s a ~ e ~ n p u 6 a ~ n ~ e ~ c ~ 1 , a BOT B b r p a x e H u e x * (2 + I ) o 3 ~ a ~ a e ~ Y M H O X e H U e X H a 3. BHYTPU n106oA I I a p b I C K O ~ O K O n e p a U U U BbInOJlHR-

IOTCR C o r n a c H o ux C T a p m u H c T B y . n o c n e ~ ~ e e s a ~ e q a ~ u e : C K O ~ K U pa3- P e U e H O BKJIKlYaTb U V ~ M , me UX I lPUCyTCTBUe H e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J l b ~ 0 , H a n p U - M e p BMeCTO a * b + 7 M O X H O 3 a n U C a T b (a*b) + 7.

B y n p a X H e H u u 2.5(a) MbI n p e A J l O X U M B a M IIPOCJIeAUTb n 0 p R n O K

B b r n o n H e H u R onepaquii npu s b ~ s u c n e ~ u u 3~01-o 3 a n u c a ~ ~ 0 1 - o ~a n a c ~ a - Jle B b I P a X e H U R , a T a K X e nOPRAOK BbInOJlHeHUR onepauuii, I I p e n y C M O T -

p e ~ ~ b r i i ucxon~oii M ~ T ~ M ~ T H Y ~ C K O ~ @ o p M y J I o f i . O A H ~ K O yXe c e i i Y a c

RCHO, TO onepaquu 6 y n y ~ B b r n o n H R T b c R B pas~o i i n o c n e n o B a T e n b -

HOCTU. K ~ K Xe I I O n p a B U T b n e J I 0 ? n o n p o 6 y e ~ 3aKJ IKlYUTb B C K O ~ K H

YUCJUTeJb U 3 H a M e H a T e J b . ~ o J I ~ Y H M TaKYKl 3 a n U C b :

~ O R B U B L L I U ~ C R C K O ~ K U r a p a H T U p y K l T BbIIIOJIHeHUe O n e p a u U H n e J I e H U R B

IIOCJlenHKlKl O Y e p e n b . K a K HU CTPaHHO, HO B 3TOM YaCTHOM C J l y Y a e

BKJIIOYeHUe ~ ~ 0 6 0 ~ nOYTU YTO P e u l U J O n p o 6 ~ 1 e ~ y . ~ u c J I u T ~ J I ~ I I p a B U -

n e H , a BOT B 3 ~ a ~ e ~ a ~ e n e eue ~oe -YTO HYXHO U ~ M ~ H U T ~ . n o q e ~ y ?

~ e J I 0 B TOM, YTO H ~ O ~ X O A U M O P a 3 n e J U T b H a 3 H e Y U C J O 5, K a K 3 T 0

s a n u c a ~ o cei i~ac , a B b r p a x e H u e x + 5 q e n u K o M . ~ O ~ T O M Y - T O x + 5 u C J I e n y e T 3aKJIKlYUTb B C K O ~ K U . H ~ X H ~ I JIM C K O ~ K H m e - ~ ~ 6 y f l b ewe? H ~ T , T e n e p b B c e onepaquu B b r n o n H m o T c R B H Y X H O ~ ~ n o c n e n o e a T e n b -

HOCTU ( y 6 e n u ~ e c b B TOM). ~ ~ ~ B H J I ~ H ~ R 3 a n U C b @ 0 p M y ~ ' I b 1 B b I M R -

AUT T a K :

n p ~ ~ e n e ~ ~ a ~ 3 a n U C b @ O P M Y J I ~ I - H e e n U H C T B e H H 0 B 0 3 M O X H a R . , Paspeme~o, H a n p u M e p , B K n m s a T b n o n o n H u T e n b H b l e C K O ~ K U . 3anucb

( ( x * X * X ) + (7 * X ) - 1 ) T O X e n p a B u n b H a . B C K O ~ K U M O X H O 3aKJlKlYUTb K a X A Y K l O n e P a l l U K l , B p e 3 y J l b T a T e Y e r O H ~ O ~ X O A M M O C T ~

nOMHUTb UX J IPUOPUTeT O T n a A e T . O ~ H ~ K O YBJIeKaTbCR JlUUlHUMU ~ ~ 0 6 - K a M U H e CTOUT. ~ o Y ~ M Y ? B o - n e p ~ b l x , U 3 6 b l ~ 0 Y ~ b l e C K O ~ K U A e J a K l T

@OPMYJIY M e H e e ~ a r n ~ ~ ~ o i i ( n n ~ q e n o s e K a unu n n R KOMnbKl-

~ e p a ? ) . Bo-BTOP~IX, eCJlM BbI HeAOCTaTOqHO BHMMaTeJlbHbl, TO B CJlOX-

HOM HarPOMOXAeHHM C K O ~ O K M O X e T e HeHapOKOM IIOCTaBUTb J lUW- HIOK) << ( u uJIU <<) *, UJIU, H ~ O ~ O P O T , I IpOnyCTUTb O n H y M 3 HUX. J l to6a~ OnJlOtLlHOCTb TaKOrO POAa BbI30BeT O U I M ~ K Y B B a u l e f i n p o r p a ~ ~ e ' . ~ O ~ T O M Y PeKOMeHAyeTCR nOJlb30BaTbCR C K O ~ K ~ M U TOJlbKO T a M ,

me Bb1 XOTMTe O ~ O ~ T U Y C T ~ H O B J I ~ H H ~ ~ ~ ~ B n a c K a J l e IIOpRAOK Bbr- IIOJIHeHMR ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B u W . K O H ~ ~ H O , eCJlH BbI COMHeBaeTeCb, CTaBMTb C K O ~ K U

HJlH HeT, TO J lyYl l l e HX nOCTaBHTb, 3TO H e IIOBpenUT ( H O TOJlbKO o6a3a- TeJlbHO nap)' C K O ~ O K - AJlR K ~ X A O ~ ~ O T K P ~ I B ~ I O U L ~ ~ ~ C K O ~ K M AOJImHa

6 b 1 ~ b I l a p H a R efi 3 a K p b I B a I O U a R U H ~ O ~ O ~ O T ) . n o n c ~ a ~ u ~ n o n y q e m o e s b r p a x e ~ u e n a c ~ a n ~ H a o T s e n e H H o e

H e r o M e m o B npasoii q a c T u n p e A n o x e H u R y : = # o p ~ y n a . T e n e p b

I I p O r p a M M a 2 ~ € ! ~ ~ c T B N T ~ J ~ ~ H o 3 a K O H q e H a .

program prob2; (---------------------------------

( Ta6nma snaqend, sarsncnen- 1 )

( no@pMyne Y = f ( x ) , ~ n s x ) ( OT 0.00 no 4.00 C I I I ~ I W M 0.50 ) (---------------------------------

var x,y : real; 1 begin writeln ( 'Ta6-a 3naqend (PYHK~HH ' ) ; writeln; writeln; writeln ( ' cpennee no a o p ~ y n e writeln; x := 0.00; while x <= 4.00 do

begin Y : = ( x * x * x + 7 * X - 1 ) /

(X * X - ( x + 5) / 3); writeln; write(xIt *,y); if y >= 0 then write(* ~ P H H I I T * ) ; writeln; x := x + 0.50;

end; ( w m a while ) writeln; writeln ( * Koneq ~ a 6 n n q ~ ~ ' )

end. ( prob2 )

' Toq~ee , 3 T 0 6 y n e ~ C H H T ~ K C H ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ ome6~oii , KOTOpaR 0 6 ~ a p y r n n ~ c ~ ~ o ~ n e n ~ u n e . - n p u ~ e r . nep.

2.3. I l e r a ~ b BeqecTBeHwx rltcen. CTaH~ap~Hble @ ~ H K ~ ~ H H

* 2.3.1. H a y q ~ a ~ san~cb ween

Ha PUC. 2.1 n p u ~ e ~ e ~ a T ~ ~ S I M U ~ , H a n e q a T a H H a R n p O r p a M -

uoii 2. K c o x a n e H t i l o , ece q n c n a H a n e q a T a H b r 3 ~ e c b B A O B W ~ H O He- 0 6 b l q ~ ~ ~ B H n e - COBCeM He T a K , KaK Mhl nPHBblKJH ~ 3 0 6 p ~ ~ a ~ b

Ta6nnqa 3naqennR ayn~qnn

cpennee no @up~yne c+aTyc

o.oooooooooo~+oo ~.oooooooooo~-01 ~ P H H I I T

5.0000000000E-01 -1.65789473683+00 1.0000000000E+00 -7.0000000000E+00 1.5000000000E+00 1.5450000000E+02 npHHRT 2.0000000000E+00 1.2600000000E+01 n p m m 2.5000000000E+00 8.56666666673+00 n p m m 3.0000000000E+00 7.42105263163+00 ~ P H H R T

3.5000000000E+00 7.04867256643+00 I I p w 4.0000000000E+00 7.0000000000E+00 npHHRT

Koneq ~ a 6 m w

PuC 2 1 Pe3ynbTaTb1 p a 6 0 ~ ~ npOrpaVMhl 2

(5.0 unu 1.00 H T. n.) . q ~ 0 6 b 1 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e B ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i ( T ~ K O ~ , KaK X ) O T n e q a T a J l O C b B IIpUBblYHOM HaM BUAe, I IpOrpaMMUCT

A o n x e H B H e c T u B n p e n n o x e H u R write u writeln ~ e ~ o ~ o p b r e A o n o n H u -

TeJlbHbIe y K a 3 a H U R . B HaLUefi n p O r p a M M e HX HeT, IIOTOMY-TO BMeCTO

0.50 M ~ I BMAMM 5.0000000000E - 01, a e n u H u u a M 3 0 6 p a ~ e H a K ~ K

3 isr JlMCb OTIleLlaTaHHbIMU CTOJlb CTPaHHbIM o6pa30~? O T B ~ T M T ~ H a 3TOT

r BOnPOC MbI CMOXeM, n03HaKOMUBLUUCb C T a K ~ a 3 b I B a e ~ o i i H a y q H o f i

(HJlH 3 K ~ n 0 H e ~ 4 ~ a J l b H 0 f i ) ' @ O ~ M O ~ 3 a n U C U BeIUeCTBeHHbIX qUCeJ, H J U ,

u ~ a q e , q u c e n c nnasatoueii ~ o q ~ o i i ' .

I C, I B opnreliane scient~F~c notatlon 3necb n nanee M U npnMeHnM donee n p n ~ u q ~ ~ i (

( N 60nee T O ~ H ~ I A ) TePMWH 3KCnOHeHUnaJbHaR @0pMa 3anncn.- n p u ~ e q . nep. - B o ~ e q e c T s e ~ ~ o A ~ e p ~ n ~ o n o r n q e c ~ o i r npaKTnKe npeHRTo (no nOHRTHUM npn-

s n s a ~ ) FOBopHTb o n.lasa~oueR sann~ofi. Mbl npennoqne CoxpaHnTb aBTopcKyto TpaK- Toexy.- I l p u ~ e r nep. . .

-r i!

8 I

HaqHeM C 0 6 c y x n e ~ u ~ ~ K C ~ O H ~ H ~ U ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ @0pMb1 3aIlUCU ( ~ 0 3 -

MOXHO, oHa B a M y x e ~ c ~ p e q a n a c b ) . ~ ~ O ~ ~ C T U M , B H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ nepe- , M ~ H H O ~ C U M e H e M UnS COAePXUTCR 3HaqeHUe 16. Ecnu 6b1 anS 6bma

0 6 - 6 ~ ~ n e ~ a c TunoM integer, TO, oTneqaTae ee. M ~ I ysunenu 661 quc- 1 no 16. Ho npennonoxuM Tenepb, TO ans 0 6 - 6 ~ ~ n e ~ a c TunoM real. B ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B ~ H H o ~ qUCJI0 16 MOXHO ~ 3 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ b (0~neqaTaTb) MHOXeCT-

BOM 3KBUBaJleHTHbIX C ~ O C O ~ O B , HanPUMeP 16.0 U J t U 16.00. O A H ~ K O 3TUM HaUIU B03MOXHOCTU He UCqePnblBaDTCR; 3KCIIOHeHuUaJIbHaR

@opMa 3ann$n, OCHOBaHHaR Ha UC~OJlb3OBaHUU neCRTHqHbIX nopH&- KOB, ~ ~ ~ p O J l f l e ~ IIpeACTaBUTb TO Xe qUC[IO COBePUleHHO no-UHOMY.

H a n p u ~ e p , 16 = 16 * 10' = 1.6 * 10' = 0.16 * lo2 u T. n. 6onee TOrO, B n O n H e O ~ O C H O B ~ H ~ I U TaKUe npeACTaBJIeHUR: 16 = 160 * * lei = 1600 * lop2 U T. A. M H ~ I M U CJIOBaMU, U3MeHRR CTeHeHb qUC-

JIa 10 (T. e. U3MeHRR ~ O ~ H A O K ) U COOTBeTCTBeHHO K O ~ @ @ U U U ~ H T npU H e M (T. e. 3Haqautylo qaCTb: 16, UJIU 1.6, UJIU 0.16), MOXHO HanUCaTb

CKOnbKO yrOnH0 pa3~'tUqHbIX 3KCIIOHeHuUaJIbHbIX ~ ~ ~ A c T ~ B J I ~ H u ~ ~ O n -

Horo u T O ~ O x e qucna (16). BOT e q e OAUH npuMep: 134.7 = 13.47 * * 10' = 1347 * lop1 U T. A. ~ ~ M ~ T U M , qT0 U n e R ~ K C ~ O H ~ H ~ N ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~

@ O P M ~ I 3anuCu qUCen H e OrPaHUqUBaeTCR TOJIbKO U X B H e U l H U M ~ 3 0 6 -

PaXeHUeM; @0pMa BHyTpUMaUlUHHOrO IlpenCTaBJIeHUR BeUeCTBeHHblX

qUCeJl ( K ~ K qUCen C nJIa~aIOL4efi T O ~ K O ~ ~ ) OCHOBbIBaeTCR Ha CXOA-

H ~ I X npuHuunax. A Tenepb OTBeTUM Ha T ~ K O ~ BOnpOC. B KaK0fi Xe U3 BCeX nepe-

.IUCJleHHblX 3KBUBaAeHTHbIX @OPM 6 y n e ~ HaIlellaTaHO qUCJI0 16 - s ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i ans? O T B ~ T Ha TOT Bonpoc npoRcHuT, noqeMy

qUCna 0.50 U 1.00 BbIBOnRTCR B TaKOM CTpaHHOM B U n e ( C M . P U C . 2.1 ) . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , BO-nepBbIX, qTO MbI He U M e e M B03MOXHOCTU 3anUCaTb IlOKa-

s a ~ e n b cTeneHu qucna 10 Han c ~ p o ~ o f i ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . Bo-s~opbtx, B nac - KaJe I lpUMeHReTCR @0pMa ~306paXeH~R qUCJIa (ee 06b1qH0 Ha3bIBaDT

~ o p ~ a n u s o ~ a ~ ~ o f i @op~ofi 3anucu qucen c nnaeawmefi T O ~ K O ~ ~ ) , B

~ o ~ o p o k cTapuaR HeHynesaR uu@pa (1, 2, ..., 9) noMeqaeTcH cnesa OT A ~ C R T U ~ H O ~ ~ TOqKU, a OCTaJIbHble uki@pbI ( B O ~ M O X H O , U H Y J U ) Cnpa- B a OT Hee. Ecnu H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O , 3anUCb qUCJa n0nOnHRloT H Y J R M U C TeM,

q~06b1 IlOJIyqUTb neCRTb ( B HeKOTOPbIX C U C T e M a X nRTb U J U A ~ B R T ~ ) U U @ ~ O B ~ I X I I o ~ u ~ u ~ ~ , a BOT J I U U l H U e uu@pb1, eCnU O H H HMeDTCR, o ~ 6 p a - CbIBaDTCH. ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e nnH U ~ O ~ P ~ X ~ H M R BeUeCT-

BeHHbIX .lUCeJl OTBOnUTCR neCRTb II03~ukifi CIIpaBa OT TOqKU TO C

YqeTOM O A H O ~ ~ ~ U @ P ~ I CJIeBa OT TOqKU naeT OAUHHanUaTb U H @ P O B ~ I X

nosuuuk) , a TaKXe onHa n03uuu~ nnR 3 ~ a ~ a n o ~ a 3 a ~ e n ~ CTeneHu ( ~ ~ M ~ T u M , qTO AJIR ~OJIOXUTeJIbHbIX qUCeJl BMeCTO 3HaKa + B II03UUUU

s ~ a ~ a qucna u c n o n b s y e ~ c ~ npo6en), TO qucno 16 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo

B TaKOM BUAe: 1.6000000000E + 01. TO CJIeAyeT qUTaTb K a K 1.6000000000, Y M H o x e H H o e Ha 10 B nep~ofi cTeneHu. E 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a e ~

6tnopRnoKB (exponent) u CJIYXUT AJIR p a 3 n e n e ~ u ~ nayx qac~efi qucna,

npencTasneHHoro B s ~ c n o ~ e ~ u u a n b ~ o f i @ o p ~ e . n p u s e n e ~ e q e Hec- KOJIbKO I lPAMePOB: qUCJI0 - 134.7 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHO B BUAe -

o ~ p u u a ~ e n b ~ b ~ f i noKa3aTenb cTeneHu). Bce 3T0 MOXeT nOKa3aTbCR AOBOJlbHO CJIOXHblM. C n a c a e ~ OnHO

Y O ~ C T O R T ~ J ~ C T B O : nepequcneHHbIe npaBuna onpenenRm, K a K u M o6pa- 3oM KoMnbmTep AonxeH neqaTaTb qucna c nnaeatoqeii T O ~ K O ~ ~ ,

i j i HO OHM H U K a K H e PerJIaMeHTUPyDT A ~ ~ C T B U ~ qenOBeKa. ~ ~ J I o B ~ K 4 MOXeT nOJIb30BaTbCR nro60fi U3 IlpUBeAeHHblX 3KBUBaJeHTHbIX @OPM >? ;j sanucu qucna. T ~ K , B nporpaMMe MOXHO H a n u c a n ans := 16 unu

I ans := 1.6E + 01. P a s y ~ e e ~ c ~ , ecnu B a M noqe~y-TO TO H ~ X H O , B ~ I 4 I

MOXeTe IlPUMeHUTb Pi HOPMaJIU30BaHHYH) @OPMY: UnS :=

/ I 1.6000000000E + 01. MOXHO n a x e H a n u c a n ans := 16, ~ a s ~ a - qaR TeM caMbrM n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i Tuna real uenoe qucno (16). (A BOT ~ a 3 -

' ~ a q a ~ b n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i Tuna integer ~ e u t e c ~ s e u ~ o e s ~ a q e ~ n e - I I C J ~ J R . )

:, , O ~ H ~ K O O n H y @ O ~ M Y nJIR U ~ O ~ P ~ X ~ H U R BeUeCTBeHHOrO qHCJIa B Typ60 -$ n a c ~ a n e B ~ I U C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ He MoxeTe. T ~ K , HenonycTuMa sanucb

J!:' suna .5. npaaanb~of i R s n R e T c R sanucb 0.5, T. e. ecnu uMeeTcR necR- TUqHaR TOqKa, TO CJIeBa OT Hee 06R3a~eJIbH0 AOJIXHa CTORTb K a K a R - T O

..X

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writeln( 1Ko~es~a6mw' ) end. ( prob2 )

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0 ~ ~ p b l ~ a I O I 4 e k C K O ~ K A B C T P O K e 20. K o M ~ u J ~ ~ T o ~ U H T e p n p e T H p y e T 3 T Y O U I N ~ K Y K a K OTCYTCTBUe T O q K N C 3 a n R ~ o f i . Ecnu ~ ~ ~ A Y M H O

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n a c ~ a n ~ x = x + 1 - n p u ~ e r nep nocnen~ee y r s e p x n e H n e n B o n p o c P n r o p n q H b l , n o c l t o n b e y , K a K R B c T s y e T n 3 n o c -

n e n y l o m e r o , B Typ60 n a c ~ a ~ e r i c e 6yner n p e K p a c H o B b i n o n H n T b c f l Q ~ K T H ~ ~ C K H 3 n e c b

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H a n03MUMIO, B K O T O P O ~ ~ 0 6 ~ a p y x e ~ a o u u 6 ~ a .

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X e T e HU ~ b 1 f i ~ M M3 Typ60 ~ ~ c K ~ J I R , HU B O ~ ~ T U B p e A a K T O p , O C T a H e T C R

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n p a B n e H u e ~ p e 6 y l o ~ ropasno 6 0 n b w u x ycunufi. Tpe~kifi BMfl O U I U ~ O K - n o z u u e c K u e O U L U ~ K U , MX O ~ H ~ P ~ X M T ~

C J o x H e e B c e r o . A e ~ o B TOM, TO K a x n o e n p e n J I o x e H u e B O T n e J I b H o c T u

M O X e T 6 b I ~ b CUHTaKCHqeCKM n P a B M J I b H b I M U n 0 3 T O M Y 6 y n e ~ B O C n p M -

HRTO KOMIIUJIRTOPOM K a K n 0 n y C T U M O e . M o x e ~ CJIYqUTbCR U T a K , VTO B

X O A ~ B ~ I ~ O J I H ~ H U R n p 0 r p a ~ ~ b 1 H e B O ~ H M K H Y T M O U I H ~ K U BbInOJIHeHMR, a p e 3 y J I b T a T b r p a 6 0 ~ b 1 n p O r p a M M b 1 T e M H e M e H e e O K a H Y T C R H e B e P H b I M U .

B 3TOM C j I y q a t ? r O B O p R T 0 T a K H a 3 b I B a e M b I X JIOrMqeCKUX O U I M ~ K ~ X .

I , ~ ~ U ~ T B U T ~ J I ~ H O C T U O ~ H C ~ H H ~ I ~ M e X a H H 3 M 0 6 n 3 a ~ CBOMM n p O H C X O X t i n ? H U e M

BOElCe H e K O M n H J l R T O p Y Typ60 F I a c ~ a . f l R ( O H H e ~ ~ ~ O T U T C R 06 ~ B T O M ~ T M ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ K O p -

P e K U U U O U I H ~ O K ) , a T O T ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ O q H C T K e HYJIRMH n a M R T M K O M n b I O T e P a , ~ p O k i 3 8 0 n H ~ O ~

n p H H a q a J T b H O # 3 a r p y 3 K e O n e p a ~ k i O ~ ~ O f i C H C T e M b l . O ~ ' ~ ~ K T N B H O T a K a R M e p a n 0 3 B O J I R e T

3 a U t N T N T b I l P O r p a M M y O T J I O r U q e C K N ~ ~ C C M ~ I C . ' I ~ H H ~ I X M ~ H U ~ ~ ~ R U U ~ C H e H H H U H a . ~ H 3 l l p O -

B a H t l b l M H n e p e M t ? H H b l M M , 0 , l H a K O A ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ 3 ~ 0 f i 3 a U M T b l 3 a B H C H T OT I l p e A b I C T O p H R

n c n o n b 3 0 n a ~ n ~ n a M R T n . ~ O ~ T O M ~ n p o r p a . u M u c T y n y q u ~ e H e n o n a r a T b c n H a c n y q a i i ,

a s b l n o n 1 4 n r b n t ~ n ~ n a ~ i t i ~ a u n ~ ) C B O H X n e p e M e t 1 H b l x c a M o c T o m e n b H o . - U p u ~ e u . nep.

. . # y ; p y ~ ~ ~ ~ a f i ~ M M U C n P a B U T b , IIOCKOJIbKY HMKaKMX c006ue~uf i 0 HMX

TO x e M ~ I A O J I X H ~ I n e n a T b , ecnu n p o r p a M M a p a 6 o ~ a e ~ H e -

n p a B k i J I b ~ o ? H y x ~ o n P M C T Y n k i T b K O T J l a A K e . O T J I ~ A K O ~ ~ H a 3 b l B a e T C R

n p O U e C C n O U C K a M Y C T P ~ H ~ H U H O U I M ~ O K B r l p o r p a ~ ~ e , O ~ ~ ~ H U ~ O B ~ H H ~ I ~

T a K , q ~ 0 6 b 1 H e 6 b 1 ~ 1 0 B H e C e H O HOBbIX O U I M ~ O K . ~ ~ O U ~ C C OTJIaAKU -

M H O ~ - o c ~ y n e ~ q a ~ b ~ f i . B n e p B y D o q e p e n b n p o r p a M M y c n e n y e T n p o B e -

P U T b H a H a J I U q M e O W M ~ O K KOMnMJIRUMM M BblnOJIHeHMR, n p U q e M , B 0 3 -

M O X H O , M T e X O U I M ~ O K , KOTOPbIe n O n B e P r J I M C b HeYMeCTHbIM < < U C n p a B -

JleHURM>> K O M n M J I R T O p a . 3 a ~ e ~ H y X H O n O C M O T P e T b , H e UCKa3UJIU JIM BbI

' c J I y q a f i ~ 0 TeKCT n p O r p a M M b I n p M ~ a b o p e , T. e. ~ ~ ~ A U T ~ C H , q T O I l p O r -

p a M M a , K O T O p a R 6 b 1 n a B b I n O J I H e H a , I I p e A C T a B J I R e T codofi MMeHHO TO,

TO B ~ I H a M e p e B a n u c b H a n u c a T b .

~ ~ ~ A ~ O J I O X M M , q T O H a M H e Y n a J I O C b B b I R B U T b n P U q M H b 1 H e n p a B U J l b -

NOfi p a 6 0 ~ b 1 n p O r p a M M b 1 . Torfla ~ e o 6 x o ~ u ~ o cue pa3 n p 0 C J e A U T b mar 3a L u a r o M ee B b I n o n H e H u e ( n e p s b ~ f i pa3 B ~ I A O J I X H ~ I 6 6 1 ~ 1 ~ n p o B e c T u

T P a C C U P O B K y n p O r P a M M b 1 n e p e A ee ~ ~ ~ Y C K O M ) . K ~ K MbI 3 T 0 AeJIaJIU

f B n. 1. 2. 15, n p M T p a C C M p O B K e n J I R K ~ X A O ~ ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i IIpeAyCMCJTpUTe I ~ e ~ u f i <<RUMK>> MJIM KOJIOHKY ~ a 6 ~ l U ~ b l M 6 y ~ b ~ e O q e H b BHUMaTeJIbHb1,

2' O T c J e x u B a R ee T e K y q e e s ~ a q e ~ u e H a K a x A o M ua re B b l n o n H e H u n .

B b l n o J I ~ R f i ~ e u a r 3a u a r o M TO, TO n p e A n u c a H o n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i , H u q e r o

npu ~ T O M H e n p o n y c K a R M H e A e J I a R H M q e r O J u u H e r o . A e ~ a n b ~ a R

T p a C C M p O B K a n 0 q T M B C e r n a n O M O r a e T J I O K a J I M 3 0 B a T b O U I M ~ K Y .

O C T ~ ~ T C R H a n O M H U T b , q T O JIJJqIUUfi cnoc06 U ~ ~ ~ B M T ~ C H O T OUIM-

6 0 ~ - 3 T 0 H e A e J I a T b UX. T ~ O ~ ~ T M ~ ~ C K M I l p O r p a M M y , M 3 H a q a J l b H O

n p a B U J I b H 0 H a n M C a H H y D , H e T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R O T J l a X M B a T b . O T C D A ~ C J I e A y e T ,

9 T O H ~ O ~ X O A M M O c q p e 3 ~ b l q a f i ~ o f i a K K Y P a T H O C T b D ~ O A O ~ ~ T M K I IJ IaHMpO-

B a H U K ) p e u e H u R j a a a q u , K H a n n c a H u m I I P O r p a M M b l , a T a K h e K C e

T p a C C U p O B K e . Ecnu I l p H f l e p X U B a T b C R HaI l lMX ~ ~ K O M ~ H A ~ U H ~ ~ , 60~16- U ~ U H C T B O O U I M ~ O K 6 y ~ e ~ O ~ H ~ ~ Y X ~ H O A 0 T o r 0 M O M e H T a , K a K OHM n p U -

B e A y T K K ~ K M M - J I U 6 0 C e p b e 3 H b I M IIOCJIeACTBMRM. B 3 a K J I l O q e H M e C J I e A y e T

O T M ~ T U T ~ , q T O O T J I a A K a - B 6 0 ~ 1 b w e f i M e p e UCKYCCTBO, H e X e J I U H a y K a .

M ~ o r u e n p O r p a M M M C T b 1 B ~ I P ~ ~ ~ T ~ I B ~ D T CBOU C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ IlOAXOAbl

K O T J I a A K e T O ~ H O T ~ K He, K a K OHM B b l ~ a 6 a ~ b l B a I O ~ M CBOG C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~

CTUJIb ~ P O ~ P a M M U P O B a H M R . B n O C J l e A Y D ~ M X r J I a B a X MbI B b I C K a X e M

H e K O T O p b l e c o o 6 p a ~ e ~ u ~ OTHOCMTeJIbHO TOTO, K a K Y n P O C T U T b n p O U e C C

OTJlaAKU.

n p ~ p a 6 o ~ e B c u c T e M e Typ6o n a c ~ a n b B ~ I M o x e T e nony- q M T b AOnOJIHUTeJlbHylO M H @ O P M ~ U M ~ O 06 O U I U ~ K ~ X , MCnOJIb3YR A U p e K -

TUBbI K O M n M j l R T O p a (T. e. UHCTPYKUUU, a A p e C O B a H H b l e K O M I I M J I R T O P ~ ) . A M ~ ~ K T M B Y 3 a n U C b I B a l o T , 3 a K J I l o q a R B CUMBOJIbI, RBJIRlOUIUeCR O r p a H U -

q U T e J I R M U K O M M e H T a P M R , I I p U q e M n p o 6 e n b l M e X A y O r P a H M q M T e J I R M M U

C ~ M O ~ ~ U ~ ~ K T H B O ~ O C T ~ B J I R T ~ ~ e J I b 3 5 I . Uepen M M ~ H ~ M A U ~ ~ K T U B ~ I AOJ-

X e H CTORTb C U M B O J $, a I l O C n e UMeHU - 3 H a K IIZIloC ( f ) MJM MMHYC ( - ) , y ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a l O U I U f i , 6 y n e ~ A a H H a R A U p e K T U B a a K T M B H a MAN H e T .

J I m 6 a ~ A U p e K T M B a K O M I l U n R T O p a A O n X H a 6 b 1 ~ b p a 3 M e U e H a B T e K C T e

I l p O r p a M M b I P a H b U I e T O q K U , B K O T O P O ~ ~ , K a K BbI I I O J I a r a e T e , O H a H a q H e T

O C y U e C T B n R T b C O O T B e T C T B Y l O U U e I I P O B e P K U .

A M ~ ~ K T M B ~ I n o 3 ~ o n ~ e ~ n p o ~ e p ~ ~ b ~a ~ a n u q u e 0 ~ ~ 6 0 ~ ~ c e onepa- UMM B b l B O A a ( H A M B B O A a , CM. n . 5.5.6). E c n ~ RBHO H e BblKJIlOqMTb ee, O M a HaXOAUTCR B aKTUBHOM COCTORHUU M 3 a C T a B J I R e T K O M n M J R T O p np0- B e P R T b B XOAe BblnOJIHeHUR I l p O r p a M M b l B C e A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R , C B R 3 a H H b l e C

BBOAOM M BbIBOAOM. XOTB n y T e M B K j l l o q e H U H CTPOKM ( $1- ) B H a q a j l O

n p O r p a M M b l A a H H y l O A M p e K T U B y M O X H O O T M e H U T b , A e J I a T b 3 T O Mbl B a M

H e C O B e T y e M .

A M ~ ~ K T u B ~ R n p o ~ e p ~ e ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B M T ~ J I ~ H o JIM 3 H a q e H U R I I e p e M e H H b l X

HeKOTOPbIX TMnOB J I e X a T B COOTBeTCTBYlOUIUX A U a I l a 3 O H a X ( ~ c n o J I b 3 0 -

B a H U e 3 ~ 0 a A U p e K T M B b l MbI 6onee nonpo6~0 PaCCMOTPMM B n. 5. 5. 6, 8. 4. 4 U B I IPMJIOXeHUM IV). A K T U B H ~ ~ U M R y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o f i A U ~ ~ K T M B ~ I n p U -

BeACT, H a n p U M e p , K TOMY, q T O K O M n U j l R T O P ~ Y A ~ T I I P O B e P R T b B C e

3 ~ a q e ~ ~ ~ , n o M e u a e M b I e B n e p e M e H H b I e T M n a integer, H a npuaannex- HOCTb O T P e 3 K Y O T -32768 A 0 32767. A U ~ ~ K T U B ~ R 6 y A e ~ HaXOAUTbCR

B n a C C U B H O M COCTORHMU, eCJIM BbI H e a K T U B U 3 U P Y e T e ee, p a 3 M e C T M B B H a q a j l e n p O r p a M M b I C T P O K y { $ R f ] ( C M . ~ P N B ~ A ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ H M X e @par- M ~ H T ) . P ~ K O M ~ H A Y ~ M B a M B C e r A a 3 T 0 A e J l a T b . M XOTR n p U ~ K T U B H O ~ ~

A U p e K T M B e R CKOPOCTb B b I n O j l H e H U R I I p O r p a M M b l HeCKOJIbKO C H M X a -

e T c R , Typ6o n a c ~ a n b 0 6 e c n e q u s a e ~ T a K o e ~ ~ I C T ~ O A ~ ~ ~ C T B M ~ , TO pa3- H U U y BO B p e M e H M BbI H e OUIYTUTe. K TOMY Xe n O T e p U B CKOPOCTU

BbInOJIHeHUR I l p O r p a M M b l C M ~ ~ ~ I T K O M K O M n e H C U P Y l o T C R AOlIOJIHUTeJlb-

HblMU YCJIYraMU no nOMCKy O U I U ~ O K . (B H a Y q H b I X M K O M M e P q e C K U X

n p U J I O X e H M R X n p O r p a M M U C T , B 0 3 M O X H 0 , I l P e A n O q T e T O T K a 3 a T b C R OT K O H T p O J R O U I M ~ O K , HO H a CTaAMU O ~ Y ~ ~ H M R 3 T 0 r 0 A e j l a T b H e c J I ~ A Y ~ T . )

by fie^ C q U T a T b , q T O B C e I I p O r p a M M b l , n p U B O A U M b I e B H a U I e a K H U R ,

C O J C p X a T B K a q e C T B e O A H O ~ ~ M3 I I e p B b l X CTPOK TeKCT { $ R f ). BOT K a K

A O J I X H a B b l r J I R A e T b n p O r p a M M a 2, eCJIM B ~ e f i I I P e A y C M O T p e H a aKTMBM-

3 3 U U R A U P e K T U B b l R: (SR+) program prob2 :

( Ta6nuqa 3 ~ a s e ~ u t . sbIsucneHHblx 1 ( n o a o p ~ y n e Y = f ( x ) , nnx X ) ( OT 0 . 00 go 4 . 0 0 C I U ~ ~ O M 0 .50 )

b

i v a r x , y : r e a l ; " begin ...

end.

1 C IlOMOlublo npOrpaMMbl, H ~ ~ N C ~ H H O ~ ~ Ha R3blKe n a c ~ a n b , MOXHO Bblf lOn-

HRTb BblqUCneHHR no UIOXHblM MaTeMaTNqeCKNM @ O P M Y ~ ~ M , qTO H flpOneM0HCTpH-

poeaHo Ha npuMepe sanaqu o perncTpaTope OT nporpaMMecTa He ~ p e 6 y e ~ c R ca- MOMY BblnOnHRTb BblqUUIeHUR, OH nOnXeH TO,.bKO 3anHCaTb @ O P M Y ~ Y Ha nacKaJIe

2 B f l e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i , 06-bR~JIeHH08 C T N n O M real, MOrYT XpaHATbCR qUCJa C npo6- HOA qacTblo ( u n u , donee O~, I ILO qncna B s ~ c n o ~ e ~ u e a n b ~ o f i @ o p ~ e ) T a ~ a s l nepe- M e H H a R MOXeT COnepXaTb K a K ~0.lOXHTenbHble. T a K H OTpHuaTenbHble 3HaqeHHR ~3 ~ H ~ I I ~ J O H ~ OT 1 OE-38 no 1 OE + 38 (npe6ne3n~enb~o) . n306paxae~ble on- H H M ~ H ~ K O M cnesa OT n e c ~ ~ n q ~ o f i T O ~ K N n necmblo ~ H ~ K ~ M N cnpaea OT Hee

3 3 ~ a q e ~ U R nepeMeHHblX T H n a real neqaTalOTCR B H O ~ M ~ , T H ~ O B ~ H H O ~ ~ @ O P M ~

H a n p u ~ e p , B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e qncno 16 23 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo B Bene 1 6230000000E + + 01 (6 npyrux C U C T e M a X OH0 MOXeT 6b l~b BblBeneHO HeCKOJlbKO no -npy ro~y ) T a ~ o e n306paxe~ue qacna CnenyeT qNTaTb K a K 1623, YMHOXeHHOe Ha 10 B n e p ~ o f i CTeneHU B ~ I I I ~ c T B ~ H H o ~ qHCn0 MOXHO Bblpa3NTb. n P N M e H N B 3anNCb C NCnOnb30-

B a H H e M C U M B O n a E W 6e3 ~ ~ C R T H ~ H O ~ ~ TOqKA, MOXHO, H ~ O ~ O P O T , nPNMCHHTb 3anNCb

C ~ ~ C R T H ~ H O ~ ~ T O ~ K O ~ , HO 6e3 CNMBOna E, a MOXHO BOCnOnb3OBaTbCR H ~ ~ C R T H Y H O ~ ~ TO~KOR, H CAMBOnOM E Ecnu B 3anNCU qHCna eCTb JleCRTHqHaR TOqKa, TO

cneea OT Hee nonxaa C T O R I ~ no ~ p a f i ~ e f i Mepe onHa ua@pa H a n p e ~ e p , ecnn nepeMeHnaR x 0 6 - b ~ e n e ~ a c TtinoM real, TO ee ~ H ~ ~ ~ H H R M N M O ~ Y T 6b l~b q n u a

I 13, 13 5, 123, 5 , - 79 0, 5E - 03, 5 2E + 27, HO H e 5 B nocnen~efi 3anncn CJeBa OT TOqKB OTCYTCTBYeT uU@pa, HaJlNqNe K O T O P O ~ ~ H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ A M O

4. npennoxe~ue ycnoeuR (nnn npennoxeaee i f ) CJIYXNT n n ~ O P ~ - ~ H N ~ ~ ~ N U

nornsecKoro seTsneHaR 0 6 u a ~ @ o p ~ a TO TO npennoxeHnR TaKoea

C i f ycnonue then npennoxexue

me ycnosue- TO HeKoe eblpaxesne, BblqncneHne KoToporo naeT U N C T A H Y B nnn unoxb,, a nocne cnoea then cnenyeT npon3~onb~oe npennoxeHee n a c ~ a n ~ Ecnn ycAosue HCTHHHO, TO npednomenue BblnOnHAeTCR Ecne ycnosue nomao, TO nped- AorceHue nponycKaeTcR. B ycnosnn if npe npoeeprte Ha paseHcTBo HCnOJIb3ylOT

noruqec~nR OnepaTop epaBH0, (=), HO He C H M B O n Ha3HaqeHNR ( =) 5 C noMolublo npennoxe~nfi wrrte N wrrteln MOXHO neqaTaTb C O O ~ U ~ H N R

1 Ann 3roro rercr C O O ~ ~ ~ ~ H H R , 3a~nlouennufi B a n a ~ p o + b ~ ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , 'helpr). se- O ~ X O ~ H M O noMecTnTb B npennomeHne write (wrrteln) B KaqecTse onHoro H3 9ne-

MeHToB CnucKa BblBona n e q a ~ b coo6qe~afi n o 3 ~ o n R e ~ CnPIaTb s r s o n n ~ ~ R MaTe-

PHan 6onee nOHRTHblM HarnRnHblM . r 6 npennoxe~ne wrrte, ~ a n e q a ~ a s 3HaqeHNSI. y e a 3 a ~ ~ b l e B c n e c ~ e ebleona,

2 ocTaBnReT oqepenHylo ~ O S H U H N J neqaTn B cnenylouefi KonoHKe s ~ p a ~ a enn cTpa- < , ~n11t.1 npennoxeane wrrteln, HaneqaTae s ~ a q e n e ~ e3 cnecKa BblBona, nepeeonnT - osepensylo nosuuua neqaTu B cnenymuya C T P O K ~ n p e n n o x e ~ n e wrrteln 6e3

CnticKa Bmona eHnonHReT nponycK CTPOKN

7 ~ O P R ~ ~ O K BblnOnHeHHR n e f i ~ ~ ~ ~ f i B BblPaXeHNN OrIpenensleTCsl npaBHnaMN craptutiHcTea a p n @ ~ e ~ n q e c ~ u x onepaunfi n a c ~ a n ~ Onepauee, nMemmne donee B ~ I -

COKAA nPAOPUTeT, BblnOnHRloTCR PaHbtue, qeM O n e p a U H H C donee HN3KNM nPNOPU- TeTOM

8 Hansblctu~fi n p U O p H T e T HMeeT O ~ H O M ~ C T H ~ ~ ~ ~ MNHYC, ~JIenylO~kifi IlpHOpHTeT-

HhIA YpOBeHb o 6 - b e n u ~ ~ e ~ YMHOXeHHe ki T P N O n e P a U N N neneHNsl C a ~ r f i H N ~ K H ~ ~ npHOpATeT UMelOT CnoXeHue N BblqnTaHHe Anfi Tor0 q~06bl O ~ O ~ ~ T N 3TN npaBHJa, npkiMeHHloT C K O ~ K H Onepaunlc, HMelOUHe O ~ H H ~ K O B M ~ ~ IlpHOpHTeT, BblnO~HRlOTCR

cneea Hanpaso, B nopRnKe cnenoeaHnR B BrpaxeHnn

9. ~ n k Bblq~~JIe~t i f l MHOrtiX MaTeMaTNqeCKNX I $ ~ H K U U ~ B ~ I ~ c K ~ J I ~ npeJyCM0-

TpeHbl cooTseTcTsylolune craHnapTHble (nnn npenonpenene~~b~e) @YHKUWN. Hanpn- Mep: sqrt - nnfl BblqncneHnfl KsanpaTHoro KOPHR n3 s a n a ~ ~ o r o qncna, abs - nnfl BblqHCneHNfl ~ ~ C O ~ ~ ~ T H O T O 3HaqeHUfl, f r ~ n C U round - Anfl npeo6pa30sa~nA qucen;

HMeloTcn n MHorne npyrne cTaHnapTHble +YHKUNH. B n a c ~ a n e BeqecTseHHoe qHCnO MOXeT 6b1~b Ha3HaqeHO IIepe~eHH~fi Tuna integer TOJbKO IlOCJIe TOrO, K a K

OHO 6 y n e ~ npeo6pa30sa~o @ Y H K U N ~ ~ trunc nnn round B uenoe.

10. B M ~ C T O UHKna for MOXHO NCnOJlb30BaTb U N K J while ( ~ T Y Pa3HOBHnHOCTb

umna npnMeHflloT BO M H O ~ N X cnyqanx, Korna unKn for He nonxonnT nnfl pemeHnfl 3anaqn). Hnxe npnsoneTcfl o6qan + o p ~ a uaKna while, me ycnosue eCTb He- KOTOpOe BblpaXeHUe, pe3yJlbTaTOM BbIqHCJleHUfl KOTOPOrO M O r y T 6b l~b 3HaqeHnfl

uacTnHan anti unoxb,. (Ecnn Teno u u m a COCTOKT TonbKo n3 onHoro npennoxeHnfl, TO ~~1yXe6Hble a o s a begin n end MOXHO o n y c ~ a ~ b . )

w h i l e ycnome do beg in

Ten0 umuxa end

11. UNKJ while p a 6 o ~ a e ~ cnenymwnM 06pa30~ . C ~ a q a n a Bbl'lnCnfleTcfl ycno- sue. Ecnn OHO NCTNHHO, TO Ten0 UuKna BblnonHfleTcfl. 3 a ~ e ~ ycnoBne B ~ I ~ H C ~ R -

eTCfl CHOBa, N npouecc nOBTOpfleTCfl. Teno U H K n a BblnOnHfleTCfl KaXnblfi pas, KOT-

na sbrqncneHne ycnosnfl naeT UNCTWH~>) . Ecnn ycnosee noxHo, TO unKn 3asep-

tuaeTcfl, Bxona B Teno unKna He npoucxonnT, n cnenymunM BblnOnHfleTCfl npen-

noxeHee, CTonqee HenocpencTBeHHo nocne u m n a . 12. O ~ n a n ~ o A HasbrsaeTcn npouecc ycrpaHeHnfl o m u 6 o ~ B nporpaMMe, B pe-

3yJlbTaTe KOTOpOrO flpOrpaMMa HaqHHaeT p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b rIpaBHnbH0. Y M ~ H N ~ OTJlaXU-

BaTb npOrpaMMbl f lBJf leTCfl O A H O ~ H3 ~an60nee BaXHbIX C0CTaBnflH)UHX MaCTep- C T B a npOrpaMMHCTa, n0CKOnbK)' JlNlllb B PenKHX CJlyqaflX IlpOrpaMMa HaqHHaeT

p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b npasnnbHo c nepsoro s a n y c ~ a .

13. O U I U ~ K U K O M ~ N ~ f l U H N - 3T0 O U I N ~ K H , KOTOPble BblflBJ1flH)TCR KOMllHJlflTOPOM

no Taro, K a K n p o r p a m a 6 y n e ~ s a n y q e ~ a Ha eblnontieewe. M ~ o r u e o w u 6 ~ n KOM-

n H n f l U H H - 3T0 npOCT0 OneqaTKH, BHeCeHHble B TeKCT IlpOrpaMMbl n p U B B O n e er0

c KnasnaTypt.1: HanpnMep, ncKaxeHo a y x e 6 ~ o e cnoso nnn nponyqeti K ~ K O A - T O <3HaK npenHHaHtifl>>. HeK0~0pble KOMnHnflTOPbl nenaloT IlOllblTK)' YCTpaHtiTb TaKOrO

POna O U I N ~ K N . O ~ H ~ K O UKOppeKUHti>>, BHOCNMble KOMnNJlflTOPOM, He BCerna npaBUnb-

Hbl. npeXne qeM CHOBa 3anyCTtiTb flpOrpaMMy H a BblnOjlHeHNe, npOrpaMMUCT nOn-

XeH C O ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ ~ H O HcnpaBnTb KaXnym o m n 6 ~ y KOMnHJlflUHki.

14. 0 w e 6 ~ e BblnOJlHeHHfl - 3TO O U I N ~ K N , KOTOpble 0 6 ~ a p y X t i ~ a l o ~ ~ f l B xone B b l n O n H e H H f l npOrpaMMbl, a He Ha CTanUN KOMnHnflUHti. O m n 6 ~ y TaKOrO POna MO-

XeT Bb13BaTb. HanpNMep, nOnblTKa NCnOnb30BaTb 3HaqeHNe H ~ H H N U N ~ ~ N ~ H P O B ~ H H O ~

I I ~ ~ ~ M ~ H H o A U n U nOnb1TKa neJlNTb Ha Hynb.

15. M o x e ~ OKa3aTbCfl, 9TO CHCTeMa He BbIflBNna O ~ H ~ O K H H BO BpeMfl KOM-

nNJlflUHN, H N 80 B p e M f l BblnOnHeHNfl, a pe3yJbTaTbl npOrpaMMbl TeM He MeHee OKa3anRCb HenpaBHnbHblMH. B T a K N X CJyqaflX rOBOpflT 0 TaK Ha3blBaeMblX J l O r H -

qeCKHX o w n 6 ~ a x . n0r~qecKaf l o m n 6 ~ a MOXeT 6b l~b 0 6 y c n o ~ n e ~ a BeCbMa T p H B H -

a n b ~ o k npnqnsok, HanpnMep o n e q a ~ ~ o h , KoTopaR n p n s o n u T K TOMY, T TO npassnb-

HO nocTpoeHHoe npennoxeHne naeT HesepHble pe3ynb~a~b1. O n ~ a ~ o nornqecKafl

o m n 6 ~ a MOXeT 6b l~b U CnenCTBNeM ~apy l l l e~nf i B J l O r N K e npOrpaMMb1.

2.1. O ~ ~ p a c c n p y A ~ e w a r 3a waroM npnseneHHble H n x e nporpaMMb1. no- KaxuTe, TO 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e n x BblnonHeHnfl.

94

(a) program prol;

v a r p, q : integer* begin

writeln(' q I , ' p I ) ;

f o r q := 0 t o 5 do beg in

p : = 3 * q + 1 ; writeln(q,' ',p)

end ( f o r ) end.

(6) program pro2;

var x,y : integer; begin

x := 4 ; y := 1; writeln(' x ', ' Y ' ) ; w h i l e x >= 0 do

beg in x := x - y ; y := y +.1

end; ( w h i l e writeln(x,' ' ,Y)

end. (B) program pro3;

var x,y : integer; begin

x := 6 ; y := 1; w h i l e x >= 2 do

beg in i f x > y

then y := y + 2 ; i f x <= y

then x := x + 1; writeln (x, ' ' , y) ; x := x - 2 ; writeln(x,' ',y)

end ( w h i l e ) end.

(r) program pro4;

var x,y,z : integer; b e g i n

x := - 2 ; y := 0 ; z := 2 ; . i f abs(x + z) > abs(y)

then writeln (Inert) ; if abs(x) + abs(z) > abs(y)

then writeln('nat) ; writeln ( ' M O X ~ T 6ar~b')

end.

program pros; var b : real ; .

a : integer; begin writeln (t~cno ' ,

KOpeHb KlI~pa~SfhIfi ) ; for a := 0 to 5 do

begin b := sqrt(a) jib) writeln(aIt

end ( for ) end.

(e) program pro6; var c : integer;

d : real; begin writeln('wcn0 ,

'O~PBTHO~ 3HaW?HHe ' , ' nposepxa ) ;

for c := 1 to 10 do begin d := 1.0 / c; writeln(cIt t,d,t ',c*d)

end ( for ) end.

2.2. ~ . I H K ~ X A O R n3 ~ ~ o c ~ i e n o ~ a ~ e n b n o c ~ e i i npuBcaeHHhlx H H X C npennoxennii f lol lbl~ai i~ecb naTb CJlOBeCHOe OnHCaHltC sa~IaBaeMl,lX UMll ~ C ~ ~ C T B H U ( ~ a n p t i ~ e p :

xHan6onbmee I43 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ k X U Y nOMeU?eTCR B n C p C M e H H Y H ) max, 3aTeM 3Ha- qeHUe maX BblBOnUTCR Ha neqaTb2, H n H : U 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e X YMHOXaeTCR Ha 2 CHOBa

u cHosa, noKa p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ He npeeb1cn.r qucno 3 0 n , H TaK nanee). npennona- raeTCH, qTO B IlyHKTaX ( a ) - ( B ) , (r) U (e) ' n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b l ~ X H y yXe Ha3Ha-

qeHbl HeKOTOPble 3HaqeHUH. B nyHKTe (IK) CHMBOn ((<>>> 03HaqaeT ( H e PaEHO,.

npennonarae~cn, TO Bce nepeMeHnble u w e w r u n infeger.

(a) if x > y then max := x; if x <= y then max := y ; writeln (max)

(6) if x > y then ans := x; if x < y then ans := y ; if x = y then ans := 1

(B) hold := 3; if x = y then hold := x; if x < y then hold := y

(r) x := 1; while x < 10 do

begin V if x < 50 then x := X " 2; x : = x * 2

end ( while )

(n) X := 0; while x < 10 do begin x := x + 3; if x = 6 then writeln(x)

end ( while j

(e) X := 0; while x < 10 do begin x := x + y ; if x < y then x := y

end ( while )

()to if x = y then write(x); if x <> y then write(y)

(3) for x := 0 to 9 do

begin y := X + 3; if y = 12

then write ( ' ~OTOBO' ) end ( for )

f : = - a + b * c / 2 * d - e ;

g : = - a + b * c / ( 2 * d ) - e ;

h := 2 * (a - 1) * (c/ (b * dl); i : = 2 * a - l * C / b * d ;

p := -a - b + C; q := -(a - b + c);

r := -q-p;

s : = 6 * b / C - 1 ;

t := 6 * (b / C) - 1; u := (6 * b) / C - 1; v := 6 * b / (C - 1); w := b * (d - 3) / c; x := 10 * s + t;

y : = 1 0 0 * v - 1 0 * w + u

-- b + ' ~ i b2 - 4ac ( a ) x = -- 1 + x

(6) Y = = ( B ) Z = X' - 4y 2n

(I.) w = I x + y I + I y - X I (n ) e = m c 2 ( e ) c = 2 t 3 / 8 x

(x) n n o u l a n b ~ p a n e u u ~ ~ a p a m a nonoenHe B ~ I C ~ T H h, Y M H O X ~ H H O R H a C Y M M Y OCHOBa-

H N ~ b l 1% b2. (3) k ecrb C H H ~ C yrJia u nnmc KOCHHYC yrna b nnloc TaHreHc yrna c ( C M . ynpaxtie-

m e 2.21 ( 6 ) ) . 2.5. ( a ) nepen B a M u ~ c x o n s b ~ i napltatir, sant~cw @ o p ~ y n b r ~3 3anaqu 2 Ha

~ 3 b 1 ~ e n a c ~ a n b :

Y ~ a x n ~ e ~ O P R A O K B M ~ O ~ H ~ H H R onepaun8 npn s b ~ ~ r n c n e ~ n ~ x no a o p ~ y n e , 3 a n n c a ~ ~ o i i

B TaKoM mine. n p a ~ r i n b s o nn nepeeeneHa Ha n a c ~ a n b @ o p ~ y n a u3 3anaqn 2? (6) npUBelleH 0 ~ 0 ~ q a ~ e n b H b l l ? BapUaHT flpeACTaBJeHHR Y ~ O M R H Y T O ~ Bblllle @ 0 p M ~ ~ l b l

Ha ~ 3 b 1 ~ e n a c ~ a n b :

I . I I I . 1 I l l I l O l 1 l K B I I I H H U 0 7paBUflbH0 A H Tenepb nepC- [~c. i ( !>.I ctiop.i~y.ia [In I l , i c~a . ib?

2.6. k<l>l tcll!l!l-Tc F~CCKOJbKO llI2CRTH~IHblX WiCeJl. nor B K a K O M BHne 3TFi 91tCdTa <!?J! 1 i:iIlli.LlaT~lihl. eCJH CyHTaTb, qTO OHM RBJRIOTCR H N R M M n e p e ~ e ~ ~ 0 8 ~ ~ n a recri. blllall? ronopR, K a K BblrJRZRT 3TH LIUCJa B H O p M a . ' Q ~ H H O ~ ~ @0pMe?

( a i 7 ( 5 - 9.2 ( B ) 3147.25 ( r ) 0.0123 1 . 7 ) 0.1 ( e l 428 (x) - 0.00006 (3) 100

1 ;. ~l\d~rlHItI~iC BMXC qHC;la nPeiICTaBJleHbl B ~ K C ~ O H ~ H ~ H ~ J ~ ~ H O ~ ~ @0pMe, H O

t:r iliii &!a I l l li,PrlMbl 3afllilUll~C U X B t l O p ~ a ~ H 3 0 B a ~ ~ 0 f i @OpMe.

( a ) 1.3.71"51)('100E + 00 ( 6 ) 0.12345E + 03 (8) 0.001E + 01 (I.) '.t?Oxn0E - - 02 ( a ) -- 11.2233E + 01 (e) 3.0E4

2 8. r ~ o l i d ~ < l i r e , .IT() 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e BblnonHeHlcR npencTas- . ~ t :ii,li:! iliiic\e Ilo<:leaotiaTeabHoCTW npe:l.loxe~ltti write n writeln. B H N M ~ T ~ J I ~ H O I:I>OC.:. . iiiri~. I.;? B T ~ K C re B I , I J ~ L I M npenqcMuTpeHo nonsneHlte nyc~bix CTPOK.

write (la1); writeln (5 + 2) : write (#br , rcr) ; writeln ('drI1 el,' f ','gl); writeln (I h I); writeln ( 4E+1) : ( qucno c ma~aroqeii a a m ~ o i i ) write (lillljlllkl); write (I1 ','m ','n l l l o ','p I); write (Iq I); write (Ir I); write (3,3.OE-1) ; writeln (Isr) ; writel n ; writeln; writeln ( l t l , ' u l , l v r , l w l , l x l I 1 y l , l z l )

( I l o n y u u r b ~ z ~ ~ a s e ~ u e ~ o p ~ a ~ n a n p a ~ ~ o r o u a W ) var w : integer;

z : real; . . . z := sqr (w) ( ucnpo6yiire a ~ a q e ~ u r r

w = O , 8 )

( Ecnu x o ~ p u q a r e n e ~ . HaneqaTaTb " o ~ p u q a ~ e n e ~ " .

u ~ i i . t e ~ a n e u a ~ a ~ b " ~ e o ~ p u q a ~ e n e ~ " ) var x : integer;

... if x < 0 then write ( ' o ~ p u q a ~ e n e ~ ' ) ; if x > 0 then write ( l ~ e o ~ p u q a ~ e n e ~ ' )

( ucnpo6yii~e a ~ a u e ~ u s x = -3, 0, 7 )

( EWH x oTpnsaTenen, n p u 6 a ~ u ~ b K HeMy 5 ; B ~ ~ O T H B H O M W ~ Y ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ B H T ~ 1 )

var x : integer; . . . if x < 0 then x := x + 5; if x >= 0 then x := x + 1

( ncnpo6yP~e 3 ~ a s e n n a x = -8, -3, 0, 4 )

( E c m x 6omme 10, HanesaTaTh x; , s r r p o ~ ~ ~ n o v c n y v a e ~ a n e v a ~ a ~ b 10 )

var x,ans : integer; . . . ans := 10; if x > 10 then ans := x; write (ans) ( ncnpo6yR~e a ~ a s e ~ ~ a

x = 5, 10, 15 )

( H ~ T U HaHaceHbnree uuoe, IceeffpaT m ~ o p o m 6 o ~ m e y )

var number,test,y : integer; . . . number := 0; test := 0; while test <= y do

begin test := number + number; number := number + 1

end; ( while ) writeln(number, - ~cuolemmee')

( ncrrpo6yiIre a n a s e m Y = 4 1 5

2.10. B nporpaMMe 2 nepeMeHHble x u y 6bmu 06%fl!~eHbl c TUIIOM real. neii- CTBUTeJlbHO A U H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O 6 ~ n o 06'bflBnRTb H X NMeHHO TIK? K 4eMy npUBeneT 06%flBJIe~He 3THX IIepeMeHHbIX C THnOM integer? q r o 6 ~ y 6 e ~ n ~ b c f l B nPaBHnbHOCTH cBoero OTBeTa, BblnonHnTe cnenylolune rpu BapuaHTa nporpaMMbl 2: B onHoM sa - puaHTe O ~ % R B U T ~ x c TunoM integer, a y c TnnoM real; B npyroM O ~ ~ R B N T ~

x nepe~eHH0h Tnna real, y Tuna integer; B TpeTbeM BapnaHTe nycm 06e nepe- MeHHble HMeloT THn integer. (Bce nu BapHaHTbl 6yny.r pa6o~ocnoco6~bl? BOJMOX- HO, B HeKOTOPblX CJlyqaflX BaM npUneTCfl BOCllOJlb30BaTbCfl ~ Y H K U H R M U f r ~ n ~ U

round.) Pe3yJIbTaTb1 pa60Tb1 3 T U X IlpOrpaMM MOrYT BaC YflUBUTb. 2.11. npennonomu~ , qro perHcTpaTopy, o KOTOPOM ulna peqb B Haqane m a w ,

naHbl 60nee TOqHble HHCTPYKUUH OTHOCHTenbHO 3aqUCJleHUR CTyAeHTa Ha UHTepe- CYIOIUHR ero ~ y p c . A uMeHHo ecnu p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ B ~ I ~ u c J I ~ H H A no + o p ~ y n e OKarneTcfl 6onbule Hynfl, TO $ a M t i n ~ ~ ) cTyneHTa s a ~ e c ~ u B cnucoK npuHflThlx; ecnu pe3ynb- TaT ~Tp~l l aTenb~ tdh , TO c 0 0 6 U ~ ~ b CTyneHTy 06 oTKa3e; ecnu nonyqeHHoe 3 ~ a q e - Hue paeHo Hynm - HanpaBHrb crrynewa mfl 6ecenb1 K npo+eccopy. Monu+u~u- PyfiTe npOrpaMMy 2 TaK, '1~06bl C YqeTOM HOBblX ycnoanti 3aqHC~1eUUfl pflnOM C KaXnbIM 3HarleHUeM y IIerlaTaJlCfl C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ TeKCT ( ~ ~ P U H R T > , <He npu- HRTB UJIH ~ H a n p a e n ~ b K npo+eccopy~).

2.12. ~ Y C T ~ H H C T ~ ~ K U U U , naHnble perucTpaTopy (CM. ynpamHeHue 2.11). no K ~ K O R - T O npuquHe Hac He BnonHe ynoenerBopflloT. n o n p o 6 y e ~ U ~ M ~ H U T ~ nporpaM- M Y H 3 YnpaXHeHUfl 2.11 TaK, qT06bl KPHTU'leCKaR TOqKa Ha ulKane OUeHKU CTy-

'3,neitra c,wuHyJlacb. Honafl rlporpaMMa nonxHa neqaTarb cnoBo ~ I ~ P U H R T > , Korna ' s ~ a q e ~ u e y 6onbule ~ R T U . cnoBo <He ~ P U H R T . , Korna 3 ~ a q e ~ u e y MeHbwe ~ R T H ,

n TeKcT <HanpasuTb K npo+eccopy~, ecnu y pastco IIRTU. M o n u ~ n u n p y h ~ e 3 ~ y npOrpaMMy TaK, qT06bl K P V T W ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ T O ~ K O ~ CTaJlO qNCnO 10, a 3aTeM, qT06bl KpN- T H ~ ~ C K O ~ T O ~ K O ~ CTaJIO qHCnO -5.

2.13. Y 60JIbulkiH~TBa CTyneHTOB, 06pa~ua10luuxcn K perucTpaTopy, CpenHRR oueHKa He coBnanaer H H c onHuM u3 qucen Bnna 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 u T. A. Y c o s e p u l e ~ c ~ ~ y i i ~ e nporpaMMy 2 raK, q~06bl MOXHO 6 ~ n 0 06pa6arblsa~b u npyrne 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ c p e n ~ e h OUCHKU. P a c c ~ a ~ p w ~ a h ~ e ~ H ~ W H H R X , noMeueuHue B ~ a 6 n u u y , B KaqecTBe UeHTpoB O T ~ ~ ~ K O B . B KoTopble 6 y n y ~ nonanaTb s ~ a r e ~ u f l cpenHtix oue- HOK CTyneHTOB. H a n p n ~ e p , eCJH 3HaqeHNe cpeneeh OUeHKN KaKOrO-TO CTyneHTa nonanaeT B O T P ~ ~ O K OT 0.00 no 0.24, TO c q t i ~ a h ~ e , TO ero oqeHKa pasHa 0.00; ecnu oqeHKa nonanaeT B nnana30~ OT 0.25 no 0.74, TO ee cnenyeT 3 a ~ e ~ n ~ b Ha 0.50 U TaK nanee. B COOTBeTCTBNU C HOBtdMU T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H U R M U M O ~ H + H L I H P Y ~ ( T ~

2.14. Monu+uqupyh~e npOrpaMMy 2 TaK, qT06bl BMeCTO neqaTU 3arOJlOBKOB KonoHoK nepen KaxnblM 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ nepeMeHHMx x u y neqarancfl TeKCT ' x = ' unu ' y= ' cooTsercTseHHo He 3a6bleahTe nepexonuTb Ha H O B ~ I O CTPOKY c no- MOUb10 IlpenJlOXeHHfl wflteln. B KaKOM BHne nerqe BOCnpUHNMaTb BblBOLlUMble p e s y n b ~ a ~ b ~ : B sune ra6nuubl unu B snne cnucKa ~ H ~ W H U ~ , npensapReMb1x no- RCHUTeJbHblM T~KCTOM?

2.15. B U ~ O N ~ M ~ H U T ~ np0rpaMMy 2 TaK, qT06bl OHa OTCneXUBaJIa Ha~60JIbulee s ~ a r e ~ u e y, BMqucneHHoe no Gop~yne . u cooTsercTayloluee eMy 3HaqeHue x Ha- neqaTae nocnentiloro CTPOKY ~ a 6 ~ n q b 1 , ~ a n e q a ~ a f i r e ~au6onbmue 3HaqeHHR x u y.

2.16. M ~ M ~ H U T ~ npOrpaMMy 2 TaK, W06bl OHa OTCJleXUBaJla HaWMeHbulee U 3 suqec,leHHblx no + o p ~ y n e s ~ a q e ~ u e y H cooTseTcTsylouee eMy sHaqeHue x T ~ K o ~ 3anaHUe M O X H O UHTepnpeTUpOBaTb nBOHKO. n 0 n HaUMeHblllUM 3Ha'leHUeM M O X H O

n o n p a 3 y ~ e e a ~ b HauMeHbulee no ~ ~ C O J I I O T H O M ~ 3 ~ a q e ~ u m ( ~ o r n a 0.23 MeHbule, qeM -2.17). C npyr0h CTOPOHbl, Mbl MOXeM CqUTaTb, qTO nlo6oe OTpUUaTenbHOe 3Ha- 'leHHe MeHbUle ~1106oro nOnOXUTeJlbHOr0 Hannuln~e no on~of i npOrpaMMe nnfl ~a~ tcno i i UHTepnperaqwn.

2.17. Monu+uulcpyhre nporpaMMy 2 TaK, qT06bl OHa n03~0nflna BeCTU no&- cqeT KonHqecTBa nonomuTenbHtdx ~ ~ a q e ~ u i i y, KontiqecTBa oTpuuaTenbHblx 3naqe~uti Y , a TaKXe KOJlHqeCTBa 3~aqeHuh y, PaBHblX HynIO. ~ ~ K O H ~ U B IIeqaTb r a6n~u td , Hane- qaTahTe HaKOnJeHHble pe3ynbTaTbl no KaXnOMy BHny ( H a n p ~ ~ e p , TPH OTPUUaTenb- HblX 3HarleHUR Y, qeTblPe nOJIOXUTeJbHblX U BBa HyJleBbl~).

2.18. nepenuulrrre nporpamy 2, ucnonbsy~ BMecTo uuK.la while quKn for BO~MOXHO, 3TO 6yne.r COBCeM npOCT0 (Y~a3atLue. ~ O C K O ~ ~ K Y npUpaueHHe WHAeK- ca B UNKJle for ROJIXHO 6blTb senu4u~oi i Tuna integer, M O X H O BOCnOJlb30BaTbCR onepauueii BeUecTBeHHoro neneHufl nnfl npeo6pa3o~a~nn ero B BeluecTseHHoe qucno.) KaKafl U 3 sepcnii npOrpaMMbl 6onee ~ O H R T H ~ ?

2.19. 8 ynpamHeHuu 1 10 ~ p e 6 y e ~ c f l 3anncaTb nporpaMMy 1 6e3 ncnonb3o- BaHuR uuma, ~ B H O y~asb~sas l Kaxnoe w a q e ~ ~ e , nonnexaluee 06pa60r~e. A ~ a n o - ~ H ~ H ~ I M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ MOXHO M O ~ H + H U N ~ O B ~ T ~ u nporpamy 2, HO npouecc ~ o n n + n ~ a - uuu 6 y n e ~ rOpa3nO 6onee TpynOeMKHM ~ O ~ T O M Y OrPaHUqbTeCb OnNCaHHeM TOTO, KaK 3TO CnenaTb. O ~ % R C H H T ~ , nOqeMy nACaTb npOrpaMMy 2 6e3 HCnOJlb3OBaHUfl UuKJla 6onee YTOMHTeJlbHO, qeM nNCaTb TaKUM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ npOrpaMMy 1

2.20. Hanwtuu~e nporpaMMy nnn neqarn ~a6nuubl . csn3td~atomeB qucna OT

1 no 50 CO 3HaqeHUflMU H X KBanpaTOB, K Y ~ O B , a TaKXe pe3ynbTaTOB u3sneqeHufl KwLpaTHOrO KOPHR U 3 3TUX 'IUCeJl n03a60TbTe~b 0 COOTBeTCTBYIO~UX 3arOnOBfiaX - KOJIOHOK.

2.21. ( a ) H a n u t u u ~ e nporpaMMy nnn neqaru ~a6nki l~bl U C : I I ~ ~ H H ~ ~ ; I O B OT 0 !TO

, 180". .Qnn Kaxnoro sHaLlellcln yr.rla B Ta6nuue nonllcHb1 c i b ~ ~ b y ~ a 3 a ~ b 1 ero paaw aHHan Mepa, C N H Y C M KOCNH)C. H ~ ~ O M H U M , TO 180" C O C T ~ I B . ~ ~ K ) T n panlfaH. Moxutrro B O C I ~ O J ~ ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ C R n p c a o n p e i ~ e n r ~ ~ o f i K O H C T ~ I ~ T O ~ ~ pi ( n p e n o c ~ a ~ ~ n e ~ o j l T O J I ~ K O EI

CNCTeMe Typ60 nacKaJlb) N CTaHnaPTHblMN @ ) ' H K U N R M U sill M COS.

(6) Monu@uuupyf i~e npOrpaMM). U3 II. ( a ) TaK, qT06b1 n:IR KaXnoro 3HalieHuR yrjla o ~ a neqaTajla s ~ a q e ~ u e ero ~ a ~ r e ~ c a . Mwefi~e R Buny, TO B Typcio n a c ~ a n e HeT craHilapT-

H O ~ ~ ~ H K U H H nJlR ~b1qucnetl~R TatireHca. n o oupene.rleHum Taliretrc yma paseti C H H Y C . ~ ,

aeneHHoMy f{a K O C N H ~ C Jatinoro y m a .

2.22. H a n u u u r e nporpaMMy, n p e a ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ t i y r o ajlR neLlaTn ~a6nullbl qircen

OT 1 no 50. Kaxnoro .cuc.la yKaxtiTe B ~a6.1uue ero ~ a ~ y p a ~ ~ ~ ~ b r i norapugh1 ( n o r a p n @ ~ no OCHOBBHNK) e) U pe3Y.XbTaT B03BeAeHMR BeJIN~lNHbl P B CTeneHh,

PaBHylo fiaHHOMY qUCJly. B O C ~ ~ J ~ ~ Y U T C C ~ CTaHLlaPTHblMII ~ Y H K U N R I M H /rl (ndlR Bbl- qMCJleHUR HaT)'paJlbHOrO n o r a p t i @ ~ a ) N P X p (adlR BblqNCjlCHUR C T ~ ~ ~ C H N ) .

2.23. H a n u u u ~ e nporpahiMy, KoTopaR 6 y n e ~ neclaTaTb ase ~a6.1nut,r: nepccqeTa

3 ~ a q e ~ t i i i TeMnepaTypbl B rpailycax Q a p e ~ r e i i ~ a ( F ) B rpailycbl no Ueabcrim ( C ) , M ~ao6opOT. H y x ~ o e n p e o c i p a 3 o ~ a ~ ~ e 3 a n a e ~ c n a o p ~ y n o f i 1; = (915) C + 32. ( n o K ~ K O U QOpMyne ocymecTs.rlaeTcR 06paTHoe n p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ u e ? ) nepean Ta6nliua

I o n x H a ConepxaTb ~ H ~ L ~ ~ H M R TehlnepaTypbl B rpaaycax Q a p e ~ r e i r a OT 5 0 l o 250 c ularoM 10 n cooTseTcTByroluuc 3 ~ a q e l i u ~ B rpalyr-ax UC;I~,CNH. B T O ~ ; I R

~ n 6 n u u a nonxHa c o n e p x a n S H ~ ~ ~ H N R TelrlnepaTypbl B rpaaycax Lle:lbcun OT --?I(! no 150 c uaroM 5 ti cooTseTcTBymuue aHaqe:ilin B rpaaycax Q a p c ~ r e r i ~ a .

2.24. B Y n p a l K H e H N N 1.19 Tpe60Bano~b HafiTki U MCnpaUUTb O L U M ~ K U B nporpahl-

Me. Onpeaenn~e , K KaKoMy T u n y OTHOCNTCR Kaxnan n3 t i a i i n r ~ ~ b ~ x O L U U ~ O K (K

O U I N ~ K B M K O M U N J R U U U , BblnOJlHeHNR liJN K .ROTUqeCKtiM O U I U ~ K ~ M ) . B HeKOTOpblX

CnyqaRX O U I N ~ K Y He )'IBeTCR K J ~ ~ C C U @ H U H ~ O B ~ T ~ O,lH03HaqHO. nonbl~afiTeC1, H ~ U T I ~ O U I M ~ K N , KOTOPble MOXHO O J H O B P e M e H H O OTHeCTN K B K K O L U N ~ K ~ M KOMIIN.RflIlMN,

TaK ti K JOTUqeCKUM O L U M ~ K ~ M .

2.25. ( a ) n o ~ a x u ~ e , TO ~lo60f i anropuTM. peanu3ye~b1i nocpeucrBoM U M K n a for. MOMHO OCYUeCTBNTb, NCnOJb3YR llMKJ while. R n. 2.2.6 npOJCMOHCTptIpOBaH0,

K a K 3T0 CileJlaTb n J R '4aCTHOrO CJyqaR ( for i: -- 1 to In...). ~ O K ~ X U T ~ , K a K CileilaTb

TO x e caMoe nnn uutina for B o6qeii a o p ~ e , crrz. 11. 1.2.1 1 . (6) I I o ~ a x u ~ e , TO nrodofi anropuTM, peanu3ye~blii UUK.IIOM for-downto, MOXeT 6 b 1 ~ b

p e a n u 3 o s a ~ uuKnoM while (CM. n . 1.3.7).

( B ) B n. 2.2.3-2.2.8 M ~ I tie yquTblsanu ~ e 6 0 n b ~ ~ o e pa3nnqne blemay U N K ~ O M for U U N K J O M while: KOHeqHOe 3HaqeHHe N H n e K C a B U N K J e for OTnNqaeTCR OT KOHeqHoro

3HaqeHNR n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i , Pirpaloluei aHaJOrti.IHyK) ponb B UUK.le while. O ~ ~ R C H H T ~ , ~ O ~ C M Y ?

BBOJ I ' I H H ~ , I X ( read , rrarl ln) . Tr4r1 7 ~ a ~ ~ i b ~ x string ~ p o r p a v \ ~ u p o ~ a t ~ r r c .xtla.lora . Cxe'dbl anropul M O B

Ko~llL?R0r 3HaI4Clltic (tiill (Pki~~NBllbl~i 3JeMeHT IaNHblk) . Ulkipe~id nonR BblBOJa . I lpe i laowe~ne if-then-else

YXe H a n H C a H H b l C H a k r i I l p O r p a h I k l b l H a C a M O M A e J l e H e -

P e a J l U C T U q H b l - M H e T O J b K O B T O M C M b l C J l e , q T O OHM C J l U U l K O M

I I ~ O C T H , H O u B T O W CMI,ICdle, s ~ o K a x n a H ri3 H I I Y no.+ H O C T b K ) . ? a M K H y T a , T . e HCR M H + O P M ~ U M R , H ~ O ~ X O J . U M ~ R JJ lR p e U l e H U R

3 2 l f i a q U , C O n e p X U T C R B t l Y T p U I l p O T p a h I ' L l h l . B C ~ O M H M M , H a n p U M e p , I I P p B y D H J E Y n p O ~ p a M M y , Bb l ' 4UCdRK)IUYK) K B a a p a T b I q l l C e J l ( C M .

n. 1.2.1.1). Bce, TO H ~ X H O A ~ T R ee p a 6 0 ~ h r - H a s a n b H o e ( 4 ) M K O H e q H O e (9) 3 H a q e H U R , a T a K j K e C a M a B b l n o ~ l H R e M a R O n e p a U U R

( ~ 0 3 ~ e , ' l e H l 1 e B K B ~ A P ~ T ) , -- 661.~10 < < B C T p O e H O > I I P R M O B n p 0 r p a M M ~ b l f i

TC'KCT. rI0 T a K O M y Xe n p U f 1 U U n y C K O H C T p y M p O B a f l a U B T O p a R n p o -

r P a r Y l M a ( C M . n . 2.2.19); e2 3aBe,!lOhlO M 3 B e C T H b l H a q a J l b H O e U KO-

H e q H o e 3 ~ a q e ~ i i ~ (0 M 4 ) , I i p u p a l u e H u e (0.5) u + o p ~ y . ' ~ a an" npo- B e f i e l l M R B ~ I ~ I M C . ~ ~ H M ~ () : = .. ) . H U K ~ K O U ~ O I ~ O ~ ~ H U T ~ J ~ H O ~ M H + O P -

n a l l u M H U roh , ~ t u ~ p y r o f i n p o r p a M M e H e l p e 6 ) C ~ c ~ .

M n e ~ n O C T p O e t t U R C O B e p l U e l i H O H ~ ~ ~ B H C U M O U O T B H e U l H e r O M U p a

I l p O T p a M M b l M O X e T n O K a 3 a T b C R O q e H h ~ . ' ~ O A O T B O P H O ~ , O A H a K O H a C a - M O M Aerie TO H e T ~ K . n p o r p a ~ ~ a 6onee p e a n M c T M q H a ( 1 1 6onee I l o J l c j ~ a ) , e C J l U H e K O T O p b l e 3 H a q e t t U R p a 3 p e U l e H O y K a 3 b l B a T b B X O A e

ee s b [ n o . n H e H u R . 3 ro uenaer n p o r p a M v l y 6onee r ~ 6 ~ 0 f i , 6 n a r o n a p ~ q e M y ee M O X H O U C n O J I b 3 0 B a T b H e T O J l b K O JJIR B b l n O J I H e H M R K ~ K O S - T O K O H K P ~ T I I O ~ ~ 3 a A a q U , H O M U J l R p e U l e H M R 60 . r1bUl0r0 q U C J l a C O B e P U l e H H O

p a 3 ~ b 1 x 3 a ~ a q . H O B ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ M U R , n o c T y n a m q u e B n p o r p a M M y no

M e p e T O r O , K a K O H a BblnOJlHReTCR, H a 3 b l B a I O T ( f ~ ~ d t l b l , % t / i ( ~ O H H ~ L A ~ U , a M H o r n a - n p o c T o L ~ X O ~ O M M.'IM d a t l t l h l ~ u . Aadlee B ~ I !BMnrrTc,

YTO C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ K O M n b I O T e P a CYMTblHal b RYOflHhle n a l i H b I e H e U J M C p U -

MO YBeJIMYMBaeT B 0 3 M O X H O C T M M ~ a ~ U I ~ a 6 b l e l 0 MCllO,lb.3OBaHUR

n p 0 c ~ e f i U I U f i cnoco6 B B O A a A a H H b l X COCTOUT B TOM, Y ~ 0 6 b l r l a 6 p a ~ b

M X H a K n a B u a T y p e B o T B e T H a sanpoc n p o r p a l r r M b 1 Jpyroii cnocot', ~ ~ K J I I O Y ~ ~ T C R B TOM, YTO B ~ I c 0 3 ~ a e ~ e ~ a 6 0 p ( U , T I I , H H a L l e , @aB-1) opra- H U 3 0 B a H H b I X B CTPOKM A ~ H H ~ I X ' M 3 a C T a B J I R e T e K O M n b K ) T e p , I10 h l e p e

T o r 0 K a K OH O K a 3 b l B a e T C R rOTOBbIM K n p M e M Y n a H H b l X . C q U T h l B a T b

CTPOKU M 3 3 T O r 0 ~ a 6 o p a . ~ ~ M ~ T M M , YTO, e C J M M C n O J l b 3 y e T C R I l e p c o -

H a J I b ~ b 1 2 K O M n b I O T e p , TO @ a f i J l b ~ O ~ ~ I Y H O X P a H R T C R H a ~ M ~ K I I X JUCKaX

B 3 ~ 0 a r J l a B e V b I n O K a X e M , K a K O C Y U e C T B J R e T C R BBOJ C K , l a B H a T Y p b l ,

M no XOAy M 3 J O X e H M R n 0 3 H a K O M M M qMTaTe,rlR C npLIHUUnalCIII I l p O -

r ' P a M M U P O B a H U R A M a J I O r a .

K ~ o M ~ T O r O , Mbl P a C C h a r K e M 3 l l C C b 06 MHCTpYMeHTe I I p O r p a h l h l U p 0 -

B a H U R , H a 3 b I B a e M O M ct'eiu06 U J ~ ~ O ~ I U T M U , n p M M e l l e H U C K O l O p O r O

Y C K O P R e T M Y n p O L U a e T P ~ J [ > ~ ~ O T K Y n P O r P a M M . f l a > k e eC, lU BbI tie

6 y n e ~ e k i C n O J b 3 0 B a T b C x e M b l a J r O p U T M O B B c B 0 e f i I l p a K T L l h e . Rhl

A O J I X H b I Y M e T b MX Y M T a T b M n0HUMaTI-r C U M B O J b l , I lPUMCHReSlbIC npLl C o c T a B n e H u u TUX C x e M . A T e n e p b C @ O P M ~ J I M P ~ ~ M o q e p e a I i y 1 c )

s a ~ a ~ y .

3anasa 3 H a I I U l l l U T e I l p O r p a M M y AJIR B b l n 0 ~ l H e H M R C.rleAyIOLUMX n e f i c ~ ~ u i i .

Heo6xonu~o C Y U T a T b A a H H b l e , C O A e p X a U M e M H @ O ~ M ~ I I W K ) 0 C.14'-

X a U e M K O M n a H U U : UMR M @ ~ M u J I M K ) , KOJIUYeCTBO YaCOB, o ~ p a 6 0 - T a H H b l X UM 3a HeAeJIIO, p a 3 M e p I ~ o ~ ~ c o B o ~ ~ C T a B K U . U a J I e e , H Y X H O

BblqUCJIHTb a-0 HeAeJI b H y I O 3 a p n J I a T y , K O T O p a R p a B H a K O J T M Y ~ C T B ~

O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ ~ X YaCOB, Y M H O X e H H O M Y H a IlOYaCOBYK) C T a B K ) , 11

~ a n e q a ~ a ~ b BCIO M H @ O P M ~ U M ~ o n a H H o M C n y x a r u e M . 3 a ~ e ~ ~ T M

f l e f i C ~ ~ M R H ~ O ~ X O A M M O 1IOPTOPMTb n J I R C ~ l C n y t o l l l e r O c : l y x a q e r o ,

U T a K A a J I e e , n O K a H e 6 y ~ e ~ o 6 p a 6 o ~ a ~ B e C b CnUCOK ~ ~ ~ O T ~ I H K O B KOM-

n a H M U . B K a q e c T s e n p M M e p a n p u B e n e M A H C C T P O ~ U M c x o n l l b l x +yaH

HblX: - Mayc, MUKKM 35.0 14.20 A ~ K , A o H ~ J I ~ A 11.3. 5.87

n p n p a 3 p a 6 o ~ ~ e n e p e b l x neyx n p o r p a M M n e p e i i ~ u OT

C O J e p , K a T C d 7 b t ~ O r 0 O n M C a H U R 3 a A a Y U H e n O C p e A C T B e H H O K n p O r p a M M e

H a R 3 b l K e n a c ~ a ~ l b 6 b r n o IlpOCTO. O A H ~ K O ~ O J I ~ L L I M H C T B O B C T p e Y a I O -

LUUXCR H a l l p a K T M K e 3 a A a Y CJIUUIKOM C J O H I H O M (MJIU) U M e e T CJIMUIKOM

6 0 n b m o t i 0 6 - ~ e ~ , Y ~ 0 6 b l M O X H O 6 b 1 ~ 0 C p a 3 Y H a n M C a T b TeKCT n p 0 -

r p a w v b l ~a n a c ~ a , ~ e . Y q u ~ b ~ e a ~ , YTO c z l o B e c H o e o n M c a H u e s a n a ~ u , O ~ ~ I L I I ~ ~ ' ~ ~ H U V ~ ~ T o K o n o nsyx c ~ p a ~ ~ u ( a BO M H O ~ U X c . n y Y a R x

. A a X e 6 o a b ~ n e ) , n J R MHOrMX I I P O r P a M M M C T O B 3 a n M C a T b TaKYIO

@? n p o r p a w n l y cpasy H a n a c ~ a n e (Ooprpa~e . 6 e k c ~ ~ e . K a K , B n p o s e M .

%: M H a . i t o 6 0 ~ APyI.Ohf R 3 b l K e I ~ ~ O ~ P ~ M M U P O B ~ H U R ) A O B O J b H O CJIOHIHO.

~ O ~ T O M ) M e X J y e C T e C T B e H H b l M R3blKOM U ~ ~ c K ~ J I ~ M BBOAMTCR no

$,, CKOJlbKMX C.!len)'K)UlMX I I p C I . p a M M Mbl B B e A e M ~ I ~ o M ~ ) K Y T o Y H ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ) T a n ,

K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ 6 y ~ e ~ COCTORTb B nOCTpOeHUM CXeMbI a J I r O p M T M a . np0- I '' M e X y T O Y H h l e 3 T a n b l UHOrO C O A P P X B H N R Mbl PBCCMOTPMM l l O 3 M e . 1 . Ham ~ 0 B b l h MeTOA p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ U I I p O r p a M M COCTOMT B TOM, YTO

MCX0,lH M 3 C O A e p X a T e J I b I i O r O O n U C a H M R 3 a A a q M Mbl B b I Y e p Y U B a e M

c x e M y a . l l o p M T M a , a y x e no ~ e f i c o c T a a n R e M n p o r p a M M y H a ;. I l a c ~ a n e . H ~ Y H ~ M c o n p e n e n e H m . Cxe~of i a n r o p m M a ~ a s b r ~ a e ~ c ~

5 r p a @ u q e c ~ o e n p e n c ~ a ~ n e ~ n e n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ . Ee r n a a ~ o e ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u e -

IlOMOYb H a M l l e p e f i ~ ~ OT OnMCaHMR 3 a A a Y U H a 0 6 b l q ~ 0 ~ R 3 b I K e K

ee o n w c a H n m H a ~ 3 b 1 ~ e n a c ~ a n b . K p o ~ e T o r o , o H a CJIYXMT K a K

6 b 1 H ~ ~ P O C K O M CTPYKTYPbI I l p O r p a M M b l , a T a K H I e O C H O B O ~ ~ T O r O ,

YTO hlbl n 0 3 H I e H a 3 0 B e M I ~ P O ~ P ~ M M H O ~ ~ ~ O K ~ M ~ H T ~ U U ~ ~ . C O C T ~ B J ~ H U ~

CXeMbl a J I r O p M T M a -- 3 T 0 B T O P O ~ 3Ta11 p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ n p O r p a M M b 1 ( e c -

~ e c ~ n e t ~ ~ b l i i R ~ ~ I K - c x e M a a n r o p M T M a - n a c ~ a n b ) . B n a n b ~ e f i u e ~ , I I + K O r A a p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ K a CXeM a J I r O p M T M O B C T a H e T 6onee 0 6 p e ~ e ~ R ~ b

HeHIeJ lU n O M O r a T b H a M , Mbl O T K a r K e M C R OT CXeM a J I r O p U T M O B !I

H a IIpOI\. leXYTOYHOM 3 T a n e p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u n p O r p a M M n p M M e H H M U H b l e

C p e A C T B a . K ~ K 6 b 1 n o O T M e Y e H O B n 3 1 , BbI M O X e T e P e U l M T b ~ 0 0 6 ~ l e

H e k i c 1 1 O ~ l b 3 O B a T b B C B O ~ ~ p a 6 o ~ e CXeMbI a J I r O p U T M O B , T e M H e

MeHCC YZ1TaTb UX H a n O Y M e T b .

105

P ~ C C M O T ~ W M OCHOBHbIe CWMBOJIhI, I I p M M e H H e M b l e B CXehjak

a J l r O p M T M O B . O B q e n p u ~ ~ ~ o r o C O r J I a l l l e H N R OTHOCMTeJlbHO C W M B O J ~ O R

CXeM a J I r O p M T M O B H ~ T ' , II03TOMY Mbl O ~ C Y A M M T O . l b K 0 T e W 3 EN?(.

K O T O p b I e RBJIRIOTCR o ~ L U ~ ~ I I O T ~ ~ ~ N T ~ J I ~ H ~ ~ M U . C M M B O J I ~ I H a CXeMC'

COeAMHRIOTCR JIMHMRMN, IIOKa3blBaH)UIMMM <<IIOTOK y I I p a B J I e H M R > >

H a q a z r b ~ y m M K O H e q H y I O TOqKM n p O r p a M M b 1 0 6 b 1 . ~ 0 ~ 3 0 6 p a ) K a m T

B BMAe OKPYXHOCTM MJIN O B a J I a ( P M C , 3.1.); O f l W C a H N e ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B M G BbIqMCJINTeJIbHOrO X a p a K T e p a I I O M e W a I O T B I IpRMO)TO, lbHWK ( P W C 3.2) . U a r M CXeMbI 0 6 b 1 9 ~ 0 BblIIOJIHRIOTCR C B e P X Y BHW3.

PUC. 3. 1. C t i h l ~ 0 : l b l CXCM ; I ~ l l ' O P l l l b l l ) U , 0 6 0 3 ~ 3 -

L l a K l u i t i e I I ~ ~ ~ ~ J I O H K o H e u I l p o r p a M b j I , I

TO H a f l p a B J I e H M e n B W X e H b i R M O X e T N3MeHMTbCR, eCJIM B C T p e T N T C R

C T p e J I K a NJIN CWMBOJI BeTBJIeHMR.

O T M ~ T N M , q T O B C X e M a X ;IJIrOPWTMOB p a 3 p e l l l e H O 3 a 1 1 u c b l U a T b

B b l p a x e H w R Buns 22 une y 3 , XOTR B l l a c ~ a ~ e O I ~ M H e ~ 0 1 1 y c T N M b l .

B C X e M a X a J I r O p U T M O B M O X H O I I P M M e H H T b ~1106b1e M a ~ e ~ a ~ M 4 e c K M e

CMMBOJIbl, HaII [ )NMeP 3 H a K K B a f i P a T H O r O KOPHR Li.flN 3 H a K MOJ)JIH ( 1 Y I 1 .

I Ha CaMOM nene Z f l R CXCM a f l l O p H T M O B p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b l ti A e A c ~ ~ y t o l ~ e ~ l y H a p o f l -

H b l e C T a H n a p T b I ( M C O ) , npHMeHHt'Mblc €30 H C e V Mt ip? B CCCP BOlTpOCbI o @ o ~ M J I C H H ~ ~

CXeM a f l r O p t i T M O B p e l n a M C H T W p O B a H L l r O C y J a p C T B e H H b l M W C T a H n a p T a M t i rOCT 19 002-80 ti rOCT 19 003-80 - f l p ~ ~ ~ e r nep

K ~ K I I O K a 3 a H O H a PNC. 3.3, AJIR ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ e ~ w ~ BeTBJIeHMR, ll.rlli

B O n p O C a , I I p N M e H R e T C R p o ~ 6 C n B y M R B b I X O ~ R L U N M N JIMHMRMN,

O n H Y N 3 KOTOpblX flOM$q;lH)T CJIOBOM cc,Ll,a>>, a npyrym - CJIOBOM c c H e ~ > > .

PUC. 3.4 C t i ~ B 0 J I b l CXCM aJ lTOPt lTMOB, 0 6 0 3 -

H a q a M l U l l ? O n e p a U t i t l B B O l a - B b l B O l a

I l o n p o 6 y e n l p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b c x e M y a n r o p M T M a nnn s a n a s ~ 1 TO U a C T I l a M H € ' K o T o ~ ~ ~ ~ OIIbIT M IIOMO%eT B C O C T a B J e H N N CXeMbl

A n R sauasu 3. O ~ ~ I ~ H O C H a q a n a c o c T a B . n R m T c x e M y a n r o p w - r M a ,

h 3 a T e M nNLUyT C a M y I I p O r p a M M y , MbI Xe 6 y ~ e ~ A ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ B

O ~ P ~ T H O M n O P R A K e , T a K K a K XOTNM H a 3 H a K O M O M I I P N M e P e f l O K a 3 a T b ,

TO c060ii n p e n c T a B n R e T c x e M a a n r o p w T M a (pec. 3.5.)

- sqnumber := number'

I OTne~aTaTb

number H sqnumber

I I

number := number + 1

Puc. 3 5 . C x e ~ a a n r o p n T M a nnn s a n a q ~ 1

r ,

3 a ~ e T b T e , C X e M a O q e H b H a n O M W H a e T H a U Y I l p O r p a M M y B ee OKOH-

q a T e J I b H O M B H A e , HO H e H A e H T U s H a efi. H a n p u ~ e p , B C X e M y a J I r O p H T M a

K O M M e H T a P H H H O ~ % R B J I ~ H H R O ~ ~ I ~ H O H e ~ ~ ~ l l o q a l o ~ ' . ~ O J ~ ~ U I N H C T B O H e n p O r p a M M H C T O B C K a 3 a J I H 6 6 1 , YTO UM I I p O U e p a 3 0 6 p a T b c R B

c x e M e , H e x e n n B n p o r p a r y M e . 3 ~ a q u ~ , c x e M a a n r o p n T M a M o m e T

C J I Y X H T b n y T e B O A H T e J I e M TOMY, K T 0 f l b 1 T a e T C R f l P O C J I e A H T b J I O r H K Y

n p O r p a M M b 1 . O T M ~ T H M T a K X e , q T O H a 3~0fi C X e M e , K a K @ ~ K T N ~ ~ C K M

H H a ~11060k C X e M e a J I r O P H T M a , H M e e T C R n y T b , B e A y u l ~ f i K f l O C J I e A H e M y

ee wary, T. e. K c M M B o n y STOP.

Tenepb MM 3 a f i ~ e ~ c R C O C T a B J l e H H e M CXeMbI AJIR 3 a A a q H 0 H a w c n e H n n 3apnna~b1 H y x e s a ~ e ~ HCXOAR ~3 3~0fi c x e m H a n n w e M n p o r p a m y H a i l a c ~ a n e . C sero H a q a T b c o c T a s n e H n e c x e ~ b ~ ? Pa- s y ~ e e ~ c n , c c a M a o n a START. A nanbue? C o r n a c ~ o @ O ~ M ~ A H ~ O B K ~

3 a A a q H T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R C Y H T a T b A a H H b I e , C O A e p X a L L I H e HMR C J I Y X a U e r O ,

q H C J I 0 O T P ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ I X HM Y a C O B H p a 3 M e p C T a B K H . C Y U ~ C T B Y ~ T JIH K ~ K O ~ ~ - H U ~ Y A ~ ~ I I e q H a J I b ~ b l f i r p a @ k i Y e c K H f i CUMBOJl AJIR ~306- P a X e H U R B B O A a A ~ H H ~ I X ? Aa, CUMBOJI B B O A a . Bb16pa~ n O A X O A R U H e

H M e H a I I e p e M e H H b l X - name, hours H rate ( H M R , q a C b l , C T ~ B K ~ ) , - M ~ I M o x e M u 3 0 6 p a 3 n ~ b BBOA B B n A e n a p a n n e n o r p a M M a , K a K n o K a -

3 a H O H a P H C . 3.6a. Hanee T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R Bbl l lHCJIHTb H e A e J I b H y l o

3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ y l 0 n J I a T y C J I y X a U e r O . TOT W a r H J I J I l o C T P H P y e T PHC. 3.66.

name, hours, rate

1 Pay := hours rate I

' Ha CaMOM nene KOMMeHTaPHH XapaKTepHbl nnfl CXeM aJrOpHTMOB; nnfl H W X n a x e npenycMoTpeH cneunanb~brir cnMaon. - n p u ~ e r . nep.

108

B C X e M a X a J I r O p H T M O B O I I e p a l l H l o Y M H O X e H H R M O X H O ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ a ~ b 3 H a K O M X HJlH 3 H a K O M *. H ~ ~ O M H N M , C X e M M a J I r O P H T M O B M M CTPOHM H C K J l l o q H T e J I b H O p a y C O ~ C T B ~ H H O C O Y A O ~ C T B ~ , n B P a M K a X H e M -

H O r H X n P O C T b I X A O ~ O B O P ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ M O X e M H C f l O J I b 3 0 B a T b n l o 6 b 1 e M a -

T e M a T N 9 e C K H e CHMBOJIM, K O T O P b I e C 0 9 T e M e C T e C T B e H H b l M H B TO^ HJlH : HHOG c x e M e . Tenepb ~ 3 0 6 p a 3 n ~ n e q a T b A a H H b I x o c n y m a u e M ( K ~ K ~ R . r e O M e T p H q e C K a R @ H r y p a H a M ~ ~ O H ~ A O ~ H T C R ? ) . H ~ K O H ~ U , H a p H C y e M

. C T p e J I K y , n O K a 3 b l B a l o U y l o , q T O H y X H O B e P H Y T b C R H a 3 a A C T e M ,

q ~ 0 6 b 1 C q M T a T b HOBYlO CTPOKY A a H H b I X 0 C J I e A y l o U e M C J I y X a U e M .

n e p B b 1 f i B a p H a H T C X e M b l a J I r O p H T M a AJIR ~ a L U e f i I l p O r p a M M b I n O K a -

3 a H H a pwc. 3.7.

- P

Beecru name, hours, rate

I pay := hours ra te

I Omewrarb

see nepeueme

- I

B C X e M e n 0 K a e C T b c e p b e 3 ~ M f i H e A O C T a T O K - B ~ e k OTCYT-

c T B y e T s a~epwa louu f i war, n p e n c ~ a a n e ~ ~ b ~ i i c n M B o n o M STOP. M H ~ I - MU CJIOBaMH, y H a C OTCYTCTBYeT IIYTb, ~ e f l y ~ t l f i K O K O H q a H H l o I I p O r p a M -

MM. B K ~ K O ~ M O M e H T 3 a B e P U I U T b ~ P O ~ P ~ M M Y ? MbI A O J I X H M OCTBHO-

BHTbCH, K O r A a H e O C T a H e T C R HH O n H O r O C J I y X a U e r O , H H @ O P M ~ U H ~ ~ 0

KOTOPOM H ~ O ~ X O A U M O C q U T a T b , T. e. K O r A a B B O A H M M e A a H H b l e 6 y ~ y ~ n c q e p n a H b 1 .

x x 6,s

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program prob3(input,output);

B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e cnoBa input u output XOTR u MOXHO noMeqaTb

B 3arOJIOBOK, HO AeJlaTb 3T0 He 06~3aTe~bH0. H U TO, H U ApyrOe CJIOBO B 3arOJIOBOK Hauleii IlpOrpaMMbl BKAlOqaTb He 6 y n e ~ .

Hepeiine~ K o n u c a ~ e n b ~ o i i qacTu nporpaMMb1. Ha TOM

3Tane MbI nOJIXHb1 PeulUTb, K a K U e ITepeMeHHbIe H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O 06bFlB~Tb.

XOTR cxeMa anropuTMa R B H O Huqero He ~ O B O P U T 06 O ~ ~ R B J I ~ H U U

nepeMeHHbIX, U3YLLUB ee, MbI MOXeM 3aKuTK)LLUTb, LLTO H a M IIOHaAO-

~ R T C R nepeMeHHble name, hours, rate u pay ( 3 a p a 6 o ~ ~ a ~ n n a ~ a ) . K a ~ u e Tunbl naHHblx cnenyeT U M npennuca~b? H a q ~ e ~ c n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i name. M o x e ~ J I U U M R CJlyXaUerO 6b1~b UenblM LLUCJIOM? K O H ~ L L H O , HeT. A B ~ I U , ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I M ? Toxe HeT. Torna C n p O C U M c e 6 ~ : LLTO eCTb

U M H ? O C T ~ B U B B CTOPOHe ( ~ ) M J I o c o ( ~ ) c K u ~ aCneKT AaHHOrO B O n p O C a , MOXHO CKa3aTb, LLTO U M R - 3TO nPOCTO nOCJleAOBaTeJIbHOCTb ~ Y K B ,

unu , B 6onee o 6 u e ~ cnyqae, nuTep, cpenH K O T O P ~ I X M O ~ Y T BcTpe- LLaTbCR U U U @ P ~ I . H a n p u ~ e p , 'bob' U ' ~ 6 h 1 2 ' - 3T0 A B a U M e H U .

A K a K CKa3aTb 06 3TOM B TePMMHaX Typ60 nacKaJIH?

var name : s t r i ng [ l5 ] ;

TO, '4TO Bbl BUAHTe, CJleAyeT IIOHUMaTb TaK: YLLaCTOK IlaMRTU, OTBeneH- AJIR xpaHeHuR ~ H ~ L L ~ H U R n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i name, n o n p a 3 n e n ~ e ~ c ~

Ha 15 ((~Tne.JIeHkifi>>, B KaXnOM U3 KOTOPbIX MOXeT XPaHUTbCR OAHa nuTepa. ( J u ~ e p a TO Bce TO, TO B ~ I MoxeTe ~ a 6 p a ~ b H a Kna- BUaType KOMnbIOTepa, - pa, ~ Y K B ~ , npo6en, TOLLKa U n U K ~ K O ~ - T O

npyroii 3 ~ a ~ . B npunoxeHHu 111 npuseneH nepeqeHb Bcex nuTep Typ60 ~ ~ c K ~ J I R , KOTOPble MOryT 6b1Tb BOCIlPOU3BeneHbI Ha Ilp~HTepe.)

K a x n a ~ nuTepa npencTaBnReT co6oii ~ H ~ L L ~ H U ~ Tuna char ( C M .

n . 3.3.2) - Tun AaHHblX, U M ~ ~ O U C ~ ~ ~ C R B ~110608 B e p C U U ~ ~ C K ~ J H .

Ecnu M ~ I n O M e C T u M B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i name s ~ a q e ~ u e 'Mary Washington', TO C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ K ) U U ~ YLLaCTOK naMRTU 6 y n e ~ BbImRAeTb, K a K n0Ka-

3aHO Ha P U C . 3.9a. OHC CHUM, LLTO UHOrAa MbI 6 y ~ e ~ 0603HaLLaTb npo6en TaK: fi, T. e. CUMBOJIOM b, IlepeLLepKHyTbIM K O C O ~ qep~oii ,

O n H a K O qT06bl Ha6pa~b 3TOT CUMBOJl Ha KJaBClaType,HyXHO HaXaTb

Ha KJlaBUUly anpo6en>>.

A LLTO ~ Y A ~ T , e C J l U ClMR KOPOLLe, LLeM 15 JUT^^? ~ Y C T ~ UMeeTCR U M R 'Mayc, MHKKW', AJlUHa KOTDpOrO TOJlbKO 1 1 J U T e p . AOJIXH~I J I U Mbl U3MeHUTb 06'bRB~leH~e U 3anUCaTb B H e M string [ l l ] ? O T B ~ T npocT. , @ u H ~ , y ~ a 3 b r e a e ~ a ~ B O ~ L R B J I ~ H U U n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i Tuna

String, - 3TO MaKCUMaJlbHaR n*IUHa 3HaqeHIIR naHH0fi nepe~eHH0ii.

~ H ~ L L u T , name MOXeT COnePXaTb 3HaLLeHUe C M ~ K C U M ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ 2.lHtiOll

15 nuTep, Torna K a K ee TeKymee s ~ a q e ~ u e MoxeT 6 b 1 ~ b u Kopoqe.

Ecnu ~ H ~ L L ~ H U ~ , n o d e q a e ~ o e B ~ T Y nepeMeHHym, <<;I.lHHHee>> 15 JWTep, TO ~36b1~0LL~ble JIUTepbl CnpaBa O T ~ ~ ~ C ~ I B ~ D T C H ( ) ' c ~ K ~ K ) T c H ) .

npw O ~ % R B ~ ~ H W U n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i name B Hee Huqero H e 3anucb1- BaeTCR, B 3TOT MOMeHT ee A J U H a PaBHa 0 ' . B pe3yAbTaTe

B ~ I ~ O J I H ~ H U R npennoxeHuH name := 'John' ~ e ~ y r u a ~ nnuHa nepeMea- HOG name CTaHeT ~ ~ B H O G 4. O ~ P ~ T U T ~ B H U M a H U e , B natlle X P a H U T C R

TeKCT 'John', a He 'John ' (LLe~bIpe ~ Y K B ~ I - J, 0, h, fl U O A U H H a A -

UaTb np06en0~) . 3HaqeHUe T e K y ~ e f i nJlUHbI npeMeHHblX Tuna String X ~ ~ H I ~ I C R B cneuuanb~oii ~ q e i i ~ e , p a c n o n o x e ~ ~ o i i B Haqane c ~ p u ~ r a . ' ( B n. 11.3.9 Mbl O ~ C Y A M M , K a K 06paLUaTb~R K ee C O ~ ~ ~ X U M O M ~ . )

name

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

name

~ a ~ c u ~ a n b ~ u i t paavep name

J o h n I I r n l

T e m a r r nnnHa name

puc. 3.9. [ I e p e h t e ~ ~ a ~ T u n a string B l lL l \ lHTl l K O ~ l l l b W l ~ ~ ~ ~ l .

a ) CT[)IIHL. ~ l ~ l ~ ~ l l \ l ~ l . l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l

I J U H b l : 6 ) KOpOTI\IIII

CTPHHI ' (4 . 1 1 i ~ e ~ b l )

I TO H e T a K . B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e 0 6 a f l s . l e ~ u e .1m608 n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i l . l u m b p e 3 e p e 1 1 -

P Y e T H ~ O ~ X O ~ I I M Y ~ ~ 0 6 J l a c ~ b I l a M f l T M (El A a H H O h i C f l ! 4 q a e 16 6 a f i ~ ) , H O ~ U l i a ~ O c i

ee I i H l i U U a f l H 3 a I L l l l l H e n p O U 3 B O n M T . T ~ K N M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , B ~ a 4 a . l b H b l h M O M e H T C O n e p f i U -

M O e ti f l J l M H a n e p e h i e ~ ~ o h flame M O r y T 6 b l ~ b B IIPUHILMIlF KaKMMM Y r O I H O ( ~ . f l l i . h a K

I l[?HHflTO f i e J H K a T H O B b T p a X a T b C f l , ee 3 I l a q e H H e 6 y n e ~ K C ' ~ ~ p e d e , t e K ~ b l , ~ f ) . 9 ~ 0 6 b l

Y C T a H O B M T b B t lanle Hq ' . l eByH, A f l U H y , C J l e A y e T BblIlO.!lHUTb H a 3 H a 4 C H U e I l U / 7 l P := " --

I l p u ~ e ~ . nep. T ~ ~ M H H O M C T P U H Z B H a c T o R u l e M nepesoae 0603~a . r ae~cn n u ~ e i l ~ a f l n o c . l e r r o -

B a T e J l b H O C T b ( ~ ~ o u ~ B o J T ~ H o A , H O K O H ~ ~ H O ~ n J l M H b l ) 3 J l e M e H T O B , TIPeJCTaBJIf lIOII(1IY

co6oh ; i n T e p b r u3 s a j a ~ ~ o r o a . i @ a s ~ i ~ a ( C M . n p e l ~ c ~ i o e n e K P ~ C C K O ~ I ~ I I . ~ . L ; I I I I ~ I ~ )

I l p u ~ e v . nep. I I ; 3 .

6 n a r o n a p ~ 3TOMY M e X a H H 3 M O T C J l e X U B a H U R ~ e ~ y ~ e f i A n U H b l CTPOKU

M O X H O I l p e n C T a E i U T b K a K HeKyK) C T p e J l K y ( ~ a p ~ e p ) , n O C T O R H H 0 Y K a -

~ i , i s a i o u y K ) H a n o c n e n H l o l o s a n o n ~ e ~ ~ y l o nosuqum c T p u H r a (puc. 3.96). B H a l u e M n p u M e p e B ~ O ~ M U M U c 5 no 15 H n q e r o H e n o M e q e H o ;

3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i tlame s a ~ a ~ s ~ s a e ~ c ~ n n03uquu 4, u n1060e 06- p a u e H U e K 3~0fi n e p e M e H H 0 f i 6 y ~ e ~ 0 3 H a l r a T b 0 6 p a ~ e ~ U e TOJIbKO K

3 T H M 4 e T b l p e M n e p B b l M I I 0 3 U U U R M . B n p O U e C C e p a b o ~ b l I I p O r p a M M b l

n . I I U H a n e p e M e ~ H 0 6 flame M O X e T U Y M e H b l L I a T b C R N Y B e J I U 4 U B a T b C R

( B ~ J I o T ~ A 0 M ~ K c u M ~ J I ~ H o ~ ~ ) . K a K YXe r > B O p U n O C b , npo6en - n 0 n y C -

T u M a R n u T e p a C T p u H r a . T a K , ecnu B p a c c ~ a ~ p u ~ a e ~ o i i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i X P ~ H N T C R 3 H a q e H U e ' John ', TO n J I k i H a C T ~ U H ~ ~ p a s ~ a 6; a ecnu B b l n O n -

HUT^ n p e n n o m e H u e name : = ' J ', TO T e K y u a R n n u H a name C T a H e T

p a m a 2.

3.3.2. Tun AaHHblX char

Tun n a H H b 1 X string R B J I R e T C R c n e l l ~ + U 4 e c K o f i oco6ea- HOCTbK) Typ60 ~ ~ C K ~ J H . ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y B C T a H n a P T H O M n a c ~ a n e CTPHHTU

O T C ~ T C T B ~ K I T ~ , B ~ O J ~ U I H H C T B ~ 6onee HOBblX B ~ P C U ~ ~ ~ C K ~ A H , XOTR

U U M e e T C R H e 4 T O I I O X O X e e H a C T P U H r U , HO B K a X n 0 f i U 3 3 T N X

B e p c U 6 R 3 b l K a C T P H H ~ O B ~ I ~ ~ T U n A a H H b I X P e a J I U 3 0 B a H n o - C B O e M y .

O ~ H ~ K O BO B C e X B e P C M R X , B K J I l 0 4 a R C T ~ H ~ ~ P T H ~ I ~ ~ n a c K a J I b , ripe- n y C M O T p e H T u n A a H H b I X char. 3 H a ' l e H U e ~ U e p e ~ e H H ~ f i 3 T O r 0 T u n a

M o m e T 6 b 1 ~ b n 1 0 6 a ~ n u T e p a ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 'a' unu ' ', unu '?'). 0 6 - b ~ ~ n e ~ k i e J I H T ~ ~ H o ~ n e p e ~ e H H 0 f i B b I r J l R n U T C n e n y I O U U M 0 6 ~ ~ 1 3 0 ~ :

var letter : char;

6onee A e T a J I b H O M b l 0 6 c y n u ~ T U n A a H H b l X char B n. 11.5.1 - 1 1.5.2.

~ O M U M O I I e p e ~ e H H o f i name Mbl A O J I X H b I O ~ I B R B U T ~ B H a w e 6 n p o r p a M M e n e p e M e H H b l e hours N rate. ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y M ~ I XOTUM n p o u 3 ~ 0 - A N T b H a n HUMU B b I 4 U C J I e H U R K a K H a A q U C n a M U , OHU H e M O r Y T 6 6 1 ~ b C T p U H r a M U . He IIOAXOAUT AJlR 3 T U X I I e p e M e H H b I X U T U n integer, T a K K a K 3 T 0 0 3 H a 4 a J l 0 6 b 1 , 4 T O B X O n e ~ b l 4 U ~ n e H U f i npo6ab1e 4 a C T U

hours U rate H e 6 y n y ~ I I P U H U M a T b C R B O B H U M a H U e . MX C J l e n y e T

O ~ ~ R B U T ~ I I e P e M e H H b l M H T u n a real.

var hours,rate,pay : real;

' P0nb CTPAHrOB ( @ W K C H P O B ~ H H O ~ n n U ~ b l ) B C T a H n a p T H O M n a c ~ a n e BblIlOnHfllOT

n e p e M e H H N e T u n a packed array of char - L ' p u ~ e r . nep.

114

! h i A + i t > i I , , I I l : , l (~FI i lR Ha:i!elt I I p O T p a M M b I . ~ ~ M ~ T H M ,

I q T 0 O ~ E H B , ' : VMt' C l p H t i T o R t r A I I ~ P ~ M ~ H H O ~ PZCnOJIOXI@MO H e H a ~ 0 f i

I He c rpTjit , ro o51,qri 1 1 1 1 1 n I I c p e b i e H x b 1 X I i l l l a real. T a ~ o e pacno- u *

I , 0 1 1 o ( l h ' i t 3 ; l C i i h l ! 9 ) lt 'ttt, ) , ~ c ~ F I o , O H 0 n e J I a e T A e K J I a p a T U B H y J O

cet<llr- lc ~ a ~ u c u n p o r p a h i \ l b l 6n~1ee x a r n n a ~ o i i . A B ~ unn n a x e H e - ,;, n C [ ) f ? M ~ ' H f + t l V ( ::[(. (, rr!n't ~ 1 O X H O 0 6 3 R ~ N ~ b B 0 ~ ~ 0 6 C T p O K e ,

1 r : I K a h t.16t=$ld5''r16:*' f f t ) t V ? t l H b l X P a 3 H b I X T U n O B B C e T n a p e K 0 -

1 1 1 ,t+:,r \ 9 rpoxax. .,? t + L!t'l'.Li ll<*'.!t ~ i , ,

var :;ai.lc : strinq: 151 ; :~c ,a r :~~~:a t : -~ ; ; :~ , : : re-i: :

I ' 3 1.. * 1 : I I ' + iCFc:leH TOJlbKO O n I l H U I a T CXeMbI , 1 *

r c % I / , ~ l r ' l l H l d ! ~ ( % a ,tc r T o ~ q a z s a i ~ e c b , HeJIb?FI c ~ e n a ~ b Dct' LpajY i't lllllt ,-, I ' ' L ! , :: ' j f l u U M U l a T O M . OH COCTOUT B C 4 U -

TIdddH1111 MMt'Hl1 ( ! I u I / ! ( ) , KO,IL1[:f'r U;i O T P ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ I X qacdn (hours) ;i c r a B K i i ( r a t $ ) L I; x.aurc.;.c I. 4 a T b B n a c ~ a n e o c y q e c r n j i n e T c , l

rip, \ , l o > K e F U R k ~ l V ,~lr f :( It "i'~'';, a BOT n J l R B B O A a ( C ~ N T ~ I B ~ H U R ) 1 ) i 3 I r r 1 t i od u readln. B npennoxe,rwu C ~ M T ~ I -

B ~ ~ ~ I I R ~ , ) B o r ~ ~ d ( , I I Y rz,l.!in) c o n p o B o x n a e T c R CnVCKOM 1IhfeH

n e P e h I e > i H b l X , R KOTOPbl? t 4 U T b I B a I O T C R 3 H a 4 e H U R . O ~ H M M npeano- Xf-hb'eY M O X H O B R t ' l I t 3:-l2'lPHHR B HeCKOJlbKO n e p e M e H H b I X , a M d r K l i c ~ 1 0 ~ l L h 0 FI c tTl 1 ! : ~ [ ) O ' ~ l e l I I l j I O ; 3 T 0 3 a B U C U T 01 TOTO, K a K M ~ I P J O ~ ~ ~ ~ C M C R B D C I ~ ~ ! T ~ , 1 3 ~ 1 1 1 b l C I ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ T e x H u q e c K u e a e T a n u

B H O A d J a H H b l Y B T)j)Ac) I l r ? ~ K ; 1 . 7 ? a O B O n b H 0 C n O X H b l , nonpo6~oe p;lc 1 'dOT[C11il(. 31. 1.. x 3 -!!,I ~)T.IOXUM no n. 3 5 3. CeEisac HE. t l : I M CI~lilfiH;) Il l . ~ i ~ ) : . l r l l b ) P T a H U 3 a U H I O B B O n a A a H H b I X B np0-

YenOBeKOM pa6o~aroqeii I I p O r p a M M e , M O X e T B a P b H P O B a T b C R B 38-

BHCHMOCTH OT T e X HJlH HHMX pe3yJlbTaTOB. KOTOPMe O H a y C n e n a

K T e K Y U e M Y MOMeHTY BbIBeCTN H a 3 K P a H . M ~ T O A NHTePaKTHBHOrO

B ~ ~ H M O A ~ ~ ~ C T B N R n 0 3 B O n R e T C O 3 A a B a T b , H a n p H M e p , N r p O B b l e np0- r P a M M M , AJlR KOTOPbIX K a K pa3 ki X a p a K T e p H a 3aBNCHMOCTb 0 Y e p e A H O r O

O T B e T a H r p O K a OT ~ @ @ ~ K T o B , I lOPOXAeHHbIX er0 npeALdAyWHM OTBeTOM.

M T ~ K , B I I p O r p a M M e 3 Mbl P e l U H n H , YTO ~ Y A ~ M BBOAUTb A a H H b l e

c U a s n a T y p M , n p n q e M ~ a m ~ b ~ i i pas, K o r n a nporpama sanpauru- B a e T N H @ O P M ~ ~ ( H I O , ~ Y A ~ M BBOAUTb OAHO 3 H a Y e H H e . C ~ H T ~ I B ~ H U ~ o p r a ~ n 3 y e ~ c n o M o q b r o cnenymqnx npennome~nii:

readln (name) ; readln(hours) ; readln (rate)

0 6 p a T N ~ B a I l l e B H H M a H U e H a HeCKOnbKO CYWeCTBeHHblX MOMeHTOB

B ~ c n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ n n n p e ~ n o x e ~ n i i read n readln. B a m ~ o , B KaKOM I lOPRAKe ~ Y A Y T BBOAHTbCR C q H T b I B a e M M e

3HaYeHHR. H a n p n ~ e p , B I I ~ N B ~ A ~ H H o ~ ~ BbI l l l e nOCJleAOBaTeJlbHOCTH

I l p e ~ J l ~ ~ e ~ N f i n e p B b l M BBOAUMbIM 3 H a Y e H N e M A O J I X e H 6 b 1 T b CTPHHr .

3 a T e ~ A O n X H b I 6 b l T b BBeAeHbI A B a 3 H a Y e H H R B qNCnOBOM @ O P M ~ T ~ .

B B O A H M ~ I ~ 3 H a Y e H U R H e T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R 3 a K n I O Y a T b B a n ~ ~ T p ~ @ b l .

B n a c ~ a n e p a s p e u e ~ o n p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ b r ~ a ~ b u e n M e 3 ~ a ~ e ~ n ~ B B e W e C T B e H H M e , HO H e H ~ O ~ O P O T . H a n p n ~ e p , e C n H B HCXOAHMX

AaHHLdX HMeeTCR Y H C n 0 7, ki Mbl CYHTblBaeha er0 B I I e p e M e H H y I o

T h n a real, TO OHO ~ Y A ~ T n p e A c T a B n e H o B B u A e 7. OOOOOOOOOOE + 00. (Ecnn me c q n T a T b YHCJO 3.2 B q e n o q n c . n e H H y m . n e p e M e H H y r o , TO

CHCTeMa BblAaCT coo6we~ne 06 orun6~e B M ~ O J I H ~ H N R . )

~ J ~ M ~ H T ~ I BBOAHMblX AaHHMX H e T p e 6 y e T c R p a 3 A e n R T b T O Y K O ~ ~

c s a n ~ ~ o i i ( n o ~ e ~ y ? ) . BBOAHMO~ 3 H a Y e H H e M O X e T P a C n O n a r a T b C R , H a Y N H a R C nm60ii

n 0 3 H 4 H k i CTPOKH BBOAa BnJlOTb A 0 C a M O r O ee KOHUa ( A J ~ H H ~ CTPOKH ' C O C T a B n R e T 1 2 7 n ~ ~ e p ) .

ECJlki K O M n b I o T e p H e I IOJ lyYaeT HNKaKOrO 3 H a Y e H H R , ~ ~ 0 6 6 1 n o M e c T u T b B n e p e M e H H y m ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , BH H a x a n n H a K J l a B u u y

B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K H BMeCTO TOrO, 4~0661 BBeCTH Y N C ~ O ) , TO 3 H a Y e H H e

c o o ~ ~ e ~ c ~ ~ y r o u e i i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i H e N ~ M ~ H R ~ T C R . Ecnn s T a n e p e M e H H a R e4e H e IIOJlyYHJla HHKaKOrO 3 H a Y e H U R , TO B ~ e f i 6 y ~ e ~ XPaHUTbCR

c o A e p m u M o e m e i i ~ n n a M R T n , O c T a B u e e c R T a M OT n p e ~ ~ ~ y q e i i n p o r p a M M M .

B ~ a ~ 0 f i MOMeHT BBOAHTb AaHHbIe . M H ~ Y ~ K a K MM y 3 H a e M , q T O

M a l l l H H a rOTOBa K C ~ H T M B ~ H U H ~ ? B e ~ b C a M KOMnbIOTeP HNKaK H e

CHrHaJlH3UpyeT 0 TOM, ' I T 0 OH qeTO-TO X A e T . 0 B b l A a Y e H a 3 K P a H

C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ I O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ nOACKa3KH ( K O T O ~ Y D , K a K BM, H a B e p H O e , nOHRnH,

H a 3 M B a t o T T a K X e 3 a n p O C O M H a BBOA A ~ H H ~ I X ) CJ l eAyeT ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T U T ~ C R I I p O r p a M M H C T y . n n ~ 3 T O r O AOCTaTOqHO TeKCT IIOACKa3KN 3 a A a T b

B n p e A n o m e H n n write nnn writeln. Y B H A ~ B sanpoc, Y e n o s e K B s e A e T

T p e 6 y e ~ b I e A a H H b l e , ~ a 6 n p a R NX H a U a B N a T y p e , a I I p e A J l O X e H H e

read (nnn readln) cpasy c q n T a e T nx. P ~ C C M O T ~ H M I ~ ~ o c T o ~ ~ n p U M e p . ~ Y C T ~ T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R H a n N C a T b np0-

r p a M M y AJlR CYUTblBaHHR YUCJla (number) N BMBOAa H a I l e q a T b

p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a ~ o s ~ e n e ~ n ~ ero B K s a A p a T (sqnumber). (He n p a B n a

nu, YTO-TO noxomee B b r n o n H R n a n p o r p a M M a I ? ) n ep~oe , YTO B ~ I

AOJIXHM C A e n a T b , 3 T 0 H a n U C a T b nOACI$a3Ky, coo6~uaroqyro IIOJlb-

3 0 B a T e n r o 0 TOM, q T O H ~ O ~ X O A N M O BBeCTN YUCJl0, KOTOPOe 3 a T e M

6 y ~ e ~ BO3BeAeHO B K B a A p a T .

writeln ( ' IIoxanyfic~a, BBeRHTe uucno. ' )

I readln (number) ; sqnumber := number * number; writeln ( 'Ksanpa~ ' ,number, ' pasen ' , sqnumber)

k A T e n e p b I IOnbITaeMCR 3 a n H C a T b I I p O r p a M M y 3 T a K , 4 ~ 0 6 b 1 C A e J l a T b

@e H H T ~ P ~ K T H B H O ~ ~ . C ~ a Y a J l a Mbl AOJIXHbI ~ 0 0 6 I l l k i T b I IOJ lb30BaTeJ l I0 ,

K O r A a BBOAUTb A a H H M e , KaKOrO X a p a K T e p a A a H H M e AOJ lXHbI 6 b I ~ b

BBeAeHbl N K ~ K O H @ O ~ M ~ T H C n O J l b 3 0 B a T b AJlR HX I lpeACTaBneHZIR. % 3 a T e ~ H a M IIpHAeTCR I I p e A y C M O T p e T b I I e Y a T b ~ a ~ 0 f i - T O nOACKa3KU

1 n e p e A K a m A b l M n p e A n o m e H n e M readln. M H a K o H e s , MM AOJIXHM

C 0 0 6 q k i T b n O J l b 3 0 B a T e n I 0 , q T O RBJIHeTCR CHrHaJIOM OKOHYaHNR AaHHblX. $. f ~ O C K O ~ ~ K ) ' H e BCe A e T a n H , K a C a l o l 4 H e C R @ O ~ M ~ T H ~ O B ~ H H H AaHHMX,

: RCHM, n O K a MbI ~ Y A ~ M H C n O n b 3 0 B a T b CJleAyIOIl lUe I IpOCTble nOACKa3KN.

t writeln ( 'noxanyficra, ssennre @a~unum H HMR. ' ) ; & readln (name) ;

writeln ( 'noxanykcra, BseAHTe o r p a 6 0 r a ~ ~ ~ e uacu. ' ) ; %. readln (hours) ;

writeln ( ' IIoxanykcra, BseAure noqacoaym crasrcy. ' ) ; 9. readln (rate)

Mayc, MHKKH 3 5 . 0

56 14.20

name . . . . . . . ' Mnyc, MKKKU ' hours . . . . . . 3 . 5000000000E-t01 ( C O K ~ ~ U & ~ H H O 3.5E+01) rate . . . . . . . 1.4200000000E+Ol (coiipau;e~~o 1.42E+01)

Cnenymmuii Iram mar COCTOHT B nposeplte, H e RsnRel.cn :!I: OqepenHaR ueencllt1a>l nopL!Mn jlaHHbIx nocnen~eii (T. e. ~ o ~ u e ~ o f i ) . Ti ; 7 : ,

, + , . . ~ l z ~ 3roL.o H Y X H O rIpoBepMrb, tie cojlepxli~ J I U r l e p e M e H H a R nunle

ti!;!!( rl:I3!3C)t3 :ilfai4C'llMe. E:C.'IM 3.1'0 Tali, 'TO O ~ P ~ ~ O T K ~ AaHHbIX AOJIX-

t!a 6bl'ib r r p e ~ p a n ~ e ~ a , e rlpOi.UBllOM cJiyllae ee c~ienyeT nponon- xili 11. T a ~ y m nposepu,y MoncHo 6bu10 6b1 ocyillec,~~u,rb llocpencTRoM npennoxeHrin ii ( i f rrut.rle = 'A6pa~anaGpa'). I-Io senb H a M H Y X H O

He TOJlbKO BblRBMTb COBIIaJeHUe, HO U IIPUHHTb PeuleHUe 0 TOM,

C.;iO.'LyeT Jki IlPOAOJIXaTb o 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ y nadbllle. Bce 3'1.0 yuo6~ee CneJIaTh

tr I!.rir:iie ( ~ ; a ~ o r o rana?) . I Iyc*~ I, Kaxjloe monuMoe aHaqeHue cpasHnsaelcR co s ~ a q e ~ u e ~

',+lLfip2~v.a~:~6p:l'. , L ~ ~ I I ~ c I I ! M L ~ I : . ~ i!~?lla ( I I ~ I I ~ I I M P ~ , 'Mayc, ~ ~ I U K K I I ' ~ i . i l ~ i I ;.~,;IK, I ,i:\0t!3>lbjif) H I I K O I ' , T ~ ~ C O B I I ~ L ~ ~ T c 'ilG]~:i~.::~;[:~6kla', I I O ~ I O M ~

ki?: CqUTblBallUe U o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a 6ynyT npOnO~lXa-rbCR. I'a13o UJ1U noaullo Ii?~!e:'To M M ~ H M c.l\i)Kaulet.c I I O H H I ~ T C ~ I 311it14t'tltit? 'AGpa~ana6pa': u o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a Gyner npeKpaLueHa.

O ~ ~ e r r i v , r ~ ~ : , crpt+r+r 'ABpa~nnaSpa ' n,nrtr nnrrkly, He paeeym 15 jrwrcpay, :<a!< 1.1 Go.nt,!uuticrso ~ H ~ L I ~ ~ H I I ~ , C p a B I 3 M B a e M b l X C H U M . r.. i ypGo I lacliam:, pa3pe111ae~ C ~ : I R H H R ~ T ~ C T ~ U I ~ I . . ~ ~ , ktMe!otuue pa3t1ym ~ ~ { n n q ' ; o,l~~;i~<c! ;iua c.ipriir!;~ 6)':)~ 1-(!:1l>k;U 'iol-J.:l OJMHal<Ol3blVlM,

Korna coBnanyr 1-1 u x conepmmoe, w ~ J I H H ~ I . I ianp~iuep, sHaqeHue 'x' He P a B H O H U ' x', t1U 'X I.

O T M ~ T I I M T ~ K X P , 117.0 C T ! M H ~ W 'AGpa~aaaGpa' pi ' a6pa~anaSpa' IIC! Ofll!HaKOBbI. )LciIci B TOR.".. TITO 11 t!;a3H.?I+URX I l M e H [?a3HkIUbI MeXAy

s a r n a ~ , r ! ~ ~ ~ t + n CTi)Ol:iii,l!ktr; 6yi;1tn:$li :i.!n KOMl[bK,'repa Irer, a B C T ~ U H -

r O B b l X M JlUl.eplrbI:i. 3~asellriii:c Q i ! G!,i:ii '!'!!11413Ci 1:l!'b!3RHbIe U C'TlJOq-

Iible G Y K B ~ I K ~ K pas-lbie .vwrep;,:. (,T. P. '?Lf i l k . pa8Ho I - ' . ) Cnenosar.enb-

HO, nORBneH?ie 3HaqeHUR 'a6pa~ana6pa' He npHBeneT K OKOHqaHHIO [ o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ u naHHblx.

I C n e n a e ~ ewe. O A H ~ BaxHoe s a ~ e q a ~ u e : B TeKcTe nporpaMMb1

3HaWHUe 'A6pa~ana6pa' AOJIXHO 6b1~b 3ankiCaHO OKpYXeHHblM

: ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ ~ M H ( a BOT K a K 3JleMeHT ~ a 6 o p a AaHHblX er0 u306paxam~

K a K pa3 6e3 a n o c ~ p o @ o ~ ) . Ecnu 6b1 CJIOBO Abracadabra' ~ O R B U -

JlOCb 6e3 ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ O B B npOrpaMMe, OH0 6b1no 6b1 UHTepnpeTUpOBaHO

( i toMnbm~ep0~) K a K N M R KaKOTO-TO npOrpaMMHOr0 065eK~a. 3Haqe-

HuRnepeMeHHbrx T u n a string (a TaKxe H TuIla char) B nac~a..rb-npo-

rpaMMe BCerna H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O 3aKJIlOqaTb B ~ ~ O C T P O @ ~ I , B K ~ K O ~

6b1 ponu oHn H e ucnonb3o~anucb: B KaqecTBe nuTepanoB B npenno- ' XeHURX Ha3HaqeHWR, TeKCTa ne.laTaeMOr0 C O O ~ L U ~ H U H , B KaqeCTBe

' CPi3BHUBaeMblX BeJlUqUH HJlH BeJlUqUH, @ H ~ Y P W P Y ~ ~ H X B YCJIOBURX.

' 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ qwcnoaMx nepeMeHHblx ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 4.0 unu 3.7E + 01, I HJ lU -87) 3anUCbIBaTb B ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ ~ X HeJlb3R, TaK K a K ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ ~ I

I I IpUBeAyT K COBepuleHHO U H O G U X UHTePIIpeTaUUU. (Ka~of i? P ~ C C M O T - PUT'? TeKCT '4.OT.)

Ecnu nocnenHee cquTaHHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e name - He KoHueaoe, TO

IIpOrpaMMa OKaXeTCR H a BeTBU, I I o M ~ . ~ ~ H H o ~ ~ B C X e M e CJIOBOM <<Her>. Mbl IIOAOUIJIU K lllary, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ 3aKJllOqaeTCR B Bbl'lUCjleHUH 3HaqeHUR

pay (~enepb C T a H o a u T c R RCHO, noqeMy B pay Huqero He c . ~ u ~ b ~ a a n o c s ) .

pay := hours * r a t e

KaK Bbl IIOJlaraeTe, U3MeHUTCR ~ T O - H N ~ ~ A ~ , eCJlU B I I P ~ B o ~ q a C T H

IIpeAJIOXeHMR Ha3HaqeHMR UCllOJlb30BaTb BbIpaXeHMe rate * hour3

Terrepb cnenyer HaneqaTaTb u ~ @ o p ~ a u u m o CnymaueM A0 C H X nop Mbl He 06cyxnanu AeTaJlbHO, qTO U M e H H O H B K ~ K O U @0pMe

B ~ I B O A U T ~ H a neqaTb. C n e n a e ~ TO ceiiqac. K o ~ e q ~ o )KC%, Ha IIeqaTb H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O BbIBeCTH pa3Mep HeneJIb~ofi 3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ 0 t ? nJIaTb1

CJlyXalUerO. HO 6bl~10 6b1 ~ ~ C C M ~ I C J I ~ H H O BblBOAUTb BeJlUqHHY 3ap-

IIJlaTbl, H e yKa3bIBaR J lUUa , KOTOPOMY OHa n0JlXHa 6blTb BblnJlaqeHa.

n o s ~ o ~ y HaneqaTaTb ~ e o 6 x o n n ~ o H e TonbKo 3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ t i o i i 'pay, HO u U M R cnyxamero (name). K ~ o M ~ Toro, ecnu M ~ I HaneqaTaeM

3HalleHUR n e p e M e H H M X hours H rate, TO TeM CaMblM 0 6 n e r q u ~ ce6e lIpOBepKy npaBUJlbHOCTU pa60~bi IIpOrpaMMbl. A .l~06bl nOJlYqUTb

donee HarJlRnHbIe BMXOAHble naHHHe, BCTaBUM B npenJlOXeHUe

B M B O n a HeKOTOpbIe n0nOJlHUTeJbHble C O O ~ ~ ~ H U R . M c n p o 6 o ~ a ~

' B opnrnrlane conocTaenflloTcn 'Phonyname' - Phonyname. - f7puwer. nep.

I I!)

w r i t e l n ( n a m e ) ; w r i t e l n ( ' O ~ p a 6 o ~ n ~ o ' , hou r s , ' u. C T ~ B K ~ ,

r a t e , ' . 3 a p a G o ~ o ~ , p a y )

O A H ~ K O B03HMKaeT C.le;lYH)lllaR npo6;leva. B COOTBPTCTBI.1M

C nonyqew~oG De2OMOCTbKl 3apll=laTbl CJyXaLUeMy ~ ~ M K K M Maycy flpenCTOUT nOJlyqU'rb qeK Ha BblllJlaTy XaJlOBaHbfl B pa3Mepe

4.9700000000E + 02 ao.-i. T ' a ~ o e - 1 1 3 0 6 p a x e ~ ~ e n e ~ e x ~ o f i C ~ ~ I M ~ I

BPRA JIU IlpkfBeAeT er0 (M.rlM G ~ H K , r.Xe OH X P a H M T CBOM c 6 e p e x e ~ ~ ~ ) B BOCTOPT. I( m a m b a , a nact iaae cynri.cru!7-e-!. B O ~ A I C I ~ K H O C T ~ nesa- TaTb BeLIleCTBeHHble qMC~la B 6od1ee, ilpMBblqHOM AJ5l H a C BMAe - B @ O P M ~ C @ M K C M P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ ' T O ~ K O ~ ~ ' . l T p ~ 11306pa>~eHMM BeueCT-

B e H H O r O w c n a B ,rai<ofi @opn~e ;recni-uqria>~ 1'OqKa pacno:Iarae-rcn t3 TOG n03UUMM, n K O T O P O ~ ~ M h l eC! ytiZl3blBaeM, 3anUCblBaR 3T0 qUCJO

B BNLle 06blqH0fi ~ e ~ S l ~ h ~ l l l 0 i i ill)06l-!. ' j ~ ( ? f J h l Bt?I l leCTUeHHOe ql4CdlO

OK23aJIOCb OTrleqaTaHtlblM B it)0~Me C @ M K C N P O B ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ T O ~ K O ~ ~ , B ripen- JlOXeHMU ~r i t e l t 2 H ~ O ~ X O L ~ N M O yKa3aTb A B e XaPaKTfPMCTMKM: ILlMPMlly

nonR nbIBona (7. e. itOAMqeCTB0 ~ O ~ M I I M ~ ~ , O T B O A M M ~ I X n.m u 3 0 6 p a ~ e -

HPIR naHHoro qucna) M Konwecroo I I O ~ M U U ~ ~ , B ~ p 0 6 ~ 0 i i L I ~ C T I I

( T . e. uu$p, r1eqaraeMbI.x CrrpaBa OT a e c ~ ~ ~ q ~ o i i T O ~ K U ) . OTMCTUM, qTO n03MUMR, H ~ O ~ X O A H M ~ R L ' I R i)a:jMfUeHMR C ~ M O ~ TOqKH, AOJXHa

6 b 1 ~ b yclr.erra B nepsoii ~3 t t a m a ~ ~ ~ b i x x a p a t . ; ~ e p ~ c ~ u ~ : ! Tak, HanpMMep, q~06b1 HaneqaTaTb 311aqellUe rate ( K O J H ~ ~ C T B O O T P ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ ~ X COB) 6 nPNBblqHOM Ann BOCII})MRTMR BMile , Had0 BblnO-IHUTb C~TenyOLuee

npennoitceHne:

w r i t e l n i h o u r s : f;. : 1 j

S t i a r e ~ u e hours ~ ~ , D I ~ C T I ~ T C H E LieTt,lpex n03uu~n,x, KoTopble 6 y ~ y ~ UCnO.lb3O~aHbl C-'le~)~fOLI!,H>T 0 6 6 ~ a 3 0 ~ : El CIAHOG nO3MUMil Pa3MeCTMTCR

AeCRTMqHaR T O q K a , B OCl'aJbHb1,Y TpeX - R M @ P M , COCTaBJlHmUIMe

qucno; npw TOM T O J ~ K O oiixa uu@pa 6 y n e ~ 3a11uca~a cnpana OT l l e c ~ ~ n q ~ o i i .rOqKII. 'HallpM~ep. ecJrn B hours cO,.lepXMTCfl 3 ~ a q e k l ~ e

15300000000E + 01, T- 6y~:er l!nnaciaraiio 15.3. 3 ; l a q e ~ ~ e npo6~of i qaCTM IIO.rlYqafA"l'R OI<(.ij.l'.'it3!lqeM ~li<iliillfX AeCIITMqtIblS Pa3PRAOB, T a K

LIT0 eCnU a hours Xpatlknra I .i:IF,OC0000OE, To RalIClqilTaHO 6 y q e ~ 15.4. Tenepb M O x t J O yl'9.liillTi,. Ki i ! i nocTyn2leT Kovnsnnrop Typdo

nacnann , ecnN npli aolrose nciilecrselll~oro qwcna wupnHa nonn ~ o o 6 u l e 1le a a n a ~ a . 110 ~ M O ~ T ~ I ~ H I I I O O T B O ~ F I T C R none wnpuHoR B I8 noslruuii, rAe M p a s ~ e u l a e ~ c ~ 3 : { a q e ~ ~ e , npeZcTasneHHoe B ~ K C ~ O -

--

I y H a C nPIIH>ITIJ TOHf1PHl.t "C $ l l i i ~ ~ ~ ~ f J ~ ~ l l t l ~ ~ ~3aliri~Ofi~>, H O rlOCKO.'lbKy IIeqaTaeTCR B C e - T a K H T O q K a . \TI>I COX.[)2!ll5lt'11 ~ M ~ ~ K K R I ~ N ? ! ~ ~ ~ ) R ; ~ H I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T?i) \ l l fb . - f / p f l ~ e ~ . nep.

' C J C . ~ ~ : T yLlnT~,11~:irb ~ d h * < , II(I.~IILI;IW 1.n ~ : I J \ ~ ~ I I : ~ F < H R M ~ I I I ~ C ~ , ~ L ~ I I n o c v b ~ c ~ i y : : a , ~ a ~ r ~ oolhrox~ro no;ro.lc.~~ic o~pi~u;~rc.~b~chrx , < t ~ a ~ c ~ r ~ ~ r i r . - ~ I P I I M P Y . nep.

.I $ HeHuUaJlbHOH !$0phlt?, ylia3aHHOe LlklCJO ~0.3llUll~i yqHTHBaeT 0dllH

I, n p o 6 e ~ u e s a ( ~ a 3 5 , l ~ a e ~ b i i l . ~ l r f l u p y t o m ~ ~ ) ' u noswu~to a.'ln .rHatia

- MMHYC (ecJIU qkiCJ0 OyaXel L-R 0~pUua~e~b l ib lM) .

KaK caenaTb, .II 06b1 3 ~ a q e ~ 1 l e rate 6b1d10 IianeqaTaHo B BuJe 12.357

M ~ a q e r O B O p H . H a k t H ~ X H O , qT06b1 s ~ a q e ~ ~ e rate 6b1no npencTas.leHo q e ~ b ~ p b ~ n U M $ I P ~ M I I . ,me c13 K O T O P ~ I X pacnonara.lncb cnpaea OT

f i e cn~uq~of i T O ~ K I I M ~ I I I O J I ~ ~ M M xenaewoe u306paxe~lle . ec.iM BbInOAHMM CJlefi>Kllllee npefi.70XtieHMe ( B H e M A.1H TOLIKM npeAjc- MOTpeHa O n H a AOnOJlHllTe.rlbHaH n 0 3 l ~ ~ l l ~ ) :

Ec.lp sHaqetrwe r ~ e p e h t e ~ l ~ ~ o i : ~ rurr pasilo 1.2350OUOi)liOE + 01, TO

HaneqaTaHo 6 y l e ~ 12.35. . 4~a t l o r -uq~o s ~ a q e t ~ ~ i e P L I L I 5tb1 6b1 xoTedqM

HalIeqilTiITb, pZiC110..10il<UB ,lUe l ~ . ~ ~ I ) t ) p b l IlOCilL' .~~L'~.~l!qkiOii IOqtill k I

MCnO,'Ib30BaR BCer,? CeNb 110311~U~ J.1R U H ~ P , COL 'TaBd l f l~UI1 lX

~HC: IO , a TaKxe e q e O J H ~ n03~uu10 2;In c a ~ o i i T O ~ I K M . YqMTbi~afi

I 3TM T P ~ ~ O B ~ H I I R , M b l T1pM:LeR.: K c . i e ~ y w ~ u e h O t i ~ t l ~ l a ~ e . ~ b ~ ~ ~ i B e p C H M

npen;~ojticl~~r~ii nt.tla rrl:

w r i t e l n ( n a n e ) ; w r i t e l n ( ' O ~ p a 6 0 ~ a ~ o ' , hours : 4 : 1, ' 4. C ~ a s x a ' ,

ra te : 5 : 2 , ' . 3 a p a 6 o ~ ~ x ' ,pay : 8 : 2 )

n0CTapafiTeCb n0AHOCTbto yRCHUTb fi.IR ~ e 6 ~ , qTO 6 y u e ~ HaneqaTallO

,- B pe3yJIbTaTe BblIl0;llteHkIR 3'rllk ll!)e.l:!uxie~ilil O ~ P ~ T U T ~ BHMklaHUe % Ha npo6enb1 B liaqa=le M B KoHUe tiaitcfloro reKcToBoro ~ J I ~ M ~ H T ~ . L '

",OHM HYXHbl n.1153 TOI.0, L I T O ~ ~ I OTAejlUTb TeKCT OT CTORULeI.0 PRAOM ..,a.

a S H ~ ~ ~ H M R r r e p e ~ e ~ ~ o t i . ~ T M npo6enbr BbIsonRTcR Ha neqa-rb. nonpo- f 6 y i i ~ e BblnOJHMTb AaHHOe flpeA.rlOitceHUe, y 6 p a ~ yKa3aHHble np06enb1,

I u B ~ I cpa3y n o f i ~ e ~ e , s a q e ~ O H M H ~ X H ~ I . ;!>

:i Bee nu npo6enb1 B coo6~uekr~nx H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ H M ~ I ? He.lb354 JIM OT

K a K U X - T O np06e,loB O T K ~ ~ ~ T ~ C F I ? M o m ~ o . fi:lH 3TOI.O ,TOCTaTOqHO \@

-'; ,;., ..., neqaTaTb Ll!lC'.la B !10.'IRX 1Ik'Ci;O:IbtiO !.13~!ktqeli~~fl IUMPllHbl. EC~IIZ lllMPMHa llO.JlR IlpeHblTAi1~T pali'klcp BbiBO~:l\l9rO ql4C,la, TO qMCJ0 ;s:

ill. $+>

B ~ I ~ ~ B H I I B ~ ~ T ~ H rro npaeoii r-pali~rue o - r ~ e ! l e n ~ o r o 1.121 ~ e r o no.?^

(np14 3TOM 1136blT0q~b1e 1103MI:HlI C:ICBa 3;l!iO;lHflh?TCR npo6e:1a~11). $ Y K a i a ~ ~ b l l ? IIplIk'M \lOXllO IlCllOlb3ORaTk~ 1.14 i l O l > ~ ' l e l i i l R 60 ,~ee Ha- *' ,. I.JlRJHOTO Bbl.YO~lIO~0 ,TO1<)'Rlt:llT;l, D KOTOpc)rA JatlllblC 6 y i y ~ I)aC11(1.10-

xetIbl B C T O L I ~ L ~ ~ X , a cj:oBa i)T~t'.'~t?tll-i OT LI~ICC.-I I I ~ O ~ C ~ : I ~ S ~ I I . nosticnr- pUhfeHTUpy~i~t?. 14 B ~ I HellpCMet!tlO 11aG;leTe 11a:i60.~ec no~xozizlruuh

~a mam s r n ~ , x $ c i p ~ a r . IYllpUtly nO.IR 3b:BO:La .l.lO%HO )'lia3blBaTb He TO,lbi\O 2.1R AaHHblX

TMrla real, tio 11 flU7n ,aaHr;bls T u n a irztrgcr w string. EC,I~I pasMep

n 0 J R H e y K a 3 a H , T O A J l R n e q a T W K a K C T P N H T O B O r O , T a K U U e J I O q N C J l e H -

H O r O 3 H a Y e H N R , K O M n H J I R T O p Typ60 ~ ~ C K ~ A R B M n e J l N T CTOJIbKO

n03~ukifi, C K O J b K O UH@P W ( W J W ) ~ Y K B O H 0 C O A ~ ~ X ~ T * , H e

n o 6 a ~ n ~ ~ npo6eno~ HN C O A H O ~ ~ , HH C ~ p y r 0 f i CTOpOHbl . Y K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ H I U H P H H Y n O J R B b I B O A a , MbI M O X e M n e q a T a T b q N C J I a W C T P N H r H B 3 a ~ a ~ - HOM 4 N C J l e i l 0 3 ~ ~ ~ f i , I IpMYeM C B b t P a B H N B a H N e M no n p a ~ 0 f i r p a H H u e

O T B ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ O n p O C T p a H C T B a . ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ y U e J b I X qWCeJl N C T P H H r O B

H e T npo6~ofi qaCTI.1, T O q~06b1 3 a A a T b n O J l e B b l B O f l a A n R COOTBeTCT-

~ y r o q e k n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ f i , n O C T a T O q H 0 y K a 3 a T b T O n b K O O n H y X a p a K T e -

PHCTNKY - ~ N C J O n03nunfi, O T B O A A M ~ I X AJIR n e q a T n ee s ~ a q e ~ u i i . H a n p n ~ e p , ecnn n e p e M e H H a R name 0 6 a ~ ~ n e ~ a c T n n o M string [6], a n e p e M e H H a R number - c T n n o M integer, u M ~ I XOTNM H a n e q a T a T b

3 ~ a q e ~ n e name B necmn n o 3 n u n ~ x , a s ~ a q e ~ n e number - B q e m - pex, TO c n e n y e T B b r n o n H u T b T a K o e npennomeane:

A TO npon30fine~, ecnn p a 3 ~ e p n o n R B t m o n a 3 a ~ a ~ ~ e ~ e p ~ o ? Ecnn n e q a T a e T c R uenoe qncno, n y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ a ~ r I I n p n t i a no.!rH

M e H b L U e H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O ~ ~ , TO K O M n b m T e p a B T O M a T N q e C K N YCTat IOBUT

U I H P H H Y n O J R P ~ B H O ~ B TOqHOCTH A J l N H e q H C J I a . ( H ~ ~ O M H H M , q T O

3 H a K <<MWHYC>> 3 a H k I M a e T O A H y I I O ~ W U N I O . ) ~ Y C T ~ , H a n p H M e p , 3 H a ' I e H N e

number pamo -237, T o r n a n p e n n o m e H u e

writeln ( Iqucno paBHO1, number: 2 , ' ~ o ~ e q l )

E C ~ A A O J X H O 6 b l ~ b H a n e q a T a H O B e t u e C T B e H H O e qHC,'IO, U MbI

y K a 3 b I B a e M TOJIbKO 06wyro I U H P W H y n O n R B b I B O A a , T O 4UCv'10 6 y n e ~ H a n e q a T a H O B ~ K c I I o H ~ H ~ N ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ @ O P M ~ . M H H U M ~ ~ ~ H ~ R I l l N P U H a

nOJIH n n R n e Y a T H U e U e C T B e H H b I X YHCeJI B ~ K C ~ O H ~ H U H ~ J I ~ H O A ~ O P M ~ a B T O M a T A 4 e C K U Y C T a H a B J I H B a e T C R p a ~ ~ o f i 7 (AJIR I I O J O X N T e J I b H b I X

qncen) nnn 8 ( n n ~ o ~ p n s a ~ e n b ~ b r x ) . TO npon30iine~, ecnn B npo- r p a M M e 3 a n a H a I U A P H H a n O J I R B b I B O A a , P a B H a H C e M N HJIH M e H b L U e M y

qncny no3nquii. B c n y q a s l x , K o r n a qncno, xapa~~epn3yroulee ~ r n p n ~ y

n o n s l , n o n a n e T B O T P ~ ~ O K OT 7 no 18, c n p a B a OT n e c ~ ~ n q ~ o f i TO'IKH y C T a H a B J I H B a e T C R T a K O e K O J H . l e C T B 0 I ~ o ~ H u N ~ ~ , 9 ~ 0 6 6 1 CYM-

* Bonee T O ~ H O : U . . . C K O ~ ~ K O neTep ... n. - I 7 p u ~ e u . nep

122

writeln(138.87:6) H;rlet:aTar.r 1.4Ei02 writeln(136.87:7) trsnctrdTaer 1.4Ft02 writeln (138.57:8) HanesaTaeT 1.39Et02 writeln(138.87: 13) HaneuaTaeT 1.3887000E+02 writeln(138.87: 18) HaneqaTrieT 1.3~8700000GE+CT.' writeln(138.87: 20) ~ a n e v a r a e ~ 1. 3es7o(:1oo.?;..:.;i?..:

A J I R O T p H ~ a T f ? j l b l l b l X 'iI1CtfJl 3 l i a K hlj-;l:J'C 3 i i i I i iRlhZ' l ' O,?li)' !il: X!,IfiC-

3 e H H b I X n 0 3 ~ ~ l l A . Etue pa3 I l a n O M H l l h f , q70 ~ P i ~ U b f a J I b i i b l i f p a 3 h I c p

n o m n n R B L i n o A a o ~ p t l r j a ~ e . ~ ~ ~ ~ u r o l l u c n a p a n e l l U O C ~ ~ I I ~ . H a : : p : i ~ c ~ :

E r . 7 ~ H L I H e xO.r!1rC. : : ~ i i 6 b 1 II:.iC.:IO Fili!,7c ~iL1n(:l-!a'raii i , !! ?:;i.no[!i,!i;!!a::.,-

HOG I $ o ~ M ~ , C.llt'2pi.T y ; < 2 3 a T h !? Q ~ ! X : J W II!!ipil;l!: n O A Z E:i:73022,

n elUCZ2O 1103kil l i lh, CJTROfiHMblX: &iiR 317ni iCl l ero n p n 6 ~ 0 ~ :IaCi.il.

h q e ~ f f R 3 H a 1 1 e H N R 3Ti1X X a p a l i ' r c I ) P I C T H K , Hh: CXIO>:.<C'TF3 H:?~!T?!!;~T?T!,

OAtIO H T O Xe Bell!~CTIll2!I!lO€ LlNC.,IO ~ O - ~ : i ? I I O ' l ~ ' .

E c n r i M ~ I s a A a . n i i B r r p o r p a M a r e . ~ n : ! p ! i i i y lrojl>I i:t~:i~,iz i ' . ~ : ! i i l ~ i o ? ~

M ~ J I ~ H ~ K o ~ ~ , T O K O M n b t O T e p a B T O M a T M L I e C K i i J'CT3HOBIlT et? p a ~ l l o f i

n n u H e y n c n a . H a n p 1 4 h % e p , BOT TO n o . n j r I i M T c n , ec.nri nonp2dor:zri H a n e q a T a T b R e i l l e c . r B c I I H o e ~ I ~ ! C ; I O 138.87 B I $ o p h ~ a ~ e 4:2 {Tor31 K a K T P ~ ~ Y ~ T C R @ O p t J a ~ 612) :

Tenepb, Korna M ~ I .pacc~asann o TOM, KaK neqaTaTb BeqeCTBeHHMe qHCna, BepHeMCR K PeUIeHHlO 3anaqH 3. B CXeMe anropnma I I O K ~ ~ ~ H O , TO nocne Toro, KaK HaneqaTaHM pe3ynb~a~b1, H ~ O ~ X O A H M O BepHyTbCH Ha3aA H CqHTaTb HOBYH) CTPOKY AaHHblX. TO 03HaqaeT, qTO H I M ~ O T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C H UUU. MOXHO Jlki BOCnOnb30- BaTbCR K O H C T P Y K U H ~ ~ ~ for? H ~ T . UHKJOM for 06blq~0 IIOJlb3ylOTCR TaM, rAe HyXHO reHepHpOBaTb nOCJIeAOBaTeJlbHOCTb CBH3aHHblX Mexny co6ofi qscen. B nporpaMMe 3 Kaxnasr nopunsr naHHblx B HeKOTOPOM CMbICJle COBePUleHHO He3aBHCkiMa, n03TOMy KOHCTPYKUUH for o~a3blsae~csr 6ecnone3nofi. K ~ K x e o p r a ~ n 3 0 s a ~ b nnsr ~ a x n o i i rpynnM AaHHMX BblnOJHeHMe OAHHX H TeX Xe A ~ ~ ~ C T B H # (CqHTbIBaHUe naHHHX N BMqHCJleHkie 3HaqeHHR IIepeMeHH~ii pay) ? Bocnonb3ye~csr nnsr peureHnsr ~allrefi sanaqn unKnoM while.

npe>tcne BCerO PaCCMOTPHM, KaK M O X H O 6bl~10 6b1 IlPHMeHHTb uHKn while nJlH CqUTblBaHHR AaHHblX. B C ~ O M H N M IIpOrpaMMy 2. y~06bI B 3aTOJIOBKe UkiKJla M O X H O 6b1~10 nPOBePHTb 3HaqeHHe nepe- M ~ H H O ~ ~ X , M b l 6b1nn BblHYXAeHbl IIpeABapHTeJIbHO AaTb efi Ha- qanbHoe s ~ a q e ~ n e 0.00. TO HaqanbHoe 3 ~ a q e ~ n e ~ C I I O J I ~ ~ O B ~ J I O C ~ npn nepeoM npoxone Tena unrtna, s a ~ e ~ B Tene unma nepeMeHHasr x nonyqana HOBOe 3HaqeHHe. Te Xe CaMble ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H R HaM H ~ O ~ X O A H M O np0fieJlaTb rl C BBOAUMblM 3HaqeHHeM, a HMeHHO: HHkiuHaJIH3NPOBaTb nepeMenHym BHe unma, s a ~ e ~ H ~ M ~ H R T ~ ee 3 ~ a q e ~ n s r B Tene unma. T a ~ y m CXeMy nefic~snfi HHOrna Ha3blBaloT yuKAOM C ynpewdaloqu~ CYUTblB~HUCM.

P~CCMOTPHM IIpHMep. ~ Y C T ~ B IIpOrpaMMe rpe6ye~csr CqHTblBaTb (u n e q a ~ a ~ b ) qncna no Tex nop, noKa He BcTpeTnTcR s ~ a q e ~ n e , MeHburee nnn paeHoe Hynm. K ~ K TonbKo TO npon30iine~, cnenyeT OTneqaTaTb HeKOTOpOe coo6~ue~ne N IIepefiT~ K Bbln0~lHeHHlO ~ p y r 0 # qaCTH IIpOrpaMMbl. n p n ~ e n e ~ ~ b l f i HMXe u H K J while PelllaeT nOCTaB- nessym sanaqy.

write ln ( ' I loxanyf ic~a. BsenuTe sumo. ' ) ; readln(y) ; while y > 0 do

begin writeln(y) ; writeln ( ' l l oxany l c~a , aaenuTe rlumo. ' ) ; readln (y)

end; ( while ) writeln ( 'Bson w c e n oKoHseH' )

n o r n ~ a ynpexnamqero CqnTblsaHnsr npennonaraeT Hannqne nsyx npennoxe~nii readln - one0 nonxHo 6b1~b pacnonomeHo nepen

' B opuruHane structured read loop. -- npunteu. nep.

124

U U ~ O M , npyroe - B Tene unKna. n o q e ~ y HymHbl nBa npennomeHuH readln,cTaHeT RCHO B xone TpaccnpoBKw n o ~ a s a ~ ~ o r o @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ a . n p e n n o n o x u ~ , TO B~+OARTCH cnenymune naHHMe: 3 7 8 -1.

i n p e n n o x e ~ u e ~ readln, pacnonoxeHHMM BHe unma, CsnTMsaeTcR G qncno 3. n p o e e p ~ a ycnosnR while (y > 0) naeT XncTnHyw, n MH

BXOAHM B unm. n e q a ~ a e ~ c ~ qncno 3. 3 a ~ e ~ B Tene unma npennome- Hue readln csuTMaaeT s ~ a s e ~ n e 7. B o 3 s p a q a e ~ c ~ K s a r o n o ~ ~ y UuKna, me nposepsreTcsr ycJoane y > 0. OHO ncTnHHo. Ha nesaTb BMBOAHTCR s ~ a q e ~ n e 7, a B y cquTtasaeTcsr sumo 8. C H O B ~ nponcxo- AUT B O ~ B P ~ T K 3 a r o n o ~ ~ y unma n npoBepKa 3 ~ a ~ a y. n p o ~ e p ~ a AaeT uncTnHyw, ~ O ~ T O M ~ Ha neqaTb BMBOAATCR 3 ~ a q e ~ n e 8, a B nepe- MeHHyIO Y CqkiTbIBaeTCH - 1. H~IIOMHHM, M M elUe HaXOAHMCH B UUKJle. Oqepen~asr npoaepKa ycnoensr (y > 0) naeT anOXbB, ~ O ~ T O M Y Ten0 uuma nponycKaeTcR, a Ha nesaTb BtmonnTcsr co06qe~ne 06 OKOH- qaHAH BBOAa qkiCeJI (3aMeTbTe, npH 3TOM 3HaqeHHe -1 nepeMeH~0fi y He n e q a ~ a e ~ c ~ ) .

BOT Tenepb noHsrTHo, 3 a q e ~ HYXHM nBa npennoxeHuR readln. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ J ~ H O , no TeX nOp, nOKa B IIepeMeHHofi lj HeT HUKaKOrO 3HaqeHUR, YCJlOBHe B 3arOJOBKe UHKJIa HeBO3MOXHO np0BepkiTb. nepeoe npennoxeHne readln noMeqaer B y HeKoTopoe s ~ a q e ~ n e , qTO H II03BOJIReT OCYUeCTBHTb IIpOBepKy YCJIOBHR B 3arOJOBKe UkiKJla. B~opoe npennoxeHne readln 06ecnesnsae~ n s ~ e ~ e ~ n e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i y B qnKne (ecnn 6b1 3~01-o npennoxeHusr He 6b1n0, s ~ a q e ~ u e y ocTanocb 6b1 paBHMM 3, a npoBepKa yCJIOBHFI while HkiKOrna He nana 661 WlOmbW, M UHKJl BblnOJlHRJlCFI 6b1 ~ ~ C K O H ~ ~ H O ) . nepB0e Xe npeflJIOXeHHe paCnOJIOXeH0 BHe uMKJa; BblnOJlHHB er0 OnNH pas, M b l HHKOrna 6onbme K HeMy He B03BpaqaeMCR.

3.3.10. C s n ~ ~ e a ~ u e naHHMx B quKne while

B ~ ~ H ~ M C R K IIpOrpaMMe 3. K ~ K MOXHO IIPNMeHHTb UUKn while nnsr BBOna A ~ H H ~ I X ? K ~ K H M 6 y n e ~ nPOBePReMOe Y C ~ O B H ~ ? K ~ K M b l yXe rOBOPMJIN, M b l 6b1 XOTeJM IIPOBePRTb, He PaBHO Jlki 3Ha- qeHHe name CTpHHry 'AGpa~ana6pa', a NMeHHO, M b l XOTeJH 6b1 B X O A M T ~ B unKn ~ a x n b ~ f i pas, Korna s ~ a q e ~ n e name He pamo 'A6pa~ana6pa'. HO KaK TOnbKO 3HaqeHHe name CTaHeT PaBHbIM 'ABpa~anaBpa', UHKn AOJXeH 6blTb 3aBepmeH. K ~ K BbI YXe, HaBepHOe, s ~ a e ~ e , oTHomeHRe <He paBHo>> B n a c ~ a n e n 3 0 6 p a x a e ~ c ~ CHMBO-

J O M <> ( < < ~ e paBHO>> Bbl MOXeTe IIpeACTaBJlRTb ce6e KaK <<MeHbLUe nnn 6onbme~) . M T ~ K , nonpo6ye~ HanncaTb unKn. npexne Bcero B KaqeCTBe nOArOTOBNTeJbHbIX ~ e f i ~ ~ ~ n f i CJeAyeT BHe UHKJla CqUTaTb B nepeMeHHym name ~ a ~ o e - T O s ~ a q e ~ n e n TonbKo nocne 3~01-o HaqaTb u M K J while:

writeln( 'noxanyficra, BsenHTe + a x r u ~ ~ H WR. ' ) ; readln (name) ; 1 while name <> 'A6pma~a6pa' do

q a c o B ( h o u r s ) unu pamep c T a e r a ( r i i t i ) ? Bce. 3TM C B e A e H u s i 3 a ~ e ~ Mhl AO,rl)KHbI y K a 3 a T h T e ;l(,tl!.l i l l ! > : , I,, , , ' \ \ ) I : I i! i \ i > ! I ! < j , ' l i ~ ? , ! i , M O X H O C O O ~ I U M T L I I O J l b 3 0 B a T e J l K ) T0.qbKO l l O C p e A C T B O M n O A c ~ a 3 0 K .

B ~ e , ~ e u r r ~ n a ; n p u ?)TOM, n p a u ~ l a , t i t ‘06:i0:~1:\1c) i:. ,:I,O:ILI\O U : ~ I : ~ . I I H T L , a B M M B ~ a q a ~ o r ~ p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ n e q a ~ b c n e ~ y l ~ u u x ~ 0 0 6 -

I I O p R n O K M X B b I ~ O . l T I : C l ~ I l R , Y4HTbI13;lFl. 'I I 0 TI!.! I I ~ ! T ~ I < ' ~ I . ? ~ ~ c \ ~ .lt%;3 t

n p e , g n o s e H u R readln (name) (BHP I t+ l l i , l r \ ;; :.!I + , tro) I? ~ ! i f ~ , ~ i e Mbl C q U T b I B a e M 3 H a q e M L I R t10lLr~ U r r l i t ' , I . . . . . l r \ I jici!], i ! i . ~ ~ ; i l i l C ~ I ' $

H ~ O ~ X O A U M L I ~ C B e A e H M H , a 3al.t11\l c~ l l l I l > i i ! .. - , ' .. I l : i . ~ < . ; I , , I I ( ; l a i l t '

M ~ H H ~ D nume. writeln ( ' 3ra n p o r p a ~ ~ a noncsnru~aer aapnnary cnyxawx. ' ) ; writeln ( ' no aanpoca~ qorpaMMu BBeanre: ' ) ; write ( 'a )@aarm~m~mrr; ' ) ; writeln ( '6) orpa6o~a~nbie sacu; B) nosacoBym craexy,'.) .; .

, '

write ( ' ~ m OCT~UOBKH npoqecca BMecro @UUJIHU 'j'.;: : . ' . begin . . . . . writeln ( ' BBeAHTe U O B O Abpawabpa. ' ) ; . . writeln ( ' I I o x ~ y f i c ~ a , sse;:dri u : . ! ~ ~ ~ J T ( I I L < ~ L . < ihCi8 j ; writeln ( '%icnosare senwsunu HYXHO aa~asars B @op~are XX. xx , ' ) ; rezdln (hours) ; writeln ( 'r.e. c 06aaarens~oP ~ecrrrus~oit roqltoP H ' ) ; writeln ( ' IIoxa~yficra, neeg;rTz I-o~clcoeylc c i ilixy. ' ) ; writeln ( 'no ~paiinefi Mepe o ~ ~ o f i 1~1@p09 B qeno9 vacrn wena. ' ) : . .

readln (rate) ; wr iteln ( ' Aorryc~amrca ~ e a ~ a s a u u e nyneeue p a 3 p w ' ) ; . . pay := hours * rate; . . writeln: writeln (name) ; writeln ( 'nolltanyfi~~a, BBeAHTe @~MUJIHY, H UMR. ' ) writeln ( 'O~pa6o~allo ' , hours : 4 : I , ' u. C T ~ B K ~ ' ,

rate:5:2,'. Zayatio~ox ' , p : a y : 8 ; ~ ) ; writeln ( 'IIoxanykcra, seenure & ~ h i i l ) i . t ~ ~ 1s ;:,$ii 1 i readln (name)

end ( while ) M o x e ~ 1 1 0 K a 3 a T b C R , q T O T a K O e KO.;IM~eCTBO n O A C K 8 3 0 K U 3 J M U I H e ,

O n H a K O H Y X H O I IOMHUTb 0 T O M , TO y n O J ! b 3 0 B a T e J R , p a 6 0 ~ a k O ~ e l . 0

C U H T ~ P ~ K T U B H O ~ ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i , H e T B 0 3 M O X H O C T U B 3 r ; l R H Y T b H a

n o c ~ l e B b l n O J H e H M R B T O p O r O npi..T,;lo>i\criun !,>ird/tl j r i d t j i ~ ) n ; l e p e - T e K C T c a ~ 0 f i n p O r p a M M b 1 . B er0 P a C n O p R X e H M U H e T K O M M e H T a p t i e B ,

nORCHHlolU.UX I l p O r p a M M y . C J I e n y e T ) . q U l L I B a T b M ewe OAUH MOMeHT: M ~ H H O ~ niinle O K a X e T C z l HOBOe i l l ~ l ~ l c : . ,< ' . : < . ' . , n t ~ * < l i i;,:<'I 1!P(i8<~ q a u e B c e r o ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ J U x a , l y m T c H H a TO, YTO c n p o r p a ~ ~ a ~ u P R T ~ C H H a c O B n a n e H u e co c n o B o a ! ,, .,- :,:, ' ;> . $ . ; < I : L I ~ ! ~ ~ L , C , ! i l : h , , ;;, .

C J O X H O p a 6 0 T a T b . ~ O ~ T O M Y T a K B a X l l O . ~ O ~ U B ~ T ~ C R , Y T 0 6 b 1 K a X A a R K o r ~ a tZUmP n O J l y q U T , H a K O H e U , J l i 3 q ( , : t i t ' \ , - : I .;i..i;ia6i)d', I I ~ U B ; : ~ , , ; , n p O r p a M M a 6 b l J I a MaKCMMa.r lbH0 I l P O C T a 13 U C n O J l b 3 0 B a H M M .

y c n o B u n name <> 'AGpa~anaGpa' L a c ? *.::n:iii,a, I~UK:I 3 a u e p u 1 u i o l , K C T ~ T U , 3 a M e T U M , q T O ~ I ~ O C T P O Q ) MOHiVT ~ ~ O T P ~ ~ J I R T ~ C R B OAHOM M f l p 0 u e C C C q U T b l B a H U R A a H H b l X 3dKOti'iilT!;! I IF,;! 3T0;1 HI.! C14ii7 h lHd if,

M TOM Ke T e K C T e B ABYX POJIHX: K a K O I ' P a l l U q M T e J b C T P W H r a M K a K 3 H a L l e H U R hou rs U ra te . NU R b I q l f C . i H T l ~ l ; , lL~< ' t I1 l l l ,lRL/ ,Liz t i e ? )

3 J e M e H T C T p U H r a MJlM T e K C T a n O A C K a 3 K M . ECJIM B 0 3 H M K a e T T a K a R L u e c T B y m m e r o cnyxaue ro n p o r p a s i %!a !it7 i t \ ..;?I

A B O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ H CMTYaUUR, n O C T y l l a t O T T a K : T a M ( B H Y T P U C T P H H ~ ~ ) ,

r A e x o r e n o c b 6b1 s a n u c a ~ b O A M H anoc~po@, 3 a n w c b l s a m T A B a ano- C T ~ O @ ~ . B O ~ M O X ~ I ~ M T ~ K O ~ BbiXOA: B M e C T O ~ ~ O C T P O @ ~ BHYTPM C T P M H r a n O M f ? U a K ) T CMMBOJI K a B L I Y e K (") HAM n e p e ~ e p ~ y ~ b l f i an0-

3.3.1 1. Y C O B ~ ~ W ~ H C T B O R ~ H H ~ C H C T e M M n O A C K a 3 0 K

M ~ I nOAOUIJIU K KOHU). tl;lli.l~.'bl l i i i c , ~ : . ; , i ~ , \ i ! t , l ? i-it~'!., ,le <.CiR$.(x91 3.3.12. O ~ ~ H q a ~ e J I b H b l f i B a p H a H T n p 0 r p a M M b l 3 T a K K a K He B C e <<KOHULI> (t'ibd 1 5. 5:,.,'it 1 , . , i\. . ~ l I j c ~ ~ J L I ( l ~ l : J : < i : .

C H a q a . r l a M U ) . B ~rroBou n l w r p d i d , v T t ; II:: 1~,7cv.a.xc- 1 1 c I ~ o ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ - Te . i lbHYI0 ' l2CTb H ~ O ~ X O A U M O 3ah=IK):II?T'~i r'., i ) ; : l?: l '~: l l i ' . l l i begin I: cri<: M T ~ K , p a 6 0 ~ a H ~ A n p o r p a ~ ~ o h 3 a ~ o ~ q e ~ a . 3 a n u m e ~

~ O C M O T ~ U M , A O C T ~ T O ~ ~ F I O ,111 T C X nfi ,~c:\d. i l?r; , ; , o ~ . o ~ ~ I c :\li,~ r i p p z , q a ee T e K c T . n p e ~ . n o x e t { r i ~ , n e q a T a m u u e ~ O A C K ~ ~ K M , BKJIIO- r a e ~ I I O . ~ ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ J K ) ? K ~ K n 0 . l b . 3 0 n a ~ c . 1 ! , !:;~r:i~:.r, .:JH q c r o n p e & f ! a . i CT I l P O r P a M M b l H e G y n e ~ , a B M e C T O K B X A O ~ n O A C K a 3 K M H a q e H a H a u a n p o r p a ~ k ~ a ? I.isneci!ic-. , , I .;: :; ...., q;irc..~io. ~ ~ i ; ~ q c t i r ~ ~ ~ x ~

n O C T a B U M M H O T O T O q U e . K a K o r o T U r i a A O n X H O B b r ~ h npt? ; i i .T3Bbl t . t i \ l h ; ! ! l i C l . : . I ~ c ~ , ~ ~ , ~ ) a ( i o ~ ~ . ; ~ l { r ~ : ~ i . \

127 126

program prob3 ; ( n p o r p a ~ ~ a nna Hasucnenua a a p n n a ~ ~ ) var name : string[l5];

hours,rate,pay : real; beain

( n e v a ~ b H H C T P Y K ~ H ~ ~ nonh3osalenm ) ... writeln( ) ; ... readln (name) ; ( BBOA H 06pa6o~~a H @ O ~ M ~ U H H A 0 (

) nonysexina oTseTa ' A6pa~ana6pa ' 1

whi 1 e name o ' ABpa~anaBpa' do begin

writeln ( ' ~ o x W I ~ ~ C T ~ , BBeAHTe O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H H M ~ YaCbI. ' ) ; readln(hours) ; writeln ( 'noxanyicra, BsenuTe nosacosya, iramy. ) ; readln (rate) ; pay := hours * rate; writeln (name) ; writeln ( ' O ~ p a 6 0 ~ a ~ o ' ,hours: 4 : 1, ' s. C T ~ B K ~ ' ,

rate: 5 : 2, ' . 3 a p a 6 0 ~ 0 ~ ' ,pay: 8 : 2) ; writeln ( 'noxanyccra, Bsennre @ a ~ m ~ m H HMB ' ) ; wri teln ( 'mu cno~o A6pa~ana6pa nns 3aeeprue~ss. ' ) ; readln (name)

end ( while ) end. ( prob3 )

&!pen TeM KaK 3anyCKaTb npOrpaMMy Ha BblnOnHeHMe, ee H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O OTTpaCCUpOBaTb. ~ O B T O P U M ewe pas: B 3~0fi KHUre M b l 6 y n e ~ CneAOBaTb IIpaBUny npOBOnUTb TpaCCUpOBKy ~ a ~ n 0 f i M 3 pa3pa6a~blBae~blx npOt'paMM. H ~ C T O R T ~ A ~ H O PeKOMeHnYeM BaM npunepMusaTbcR 3~01-o npaBuzla B oTlromeHuu ni06ofi sauefi npo- t'paMMb1, BHe ~ ~ B U C M M O C T M OT xapauepa p e u a e ~ o i i em sana .1~.

M T ~ K , IIpUCTynMM K TpaCCUpOBKe IIpOrpaMMbl prob3. AJR npOC- TOTbl nPeAIlOJOMNM, YTO ~ a 6 0 p AaHHbIX COCTOMT 113 ABYX YJIOMRHYTblX

sbllue rpyrln 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u f i u KOHU~BO~-o 3 n e ~ e ~ ~ a . n p o c . ~ e n ~ ~ mar 3a LUarOM, KaK Hama npOCpaMMa 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ a e ~ T ~ K O ~ Ha60p naHHblX. C ~ a q a n a nporpaMMa neqaraeT npwrnameeue BsecTu U M X cnyxawero; 3aTeM 3 T 0 MMR CqUTblBaeTCR C KnaBMaTYPbl. Ecnu BBOAHTb U H @ O P M ~ -

UUK) B TOG IlOC,'leAOBaTe.rlbHOCTH, KOTOPYK) M b l YCTaHOBUJM Bblme, nepeMeHHaR name nonyYUT s ~ a q e ~ u e 'Mayc, MUKKM'. Aanee npoBo- L U T C R CpaBHeHUe 3HaYeHMR name C KOHUeBblM 3JleMeHTOM 'A6pa- ~ana6pa ' . OHU He paBHbl, n03TOMY BXOnUM B Ten0 UUKJa. Haxon~cb B H Y T ~ U uuKna, nerlaTaeM npurnaLueHue BsecTu e u e nBa ~ H ~ Y ~ H U R .

n0cne Tor0 KaK OHM ~ Y A Y T Ha6paHb1, CYWTblBaeM M X C KJlaBUaTypbl.

128

O n ~ o s ~ a ~ e ~ w e cyuTblBaeTcR B nepeMeHHym hours, npyroe - B nepe- MeHHym rate. C o n e p x u ~ o e nepeMeHHblx name, hours H rate cTaao- BMTCR TaKUM: * -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . name 'Mayc, MUKKN' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hours 3.5E + 01

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rate 1.42E + 01 5

Ranee BblqucnReTcR 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o k pay, OHO pasHo 4.97E + 02. Ha neqaTb B ~ I B O ~ M T C R cnenymqwii TeKCT:

Mayc, MMKKU

: O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H O 35.0 q. -i '. ( C T ~ O K ~ , KOTOPaR 6 y n e ~ HaneYaTaHa Ha BaUleM KOMnbDTepe, MOXeT : OTJUYaTbCR OT I I ~ u B ~ ~ ~ H H o ~ N H b l M paCn0~70XeHUeM npo6eno~.)

B H O B ~ neYaTaeM npocb6y BBeCTU 3HaYeHUe U CqUTblBaeM N M R

cnenymqero cnyxaqero . n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ name nonyYaeT s ~ a q e ~ u e ' A ~ K , Ao~anbn ' . B o s ~ p a q a e ~ c ~ K 3arOJIOBKy UUKAa, BbIRC-

HReTcH, YTO 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e name He pamo 'Abpa~aaa6pa'. B X O ~ U M B Ten0 UUKJla N CsUTblBaeM e u e nBa 3HaYeHNR. B pe3yJb-

TaTe nepeMeHHble narne, hours w rate n p u o 6 p e ~ a m ~ cnenymuwe 3 ~ a - $ 'IeHMR:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . name ' A ~ K , f l o~anbn ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hours 7.OE + 0 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rate 1.5E + 0 1

C H O B ~ BblYUCJReM 3HaYeHUe pay. Tenepb O H 0 paBH0: " 7.OE f OOX 1.5E + 01 = 1.05E f 02. Ha IIeYaTb BblBOnUTCR (C HO- B O ~ CTPOKU - n o ~ e ~ y ? ) cnenymuuii TeKcT:

H ~ K O H ~ U , CYUTblBaeM B name TpeTbe ( U I I O C J ~ A H ~ ~ ) U M R CJlyXa- ulero - 'A6pa~ana6pa'. B o ~ B ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ M c H K s a r o n o ~ ~ y UuKna. Ha TOT pa3 rlpu npoBepKe ycnoBuH uwKna 0 6 ~ a p y x u s a e ~ , YTO 3 ~ a q e - Hwe name p a m o 'A6pa~ana6pa'. AnR HecyuecTRymuero cnyxaue ro 3HaYeHNR hours I? rate He CYHTblBaeM U 3HaqeHMe pay He BbIYNCJlHeM. B MOMeHT BbIXOAa U 3 UUKJa BbInOJlHeHUe IIpOrpaMMbl 3aKaHqURaeTCR. BOT M b l U flOCTUrJU KOHUa nPOrPaMMbl 3.

3.4. KOHCTPYK~WFI if-then-else

B n p O r p a M M e 3 3 T 0 C P e A C T B O H H e ~ O H ~ A O ~ H J O C ~ , O H 0 M O X e T

O K a 3 a T b C R n O J I e 3 H b I M I I p H p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e HeKOTOPblX M O A M @ U K ~ ~ U ~

u c x o ~ ~ o i i n p O r p a M M b 1 , H a n p U M e p e C J U n o T p e 6 y e ~ c R U 3 M e H U T b n p 0 - r p a M M y T a K , Y T 0 6 b l AJIR C J I y X a U U X , O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ B ~ I U X 6onee 40 Y a C O B

B HeAeJI IO, 3 a p n J l a T a P a C C Y U T b I B a J I a C b no I I O B b I W e H H b I M P a C U e H K a M .

HO I l p e I K A e Y e M o b c y ~ n a r b , K a K U C n O J I b 3 O B a T b 3 T 0 HOBOe C P e A C T B O ,

I I O A y M a e M , K a K M O X H O 0 6 0 f i ~ ~ ~ b 6e3 H e r o . P~CCMOTPUM Y a C T b C X e M b I

a J l r O p U T M a , n p U B e A e H H y I O H a PUC. 3.10, K O T O P a R O n U C b I B a e T nOUCK

~au6onbu1ero u 3 ABYX qucen x u y, n o M e u e H u e ~ a i i ~ e ~ ~ o r - o ~ H ~ Y ~ H U R

B n e p e M e H H y m max u ero n e q a - r b . M n e R 3?0ii c x e M b 1 T a K o B a : c H a q a n a

~ b 1 6 p a ~ b , no K ~ K O ~ B e T B U A B U r a T b C R , a 3 a T e M BbII IOJIHUTb COOTBeTCT-

max := x max := y

n o n p o 6 y e ~ A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ C J e A y I O U U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ . ripen- I l O J I O X U M , YTO U M e e T M e C T O OAUH A 3 B O 3 M O X H b I X B a P A a H T O B ( H ~ ~ P U -

M e p , y 6onbure, Y e M X ) U BbIIIOJIHUM B C e , YTO T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R B 3 T O M

cnyqae; a a ~ e ~ nposepm, c n p a B e n n u e a A H H a w e H c x o A H o e n p e A n o -

J l O X e H M e ; eCJlR BblRCHUTCR, YTO H e T , B H e C e M B H a W U A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R

K O P p e K T U B b I . B O C I I O J I ~ ~ Y ~ M C F I 3 T U M IIOAXOAOM AJIR P e u I e H M R ~ a u I e i 3 a ~ a ~ u :

rnax := y; if x > y then rnax := x; writeln (rnax)

1 ' l~06b1 ~ ~ ~ A U T ~ C H B I I p a B U J I b H O C T U p a d o r b 1 I I p U B e A e H H O r O @ p a r -

1 M e H T a , er0 H e H y X H O T e C T H P O B a T b H a BCeX B 0 3 M O X H b I X K O M ~ U H ~ ~ U F I X

? 3 H a Y e H U f i X U y. ~ O C ' & ~ T O Y H O n p O B e p U T b , K a K OH p a 6 0 T a e T H a OAHOM 1 I I p e A C T a B U T e J l b H O M I I p k i M e p e , O X B a T b l B a I O U e M B C e T U n b I K O M ~ U H ~ U U ~ ~

3 H a Y e H U f i H a u I U X n e p e M e H H b l X . C K O J I ~ K O Xe K O M ~ U H ~ U U U H a M

n p U A e T C R ~ P O B ~ P U T ~ ? MX B C e r O A g e : X > y U y < = X . A e C n U y X 6 b l T b O Y e H b AOTOUIHbIMM, TO T P U : X > Y, X < Y, X = Y.

~ O C T P O U M ~a60pb1 A a H H b I X , C O O T B e T C T B Y I O U U e 3 T U M T p e M C U T y a -

U U R M : H a n p u M e p x = 5 M y = 3, x = 4 u y = 6 , x = 7 u y = 7. n p u x = 5, y = 3 M ~ I H a q u H a e M c T O ~ O , TO ~ a 3 ~ a ~ a e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i rnax 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e 3. n o c ~ o n b ~ y n p o B e p K a y c n o B u R if A a e T <<UCTUHY>>,

B rnax n o M e u a e T c R H o m e a ~ a q e ~ u e 5, K o T o p o e u B ~ I B O A U T C R H a

neqarb. Ecnu x = 4, a y = 6 , TO max n o n y q a e T H a q a n b H o e s ~ a ~ e - H u e 6. B p e 3 y J l b T a T e n p O B e p K U yCJIOBUR if n o n y Y a e M < < J O X b > > , n 0 3 T O M y

n Y H K T then I I p O I I y C K a e T C R , U H a n e Y a T b B b I A a e T C R Y u c n o 6. Ecnu x-= 7 u y =- 7 , - ~ o n e p e M e H H a R max n o n y q a e T 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e 7; M ~ I

n p o n y c K a e M then u n e q a T a e M qucno 7. Ham n p o r p a ~ ~ ~ b l i i @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ Y C n e U I H O p a 6 0 T a e T n p U B C e X B 0 3 M O X H b I X COOTHOll leHURX ~ H ~ Y ~ H u G

X U y, C J I e A O B a T e J I b H O , OH n p a B U J l b H 0 n e p e A a e T J I O r U K y CXeMbI ,

n o K a 3 a H ~ o f i H a P A C . 3.10. B q e M M e H e c o e e p u I e H c T B o n p e n n o x e H H o r o p e r u e H u R s a n a ~ u ?

OHO 3 a K J I I O Y a e T C R B TOM, YTO IIPUXOAMTCR B b l n O J I H R T b H e K O T O P b l e

~ 3 6 b 1 ~ 0 q ~ b 1 e A ~ ~ ~ C T B U F I : 0 6 ~ 1 3 a ~ e J l b H 0 n O M e U a T b B M U X 3 H a Y e H U e

n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o l i y, & a x e ecnu B ~ a n b ~ e f i m e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i max o K a x e T c R

H ~ O ~ X O A M M O H a 3 H a Y U T b 3 H a Y e H U e X .

M c n p o 6 y e ~ npyroii nOAXOA: C H a Y a n a I I p O B e p U M y C n 0 B M e ( X > y ) ; ecnu OHO M C T U H H O , H ~ ~ H ~ Y M M n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i max a ~ a q e ~ u e x; B npo- TUBHOM C J I Y Y a e ( a U M e H H O e C J U UCTUHHO YCJIOBUe, O ~ P ~ T H O ~ HCXOA-

H O M ~ , T. e. x <= y) n o M e c T u M B max a ~ a q e ~ u e y. if x > y thenmax := x; if x <= y then max := y; writeln (rnax)

Y ~ ~ A M T ~ c ~ C a M O C T O R T e J b H O B TOM, YTO I I P U B ~ A ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T

n p O r p a M M b 1 6 y ~ e ~ n p a B U J b H 0 p a 6 0 T a T b BO BCeX C U T y a U U R X , ripe- A Y C M O T p e H H b I X ~ I O C T ~ H O B K O ~ ~ A ~ H H O ~ ~ 3 a A a Y U . 0 6 p a T U T e BHMMaHMe

H a c n o B a c c ~ a ~ ~ o i i a a ~ a ~ u > > . OAHO u 3 y n p a x ~ e ~ u f i K rn. 2 C o A e p x u T

I I p U M e p p e a J I U 3 y I O U e f i 0 n H ~ a H H b l f i IIOAXOA n P O r p a M M b 1 ( K ~ K BbI A y - M a e T e , YTO 3 T 0 3a ~ P O ~ P ~ M M ~ ? ) , K O T O P a R A a e T n ~ a ~ ~ J I b H b 1 f i p e 3 Y J l b T a T

H e H a BCeX ~ a 6 o p a x A a H H b I X . K C T ~ T U , ~ H ~ J I O ~ A Y H ~ I ~ ~ I I P M M e P (T. e. I I p U M e p I l p O r p a M M b I , K O T O P a R H e B C e r A a p a 6 0 T a e T n p a ~ M J I b ~ 0 ) M O X H O

n O C T P O U T b U AJIR I I e p B O r O M3 P a C C M O T P e H H b l X nOAXOAOB ( C O ~ J I ~ C H O

KOTOPOMY C H a Y a J l a BbInOJlHRIOTCFI B C e A ~ ~ ? C T B U H no O A H O ~ ~ BeTBU,

a 3 a T e M , e C J U T O n b K O H ~ O ~ X O A M M O , A ~ ~ ~ C T B U H , n p e A y C M O T p e H H b l e BTO-

p0fi B ~ T B ~ I O ) . B Y e M 3 A e C b n p o 6 n e ~ a ? He M O r Y T JIM A ~ ~ ~ C T B U F I ,

BbII IOJIHReMbIe H a n e p ~ 0 f i B e T B U , n O B J I U R T b H a UCXOA n p O B e p K U nep- B O H a Y a J I b H O r O ~ C J O B U H ? CM. y n p a X H e H U e 2.1. (8) .

3.4.3. I l p e ~ n o x e ~ u e if-then-else

P~CCMOTPHM ewe OAUH lIOAXOA K nPeACTaBf leHUI0 H a

n a c ~ a n e H a r u e r o a n r o p u T M a ( C M . PUC. 3.10). TOT nonxon r a p a m u - p y e T IIpaBU3IbIiyfO p a 6 0 T y n p 0 r p a M M b I BO BCeX CUTyaUURX U H e

~ p e 6 y e ~ BKJIlOqeHUR B n p 0 r p a M M y U ~ ~ ~ I T O ~ H ~ I X I ~ P ~ A J O X ~ H U ~ ~ , a KpOMe

TOrO, OH B H a u 6 0 f l b l u e f i M e p e COOTBeTCTByeT <<AyXy>> U C X O ~ H O ~ ~ CXeMbI

anropuma, n p e n n u c b ~ ~ a m u e i i s a n a ~ b ~ o n p o c , a s a ~ e ~ , B ~ ~ B U C U -

MOCTU OT OTBeTa, OrPaHUqUTbCR BblnOJIHeHUeM nu60 O ~ H O G , nu60 npyroii r p y n n b I A e f i c ~ ~ M f i . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , ' 4 ~ 6 HU OnUH U3 ABYX 0 6 c y m ~ a ~ - UUXCR B b l U e IlOAXOAOB He A a B a J B03MOXHOCTU B ~ O J H O ~ ? M e p e

p e a n u 3 o ~ a ~ b ocao~aym unem H a l u e r o a J l r o p u T M a , T o r n a KaK H O B ~ I ~ ~

~ O A X O A - OH 3 a ~ n m q a e ~ c ~ B U C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H U U K O H C T ~ ~ K U U U if-then- else - n o 3 ~ o n ~ e ~ TO c A e n a T b . B ~ O K ~ ~ ~ H H O M H u x e n p u M e p e u c n o n b - 3 0 B a H U R KOHCTPYKUUM if-thewelse O ~ P ~ T U T ~ BHUMaHUe H a T e K C T y a n b -

HbIe OTCTYIIbJ, OHM H e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J l b H b 1 , OAHaKO AeJlalOT I I p O r p a M M y

6onee ~ a r n ~ n ~ o i i .

if x > y then max := x e l s e max := y;

writeln (max)

npexne q e M nepef i~u K O n u c a H u m p a 6 o ~ b 1 n a ~ ~ o i i K O H C T ~ ~ K U U U ,

3aMeTUM, qTO flOCJle n y H K T a then TOqKa C 3 a n R T o f i OTCyTCTBYeT.

KOHUOM ~ P e A J O X e H W R if-themelse CqMTaeTCR KOHeU IlyHKTa else. P a 6 o ~ y n p u B e n e H H o r o a p a r ~ e ~ ~ a n p o c n e n u M H a T e c T o B b l x A a H -

H ~ I X . n y c ~ b x = 5 u y = 3. B TOM cnyqae n p o B e p K a y c n o s u R

if A a e T <<UCTUHY>>, U BblIlOJlHReTCR nYHKT then. BCJefiCTBUe q e r 0 mUX n o n y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 5. ~ Y H K T else n p o n y c K a e T c R . n p e n n o x e ~ u e writeln n e q a T a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 5. Ecnu x = 4, y = 6, TO n p o e e p K a y c n o B u R i f n a e T c c n o x b > > . T e n e p b n p o n y c K a e T c R nyHKT then, s a ~ o I B b m o n H R e T c R ~ Y H K T else, B KOTOPOM n e p e M e H H a R man n o n y q a e T

s ~ a q e ~ u e 6. n p e n n o x e ~ u e writeln n e q a T a e T qucno 6. Ecnu x = 7 u y = 7, TO n p o B e p K a ~ C J O B U R if n a e T < i n o x b > > ; nyHKT then npo- n y c K a e T c R , a B n y H K T e else n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i rnax ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ c ~ qucno 7 , KOTOpOe U BblBOAUTCR H a n e q a T b . M T ~ K , BO BCeX T p e X CJ lyqaRX

nOJIyqeHb1 f lpaBUJ lbHble pe3yJ lbTaTb1 , C n e n O B a T e J b H O , H0Bblfi IlOAXOA

i n e i i c ~ ~ e a .

O C H O B H ~ R UAeR KOHCTPYKUUU if-then-else COCTOUT B TOM, q T 0 6 b 1

BbllIOJIHRTb TOjlbKO OAUH U3 nyHKTOB -- then ( ~ C J U YCJOBUe UCTUHHO) 1 U J U else ( ~ C J U OHO J IOXHO) , HO HUKOrAa H e BblnOJlHRTb o6a. C U T ~ ~ U . H R ,

CBR3aHHaR C B ~ I ~ O P O M O A H O ~ ~ U3 AByX a J b T e p H a T M B , BCTpeqaeTCR

B I lPOrPaMMUPOBaHUU AOBOJlbHO qaCTO. Ha n a c ~ a i t e a J l b ~ e p ~ a ~ U ~ H b l f i

~ b 1 6 0 ~ y A 0 6 ~ e e BCerO ~ 3 0 6 p a X a ~ b IIOCPeACTBOM KOHCTPYKUUM if- then-else. T ~ M He M e H e e H ~ O ~ X O ~ M M O nOMHUTb o TOM, TO c y U e c ~ - 1 B y e T MHOrO A p y r U X crroco60~ p e a J l U 3 a U U U B n a c ~ a n e OTHOCUTeJlbHO

npOCTblX aJlrOpUTMOB, CBR3aHHblX C B ~ I ~ O P O M a n b T e p H a T U B . B n O C n e - I I

/ & y l o U e M u 3 n o x e ~ u u ~ b l 6 y n e ~ C T ~ J M U T ~ C A K TOMY, 9 ~ 0 6 b l H e npOCT0

HafiTU K ~ K O ~ ~ - J U ~ O cnoc06 p e u e H u R TO^ U n u UHOG n p 0 6 n e ~ b l , a Bbl- k 6 p a ~ b H a ~ J l y ' 4 U U f i U 3 MHOrUX B03MOXHbIX. S He06xonu~0, OnHaKO, OTMeTUTb TO O r p a H U q e t l U e , KOTOpOe H a -

n o x e H o H a u c n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ u e n p e n n o x e H u R if-then-else. Aeno B TOM,

TO nocne K a x n o r o u3 c n o B then u else M o x e T 6 b 1 ~ b 3 a n u c a ~ o TOJbKO no OAHOMy n p e n J I O X e H U f 0 R3bIKa T l a c ~ a J I b . H ~ C K O A ~ K O f l O 3 X e

, Mbl P a C C K a X e M , KaK MOXHO o c n a 6 u ~ b Y K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ 0 r p a H U q e H U e ( B ~ P O -

, q e M , M ~ I y x e u c e i i q a c B COCTORHUU n o ~ a 3 a ~ b , KaK TO c n e n a ~ b ) ,

a n o K a p a c c M o T p u M ~ o ~ y m K O H C T P ~ K U U ~ 6onee nonpo6wo.

3.4.4. Apyrne c p o p ~ a ~ u npeAnoMeHn9 if-then-else

To p a c n o n o x e H u e ~ J ~ M ~ H T O B n p e n n o x e H u R if-then-else, KOTOPOe Mbl n O K a 3 a A U Bbll l le , He RBJlReTCR eAUHCTBeHH0 BO3MOXHbIM.

B A a n b H e f i ~ e ~ Mbl qaCTO 6 y n e ~ n O n b 3 0 B a T b C R CJleAylOUUM @ O P M ~ T O M :

if ycnosne then npennoxce~ne- 1 e l s e npe~noxelure-2

3 n e c b nyHKT then paCflOJlOXeH H a 0~J le J lbHof i CTpOKe, C OTCTYnOM,

a H a cJIe~yfOL!Jefi CTpOKe C TeM Xe OTCTYnOM 3 a n U C a H nYHKT else. TOT ~ O P M ~ T yno6e~, e C n U nOCJle then U else CTORT OTHOCUTeJlbHO

AJUHHble npeAJ lOXeHUH. B n. 6.4.2 Mbl fl03HaKOMUM BaC C ewe OAHUM BaPUaHTOM KOHCTPYKUUU if-themelse, A J R KOTOpOrO n0CTOUH-

CTBa n p e A J a r a e M O r 0 @ 0 p M a T a O C O ~ ~ H H O OqeBUAHbI.

B HeKOTOPblX CJ lyqaRX CJOBO else J I y q l l l e Bb lPaBHUBaTb H e n0 C J O B y then, a no CJlOBy i f . HO XOTR MHOrUe f lPOrpaMMUCTb1 U nOJlb-

3YK)TCR 3TMM ~ O P M ~ T O M , B HaLUefi KHUre Mbl er0 nPUMeHRTb He

6 y n e ~ . BOT IIPWMePbl TaKOrO ( P o ~ M ~ T ~ :

if ycnoBne then npennoxce~ne-1 e l s e npennonce~ne-2

if ycnosne then npennoxce~ne-1

e l s e npennonce~ne-2 P

~ O A ~ I T O X U M B C e , YTO H a M U 3 B e C T H O 0 T M n a X A a H H b I X .

Ecnu n e p e M e H H a f l u M e e T T u n integer, TO ee 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ M O X ~ T

6 b 1 ~ b nm60e qenoe YUCJIO, nexaqee B npenenax M e x A y maxint ( K O T O ~ O ~ B n a c ~ a n e p a B H 0 32767) 11 H a M M e H b U l M M O T P M U a T e J I b H b I M

4MCJIOM ( K O T O P O ~ P a B H O -32768). (XOTR 3 T 0 qHCJIO H e P a B H O

-maxint (--32767), n H o r n a , n o ~ p a 3 y ~ e ~ a ~ H a u M e H b w e e OTPM-

U a r e n b H o e qucno, M ~ I 6 y ~ e ~ n u c a n -maxint.) Tun n a H H b l x integer U C n O J I b 3 y e T C R AJIR ~ ~ ' ~ R B J I ~ H N R BeJIHLLUH, O T H O C U T e j I b H O KOTOPbIX

U 3 B e C T H 0 , YTO OHH MOTYT H M e T b T O J b K O U e J I b l e 3 H a q e H H R , n 0 3 T O M y

I I O n b l T K a H a 3 H a q N T b I I ~ ~ ~ M ~ H H o ~ T u n a integer B e U e C T B e H H O e 3 H a -

q e H U e K B ~ J I u @ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ T C ~ K a K O I U U ~ K ~ .

Ecnu n e p e M e H H a R n M e e T T u n real. TO ee s ~ a ~ e ~ u e n p e A c T a s n e H o B ~ K C I I O H ~ H U H ~ J I ~ H O L ? @ 0 p ~ e , H a n p M M e p 1.1234567890E + 02. Tun A a H H b l X real n P M M e H R e T C R n J l R A e C R T H 4 H b l X npo6eii, a T a K X e AJIR

0 4 e H b 6 o n b ~ l u x no ~ ~ c o J I I O T H O M ~ 3 H a q e H H I O I I O J I O X U T e J I b H b I X M O T P U -

U a T e J b H b l X U e J l b l X '4UCeJl.

Ecnu n e p e M e H H a R u M e e T T u n char, TO ee s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ M o x e T

6 b l ~ b n m 6 a ~ n u T e p a , T. e. 6 y ~ ~ a . qu@pa nnu cneqnanb~brii 3 ~ a ~ . B C T a H A a p T H O M n a c K a J I e 3 T 0 ~ A M H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ T N n A a H H b l X , n 0 3 B 0 -

J I R I O L U U ~ n p e n C T a B U T b T e K C T O B y m U H @ O P M ~ ~ U I O .

Ecnu n e p e M e H H a R u M e e T T u n string [w] (XOT T u n n p e n y c M o T p e H

TOJIbKO B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e ) , T O ee 3 H a 4 e H M e M M O X e T 6 b l ~ b nocne- A O B ~ T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ H e 6onee Y e M W 3 J I e M e H T O B , K a X ~ b l h U 3 KOTOPbIX

u M e e T r u n char. Ecnu n e p e M e H H a R c r p u H r o e o r o T u n a n o n y q a e T 3 ~ a - q e H H e , A J I H H a KOTOPOTO H e n p e B b 1 U l a e T W, T O T e K y L U a R A J l H H a C T P H H T a Y C T a H a B J I U B a e T C R P ~ B H O ~ p e a J I b ~ 0 i i A J H H e I I e p e n a B a e M O T O 3 H a q e H H R .

Ecnu n n u H a ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ o r o n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ 60~1bl11e w, T O J I U U I H U e J l H T e P b l n p H 3 T O M YCeKalOTCR.

~ O M N M O TOJlbKO 4 T O H a 3 B a H H b l X T U n O B , B n a c K a J I e C y U e C T B y t O T

U n p y r M e T U n b l A a H H b I X . M ~ o r u e M3 HMX Mbl B B e n e M n p M p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ K e

HaLUMX I I O C J I e A y I O U U X I l p O T p a M M . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , O A H a K O , q T O T e T U n b I

A a H H b I X , K O T O p b I e Mbl I ~ ~ ~ ~ Y H C J I U J I U , H e C O M H e H H O RBJIFIH)TCR ~au60nee ~ I I o T ~ ~ ~ J I R ~ M ~ I M u .

3.5.2. BEOA A a H H b l X < $

B B O ~ A T ~ A a H H b I e B Typ60 n a c K a J I e M O X H O HeCKOnbKMMM

cnoco6a~n . H a 4 a ~ b XOTR 6b1 C TOTO, YTO B R 3 b l K e C y U e C T B y I O T A B e 4 Pa3HOBMAHOCTM I I P ~ A J I O X ~ H N ~ , OCYLUeCTBJIRIOLUMX C 4 U T b l B a H U e BXOA-

HbIX n a H H b 1 X : read ( q ~ ~ a ~ b ) ki readln (OT read line - 4 M T a T b

134

I C T P O K Y ) . K ~ X A O ~ U 3 3TMX ~ P ~ A J I O X ~ H M ~ ~ n 0 3 B O J I R e T C q M T b l B a T b H H -

@ o p ~ a u u m B o n H y n e p e M e H H y m ( read(num1)) unu name c p a d j

B H e C K O n b K O n e p e M e H # b l X (read (numl , n u m a ) ) . ( H ~ C M O T P R H a 3 T 0 ,

eCJIH Bbl H a M e p e B a e T e C b B B O n M T b A a H H b I e H H T e P a K T M B H O , Mbl H a -

C T O R T e J l b H O P e K O M e H A y e M B a M K a X A b 1 M npe&JIOXeHMeM B B O A a C q N -

T b I B a T b TOJIbKO no OAHOMY 3 H a q e H U m . TO IlO3BOJINT B a M ~ 3 6 e X a ~ b MHOTHX n p o 6 n e ~ , K O T O P b l e Mbl O ~ C Y A M M 4 y T b n03Xe.)

I K ~ o M ~ TOTO, I l p a B H J I a B B O A a T ~ K C T O B O ~ ~ U H @ O P M ~ U H H , T . e. A a H H b l X

T u n a string, H e c o e n a A a m T B P ~ ~ J I M ~ H M X A u a n e K T a x n a c ~ a n s l . M TO

e C T e C T B e H H 0 , I IOCKOJIbKy, K O T n a C K J a A b l B a n k i C b 3 T H n p a B U J I a , B C T a H -

A a p T H o M n a c ~ a n e o T u n e string H e 6 b 1 n o M pe4u1. BBOA A a H H b l X U M e e T T a K X e H e K O T O p b l e O C O ~ ~ H H O C T U , 06ycno~-

j I U B a e M b l e T e M , C q H T b l B a I O T C R JIN A a H H b l e N H T e P a K T M B H O , T. e. C K J I a - ' B U a T Y P b 1 , UJlM Xe OHM BBOARTCR U 3 B H e U l H e T O @ a h l a . M H a K O H e u ,

B Typ60 n a c K a J I e npn U H T e p a K T H B H O M B B O A e M O X H O HCIIOJlb-

3 0 B a T b OAMH N 3 n B Y X P e X H M O B B 3 a B H C U M O C T U O T TOTO, c o 6 u p a e ~ c ~ Mbl K O P P e K T H P O B a T b A a H H b l e B n p 0 u e C C e B B O A a U J U H e T . n 0 ~ J l e ~ y I O ~ e e

U 3 J I O X e H U e ( ~ b l H ~ A ~ ~ M C R ) IIPORCHMT H e K O T O P b l e H 3 3 a T P O H Y T b l X

3 A e C b B O n p O C O B .

3.5.3. C p a s ~ e ~ n e read n readln ( n p ~ H H T e P a K T H E H O M B E O A ~ )

O ~ H O K P ~ T H ~ I M B b l n O J l H e H U e M nu60 I I p e A J I O X e H U R read, nu60 n p e n ~ 7 O X e H U R readln Mbl M O X e M C q N T a T b 3 H a q e H N R K a K B OAHY,

T a K U B HeCKOJIbKO n e p e M e H H b l X . n p e n J I 0 X e ~ ~ R B B O A a M O X H O K O M ~ U - I H H P O B a T b , I l p U q e M K O M ~ H H ~ U U R , KOTOPyfO MbI ~ b l b e p e ~ , O n p e A e J l U T

T O T @ o ~ M ~ T , B KOTOPOM B B O A U M b I e A a H H b l e ~ Y A Y T I I p e A C T a B J l e H b l

B C T P O K e .

npexne q e M c @ o p ~ y n u p o ~ a ~ b p a 3 n u ~ u e M e x n y n p e n n o x e H u m u

read U readln B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e n p U U H T e P a K T N B H O M B B O A e , 3 a M e T M M ,

q T O A P y T U M B e p C M R M ~ ~ c K ~ J I R , a T a K X e U A p y r O M y ( H ~ H H T ~ P ~ K T H B H O -

M Y ) cnoco6y B B O A a A a H H b I X B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e IIpMCyLUM M H b l e OTJIMYHR,

H e c o B n a n a m u u e c T e M n , o K O T O P ~ I X noiine~ peqb H u x e . T ~ K B q e M me COCTOMT pa3nuque M e x n y n p e n n o x e H u R M u read u readln B Typ60 n a c K a J I e n p U M H T e P a K T U B H O M B B O A ~ ? E A M H C T B ~ H H O ~ pas- A u q n e M e x n y H U M M COCTOMT B TOM, TO nocne B b l n o n H e H u R npennoxe- H U H readln ~ y p c o p n e p e s o n u T c R B H a q a n o cnenymueii CTPOKM,

I HO 3 T 0 BOBCe H e 0 3 H a q a e T . q T O B C T a H A a p T H O M n a c ~ a n e BBOA T e K C T a H e B O 3 M O X e H .

YXe B OAHOM H 3 C a M b l X P a H H H X 0 n p e A e J l e ~ H f i R 3 b l K a , C @ O P M Y J ~ H P O B ~ H H O M H . B W ~ T O M (1972), Y C T a H a B n H B a e T C R , q T O O ~ ~ ~ K T ~ M N B B O n a MOrYT 6 b l ~ b A a H H h l e T H n O B chclr

H packed array of char. - npunter. nep.

a nome B b I n o n H e H m n p e n n o x e e a r l read OH o c r a e T c R H a TOG x e C T ~ O K ~ ' .

H a n p u ~ e p , n y C T b T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R B hours BBeCTH 3 H a q e H M e 10.5, a B rate - 3 H a q e H U e 4.65. M b 1 M O X e M C A e j l a T b 3 T 0 C IIOMOULbIO

nro6oii n 3 n p e n n a r a e m l x H u x e K O M ~ W H ~ U M A npennoxe~ui i B B o n a .

n p u 3 T O M 6 y f l e ~ C ' I N T a T b , q T O ~ ~ G c T B ~ ~ T c ~ a ~ n a p ~ ~ b f i P e l K U M

A H T e P a K T M B H O r O B B O A a ( C M . n. 3.5.6).

(a) readln (hours) ; readln(rate)

(6) read (hours) ; read(rate)

(B) read (hours) ; readln (rate)

Bce T P M K O M ~ M H ~ U N U - ( a ) , (6) U ( B ) + T P ~ ~ Y N T B B O n M T b n0 A B a

3 H a q e H M R , O T n e J l R R OAHO O T A P Y r O r O H a X a T M e M K j l a B M U l U B O 3 B p a T a

K a p e T K U . ~ P M p a 6 o ~ e @ p a r M e H ~ a ( a ) I I e p B b l M B b l n O J r H R e T C R ripen- J I O X e H M e readln, t l 0 3 T O M y H a X a T M e KjlaBALUM B 0 3 B P a T a K a p e T K U

O T ~ ~ ~ A T C R n H a s ~ p a ~ e , B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e qero H a 3 K p a H e 6 y n e T H ~ ~ J J O ~ ~ T ~ C R C J l e n y t o l u a R K a p T M H a :

n p n pa60l.e @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ o ~ (6) n (a) H a x a T u e K n a e n l u n ~ o a ~ p a ~ a K a p e T K U a H a J I O r U ' I H O r 0 ~ @ $ W K T ~ H e n p O M 3 B e n e T , T a K K a K I l e p B b I M

n p e A J J O X e H M e M R B J ~ R ~ T C R read. ~ O ~ T O M Y K y p C O p O C T a H e T C R B TO$

x e c T p o K e , a H a s K p a H e B ~ I y B u n u T e C J e n y t O u e e :

(r) readln (hours, rate)

(n) read (hours, rate)

I P e q b U n e T 0 T a K H a 3 b I B a e M O M 3 x 0 - O T O ~ ~ ~ X ~ H H H J l H T e p , ~ a 6 a p a e ~ b l x H a K n a - B H a T y p e . ~ O ~ T O M ~ B Y C n O B H f l X H H T e P a K T H B H O T O B B O A a IIOHflTNfl U K y p C O p > > , U C T p O K a B HJlH a I I 0 3 H U N f l B C T p O K e B C J l e n y e T F i H T e p n p e T N p O B a T b I I p N M e H N T e J b H O K ~a6nronae~o i i H a s ~ p a ~ e K a p r u H e . - n p u n e r . nep.

I 10.5 4.65 *

~ ~ M ~ T M M , YTO 4 B C J l O B b I e 3 J l e M e H T b I A a H H b l X , P a C n O n O X e H H b I e B O ~ H O ~ 1 C T p O K e , n O J X H b 1 6 b l ~ b O T A e j l e H b l A P Y r OT A p y r a OnHMM H J U HeCKOJIb-

K H M ~ npo6enaaw ( n p n C q u r b I s a H n u n p 0 6 e ~ b 1 w r ~ o ~ s ~ y l o ~ c n ' ) . O p r a ~ u 3 0 ~ a ~ b C q H T b l B a H U e C T p N H r O B b I X A a H H b I X , p a ~ n 0 J O X e H H b l X

B OAHOA C T p O K e CO 3 H a Y e H R R M H A p Y r A X T U n O B , HeCKOJlbKO ~ p y A H e e , TOT B o n p o c M ~ I O ~ C Y ~ A M q y ~ b no3xe. OTJIOXMM T a K x e (no n.

, 3.5.7) H o 6 c y x ~ e ~ ~ e T e x K O M ~ H H ~ U H A n p e n ~ o x e ~ a i i read a readln, , K O T O P b I e n 0 3 B O J l R t o T C Y U T b l B a T b A a N H b I e A 3 B H e L U H e r O @ a h a .

r n a ~ ~ o e o T n m u e read OT readln atianoruwo o T n a w i t o wri te OT wri te ln. npennoxe~ee read u M e e T neno T o n b K o c H e K o T o -

poA Y a c T b r o CTPOKM, T o r n a K a K readln p a 6 o ~ a e ~ c uenoR C T ~ O K O ~ . K ~ K read, T a K M readln c q M r b l B a e T 3 ~ a q e ~ u e B rrepe- M e H H b l e B T O M n O p R & K e , B KaKOM OHM y K a 3 a H b l B C n U C K e B B O A a ;

C 9 M T b I B a H N e n p e K p a t 4 a e T C R n O C A e T O r O , K a K B C e I I e p e M E H H b l e

3~01-o c n M c K a n o n y q a T ~ H ~ Y ~ H I I R . P a 6 o ~ a n p e n n o x e H a R readln TAM H e a c q e p n b l a a e T c R : o H a s a ~ e p u r a e ~ c ~ n e p e M e u e H u e M ~ y p - copa H a H a q a n o cnenytoqeii CTPOKM. nocne B b l n o n H e H n R npenno- X e H M R read K y p C O p H a X O n U T C R B TOG Xe C T p O K e , K O M n b l o T e p r O T O B K CqMTbIBaHMIO M3 0 ' 4 e p e n H 0 f i n 0 3 N U A N ~e~yl l lef i CTPOKM. Yno~pe6ne- H u e n p e n n o x e H u R readln 6e3 c n n c K a B B o n a n p n B o n u T K TOMY,

YTO O C T a B U l a R C R 4 a C T b T ~ K Y I U e k CTPOKU I I p O n y C K a e T C R . E u e pa3 n o n q e p K H e M , qro o c H o e H o e pasnaqne M e x n y n p e n n o x e H n R M n read

I H readln I IpORBJlReTCR B M O M e H T O K O H q a H U R p a 6 0 ~ b 1 I l p e A J I O X e H U R fi 3 a K J l l O q a e T C R B M e C T O n O J I O X e H M N K y p C O p a H a 3 K p a H e .

npki U H T e p a K T N B H O M B B O A e A a H H b I X n O J b 3 0 B a T e J I b A O J I X e H O T M e -

Y a T b K O H e U CTpOKM B B O A a H a X a T N e M K n a B k i U l U B 0 3 B P a T a K a p e T K H .

B a x ~ o IlOMHMTb, q T O U H T ~ ~ ~ K T M B H ~ I ~ B B O n B Typ60 n a c ~ a J I e O p U e H -

T M P O B a H C K O p e e H a B B O n n 0 p U M U n a H H b I X , 3 a ~ e p U I a e M o G H a X a T H e M

K J a B U l l l U B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U , H e X e n U H a ~ O C T P O Y H ~ I ~ ~ B B O n . K ~ K n p e n n o x e H a e read, T a K a n p e n n o x e H n e readln B b l n o n H R e T c q n T b 1 B a -

H H e n O p q U U A a H H b I X , O ~ P ~ H M ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ Ha>f(aTHeM KAaBMUIA B O 3 B p a T a

K a p e T K U , a n t o 6 b l e 3 H a q e H M R B TOR C T p O K e , K O T O p b l e n p e n t I O J a r a e T C R

R C l T O J I b 3 0 B a T b n J I H n e p e M e H H b I X B n O C n e & y D U L M X n p e n J O X e H M R X read U readln, M r H O p M P Y e T . ~ O ~ T O M ~ , e C J U BbI H a M e p e H b I U C n O J l b 3 O B a T b

6onee q e M O ~ H O n p e n n o x e H n e read nna readln, n K a x n b I M npenno- X e H M e M BBOflMTb n a H H b l e B H e C K O n b K O n e p e M e H H b l X , T O K a X n y K )

rpynny A a H H b I x , n p e a ~ a 3 ~ a ~ e ~ ~ y t o n n R B B o n a o n H M M n p e n n o x e H a e M ,

3 a ~ a H q M ~ a f i ~ e H a X a T M e M KJlaBHUIM B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U .

3.5.4. BBOA s ~ a s e ~ n f i B nepeMeHHble T u n a string

O T M ~ T M M HeCKOJbKO MOMeHTOB, KaCaloUMXCFI BBOAa s ~ a s e ~ n i i B nepeMeHHbre Tnrla string. I Ipennoxe~ne read (readln) y s n ~ b ~ ~ a e ~ nnnHy n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i T u n a string, s a n a ~ ~ y l o B ee 06.bfi~ne-

HUH. OAHO CTPUHrOBOe 3HaWHHe He MOXeT 6b1~b IlPO~OnxeHO H a

CJleAyloUylo CTPOKy; eTO KOHUOM RBnFIeTCR an60 CMMBOJ BO3BpaTa

KapeTKU ( ~ b 1 ~ Y A ~ M 0 6 0 3 H a ~ a ~ b ero <CR>), nn60 caMa rpaHuUa CTPOKH. K ~ o M ~ TOrO, npo6enbr B CTpQKe BBOna paCCMaTpMBaloTCR

06bIsH0 K a K YaCTb CTpHHra (XOTFI MMeeTCFI OAHO n c ~ n m s e ~ n e ) . TO 0 3 ~ a s a e ~ , TO npn BBone n a e ~ b r x B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b r e cTpnHroBoro Tuna H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O OseHb npOflyMaHH0 pa3neJlHTb H X ~ P o ~ ~ J I ~ M H .

I l y c ~ b , HanpnMep, nMeeTcH nepeMeHHaR str, 0 6 ' b ~ ~ n e ~ ~ a F I K a K string [ l o ] . IIpenaoxe~ne read (str) unn readln(str) csuTaeT B ne- PeMeHHylo str AeCRTb OqePeAHbIX n 0 3 ~ ~ ~ f i ~ e ~ y q e f l CTPOKU

(a0 CHMBOJla BO3BpaTa K ~ ~ ~ T K H ) , YTO 661 B H U X HM 661~0 3anUCaHO - nnTepbr, npo6enbr nnn n a x e s ~ a s e ~ n e , KoTopoe B ~ I HaMepeBanucb

BsecTu B cnenylouylo nepeMeHHylo, cpnrypnpylouylo B cnncKe BBona. CJle&o~a~eJlbHo, npexne seM CsUTbIBaTb CTPMHT, BbI AOJXHbl ~ 6 e f l n ~ b -

CFI B TOM, TO OH pacnonaraeTcH, HasnHaR c ~ o i i n o s u s n n , ~ c ~ o ~ o p o i i BbI c e i i ~ a c rOTOBb1 Ha9aTb CqMTbIBaHUe. K ~ o M ~ TOrO, eCnU B C n M C K e BBona 3a n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i str cnenyeT e u e onHa nepeMeHHaH, ~ e o 6 x o n n ~ o oTsecTn non 3 ~ a s e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ t f o i i str ~ O B H O 10 no3nunfi, n a x e ecnn ee @ a ~ ~ n s e c ~ o e s ~ a s e ~ u e Kopose. I I p e ~ e 6 p e x e ~ u e ~ T M M n p a - BMJOM MOXeT IlpMBeCTU K CqUTbIBaHMlo B IlepeMeHHylo str COBCeM

He Tex nu-rep. P~CCMOTPMM T P H npMMepa. , L ( ~ K J ~ ~ ~ T u B H ~ I ~ saCTN npHBe&eHHblX

HHXe IlpOrpaMMHblX @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o B TOXneCTBeHHbI, a MCnOJlHMTeAb-

Hbre - ~ ~ ~ J I M ~ ~ I O T C F I :

var str : string[6]; num : integer;

(a) readln (str, num)

(6) readln(num, str)

(a) readln(num) ; readln (str)

I Ipennonoxn~ , M ~ I HaMepeBaeMcR noMecTuTb B nepeMeHHylo str s ~ a s e ~ n e 'Joe' 6e3 K ~ K U X - n n 6 o npo6eno~, a B nepeMeHHylo nurn 3HaseHMe 234. KaX~bIii H3 TpeX npMBeneHHbIX BbIUe IIpOrpaMMHbIX

$ ) ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o B 3aCTaBJIHeT H a C COOTBeTCTByloUHM 0 6 p a s o ~ PaCnOna- raTb BBOAUMbIe AaHHble.

138

a ) I I e p ~ o e npenJIoxeHue readln n n K T y e T H a M cnenylounfi @op- \ MaT BBOANMbIX naHHb1X:

{ ~ P H M ~ P 1 Kononm l! . . . . 7 . . .

Joe 2 3 4

~ ~ M ~ T M M , 9TO AJlH 3HaqeHMFI 'Joe' OTBeAeHO WeCTb n03~4nfi. TO H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O , nOCKOJlbKY B I ~ ~ P ~ M ~ H H o ~ Sfr MOXeT COnepxaTbCH

no uecTn nnTep, n npennoxeHne readln csnTaeT B Hee Bce uecTb

JUTep. Boo6ue rOBOpFI, slICJl0 234 MOXeT Ha9MHaTbCFI C nlo60ii

no3uqnn nocne uec~o i i , nocKonbKy npennoxeHne read ( K ~ K , ~nposes l ,

M readln) nponycKaeT Bce np06eJ1b1, noKa He 0 6 ~ a p y x n ~ B cTpoKe K ~ K O ~ - H M ~ Y A ~ qHC.JlOBOe 3HaqeHUe, KOTOPOe MOXHO IIOMeCTMTb B ne- PeMeHHylo nUm. B pe3yJlbTaTe C9MTbIBaHMFI CTPOKH, I I o K ~ ~ ~ H H o ~ ~

B npnMepe 1 , 3 ~ a s e ~ u e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i s tr cTaHeT 'Joe ', a sncno 234 nonaneT B nepeMeHHylo num. M ~ I HaMepeBanncb noMecTnTb B nepe- MeHHYlo str 3HaseHkie 'Joe' (6e3 npo6eno~) , CJIeAOBaTeJlbHO, BBO-

AlrMbIe AaHHbIe Mbl PaC~OJIOXUJM HeIIPaBNAbHO.

TO, e C A H OTBeCTH non 'Joe' TOJIbKO 4 n03HUHW, H B KaqeCTBe

CTPOKM BBOAa ~ a 6 p a ~ b

Konon~u 1 . . . 5 . . . Joe 2 3 4

B TOM cnysae str nonysuT s ~ a s e ~ n e 'Joe 23', a B nurn 6 y n e ~ noMeueHo sncno 4 ( n o s e ~ y ? ) . A TO, ecan B Hasane C T ~ O K U

OCTaBHTb n p o 6 e n ~ ? ( ~ P U M ~ P 3 )

K o n o ~ ~ u 1..4...8... Joe 2 3 4

B TOM cnysae B str 6 y n e ~ CsnTaHo 3 ~ a q e ~ n e ' Joe', a B nurn - 3 ~ a s e ~ u e 234. M o x e ~ 6b1~b , ~ a 6 p a ~ b cTPOKY TaK:

( n p e ~ e p 4 ) K o n o n ~ s 1....6 ... 1 0 . .

Joe 2 3 4

He KaxeTcR nu BaM, YTO 3 ~ a s e ~ n e , n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a s e ~ ~ o e nnH nepe- M ~ H H O ; str, 3aHHMaeT 6onbue WeCTU I I o ~ H ~ u ~ ~ ? O ~ H ~ K O B str 6 y n e ~ CskiTaHO COAepXHMOe TOJIbKO IlepBbIX llleCTM I ~ o ~ M u H ~ ~ , n str nonysMT 3 ~ a s e ~ n e '. J'. Ho s ~ o e q e xyxe , nanee KoMrlbloTep

nonblTaeTcH csnTaTb 'oe' B nepeMeHHylo num, s ~ o B ~ I ~ O B ~ T o m n 6 ~ y .

Bce BbIWeH3JlOXeHHOe IlpHBOnMT H a C K TOMY, q~06b1 CKa3aTb: no-BM- , AMMOMY, nocpeAcTBoM npeAaoxeHuR readln (s tr , num) H a M He

Y A a C T C R n O M e C T U T b B n e p e M e H H b I e C O O T B e T C T B y I O u U e 3 H a q e H U R , K a K

M b l 3 a A y M a J M .

6) P~CCMOTPU M B T O P O ~ ~ B a p U a H T I I p e n f l O X e H U F l B B O n a :

TO IlPe&JlOXeHUe n 0 3 B O J M T H a M I ~ P U ~ J I N ~ M T ~ C R K ~ a ~ e q e ~ ~ ~ f i UeJlM.

Ecnu p a c n o n o x n ~ b s ~ a s e ~ u e 234, ~ a q u ~ a ~ c nep~ofi ~ O ~ M U N M , u qepes OAUH npo6en n O M e C T U T b 3 H a 9 e H M e 'Joe', a H e n O C p e n C T B e H H O n 0 C J l e

J l U T e P b l 'e' ( B 'Joe') n O C T a B U T b CMM?OJ B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U , M b l

n o n y s u M n o w u TO, T TO HYXHO.

~ O C K O ~ ~ K Y I l e p B b l M C ' 4 U T b l B a e T C R 9 U C J I O B O e 3 H a q e H U e , MbI M O X e M

P a C n O n O X U T b er0, H a q U H a R C nm60ii n 0 3 U U U U CTPOKU - p e 3 y J l b T a T

6 y ~ e ~ T e M Xe C a M b l M , - B a X H O TOJIbKO, q ~ 0 6 b 1 'Joe', CJIeAyIOLLLee

3a q U C J I 0 B b l M 3 H a 9 e H U e M , 6 6 1 ~ 0 O T A e J I e H O O T H e r 0 OAHUM npo6eno~ . npo6enb1, n p e A l U e C T B y I O l l l , U e '4UCJlOBOMy 3 H a q e H U t 0 , n p e A J I O X e H U R M U

read u read ln U I - H O ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R . M a u u ~ a H e H a q u H a e T C q u T b l B a H u e no T e X n O p , n O K a H e ~ a f i j l e ~ qero-n~60, 9 T O M O X e T 6 b l ~ b U H T e p n p e T U P O -

B a H O K a K ~ u c ~ o ' . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , q T O K O r n a M a l l l M H a C q M T b l B a e T C T P U H T O -

~ o e s ~ a s e ~ n e , ee p e a K q u R H a npo6enb1 c o ~ c e ~ u H a R . B A ~ H H O M cnyqae n e p e M e H H a R nurn n o n y q u T s ~ a q e ~ u e 234, a n e p e M e H H a R str - 3 ~ a - 9 e H u e ' Joe'.

npo6en nepen C T P U H ~ O B ~ I M 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ ( ~ O ~ M U U R 4 ) O K ~ ~ ~ J I C R

TOE c c n p o 6 n e ~ o f i > > , K O T O P a R H e M O X e T 6 b l ~ b P e l l l e H a n p M U C n O J I b -

~ O B ~ H U M n p e n n o m e H u R readln (nurn, sum) . Aeno B TOM, TO npo6en, c J I e A y I O ~ l P i f i nocne q U C n O B O r 0 3 H a q e H U R , H ~ O ~ X O A U M B Typ60 n a - C K a n e - er0 O T C Y T C T B U e B b l 3 b l B a e T O W U ~ K Y B B O A a - B b l B O A a . M a u u ~ a Xe 3 T O T npo6en B O C n p M H U M a e T K a K q a C T b C T P U H r O B O r O 3 H a q e H M R ,

n o M e u a R ero B s t r . Ha c a M o M aene npo6enb1 ( u x n o n m H o 6 b 1 ~ b H e 6onee t u e C T U - I l o ' i e M y ? ) , B C T a B J I e H H b I e M e X A y '4MCJlOM 234 U C T P M H r O M 'Joe', P a C C M a T p U B a I O T C R M ~ U I U H O ~ ~ K a K q a C T b C T p M H r O B O T O

3 ~ a 9 e ~ u ~ u 6 y ~ y ~ n o M e u e H b 1 B n e p e M e H H y m str B K a q e c T B e nunu- ~ Y I O ~ H X npo6eno~. ( A BOT e C n U 6 6 1 n a H H b l e C q M T b l B a J l U C b U 3 B H e l l l -

H e r o @afina, TO 6 6 1 ~ 1 0 6b1 H e T a K , C M . n p u M e p 11. ) ~ O ~ T O M ~ npu

' T. e. 6 y A e ~ nocnenosaTenbHo npocMaTpneaTb nnTepy 3a nn~epoh, noKa He BCTPeTHT TO-~~6ynb. OTJlNqHOe OT npo6ena. 3 a 3THM CnenyeT B T O P O ~ ~ 3ran - CqNTbl-

BaHne n m e p no n e p ~ o r o npo6ena (nnn no KoHqa C T ~ O K H ) H H X HHrepnpeTaqnR.

Ecnn BBeAeHHble JHTepbl n306paxam~ 1lticno ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , 7.25E + 6) , OH0 npeo6pa3y-

eTCR N3 T ~ K C T O B O ~ ~ O P M ~ I 80 BHYTPeHHIOH) 'IWCJIOBYD, H pe3ynbTaT npe06pa30~a~WR

Ha3HaqaeTCR C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ D U ~ ~ ~ nepeMe~~0h Ecnn Xe BCTPeqaloTCR He3aKOHHble JlNTepbl

( ~ a n p H M e p , 7.25A + 6 ) , B03HNKaeT O U H ~ K B BBOna. - npumer . nep.

B B O A e y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o f i H U X e C T P O K U A a H H b l X R e p e M e H H a R st r I l O J y q U T

I s ~ a q e ~ u e ' J' (5 npo6eno~ u 6 y ~ ~ a J ) .

i K ~ o M ~ TOTO, K a K q a C T b C T P U H T O B O r O 3 H a q e H U R 6 y n y ~ U H T e p n p e -

T U p O B a H b I U npo6enb1, B C T a B n e H H b I e MeXjl)' C T P M H r O M 'Joe' U CUMBO-

i J O M B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U . ( B c ~ o p e Mbl y 3 H a e M , . I T 0 K O r n a B B O n O C y L 4 e C T -

B J l R e T C R U 3 B H e U I H e r O @ a f i J l a , 3 T O T O H e ~ ~ O U C X O ~ M T . ) C J I ~ A O B ~ T ~ J I ~ H O ,

: e C n U BBeCTU CTPOKY

( l l p w ~ e p 7 j K O J I O H K H 1.. .5.. . . l o . .

2 3 4 J o e <CR>

n e p e M e H H a R st r n o n y q u T 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ' Joe '. B ) K o ~ A ~ peqb U n e T 0 C q U T b l B a H U U C T P U H r O B O T O 3 H a q e H M R ,

J l y ' i l U e B C e r O n P U M e H U T b K O M ~ U H ~ U U I O I ~ ~ ~ A J I O X ~ H U ~ ~ readln, C O C T a B -

JlRlOLUyIO T P ~ T U ~ ~ n P M M e P ( C M . ~ b l t u e ) . ~ ~ M € ! T u M , q T O K O r n a M b l

H a M e p e H b l B B O A U T b A a H H b I e U H T e P a K T U B H O , 3 T y K O M ~ U H ~ U U I O K T O M y

Xe U J I e l ' q e B C e r O n P U M e H R T b .

r e a d l n (num) ; r e a d l n (str)

BBOAR C T P U H r O B O e 3 H a q e H U e O T A ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ C T P O K O ~ ~ , H a q U H a R C n 0 3 U -

UUU 1 , M b l I l O J l y ' 4 a e M B 0 3 M O X H O C T b K O H T P O J l U P O B a T b er0 3 H a q e H U e

FIOJIHOCTbIO. P e l l l e ~ ~ e P a C n O n O X M T b 3 T O 3 H a q e H U e , H a q M H a R C I l e p ~ ~ f i n 0 3 M U U U , ~ 3 6 a ~ J l R e ~ H a C O T H ~ O ~ X O A U M O C T U ~ ~ C I I O K O U T ~ C R 0 f lUAM-

P y I O U M X npo6enax. A e C n U n O C J l e C T p U H r O B O r O 3 H a q e H U R I l O C T a B U T b

CUMBOJI B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K M , T O YAaCTCFI u 3 6 e ~ a ~ b U B B O A a <<XBOCTO-

BblX>> npo6eno~. ECJIU B B O n U T b A a H H b l e , K a K n O K a 3 a H 0 , Mbl , O q e B M n -

HO, n O n y q u M T O , q T O H Y X H O :

( ~ P H M ~ P 8 ) Konomu 1 . . .

2 3 4 Joe<CR>

M T ~ K , e C n U B ~ a X ~ 0 f i C T P O K e A a H H b l e p a 3 M e u e H b 1 , H a q U H a R C n e p ~ ~ f i n 0 3 U U U U , U eCJIU B O B T O P O ~ ~ C T P O K e H e n O C p e n C T B e H H O I lOCJle 'e' n 0 M e u e H CMMBOJI B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U , T O B p e 3 y J l b T a T e B b l n O J I H e H M R

H a t u e r o n p o r p a M M H o r o @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ a n e p e M e H H a R nurn n o n y q u T 3 ~ a - q e H u e 234, a n e p e M e H H a R st r - s ~ a q e ~ u e 'Joe'.

n o n b l ~ ~ a C q U T a T b C T P U H r B I I e p e M e H H y I O , A J l N H a K O T O P O ~ ~ M e H b t u e

AJ lUHbl B B O A U M O r O 3 H a q e H M R , I I P U B O j l N T K T O M Y , q T O q a C T b C T P U H r a

O C T a e T C R H e C ~ U T ~ H H O ~ ~ . OCT~TOK M O X e T 6 b l ~ b 3 a T e M C q M T a H B npy- . r y I O n e p e M e H H y l O UJIU n O T e p R H . (A BOT I I O n b I T K a - C q M T a T b J T U T ~ P ~ I '

( ~ P H M ~ P 9 KO~OHKH 1 . . . . . 7 . . . . . .

b a n a n a f r i t t e r

var wordl,word2 : string[6]; num : i n t e g e r ; * . . (a) r e a d l n (wordl , word2 )

(6) r e a d l n (wordl , word2, num)

n p e n n o x e ~ u e ( a ) cYuTblsaeT ~ H ~ Y ~ H U R 'banana' B nepe-

M e H H Y I O wordl. Tenepb KOMnbIOTep rOTOB K C'4MTblBaHUlo, HaqUHaR

C n03uqUU 7. OH BbInOJlHReT CYNTbIBaHUe U nOMeUaeT B IIepeMeH- HYIO word2 s ~ a q e ~ u e 'fritter. n o O K o H Y a H u u pa6o~br npen- noxeHuR readln npoucxonuT nepexon H a H O B ~ I O CTPOKY, ~ O ~ T O M ~

nuTepa 'r' B KonoHKe 13 O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R nponyue~aofi . (To x e caMoe npOU3OLLlJlO 6b1 N npU NCIIOJlb3OBaHMU nOCJle~OBaTeJlbHOCTN read (word l ) ; read(word2) nnR B B O n a AaHHblX ki3 BHeUlHeTO @ a h a . ) O n ~ a ~ o ecnu 661 M ~ I y n o ~ p e 6 u n u npenJ0xeHue readln (wordl , word2, n u m ) , TO NMeJla 6b1 MeCTO IlOnblTKa CqNTaTb JIUTepy 'r' B YNCJIOBYIO

nepeMeHHylo num, TO npuseno 661 K ou lu6~e. E u e pa3 IIOBTOPUM, H ~ U J I ~ Y I ~ M ~ ~ cnoco6 BBOna CTPNHrOB - BBOn

KaXAOTO 3HaYeHMR B O T A ~ J ~ H O ~ CTPOKe ( K ~ K Mbl N CfieJlaJlU B np0-

rpaMMe 3).

Typ6o n a c ~ a n b npennaraeT nBa pexuMa MHTepaKTuBHoro

BBOAa. K a ~ o i i U3 H N X ~ b 1 6 p a ~ b , 3aBUCUT OT TOTO, HYXHO HLiM PenaKTNpOBaTb naHHbie B IIpOUeCCe B B O n a U J I N HeT. Ecnu RBHO He yKa3aTb 0 6 p a ~ ~ 0 e , TO Typ60 n a c ~ a n b 6 y n e ~ CYUTaTb, qTO n p u BBOne AaHHblX BbI XOTeJlU 6b1 MMeTb B03MOXHOCTb U X PeAaKTNpO- BaTb, HanpUMep BePHYTbCR Ha OAHy II03WUHIO Ha3aA N BHeCTU KOP- PeKTNBb1 B TOJlbKO YTO BBeAeHHbIe AaHHble. K COXaJIeHNIO, npU MHTePaKTMBHOM BBOAe B PeXNMe PenaKTUpOBaHNR IIpaBNJla pa60~bl npennoxe~u i i read M readln U ~ M ~ H R I O T C R . B A P Y r N X BepcuRx nac- K a J R ( a npN BBOne AaHHbIX N3 BHeUlHerO @afina N B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e ) npennoxeHue readln, K O T O P ~ I M npennonaraeTcR CquTaTb

HeCKOJlbKO 3Haqt?~Ni, COBePUIeHHO PaBHOCNJlbHO A B y M npenno>tte- H U R M - read u readln. H a n p u ~ e p :

r e a d l n (numl, num2 ) ~ K B H B ~ ~ ~ H T H O read (numl) ; r e a d l n (num2)

B nepBOM npNMepe KOMnbIOTep CqUTblBaeT 3HaqeHUR B nepeMeHHble

n u m l M num2, a a a ~ e ~ nepexonuT Ha cnenyloqym CTPOKY. BO BTOPOM npmepe KoMnbmTep noMeqaeT 3 ~ a q e ~ u e B nepeMeHHym numf , U O C T a e T C s rOTOBblM K CqUTblBaHUlO AaHHblX M3 3~0fi Xe

CTPOKN. H p e n n o x e ~ u e readln CquTblsaeT B nepeMeHHym num2 3 ~ a -

qeHue u3 3 ~ 0 i x e CTPOKN, nocne qero nepexonuT Ha H O B ~ I O CTPOKY.

n p u ~ e ~ e ~ ~ b l e IIpUMepbl naIOT O n U H U TOT Xe pe3yJlbTaT.

B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e , ecnu B ~ I coxpaHunu B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ penaKTupo- BaHUH, KOTOpOe npenyCMOTpeH0 I I p U MHTePaKTUBHOM BBOAe n0 YMOJIqa-

H N I O , 3KBUBaJIeHTHOCTb IIPNBeAeHHblX ABYX BaPUaHTOB CqUTblBaHNR HapyUlaeTCR. Aeno B TOM, qTO B PeXUMe <<BBOA C penaKTMpOBaHNeM>> Kaxnoe npennoxeHue read unu readln CquTblBaeT ueJIuKoM C T P O K ~

B B O ~ ~ B HeKOTOPYlO O ~ J I ~ C T ~ , TAe O H a U PeAaKTUpyeTCR. ( K ~ K TOJIbKO CTpOKa naHHbIX OKa3bIBaeTCR C ~ N T ~ H H O ~ ~ B 3Ty O ~ J I ~ C T ~ ,

A O ~ ~ B N T ~ K ~ K U ~ - J I U ~ O HOBble 3HaqeHMR B ee (CTPOKU) K O H e l l yXe

H ~ B O ~ M O X H O . ) P~CCMOTPUM B AeTaJlRX, K a K 3T0 IlPOMCXOnMT. n0nbl-

TaeMCR CqNTaTb 3HaqeHMR B IIepeMeHHble nUm U str nOCpenCTBOM

' t ,

r e a d (num) ; r e a d l n (str)

O A H ~ K O TOT @ o p ~ a ~ B n a H H o M cnyqae He ronuTcR. n p e n n o x e ~ u e read CqUTaeT BClo CTPOKY IlOJlHOCTbIO, TOqHO TaK Xe, K a K

TO cnenano 661 npennoxeHue readln. B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e s ~ a q e ~ u e

234 6 y n e ~ ~ O M ~ U ~ ~ O B nUm. 3 a ~ e ~ KOMnbIOTep nOnbITaeTCR BbI-

IIOJHMTb IIpeAnOXeHNe readln, HO IIOCKOJlbKy AaHHblX 60nbwe HeT,

eT0 IIOnblTKa HMqeM He YBeHqaeTCR, U OH OCTaHOBHTCR B OXUnaHUU

MOMeHTa, K O r A a Bbl nOArOTOBNTe HOBYIO IIOpUUIO AaHHblX. (Aaxe eCnM Bbl BCTaBMTe AOnOJlHUTeJlbHble npo6e~b1 MeXny 3HaqeHURMM 234 N Joe, HNqeTO He N3MeHUTCR, TaK K a K npenJIOXeHUe read MueT

TonbKo OAHO 3 ~ a q e ~ u e - AJIR n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i num, a Bce ocTanbHoe,

pacnonoxeHHoe B 3~0 i i x e cTpoKe nocne qucaa 234, u r ~ o p u p y e ~ . ) Ecnu Bbl BBeAeTe HeKOTOpOe 3Ha'ieHUe B TO B p e M R , K a K KOMnbIOTep

nblTaeTcR BblnonHuTb npennoweHue readln, TO OHO 6 y n e ~ noMeueHo B nepeMeHHym str. Ecnu B ~ I npocTo HaxMeTe Ha KnaBuwy BosspaTa KapeTKM, TO B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ f i ~ t r COXPaHMTCR TO 3HaqeHMe, KOTOPOe

B ~ e i i Haxonunocb nepen HaqanoM pa6o~bl npennoxeHuR readln. Ecnu He IIpennpUHRTb H U K a K U X A ~ B C T B U ~ ~ , TO KOMnblOTePY TOJIbKO N OCTaHeTCR, qTO <<CNAeTb U XAaTbB.

K ~ K yXe O T M e q a n O C b , n J I R T o r 0 q ~ 0 6 b l BBOAUTb A a H H b l e C n 0 - ~ o r u b m n o c n e A o B a T e n b H o c T u n p e ~ n o x e ~ u f i read (...) ;...; read ( ... ) ; readln (...), H ~ O ~ X O A U M O K a X n y l o r p y n I I y n a H H b l X , I I p e A H a 3 H a . l e H H y l o

AJIR B B O A a B OAHOM I I P e A J I O X e H U U read, 3 a B e p u I a T b H a X a T U e M KJaBNLUM B O 3 B p a T a K a p e T K U (XOTR 3 T 0 M H e O T O ~ P ~ ~ U T C R H a 3 K -

p a ~ e ) . T a ~ o ~ a O A H a U 3 O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ n O B e n e H M R Typ60 CUCTeMbI

MOXHO JIU C A e J I a T b T a K , q ~ 0 6 b 1 BbIIIOJIHeHMe I I ~ ~ A J I o X ~ H U ~

read U readln H e OTJlU'4aJ lOCb OT BbIIIOJlHeHUR 3TUX I I P ~ A J I o X ~ H U ~ ~

B A P Y ~ M X B ~ P C U R X ~ ~ c K ~ J I R ( a T ~ K X ~ IlpM BBOA2 A a H H b l X U 3 B H e U l H e r O

@afina B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e ) ? Aa, T a K a R B 0 3 M O X H O C T b e C T b : H ~ O ~ X O A M M O

C O O ~ U U T ~ K O M n U J l R T O P y 0 TOM, q T O BbI H e H a M e p e H b l P e A a K T U p O B a T b

A a H H b I e n p U BBOAe. O T M ~ H ~ P e X U M a P e A a K T U p O B a H U R BblIIOJlHReTCR

n y T e M BKJIkOqeHMR A U p e K T U B b l KOMIIMJlRTOPa B, K O T O P a R Y I I p a B j I R e T

P e X U M O M U H T e P a K T M B H O r O B B O A a - B b I B O A a ( C M . I I p U J I O X e H U e IV) . Ecnu BbI 3 T O r 0 H e C A e J I a e T e , A U p e K T U B a B 6 y ~ e ~ HaXOAUTbCR B BKTUB-

HOM COCTORHUU, a 3 T 0 0 3 H a q a e T , q T O P e A a K T U p O B a H U e BBOflUMblX

A a H H b I X p a 3 p e L L I e H O . ~ O M ~ C T M B B H a q a J I O I l p O r p a M M b l CTPOKY {$B-} ( I l e p e ~ p a 3 A e J I O M 0 6 ' b R ~ n e ~ ~ i i ) , BbI O T M e H U T e P e X U M P e A a K T U p O B a -

H U H . B TOM cnyqae c n o M o q b l o H e c K o n b K u x n p e ~ n o x e ~ u f i read, 3 a -

B e p m a e M b I x n p e n n o x e H u e M readln, MOXHO c q u T a T b A a H H b I e u 3 O A H O ~ ~ CTPOKU. ~ P U 3TOM @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T ~ I ( B ) U ( r ) , a T a K X e @ p a r ~ e H ~ b l (6) U

( n ) , I l p U B e A e H H b l e B II. 3.5.3, O K a X Y T C R I I O n a p H O 3KBUBaJIeHTHbIMM.

P ~ X U M C BbIKJI loqeHHblM P e A a K T U p O B a H U e M BBOAMMblX A a H H b I X M O X e T

O K a 3 a T b C R n O J I e 3 H b l M n p U padore C I I p O r p a M M a M U , H a n U C a H H b I M M H a

A p y r O M A U a J I e K T e ~ ~ c K ~ J I R . O T M ~ T U M , q T O A U p e K T U B a B M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b

3 a n a H a TOJIbKO OAMH pa3 B I l p e n e J a X I I p O r p a M M b I ; M e H R T b P e X U M

B B O A a me-nu60 B C e P e A U H e I l p O r p a M M b I H e A b 3 R . TO 0 3 H a q a e T ,

q T O BbI A O J I X H b I 3 a p a H e e P e U I U T b , B KaKOM 113 A B y X P e X U M O B MHTeP-

a K T U B H O r 0 B B O A a 6 y ~ e ~ BbIIIOjIHRTbCR B a L U a I l p O r p a M M a .

B rJI. 7 MbI A e T a J I b H O O ~ C Y A U M , K a K p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b C BHelUHUMU

@ a f i n a ~ ~ . A n o K a T o n b K o n e p e q u c n M M TO r n a B H o e , q e M BBOA u 3 BHeLUHerO @ a f i J l a O T J I U q a e T C R OT U H T e p a K T U B H O r O B B O A a .

B o - n e p ~ b l x , npennoxeaue read ( u n ~ readln), B c n M c K e mona K o T o p o r o y ~ a s a ~ a q u c n o s a R n e p e M e H H a R , 6 y n e ~ u c K a T b 3 ~ a q e ~ u e

A n R 3~0fi n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i no rex nop, n o K a T a K o e s ~ a q e ~ u e H e 6 y n e ~ H a f i ~ e ~ 0 unu H e 6 y n e ~ n O C T H r H y T KOHeU @ a f i J I a A a H H b l X . ~ P U 3TOM

T O OAUH UJU HeCKOJIbKO npo6eno~ 6 y n y ~ UM B O C n P U H R T b I K a K IIOAXO-

Rue€! 3 H a q e H U e . ~ P U C q U T b I B a H U N U 3 B H e U I H e r O @ a f i J I a e A U H C T B e H H O e

p a s n u q u e M e x n y read n readln s a ~ n l o ~ a e ~ c ~ B TOM, c K a K o r o M e c T a

K O M I l b l o T e p 6 y ~ e ~ r O T O B I l p O n O J I X U T b C. IUTbIBaHUe n a H H b I X IIO U C q e p -

n a H U U CIlUCKa B B O A a . ~ O M ~ C T H B 3 H a q e H U R B nOC.RenHK)lo I I e p e M e H H y l o

C n U C K a B B O A a ( c J I ~ ~ o B ~ T ~ J I ~ H o , H BO B C e I l P e A b l A Y l l l U e I I e p e M e H H b I e

3~01-o c n u c ~ a ) n p e n J o x e H u e readln n e p e x o n u T H a H a s a n o cnenylorueu CTPOKU A npennoxe~ue read o c ~ a e ~ c ~ ~ O T O B ~ I M c l I u T b I B a T h , T a H H b l P u3 ~ J I e ~ y l o ~ e f i I I03MUUN TOG CTPOKM, B K O T O P O ~ ~ O ! HaXOflkITCR.

B ~ O J I ~ L L I U H C T B ~ ~ e p c u i i n a c ~ a n ~ npennoxeaue read (readln) U U e T IIOAXO~RIU.ef2 3 H a q e H U e AJIR K a X A O T O 3 J l e M e H T a Cl lUCKa BBOAa.

Ecnu Bbl p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ e C ~ a ~ 0 f i B ~ P C U ~ ; ( K O M ~ U J I R T O ~ ~ ) U B b I I I O n H R e T e

C Y U T b l B a H U e A a H H b l X U 3 B H e U I H e r O @ a h l a , T O 0 6 R 3 a ~ e n b ~ 0 n 0 3 a 6 0 ~ b -

T e C b 0 TOM, ' 4 ~ 0 6 b l K a X A a R M3 y K a 3 a H H b I X B C n U C K e B B O n a I l e p e M e H H b l X

6b1na 06ecneqeaa A a H H b l M U , 6 b l ~ b M O X e T A a X e ~ ~ C C M ~ I C J ~ H H ~ I M U .

B IlPOTUBHOM C J I y q a e A a H H b l X M O X e T H e X B a T U T b , U T O r A a B 0 3 H U K H e T

o u 1 u 6 ~ a B b I n O n H e H U R . B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e OTCYTCTBUe HeKOTOPblX

A a H H b l X H e I IPUBOAUT K O L L I U ~ K ~ B b I I I O J H e H U R , a I I e p e M e H H b l e , B KOTO-

p b l e H U q e r O H e CLLUTaHO, C O X p a H R l o T C T a p b l e 3 H a Z l e H U R ( K O T O P ~ I ~

M O r Y T O K a 3 a T b C R CaMbIMU H ~ O X U A ~ H H ~ I M U ) . Bo-BTOP~IX, ~ O J I ~ U I M H C T B O P e A a K T O p O B , B K J I l o r l a R P e A a K T O p Typ60

~ ~ c K ~ J I R , Y C T P O e H b l TBK, q T O K O r A a Bbl 6 y n e ~ e 3 a I I O J I H R T b @ a f i J l

A a H H b I X , B a M H e 6 y n e ~ p a 3 p e L L I e H O B K J I l o q a T b n p o 6 e n b l B KOHeU

CTPOKU. B C ~ O M H U T ~ I l p M M e p 7: n O I I O J l H U T e J b H b l e n p o 6 e n b 1 , n O M e U e H -

H b I e B n 0 3 M U U U 8 U 9, T a K U M P e A a K T O p O M 6 y n y ~ Y H U q T O X e H b l , U MbI

n 0 J I y q U M @ O ~ M ~ T A a H H b l X , I I o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ b l f i B I I p U M e p e 5. ECJU B a M

B C e Xe H Y X H O 3 a C T a B U T b P e A a K T O p C O X P a H U T b n p o 6 e n b 1 , B B e n e H H b l e

I lOCJIe A a H H b l X B KOHUe CTPOKU ( H a n p ~ ~ e p , e C n U T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R , q ~ 0 6 b l

3 H a q e H U R , BblBOAUMbIe H a I I e q a T b , 6 b l n u O A U H ~ K O B O ~ ~ A J N H ~ I ) , TO

B A a H H y l o CTPOKY Bbl A O J I X H b l 6 y n e ~ e BBeCTU e 4 e OAHY J I U T e P Y . T ~ K , eCJIU Bbl XOTUTe I IOMeCTUTb n p o 6 e n b l B 8-, 9- U 10-fi n 0 3 N U U R X , T O BBOA

~110608 J I U T e p b I B n 0 3 U U U I O I I p a B e e 10 ( M ~ I BBeJIU 't' B n 0 3 U U U I O 1 1 ) 3 a C T a B U T P e A a K T O p C O X P a H U T b 3 T U T P U npo6ena.

( n p a ~ e p 11 ) K o n o n ~ a 1...5.....11...

2 3 4 Joe t<CR>

T p e ~ b e O T J I U q U e B B O n a A a H H b l X U 3 B H e L I l H e r O @ a f i J I a OT MHTeP-

a K T U B H O r O B B O A a 3 a K J I l o q a e T C R B C J I e n y l o U e M : IIpM C q U T b I B a H U U

n3 B H e t u H e r o @ a h a npoben, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ n o n x e H c n e n o s a T b nocne wicnosoro s ~ a q e ~ u ~ , n p o n y c K a e T c R u H e c q u T b r e a e T c R B o q e p e n H y l o

Xe yKa3aTb TOnbKO nePBYlO XaPaKTePWCTNKY - 0 6 ~ ~ 1 0 UlHPHHY IlOJlfl. ECAU BM YKaXeTe

06e xapaKTepecTuKu, TO BeluecrBeHHoe secno 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo B @ o p ~ e c @ a ~ c u p o -

B ~ H H O R T O ~ K O ~ ~ . H a n p e ~ e p , npennoxeHee writeln(realnum:4:2) HaneqaTaeT s ~ a s e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o t i realnum B serblpex no3nueflx: B o n ~ y no3auriro 6 y n e ~ noMeuleHa necflTeq-

Hafl TOqKa; UN@PM ~ Y ~ Y T paCnOJIOXi(eHb1 B nByX n03NUHflX CnpaBa OT TOsKU H B O ~ H O ~

~ O ~ H U H N cnesa OT T O ~ K N .

7. n o c p e n c ~ ~ o ~ npennoxeHefl read (tine readln) nporpaMMa MoxeT CquTblBaTb

3HaqeHUfl B OnHY U n H HeCKOnbKO IIePeMeHHblX. a a ~ ~ b l e MOrYT IIOCTynaTb C KJlaBUaTypbl

H n H H3 @ a h a . C T ~ N H ~ O B ~ I ~ 3HaqeHNfl BO BXOnHblX AaHHblX e 3 0 6 p a ~ a r o ~ ~ f l 6e3 an0-

CT~O@OB.

8. n n f l 06~apyXe~kif l KOHUa AaHHblX UCnUJlb3yeTCfl @ U K T U B H ~ ~ ~ CTpOKa H n H K O H U e - BOR 3JeMeHT AaHHblX. @ U K T U B H ~ ~ ~ CTPOKa COnepXHT CneUAanbHO ~ O J I O ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ 3Haqe-

H u e , n p e ~ ~ a 3 ~ a s e ~ ~ o e n n ~ ~ e ~ o ~ o p o A n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b ~ . 3 ~ o ~ ~ a ~ e ~ e e c e r ~ a n e 3 n p y e ~ o ~ 0 ~ , TO naHHafl crpoKa - nocneAHRfl. H a n p u ~ e p , B nporpaMMe 3 06 oKoHqaHuu naHHblx

CBUfleTeJbCTByeT @ N K T H B H O ~ 3HaLleHNe n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ f i name. 9. n a ~ ~ b l e He flBnflloTCfl qaCTbl0 npOrpaMMb1 Ha n a c ~ a ~ e . OHM BBOnflTCfl C Kna-

B H a T y p M no 3anpOCaM IlpOrpaMMbl ( r a ~ o i cnoco6 BBOna Ha3blBaloT N H T ~ ~ ~ K T U B H ~ I M )

N J U CqHTblBaloTCfl KOMnbloTePOM H3 BHelllHerO @ a h a , XpaHflulerOCfl H a nUCKe.

10. UeJlMe U BeuleCTBeHHble sHCJla B CTPOKe BBOnUMblX naHHblX nOnXHbl 6blTb OTLle-

neHb1 npyr OT npyra onHuM enn UecKonbKHMu n p o 6 e n a ~ e . Crpe~rosoe s ~ a s e ~ e e n p u BBone nyqme Bcero pacnonaram B o ~ n e n b ~ o R cTpoKe. n o p ~ n o ~ pacnonoxeHufl s ~ a q e -

H U ~ B CTPOKe naHHblX AOJXeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nOpf lnKy flepeqUCneHUfl IlepeMeHHblX B

cnuclte BBona npennoxeaafl read (unu readln).

1 1 . B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e no YMOJlqaHNlo neficreyer peXUM NHTePaKTNBHOrO BBOAa,

npu KOTOPOM npennoxeHufl read e readln pa60Talo~ onnealtoso. 3 ~ u npennoxeHufl pa60TaloT nO-pa3HOMy, eCnU naHHble BBOnflTCfl H3 BHeUlHerO @ a h a . B 3TOM CJlyqae

no OKOHqaHHU pa6orbl npenJlOXeHUfl read KOMnbloTep OCTaeTCfl rOTOBb1M flpOnOJlXUTb

CqeTbmaHue ~3 cnenylouleR nosauee ~ e ~ y u l e i C T ~ O K H , a nocne BblnonHeHtifl npenno-

xeHm readln npoucxoneT nepexon Ha Hasano cnenyrouleA CTPOKN.

12. Ann B B O n a AaHHbIX C I I ~ o B ~ ~ K o ~ Ha KOHUeBOe 3HaqeHNe MOXHO HCnOJlb30BaTb

U U K J C YnpeXnaloulkiM C'IHTblBaHHeM. HHXC nPUBOnNTCfl 06qafl @ 0 p ~ a TaKOCO

ueena; ycnoeue n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ o n n ~ nposeplte s ~ a s e ~ u i i , cquTblaaeMblx npennoxeHueM readln.

r e a d l n ( v a r N a m e ) ; while YCJIOBHe do

begin ( KaKaff-TO o6pa6o~~a

nepe~ennofi varName ] . . . r e a d l n (varName) ;

end ( while )

13. C nOMOUblo KOHCTPYKUHW if-thefl-else MOXHO BblnOnHUTb OLlllO H3 nBYX

anbTepHaTUBHblX ~ ~ ~ R c T B u ~ . O 6 u l a ~ L $ O P M ~ 3 ~ 0 k K O H C T P Y K U N N BblMflnNT T a K :

if ycnoBne then npe~noxen~e-1 else npennoxen~e-2

Ecne ycnoaue H C T H H H O , TO BblnonHfleTcfl npednowe~ue-1; ecne x e ycnosee JIOXHO,

TO BblnOJIHfleTCfl npednoxe~ue-2. BCHKUR pas, Korna nporpaMMa BcrpesaeT npennoxe-

Hue i f , ~ b l ~ ~ n ~ f l f ~ ~ f l OAHO U3 nBYX YKa3aHHblX npenJl0Xe~Hk ( H O He 06a B M ~ C T ~ ) .

14. B ~ a m n o i cxeue anropema nonxHa 6blTb ToqKa cTapTa n rosKa ocTaHoeKe.

3 a nepablM u ~ a r o ~ B cxeMe anropnTMa cnenyeT B T O P O ~ , 3a B T O P ~ I M - T ~ ~ T N R w T. n. ,

n O K a nYTb He npUBencT K TOqKe OCTaHOBKU. Kaxnh~ii CUMBOn BeTBJleHUf l

nOJlXeH HMeTb nBa BblXOna, 06blq~0 nOMeqaeMblX CnOBaMN anaw U aHe~ , . O~TaJlbHble

CNMBOnbI CXeMbI (0lI~~blBaloIU~e BblLIWCJleHNfl H O n e P a U N H B B O ~ ~ - B M B O ~ ~ ) nOnXHbl

HMeTb no OnHOMy BbIXOnfluleMy nyTH.

Y n p a m H e H ~ ~

B ynpaxHeHanx K n a ~ ~ o i e HeKoTopblM n p y r t i ~ rnasaM M ~ I OnycKaeM neqaTb n o n c ~ a 3 0 ~ . T a ~ o e p e i t e ~ e e npeHflTo c uenbro He s a r p o ~ o x n a ~ b TeKcT nporpaMM.

3.1. n p e n n o n o x n ~ , TO nonb30~a~enb ~ a 6 e p a e ~ H a KnaBwaType wlenyroqee

3 ~ a q e ~ u f l ( ~ a x n o e c HOBO^ C T P O K H ) :

5 7 - 3 4 1 0 - 1 7 0 npocnenu~e m a r 3a maroM BblnonHeHue n p e s e n e ~ ~ o k Hexe nporpaMMb1. CqNTb1BaK)-

meR 3TW naHHble. ~ O K ~ X H T ~ , qTO 6yi le~ HaneqaTaHo ~ P O ~ P ~ M M O ~

program p r o l ; ( I I p o r p a ~ ~ a cwTsmaeT (B w m e ) no OAHOMY Y H C J I ~ ,

neqaTaR 3aTeM HeKoTopylo H H @ P M ~ W o neN ) var x : integer; begin

r e a d l n ( x ) ; while x <> 0 do

begin w r i t e l n ; if x < 0 then w r i t e ( ' o ~ p q a ~ e m ~ o ' ) ; if x > 0 then w r i t e ( l n o n o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ' ) ; if x > 5 then wri te ln ( ' -60~1bme' )

else w r i t e l n ( I - ~ e ~ b m e ' ) ; r e a d l n ( x )

end ( while ) end. ( p r o l )

3.2. npocnenu~e m a r 3a maroM xon BblnonHeHnfl n p n ~ e n e ~ ~ o k Huxe npOrpaMMbl.

n o ~ a x e ~ e , TO BblBonnTcfl Ha neqaTb. n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c ~ . TO no Mepe H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O C T H

llOJIb30BaTeJlb BBOANT C KJlaBHaTYPbl naHHble. rpynnHpyfl U X no ABa 3HaqeHHfl B CTpOKe.

10 -1 -1 7 0 1 4 14 4 6 IS 5 Y 0 42 42

program p r o 2 : ( n p o r p a ~ ~ a CqnTbIsaeT cpaay no m a qucna ) var x , y : i n t e g e r ; begin

r e a d l n ( x , y ) ; while x <> y do

begin w r i t e l n ; w r i t e l n ( x , ' I , y ) ; if x > y then w r i t e l n ( ' x l )

else w r i t e l n ( ' y l ) ; r e a d l n ( x , y ) :

end; ( while ) w r i t e l n ( 'KOHELI PAEOTbI' )

end. ( p r o 2 )

; 3.3. ~ Y C T ~ CTpOKa naHHblX BO BHelllHeM @a8Je COnepXUT qkiCna OT 1 no 10.

Yncna pacnonoxeHbr B ~ o s p a c ~ a r o u l e ~ nopnnKe H p a s n e n e ~ b ~ npo6ena~ti . Hexe npuaeneHbl nae nporpaMMbl. npocnene~e, Kame 3 ~ a q e ~ e f l 6 y n y ~ ~ a 3 ~ a s a ~ b c f l nepe-

HblM X , Y N Z B XOAe BblnOJlHeHHfl ~ a x n o k npOrpaMMbl. (9~06b l CqWTblBaHNe

HblX N3 BHeUlHerO @afiJla ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O OKa3anOCb B03MOXHblM, 06e IlpOrpaMMbl

XHbl 6blTb nOnOJlHeHbl HeCKOJIbKHMti npenJlOXeHUflMU - CM. m. 7.)

149

(a) program pro3a;

var x,y,z : integer; begin

read (x) ; while x < 6 do

begin read(y, z) ; writeln(y, I , z) ; read(z,x) ; writeln (z, I , x) ; read(x) ; writeln(x)

end; ( while ) read(y) ; writeln (y) ; readln(x,y:z) ; writeln(x, t t y l t ',z)

end. ( pro3a )

(6) program pro3b;

var i,x,y,z : integer; begin

for i := 1 t o 3 do begin

read(x,y,z) ; writeln(xtl ',y,' ' , Z )

end ( for i ) . end. ( pro3b )

3.4. ( a ) B YnpaXHeHUU 3.3(a) Ha60p AaHHblX COCTOUT N 3 neCRTN qUCe.1, H CZIUTHBaloTCfl BCe AeCflTb. B YnpaXHeHHH 3 .3 (6 ) CYUTblBaloTCfl TOJbKO neBRTb sncen u3 necflTn. TO 6 y n e ~ c nocnenHnM ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T O M ~ a 6 o p a . ecnu B nporpaMMe 60nbUe Her npeanoxe~nf i read? A rlro Byner, ecnu a a ~ i e e B TeKcre npOrpaMMbl s a r ~ u c a ~ b ~ npennoxeaufl read? (6 ) K ~ K 6 y n e ~ pa60~aTb nporpaMMa, ecnu B ynpaxHeHnu 3 .3(6) 3aMeHUTb 3a1'0flOBOK UHKJa for Ha T ~ K O ~ :

f o r i := 1 t o 4 do

06paTFiTe BHUMaHUe Ha TO, 4 T O nPOrpaMMa nblTaeTCfl CVUTaTb 12 ~ H ~ Y ~ H w A , TOrna KaK U X TOnbKO LeCflTb. TO npou30ine~?

3.5. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o J o x u M , nOJb30BaTeflb BBOnUT no Mepe H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O C T H AaHHble, Crpyn- nnposaasble B qeTblpe CTPOKH, K ~ K n o ~ a 3 a ~ o Huxe. n p o c ~ l e n u ~ e war 3a ruaroM, KaKUe 3HaqeHHfl 6 y n y ~ C ~ U T ~ H ~ I B Ilt!pf?MeHHble U, 6, C U d npn BbInOJHeHUU nPOrpaMMb1. I l o ~ a x u ~ e , TO HaneqaTaeT 3 ~ a nporpaMMa.

program prog; var a,b,c : real;

d : integer; begin *

readln(a,b,c,d) : writeln; writeln(a:5:2,b:5:2,c:5:l,d);

readln(a) ; readln (a, b, c) ; writeln; writeln(a:7:2,b:6:2,c:6:ltd);

readln(b,c,d) : writeln; writeln; writeln(a:7:2,b:6:2,c:4:l,d)

end. ( prog }

B x o n n ~ e RaHHbIe:

1.35 2.1 -9.2 13 15 123.45 0 678 12.39 -5 5

3.6. ( a ) l l p e n n o n o x u ~ , TO nepeMeHHafl c n3 ynpaxeHnn 3.5 0 6 ' b ~ s n e ~ a c TnnoM integer, a He real. K ~ K 3 T 0 CKaXeTCR Ha BblnOJlHeHUH n p ~ r p a ~ ~ b l ? (6) n p e n n o n o x u ~ , TO Bce qeTblpe nepeMetlHbre 0 6 a f l e n e ~ ~ c TnnoM real. TO B TOM cnyqae 6yneT ~ a n e q a r a ~ o ?

) n p e n n o n o x n ~ , qro npn asone nocnen~efi CTPOKH ~ a 6 p a ~ 0 : 12.39 -55 ( ~ e p ~ o : 12.39 -5 5 ) , T. e. nOCJIeAHUe nBa CllMBOJa BBeneHbl 6e3 npo6ena. K ~ K 3 T 0 nOB.rlNReT

BblnOzlHeHUe n p o r p a ~ ~ b l ? 3.7. B nporpaMMe 3 nnn CqnTblsaHufl ~ ~ H H ~ I X B nepeMeHHble name, hours

U rate HCnOflb3OBaJlUCb TPU OTneJlbHblX npeAnOXeHHfl readln, nO3TOMy nOCTaTOqH0 no npenycMorpeTb + U K T H B H O ~ 3 ~ a q e ~ u e TonbKo nnfl n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o r i name, a nnfl

hours N fate TaKUe 3HaqeHUR He 6blnu HyXHbl. O ~ H ~ K O eCnU CqNTblBaTb BCe TPH 3HaqeHUfl OnHUM npenJOXeHUeM readln, TO no~ano6urcf l BBOAUTb @ U K T H B H ~ I ~ 3Ha- qeHUfl N A J R nepeMeHHblX hours U rate. n o q e ~ y ? ~ O K ~ X U T ~ , KaK 3 T 0 CAeJaTb. B H ~ C N T ~ C0OTBeTCTBYK)UNe H3MeHeHUR B CXeMy aJlrOpNTMa U B CaMy npOrpaMMy.

3.8. Monu+uunpy#~e np0rpaMMy 3 TaK, q~06b1 no OKOHqaHUU qTeHUR nocnen- Hero 3 n e ~ e ~ ~ a naHHbIx neqaTanocb c o o 6 q e ~ n e o TOM, TO C ~ U C O K ucqepnaH. (Ynacra- rtue: cHaqana n p o n y ~ a f i ~ e , KaK N ~ M ~ H U T ~ cxeMy anropnTMa, s a ~ e ~ nepeHecuTe u 3 ~ e - HeHUfl B n p o r p a ~ ~ y . )

3.9. Monn+uunpyfi~e rIpOrpaMMy 3 TaKNM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ . qT06bl OHa HE TOjlbKO B ~ I - swcnflna 3apnnary nnfl Kaxnoro c n y x a u e r o u neqarana BenOMOCTb 3apa60T~on nnarbl, HO n neqarana cnenyloune nTorosble n o ~ a s a ~ e n u : 06uee qucno cnyxaunx ,

BKJBqeHHbIX B BenOMOCTb, o6mee 'IUCJlO O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ I X BCeMU CnYXaqnMU qacoB, CyMMapFiaR 3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ a R nJlaTa. HaneqaraA~e ~ T Y N H @ O P M ~ U N H ) , OTCTYnUB Ha HeCliOnbKO

OK OT nocnen~eii 3anncu B senoMoc.ru 3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ 0 h nnaTbl. 3.10. ( a ) Monu+nuupyii~e n p o r p a ~ ~ y 3 T ~ K , qT06bl nOCJle CqUTblBaHUfl KOHUeBOrO

HaqeHtiR Ha n e q a ~ b ~b~sonunocb U M R cnyxaue ro , p a 6 o ~ a KOTOpOrO onnasusa.qacb o ~ a n s b ~ c r n e i cTasKe. (Ynacru~ue: n p o r p a m a nonxrra ( P U K C U P O B ~ T ~ HaH60~1b~lee ~aWlb1fi MOMeHT 3HaqeHUe CTaBKU, 06~0B~'lf lf l er0 no Mepe H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O C T M . )

3 ) M ~ M ~ H U T ~ npOrpaMMy U 3 YnpaXHeHNfl ( a ) TaK, q~06bl OHa 0TCnexnBa.rla e u e N M R CflyXatLlerO, O T ~ ~ ~ O T ~ B L U ~ ~ O MaKCHMaJlbHOe KOnHqeCTBO qaCOB, a TaKXe H M R

151

CnyxaIqero, nOJIyqUBLlIel-0 MaKCUManbHylo HeneJlbHyKJ 3apnJlaTy. H a n e q a ~ a k ~ e 3Ty U H @ O P M ~ U U ~ ~ .

3.11. Monti@uuupyil~e npOrpaMMy 3 TaK, qT06bl OHa BblqUCAflAa 3apa60THyIO nnaTy cnyxamero c yqeToM qncna CBepxypoqtio (T. e. CBbltue 40 qacoB B Henenlo) O T P ~ ~ O T ~ H H ~ ~ X U M qaCOB. ~ T U qaCbI OnJlaqUBaloTCfl no CTaBKe. B n0nTOpa pa3a npesbrmalomeil 06blqHylo. H a n p u ~ e p , ecnti H ~ K O T O ~ ~ I ~ cnyxamuii , 3apa6a~bl~a lomni i 5.00 non. B qac, n p o p a 6 o ~ a a 48 qacoe. TO nepeble 40 qacoe onnaqusaloTcfl no 5.00 non. B qaC, a nOnOJlHUTenbHble 8 qaCOB (48 - 40) - no 7.50 n0J. B s a c (5.00X 1.5).

3.12. Monn@uuupyii~e npOrpaMMy 3 TaK, q~06bl OHa paCCqUTblBaJTa p a 3 ~ e p uanoroB, ynepxusaeMblx c Kaxnoro c n y x a q e r o : ~ a n o r a , B ~ U M ~ ~ M O ~ O B CooTBeTcTBuu c nporpamMaMu counanbHoro cTpaxoeawn, u @enepanbnoro ~ a n o r a . npennonarae~cf l . TO nepsbrk cocTasnfler 9% o r ~ e n e n b ~ o k sapnnarbl. P a s ~ e p @ e a e p a n b ~ o r o Hanora saeucuT OT BelltiqnHb1 3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ 0 f i nnaTb1. O i cocTaenfler 10 non., ecnu 3 a p n n a ~ a MeHbme 100 non., u 20 non., ecnu otia 6onbme 100 non. n p u TOM @enepanb~blil Hanor He MOXeT IlpeBblmaTb pa3HUU) MeXn) 6a3o~oA 3apnJlaTok U HanOrOM no COUUaJlbHOM\ cTpaxoeaHulo (T e ecnu 6a30safl s a p n n a ~ a p a e ~ a 5 00 non , TO Hanor no c o q u a n b ~ o ~ \ CTpaxoeaHnlo 6 y n e ~ paseti 0 45 non , a @enepanb~bril Hanor 5 00 - 0 45 = 4 55 no.1 HO He 10 non ) Tpe6ye~cfl HaneqaTaTb nnfl Kaxnoro c n y x a q e r o pasMepb1 ynnaqtisae M b l X HM HaJlOrOB, 6 a 3 o ~ y l o 3apnJlaTY U CYMMY, OCTalOUYloCfl nOCne BblqNTaHNfl HanoroB

3.13. Monu@uunpyk~e n p o r p a m y 3, npenycMoTpee B ~ e k qeTeepTyw xapaKTe ~ U C T U K ~ nnn Kaxnoro cnyxauLero snew npo@colosa unu ~ e s a e u c u ~ b ~ i l n o p y q u ~ e nporpauMe eblqucnurb BentiquHy qnencKoro B ~ U O C ~ nnfl Kaxnoro c n y x a q e r o ripen nonaraeTcn, TO ~ J I ~ H c K u ~ fl3HOC CocTaBnfleT 10% OT s a p n n a ~ b ~ , OH ynnaqueaeTcn TonbKo qneHaMu npo@comja Kpowe T O ~ O , nopyquTe n p o r p a m e HaneqaTaTb ~a6nu11) . B K O T O P O ~ 0 KaXAOM CJ)XaUeM 6 y n e ~ C O O ~ U ~ T ~ C ~ ~ , flBnfleTCfl nti OH qneH0M colo3a, KaKOBa BenuquHa ero qneHcKoro B3HOCa, a TaKxe cyMMa, OcTaBmaflcfl nocne ynnaTbl B3HOCa

3.14. M O A U @ U L I U P Y ~ ~ T ~ npenblAYULYlo npOrpaMMy TaK, qT06bl npu HaqtiCneHblll 3 a p a 6 o ~ ~ o B nJlaTbl YqNTblBaJIOCb qneHCTBO B ~ P O @ C O K ) ~ ~ C B ~ P X Y P O ~ H O 0~pa60~aUUble qaCb1 (6onee 40 qaCOB fl ene en lo) no n0BblllleHH0fi CTaBKe A O J X H b l OnJlaqUBaTbCH TOnbKO qneHaM ~ P O @ C O K ) ~ ~ , He3aBtiCUMblM P ~ ~ O T H I I K ~ M OHU n O J l X H b l OnJld9UBaTbCfl no 06blq~0il CTaBKe

3.15. B H ~ C U T ~ U3MeUeHtifl B nPOrPaMMY 3 C YqeTOM cnenyK)ruux T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H U L ? n o KaxnoMy cnyxatueMy nporpaMMa nonxHa nOJIyqaTb AOnOJIHUTeJlbHylo ( s e ~ e e p ~ y w ) XapaKTCpUCTtiKy HeKOTOpOe UenOe qUCJ0, nOKa3blBaloUee. CKOnbKO UXAUBeHUeB npti XOAUTCR Ha LlaHHOrO ~ ~ ~ O T H U K ~ C J I Y X ~ U L U ~ . UMeloUUe UXAUBeHUefl, f l O J X H b l nJaTUTb Hanor, C O C T ~ B ~ R N U H ~ ~ 10% OT M O A U @ U U U P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ 3 a p a 6 0 ~ ~ 0 k nJaTb1, KOTOpafl PaBHa PajHOCTH 6a3o~oR 3apnJlaTbl ti qUCna UXAUBeHueB, YMHOXeHHOrO Ha BeCflTb CnymaluUe C OTPUUaTeJlbUblM 3HaqeHUeM M O ~ U @ U U U P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ 3apnnaTbl nnaTUTb @enepanb~brii Hanor He AonxHbr H d n p ~ ~ e p , cnyxaruuil, 6asosafl s a p n n a ~ a KOTOpOrO cocTaenfleT 35 00 non . u U M ~ ~ ~ U U B qeTsepblx uxnuseHuee. OT ynnaTbl @ e n e p a n b ~ o r o Hanora O C B O ~ O X A ~ ~ T C ~ ~ Ann Kaxnoro c n y x a q e r o ~ a n e q a ~ a i ~ e qucno uxnuseHqee, sentiqutiy M O A U ~ H U U ~ O B ~ H H O ~ 3apn.ia~bi u p a s ~ e p @enepanbtioro Hanora

3.16. ( a ) H a n u m u ~ e nporpaMMy Ha n a c ~ a n e . KoTopan BblnonHuT cnenylomue n e f i c ~ ~ t i ~ cquTaeT qucno Buna 3 10 unu 2 5 0 , npenc-rasnfllomee cpentilow OUeHK) CTyAeHTa ( g p a ' ) , Bbln0,lHtiT nJIfl3HaqeHUfl gPU BblqtiCfleHUfl n0 @ O P M Y ~ ~ PerUCTPaTOPa o n u c a ~ ~ o i i B n 2 I , oTneqaTaeT sHaqeHue g p a H p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e b r q w c n e ~ u ~ no @ o p ~ y n e ( 6 ) Monu@uuupyk~e nporpaMMy U 3 YnpaXHeHHfl ( a ) TaK, qT06bl no OKOHqaHUU 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u naHHbIX 0 nepBOM CTyneHTe OHa CqUTblBaJla HOBOe 3HaqeHUe gpa , Bbln0.J- HflJla BbIqtiCneHllfl U neqaTaJIa pe3yJlbTaTbl ~ ~ O U ~ C C AOJlXeH nOBTOPflTbCfl a0 TeX nop, noxa He 6 y n e ~ CquTaHo OTpuuaTenbHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e g p a ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 2 35) O H O 6 y n e ~ c u r ~ a n u 3 t i p o e a ~ b 06 ncqepnasun nat1Hblx

3.17. ( a ) B H ~ C U T ~ HeKOTOpble U3MeHeHUfl B IlpOrpaMMY U 3 YnpaXHeHUfl 2 13

I g p a - a 6 6 p e e u a ~ y p a OT g r a d e point a v t m g e - cpentiflfl oueHKa ( a ~ r n . ) . - h'pu.lreu. nep.

M b l 6 y ~ e ~ P e u l a T b AOBOJlbHO ~ e 3 a ~ e f i J l ~ ~ y I O 3 a A a Y y : ~ p e 6 y - e T C R ~ a f i ~ ~ CYMMY K B a A p a T O B YACeJl O T 1 A 0 30. Cnoco6, KOTOPblM MbI

H a M e p e H b l O C y ~ e C T B J I R T b C y M M U p O B a H H e , n p M r O n H T C R H a M H B A a J I b -

~ e f i w e ~ , n p s p e w e H u u c o B c e M npyrax s a ~ a s . Ho YTO e q e B a x H e e , B

3~0f i r J I a B e ~ Y A Y T B B e A e H b l n p H H q H n U a J I b H 0 H O B b l e MeTOAbI n p O r p a M M U -

p o B a H a R , ~ O ~ B O J I R I O ~ M ~ n p e o n o n e B a T b T ~ ~ A H O C T M B p e w e H u a CJIOXHMX

s a n a ~ . n e p ~ b ~ f i u3 HHX - TO M e T o A noluazosoli de~anusayuu, unu, u H a q e , npozpawwuposa~ue csepxy-s~us . E o n b r u u ~ c ~ e o cnesaansc- TOB B O ~ J I ~ C T A TeXHOJlOrMM I I P O r p a M M H P O B a H A R I l p H A e p X H B a I O T C R

TOG TOYKU 3 p e H H F I , YTO H M e H H O 3 T O T M e T O A ( B C O Y e T a H H H , M O X e T 6 b l ~ b , C HeKOTOPbIMH A P y r M M U n p U e M a M U , 0 KOTOPblX Mbl I I O r O B O p A M

nosxe) co3nae~ n p e A n o c b I n K u K p e u l e H a m c n o x H b l x n p o 6 n e ~ . Ypes- ~ b 1 Y a f i ~ 0 M O U H b l M MHCTPYMeHTOM I l P O r P a M M H P O B a H H R , C KOTOpbIM

M b l n 0 3 H a K O M H M B a C B 3 ~ 0 f i M a B e , RBJlRIOTCR I l O A n p O r p a M M b I , a TOY-

H e e , ~ O A ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M ~ I - @ ~ H K U U U . ~ T U M HOBblM AJIR H a C CPeACTBOM

R 3 b l K a n a c ~ a n b MbI 6 y A e ~ UrHPOKO I I O J l b 3 0 B a T b C R H a I l P O T R X e H U H

B c e f i KHHTM.

3 a ~ a s a 4 H a n s u u ~ e ( ~ a nawane) n p o r p a M M y , H a x o n R q y m C Y M M Y man-

P a T O B YHCeJI O T 1 A 0 30 ( K O ~ O Y ~ - C y M M Y n e p B b l X 30 K B ~ A ~ ~ T O B ) .

n o n y q e ~ ~ y m C Y M M Y ~ a n e ~ a ~ a i i ~ e . Y ~ 0 6 b l UCKJIIOYUTb K ~ K U ~ - J R ~ O HeFICHOCTH, YTOYHUM: ~ p e 6 y -

e T C R B b l Y H C J H T b 1' + ... + 30'.

4.2. C x e ~ a anropHTma A ~ R s a ~ a r ~ 4

4.2.1. M c x o n ~ a ~ CXeMa UrOpHTMa

3 a ~ a ~ a gnome r l e T K o o n p e A e n e H a , H M ~ I , n p a K T u q e c K u

e3 ~ ~ T P Y A H ~ H H ~ ~ , M O X e M C O C T a B H T b n e p ~ b l f i B a p U a H T C X e M b l anro- H T M a (OH n O K a 3 a H H a PUC. 4 .1) .

BhFMcnwrb CPMY manpama n e p a u 3 0 ww

I Haneua~arb pesym~ar

Puc 4 1 n e p ~ a ~ cxeMa anropnma K sanaqe 4

4.2.2. M ~ T O A ll0lllar0~0ii AeTaJlH3aqHH

H ~ ~ ~ A ~ T c R H e M a n 0 n I O A e f i , r O T O B b l X Y T B e P X A a T b , YTO nep- s a H H a m a c x e M a H e o T p a x a e T C ~ U H O C T H 3 a n a ~ u H A a x e B Y ~ M - T O

myna. Ho o H a H e T a K y x myna, n o c K o n b K y n a e T H C X O A H ~ I ~ ~ M a T e p u a J

n n H n p u M e H e H s R M e T o A a noruaro~ofi ~ e ~ a n u 3 a u u u . H ~ Y H ~ M C TOTO, YTO n O A B e p r H e M a H a J I M 3 y 3 J I e M e H T b l 3~0f i nep~ofi , A e n b H O y n p o I U e ~ ~ 0 f i C X e M b l . H ~ T AH 3 f l e C b ~JOKOB, K O T O p b l e C p a 3 y

X H O I I e p e B e C T H H a n a c ~ a n b ? E c T ~ . TO ~ J O K H , I l O M e Y e H H b l e CJIO-

155

B a M U START U STOP - UX nerqe B c e r o n p e 0 6 p a 3 0 B a ~ b B KOHCTPYK-

~ M N n a c ~ a n ~ ( ~ a ~ u e ? ) . C ~ o n b x e n e r K o a a n u c a ~ b H a n a c ~ a n e war , C B R ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ C n e Y a T b I 0 p e 3 y J I b T a T O ? , e C J U OTBJIeYbCR O T C a M O r O B b I q N C -

J l e H U R CyMMb1. OTJIOXUM H a B p e M R P a C C M O T p e H U e 3 T R X ~ J ' I O K O B U 3afi- M e M C R YTOYHeHUeM O C T a J I b H b l X , 6onee C J l O X H b I X 3 J I e M e H T O B CXeMbI .

@ ~ K T U Y ~ C K U e n N H C T B e H H b l M ~ J O K O M , H Y X A a I O U N M C R B A e T a J I U 3 a U N N ,

R B J R e T C R 6 n o ~ B ~ I Y N C J I ~ H U ~ ~ . 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ JIU 3 T 0 , YTO M b l H a T P U ' 4 e T B e P T U

p e l I I N J I U H a w y 3 a A a Y y , B e A b OTHOCUTeJlbHO T p e X q e ~ ~ e p ~ e f i C X e M b l H a M

RCHO, K a K n e p e B e c T n ee H a n a c ~ a n b ? H ~ T , 6onee T o r o , TO J I N U I ~

c a M o e H a s a n o npouecca n e ~ a n u 3 a u u ~ . C K O H U ~ H T P U P ~ ~ M y c u n u ~ H a

6 n o ~ e B ~ ~ ~ u c J I ~ H u ~ . K a K M b l ~ Y A ~ M BblYNCJIRTb C Y M M Y ? MOXHO BOC-

n O A b 3 0 B a T b C R ~ ~ C X N T P O C T H ~ I M MeTOAOM - n p O C T O H a n U C a T b :

sum-of-squares := 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 + ... + 30*30

n p e ~ n e q e M O T K a 3 a T b C R O T 3 T 0 r 0 M e T O A a , B H U M a T e J I b H O er0 n p O a H a -

J I U 3 U p y e M . B o - n e p ~ b l x , I I p a B O M O q H O JIM B nacKa.J Ie U C n O n b 3 O B a T b

M H O r O T O Y U e (...)? ~ ~ J I o B ~ K Y , KOHeYHO Xe, RCHO, Y e M 3 a n O J I H U T b

y K a 3 a ~ H b l f i I I p O n y C K , a K O M I I ~ I O T ~ ~ ~ ? K C O X a J I e H U I O , H e T . M b l M O X e M ,

KOHeYHO, n O C T y n M T b T a K : 3 a n U C a T b K a X n O e C J I a r a e M O e B RBHOM B U A e .

Torna, ecnu y H a c x e a T n T T e p n e H u R , n a ~ ~ b ~ f i M e T o n c c 3 a p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ ~ .

O ~ H ~ K O npki 3 T O M 6 0 n b w a ~ Y a C T b p a 6 0 ~ b l J I R X e T H a H a C , a H e H a

K O M n b I O T e p , n 0 3 T O M Y MbI H e M O X e M n p U 3 H a T b 3 T O T M e T O A HaUJIYLLUINM

A J R P e u I e H M R H a l I I e f i 3 a A a Y M . C T Y ~ ~ H T ~ M OH H e n O H p a B U T C R , n 0 T O M y

YTO CyJIMT MM K y Y y p a 6 0 ~ b 1 . OH H e n O H P a B U T C R N I I P e n O A a B a T e J l R M ,

IIOCKOJIbKy H e n O 3 B O J R e T I I p O U J I J l r o C T p N p O B a T b o6uufi IIOAXOfl K 3 a n a q e

C Y M M U P O B a H U R I IOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTN BeJIMqUH. HO C Y U e C T B Y e T JIM C n O -

co6 C A e J l a T b T a K , ~ ~ 0 6 b l K O M n b I O T e P C a M I l O P O X A a J I M C Y M M N p O B a J l

T p e 6 y e ~ b l e BeJIUYUHbI , U ~ ~ ~ B J I R R H a C O T H ~ O ~ X O A N M O C T U 3 a A a B a T b

K a x A o e c n a r a e M o e B O T A ~ A ~ H O C T U ?

M M ~ ~ T C R n p 0 ~ ~ 0 f i o6unfi MeTOA, p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a H H b l f i K a K pa3 AJIR C Y M M H P O B a H U R 3 J I e M e H T O B P R A a . B H a l I I e f i K O H K P ~ T H O ~ ~ 3 a A a q e

( B ~ I Y N C . A ~ H M R CYMMbl K B a A p a T O B I I e p B b I X T p M A u a T U Y H C ~ J ) n p e A n O J 0 -

X U M , YTO C y M M a K B a n p a T O B I I e p B b I X 29 qMCeJI yXe H a f i A e H a . K ~ K T e -

nepb I I O J I y Y U T b CYMMY n e p B b I X 30 K B ~ A ~ ~ T O B ? B M ~ C T O T o r 0 q ~ 0 6 b l

H a Y M H a T b C y M M U p O B a H M e C C a M O r O n e p B O r 0 3 J I e M e H T a , Mbl M O X e M

~ P U ~ ~ B H T ~ 30 * 30 K C y M M e K B a A p a T O B I I e p B b l X 29 Y U C e J . A K a K nony- YMTb CYMMY n e p B b l X 29 K B a n p a T O B , e C J U U M e e T C R C y M M a I I e p B b l X

28 K B ~ A ~ ~ T O B ? AOCT~TOYHO I I P H ~ ~ B U T ~ K 3~0fi C y M M e C J l a r a e M O e

29 * 29. BOT T a K H a K a X A O M mare M b l U ~ Y A ~ M n p M 6 a B n R ~ b OAMH

H 0 B b l f i K B a A p a T ( n e p ~ b l ~ 6 y n e ~ K B a n p a T 1, 3 a T e M qucna 2, ..., q U C J l a

30) K c y M M e , B ~ I Y U C J I ~ H H O ~ ~ H a n p e n b l n y u e M ware. B nocnenyroqux

p O r p a M M a x Mbl cue H e pa3 B O C n O n b 3 y e M C R 3~0f i ~ A e e f i ( A O ~ ~ B J ~ ~ H N R

O B O r O 3 J l e M e H T a K H ~ K o I I J ~ ~ H H o ~ ~ C Y M M ~ ) . Cefisac Xe B b l T O n b K O

O J t X H b l Y ~ ~ A U T ~ C R B W M , q T O 0 n F i ~ a H ~ b l f i M e T O A A a e T H a M ~ ~ 0 6 H b l f i

noco6 C y M M U P O B a H U R K B a A P a T O B I I e p B b l X 30 '4MCeJl.

4.2.4. ~aJlbIie~lIlaR AeTaJlH3al4HR

O ~ C Y A N M H a w M e T O A 6onee nonpo6~0. M ~ a q e r O B O P R , np0- OJIXUM ~ e ~ a n u 3 a u u 1 0 a n r o p u T M a . H a q H e ~ c T o r o , TO n o M e c T u M B

e K O T O p y D I l e p e M e H H y I O ( 0 6 b l q H 0 ee H a 3 b I B a I O T sum) NCXOAHOe 3 H a -

e H U e , P a B H O e 0. 3 a ~ e ~ H a K a X A O M W a r e B ~ I ~ M C J I ~ H N ~ ~ 6 y n e ~ no- a B J R T b H 0 B b l f i 3 J l e M e H T K T e K Y u e M Y 3 H a q e H H I O CYMMbl , n O n y s e H H O M Y

gia n p e n b l n y u e M ware. @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ c x e M b r a n r o p w T M a , onncb~~a roun f i b I . r u c n e H n e C Y M M ~ I , n o ~ a 3 a ~ H a puc. 4.2.

sum := 0

- - Ao6asmb K Sum n o s d wearem

I n0JlyVH~b

cnepymmR w e n

-

Put 4 2 C v r ~ a a7ropnTMa C ~ M M M ~ O B B H M ~ p n l a

A q T O ~ Y A ~ T , K O r A a n 0 ~ J l e A H M f i 3 J l e M e H T O K a X e T C R I IPOCYMMNPO-

B ~ H H ~ ~ M ? H ~ O ~ X O A U M O U M e T b B 0 3 M O X H O C T b ~ b l f i ~ ~ M3 U N K J l a . Y ~ u T ~ I - B a R 3 T 0 T P ~ ~ O B ~ H N ~ , B b l n O J l H U M C J I ~ A Y I O U L N ~ ~ 3 T a n A e T a J I U 3 a U N U . E ~ o p e 3 y J t b T a T n O K a 3 a H H a p U C . 4.3.

YXe cefiqac RCHO, q T O Mbl 3 H a ' 4 N T e J l b H O I lPOABNHYJlUCb B n e p e A .

~ ~ O A O J I X U M A e T a J l H 3 a U U ~ . TO n P e A C T a B J l R e T ~ 0 6 0 2 K a X A O e H O B O e

c n a r a e ~ o e ? nepsoe c n a r a e M o e - 370 1 2 , B T o p o e - 2', a nocnen- H e e - 30'. B o 6 u e ~ cnyqae K a x n o e H o B o e c n a r a e M o e e c T b o q e p e n H o e

157

UeJlOe qUCJI0, B03BeneHHOe B KBanpaT. TO O ~ C T O R T ~ J I ~ C T B O AaeT H a M

noBon npuMeHuTb nepeMeHHylo i nnR npencTaBneHuR oqepenHoro

UeAOrO qUCJla ( U M H i T p a n U U U O H H O naeTCR IIepeMeHHblM C UeJIblMU 3HaqeHURMU, XOTR BMeCTO Her0 Bbl MOrjlU 661 Y I I o T ~ ~ ~ u T ~ U KaKOe-TO

6onee MHeMOHUqHOe U M H ) . Tenepb B C R K U ~ 3JIeMeHT PRna MOXHO

~ 3 0 6 p a 3 u ~ b B Bune i * i. A ~ n m q e ~ o i i onepauueii Bcero anropuTMa 6 y n e ~ npu6a~neaue oqepenHoro c n a r a e ~ o r o K ~ a ~ o n n e ~ ~ o i i K TeKy- UeMy MOMeHTY C y M M e KBanpaTOB. BOT K a K 3T0 6 y n e ~ BblrJlRneTb Ha I l a c ~ a n e :

sum := sum + i * i

H ~ ~ O M H U M , TO 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ npennoxeHue s u m := s u m + i * i. OHO ycTaHaBnuBaeT n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i s u m HoBoe s ~ a q e ~ u e , paBaoe ee cTapoMy 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ nntoc cnaraeMoe i+i, a 3T0 u ecTb TO, TO H a M HYXHO.

~ ~ M ~ T U M IIOnyTHO, qTO AjlR PeUIeHUR 3anaqU C Y M M U P O B a H U R KBanpa- TOB 4UCeA MOXHO UCnOJlb30BaTb CTaHnaPTHYD, UJlU IIpenOnpeneJleH-

HYD, @ Y H K U U D sqr ( c o ~ p a m e ~ ~ o e square - ~ o 3 ~ e n e ~ u e B anpa pa^). B o 6 m e ~ cnyqae sqr ( x ) ~ b ~ . r u c n ~ e ~ a ~ a q e ~ u e BbIpaxeHuR x * x;sqr ( i ) , B qaCTHOCTM, AaCT 3HaqeHMe i * i . O A H ~ K O B A ~ H H O ~ ~ IIpOrpaMMe Mbl

H e 6 y n e ~ UCnOJIb30BaTb 3TY @ Y H K ~ U H ) . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , qTO 06blq~0 @ Y H K U U D

Sqr IIP~M~HRDT nJIR BO3BeneHUR B K B a A P a T HeKOTOPOrO BblpaXeHUR,

sqr (x - 2 * b + sin (w - 8 ) ) , a He o ~ n e n b ~ o i i nepeMetl-

I l e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i i ~ e o 6 m n u ~ o naTb ucxonHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e . I l o q e ~ y ?

o He CnenaTb, KaKoe Me a ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i i 6 y n e ~

D i u KaKoe a ~ a q e ~ u e eii n a ~ b ? M ~ I A O J I X H ~ I 3 a n a ~ b eii O e 3HaqeHHe 1 nepen TeM, K a K B nep~blfi pa3 IIPOBOAUTb

M M U p O B a H U e CJIaraeMOrO. 3 a ~ e ~ H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O npOBepUTb, eCTb

KaKUe-TO 3neMeHTb1, KOTOPble AOJlXHbl 6 b l ~ b CYMMUPOBaHbI.

0661 BblRCHUTb 3T0, HYXHO IIpOBepUTb, He CTaJlO J I U TeKymee aqeHUe i 6onbme qUCJla 30. Ecnu 3T0 TaK, 3HaqUT, Mbl I I P O C Y M M U P O -

4.2.5. 06qni i B3mHA

Ha MeTOA n 0 l l l a r 0 ~ 0 ~ AeTanH3aqHH

~ ~ ' ~ ~ A U H H B BCe IIOCTpOeHHble PaHee CXeMbI B O n H y , IlOJIy-

ee neTaJlU3UpOBaHHyD C X e M y aJlrOpUT-

sum := 0 i := 1

sum := sum + i*i I

i : = i + l

B H O B ~ O ~ ~ ~ T H M C F I K unee nowaro~oii ne~anu3asuu u c n p o c u M

c e 6 ~ : K a K U e U 3 I I O K a 3 a H H b l X H a C X e M e 6 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ yXe M O X H O I I e p e B e C T U

H a R 3 b l K n p o r p a ~ ~ b l ? Bce! C J I ~ A O B ~ T ~ J I ~ H O , C 3 T a I I O M C O C T a B n e H U F I

C X e M b l a J r O p U T M a I IOKOHYeHO, U H a C T a J I O B p e M R I I P U H U M a T b C R 3a H a n u -

c ame T e K c T a H a n a c ~ a n e . EPOCUM 0 6 0 6 ~ a ~ ) ~ u i i B 3 r J I R A H a H ~ J I O X ~ H H ~ I ~ M e T O A . O Y ~ B U A -

H O C T b M e T O A a I I o L U ~ I ' O B O ~ ~ A e T a J I U 3 a U U U IIOYTU H e B b 1 3 b I B a e T C O M H e - H U W - H a C T O J b K O I I P O C T b l U e C T e C T B e H H b 1 er0 O C H O B H b l e U A e U . M H O ~ A ~ M O X e T K a 3 a T b C F I , 4 T 0 , A B U r a F I C b L U a r 3a L U a r O M IIO n y T U Y T O Y H ~ H U W , M b l T O n Y e M C R H a M e C T e , HO B A p y r C O B e p W e H H O H e O X U n a H H O BblFIC-

HFIeTCFI, 4 T 0 , B C Y U H O C T U , B C e 3 a K O H Y e H O . C O ~ J I ~ C H O M e T o n y I I O L U a r O -

BOW ~ e ~ a n u 3 a s u u C H a q a n a 4 o p ~ y n u p y e ~ c ~ c a M a R r p y 6 a ~ M o n e n b

P e L U e H U R , O T A e J l b H b l e A e T a J l U ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 8 H a I I e p B O M 3 T a I I e M O r Y T 6 b 1 ~ b A O B O n b H O p a C I I J l b l B Y a T b 1 M U . 3 a T e ~ , O T B J I e K a R C b O T TOTO, q T O C O M H ~ H U ~

H e B b 1 3 b l B a e T , M b l C O C P e A O T O Y U B a e M C B O e B H U M a H U e K a K pa3 H a ~ a u 6 0 - nee T Y M a H H b I X YaCTFIX a J r O p U T M a ; U M e H H O AX M b l I Ib lTaeMCFI p a 3 6 u ~ b H a 6onee M e J K U e L U a r U , A O ~ U B ~ R C ~ 6onee T O Y H b l X U A e T a J I U 3 U p O B a H -

H ~ I X ~ O ~ M ~ J T U ~ O B O K . T a ~ o i nposecc n p o n o n x a e T c R c K o n b v r o n H o . . . <<rny60~0>> - no T e x nop, n o K a H e C T ~ H ~ T R C H ~ I B c e A e T a n u p e w e H u R

3 a ~ a 4 u .

M T ~ K , M ~ I 3 a ~ e p w u n u npouecc ne~anu3asuu u nonyqunu O K O H Y ~ T ~ J ~ H ~ I ~ B a p U a H T C X e M b l a J I r O p U T M a . Tenepb MbI A O f l X H b I

~ ~ H F I T ~ C R n p e B p a u e H u e M TOW c x e m B n p o r p a ~ ~ y H a n a c ~ a n e . Ecnu M b l A 0 C U X ' I I O p A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ ~ U B COOTBeTCTBUU C I I P e A J l O X e H H M M B b l w e

M e T o A o M noularo~ou ~ e ~ a n u s a q u u , n o c n e ~ ~ u i i 3 ~ a n - H a n u c a m e

I I p O r p a M M b I - H e C O C T a B U T 0~060i-0 T P y A a , B e A b M b l T a K T U a T e n b H O

C O C T a B J R J U C X e M y a J l r O p U T M a . ~ P M C T Y I I U M K H a I I U C a H U K I I I P O r P a M M b I

4. H ~ Y H ~ M K a K 0 6 b 1 ~ ~ 0 :

program prob4 ; ( C ~ M M ~ KsaapaTos nepsbrx 3 0 sucen )

3 a ~ e ~ - O ~ % R B J ~ H A F I . M 3 C X e M b l a J I r O p U T M a C J I e A y e T , 4 T O M b l A O n X H b 1

O ~ ~ R B U T ~ n e p e M e H H b I e i u sum. 06e ~ T U n e p e M e H H b l e n p u H u M a l o T

T O J l b K O U e J I b l e 3 H a Y e H U F I . I ~ O ~ T O M Y O ~ ' ~ F I B U M UX T a K :

v a r i,sum : i n t e g e r ;

Tenepb I T e p e X O A U M K U C I I O J I H U T ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ Y a C T U I I p O r p a M M b l . C f l e ~ y F I

160

CXt'Me ; l d I T O P H T M 3 , H a c l H e M C '1'01'0. q i . 0 IIOMC'~"IIIk1 tl Ilt. '~l('M(r'till\ilO

S U l l l !-iCSO,ilHOe l i l l a 4 e H H e :

begin * Z sum := 0 \ii i H b l , E ~ P O ~ T H O , y x e n o H n " ? i l , TO B p a l u e r i I I ~ O I p i ? v t r + L . ~ f l n p u 6 a R -

I -: neilun aouoro c . i a r a e h l o r o K I I I ~ ~ I P H I I K ) n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i ( i : ;~ ; ( . y f i e T u c n o ~ ~ b - 3 0 R a H U U K J . O C T ~ ~ T C ~ pel I JWTt j , 6 y ; l e T .'I11 3 T O T 111iK.1 Uii:<.lO?l f0 l . HUTPI

while? X o ~ n , u TO h 1 0 x 1 1 0 n o i i a 3 a ~ b , Bee, ~ I T O : Y I U . K I ~ ~ o c y u e c , r n u T b

c I I O M O U ~ K ) u u K , q a for, M O X H O B ~ I I I O J I ~ ~ U T ~ il c I!( . )I~IS).!~~KI u u K . n a while ( C M . j n p a x l i e t i u e 3.25). B c T p e q a e T c n M r + o r o clrrya:l~rii, B K o r o p b r x

u r i l t n for 6o.nce y ~ l 0 6 e H . Haws n p o r p ; r h ? k ! a - rr,: a,-;r,Hblu TOM). I I P M -

M e p . Ilo.rehiy? Kaxaoe s t i a q e H b i e rrepe, t let! i : r ,H .; ~ O B H : ) ~a I 6 0 ; i b l u t ~

n p e d b l a y t u e r o ; I c p o M e TOr'O. t l a a l T O ~ I I C ) U : ~ R C I . ~ I ~ O 1 1 a c 1 3 ~ 1 b i 1 o e j f i a q e i i u e i ( q e ~ y O H 0 P ~ B H O ? ) ; H a M T a K X e U 3 B e C T I i O KOHeLIHOe 3 H a q e H U e 3 ~ 0 k n e p t : ~ e t i ~ o 8 ( 1 4 c M y O H O p a ~ i ~ i o ? ) . T ~ K ~ ! . v I o i i p a s o h l . U M ~ I O T C R RCC <<3a1'i)-

roeku,, ,I-IH ~ [ L i K n a for. K a h XC! Gq'ae~ E I b I r J l R a e T b ' T ~ K o ~ i l i lh .n? OTE3eTbl H a BOIIPOCbl

r 1 p e n b l n y u e r . c ) a G . t a u a I I ~ ~ C K ~ ~ H B ~ W T , ~ a h ! - i h ! i ) b ~ e ~ 3 a 1 , 0 , r i t . ) ~ o ~ L L I I I C I ~ .

! H ' e 0 6 : ; 0 j ( ~ ~ b l ~ H a M UMiLT ior 1 1 p u o 6 p e ~ a e , i . c n e n y t o l u u i i B U a :

f o r i := 1 t o 3 0 do Teno IPIKIILL

A c I l 0 Mbl XO1MM BbIIlO*rlHUTL R Te.Te L L U K J ~ ~ ? F A I ~ H C I P C H H O ~ , q r O

T p e 6 y e T C F I Cde:1;1Tb, 3TO RblqPiC.?Mlb HOBOt' I H a L l e H U e C . l a r a C M o r 0

(i * I ) 11 n p u h a n u ~ b ero K ~ H ~ ~ ~ I I U K ) s u t n I ~ O C K O . T ~ K Y B H ~ T P U u u K . T a

H a M n C I T p r 6 j e T ~ ~ T O q b K O Oil110 I I I )eAJIO>KeHUe, H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ U M O C T U EJ nape orpaau~ruie.~el"i begin-end HPT ( r i o q e ~ y ? ) He H Y A H O ~ a ~ x e B H Y T P U

! Te.fla U U K J a . 6 y K ~ a j l b ~ 0 B O C I I p O u 3 B O n R C X e M ) a J I r O p u T M a , HBHbIM o6pa30v ? a n a o ; ~ T t , n p i 4 p a l u e ~ u e I l e p e M e H H o r f I ( I i o q e h q S 2 ) 3 a n u r u e ~ n o . r l t i b r i n u 1 ui.r;\.la for

f o r i := 1 t o 3 0 do sum := s u m -t i * i

b w r i t e i n (sun, ' ecTb cyMMa KsaapaToa nepsbIx 3 0 uucen' )

end. ( prob4 )

4.3.2. nepaan BepCHR nporpammu 4

program prob4a; ( C y ~ ~ a K B a f l p a T o B nepBbIX 30 '4UCeJI ) v a r i,sum : integer; b e g i n

sum := 0; f o r i := 1 t o 30 d o

sum := sum + i * i; writeln (Sum, ' eCTb C Y M M a KBanjlaTOB nePBLIX 3 0 ZIUCeJl ' )

e n d . ( prob4a )

n p o ~ e n ~ A o c T a T o q H o T J I Y ~ O K Y K ) A ~ T ~ J I U ~ ~ U M I O s a n a q u , no- J I y q M T b I I p O r p a M M y O K a 3 a J I O C b AORO.rlbH0-TaKU I lpOCTblM DeJIOM. 3 a ~ e - TMM I lOnYTHO, q T O I I P O C J I e X M B a T b R b I n O J H e H M e a J I r O p U T M a BO MHOrUX

OTHOLUeHMRX I l p O U e no TeKCTY I l p O r p a M M h I , a H e IIO C X e M e . n 0 K a MbI

H e y m y 6 u n u c b B P a C C M O T p e H U e n p y r U X BOIIPOCOB, O T T p a C C U p y e M

H a m y n p o r p a M M y , ~ 1 ~ 0 6 6 1 y 6 e n M ~ b C H B ee I lpaBUJIbHOCTM.

M C X O A H O ~ s ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o u sutn pamo 0. B H a q a n e u u K n a

for nepe ive~~of i i n a e T c R s ~ a q e ~ u e 1 . BHYTPU u u K ; I a s ~ a q e ~ u e s u m YBeJIMLIUBaeTCR H a BeJIMqMHY 1 * i = 1 * 1 U CTaHOBUTCFl P a B H b I M 1. 3 a ~ e ~ i aBTOMaTUZleCKU YBeJIMYUBaeTCR H a 1, M ee 3 H a q e H U e M C T a H O -

BUTCH YUCJIO 2. Ha TOT pa3 B u u K n e K s u m n p ~ 6 a ~ z l R e ~ ~ F l c i I a r a e M o e

2 * 2 = 4, B p e 3 Y J I b T a T e 3 H a L l e H M e SUrn CTaHOBUTCFl P a B H b I M

1 + 4 = 5. n p u c J I e n y r o q e M rrpoxone u u K z l a i y B e n u w s a e T c H no 3; K ~ H ~ ~ ~ H M I O s u m n p u 6 a ~ n ~ l e ~ c ~ 3 w 3 u T a K nanee. H a K o ~ e r r , i n o c -

T U r a e T 3 H a q e H U R 30, O q e p e n H b I M C J I a r a e M b l M CTaHOBUTCFl 30 * 30 = = 900, a s u m n o n y L I a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 9455. ( n p o ~ e p ~ e n p a B u z r b H o c T u

C y M M u p o B a H u F l n o c B F l q e H o y n p a x H e H u e 4.4, rne U ~ J I O X ~ H rrpoc~efi- L U U ~ cnoco6 BbIqMCJIeHUFl CYMMbI K B a J P a T O B n e p B b I X T p U n U a T M ~ u c ~ J I . )

M ~ I 06pa6o~a~1u ~ o ~ e q ~ o e 3 ~ a q e ~ u e u H n e K c a u u K n a for. 3 ~ o r O B O p U T

o TOM, Z ~ T O UUKJI 3 a ~ o ~ q e ~ , u M ~ I n e p e x o n u M K c n e n y r o u e M y npennoxe- HUIO n p o r p a M M b 1 - writeln. B p e 3 y n ~ ~ a ~ e ero B b r n o n H e H u n 6 y n e ~ H a n e q a T a H a o n H a c T p o K a :

T e n e p b , K O r A a MbI y 6 e n u n u c h B I l p a B U J l b H O C T U p a 6 0 ~ b 1 H a -

meA n p O r p a M M b 1 , p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ y I I e p ~ 0 f i B e p C U U M O X H O CZlUTaTb 3 a K O H -

q e H H 0 f i . O ~ H ~ K O B I l p O r p a M M y M O X H O BHeCTU HeCKOJIhKO U ~ M ~ H ~ H U ~ .

I l p e n c ~ a u b . r e , H a n p u M e p , Z ~ T O samero n p u m e m u H T e p e c y e T C y M M a

K B a n p a T O B H e n e p B b I X 30 YMCeJI, a I l e p B b I X 27. C M O X ~ T JIU OH BOC-

~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ C F I n p o r p a ~ ~ o i 4 B TOM x e B u n e . B KOTOPOM o H a H a n u -

c a ~ a ? K c o x a n i ~ u i , k e ~ , s e n b H a m a n p o r p a M M a p a 3 i a 6 0 ~ a ~ a u M e H -

HO nJIFl CYMMMPOBaHUFl n e p B b I X 30 K B a n p a T O B . MOXHO JIM ee M O ~ U $ ~ U -

U U P O B a T b , q ~ 0 6 b 1 O H a I l O n C Y U T b I B a J I a CYMMY n e p B b I X 27 K B ~ ~ ~ ~ T O B ?

Aa, I l y T e M BHeCeHUFl H ~ ~ O J I ~ U I O ~ O YMCJIa n P O C T b I X ~ 3 ~ e H e H u f i . n e p ~ o e , $2- ?-TO I l p U X O n U T B rOJIOBy - 3 T O U 3 M e H U T b K O H e q H O e 3 H a Y e H U e UH-

n e K c a UUKJIa : BMeCTO 30 O H 0 A O J X H O C T a T b P a B H b l M 27. M e ~ e e O q e B M n H b I M , HO CTOJIb Xe C Y U e C T B e H H b I M FlBJIFleTCFl H ~ O ~ X O A U M O C T ~

M C n p a B M T b ~ 0 ~ e p X a H M e C O O ~ U ~ H U F I , BbIBOnMMOrO B KOHUe n p O r p a M M b 1 .

n 0 q e ~ y 3 T 0 B ~ X Z H O ? M b 1 B e n b I lOf lCqMTbIBaeM CYMMY K B a A p a T O B

n e p m x 27 q u c e n . M ~ a 3 b 1 ~ a ~ b npu n e q a T u n o n y q e H H o e s ~ a q e ~ u e

C Y M M O ~ 30 K B a n p a T O B I lpOCTO ~ ~ C C M ~ I C J I ~ H H O . n o T e M XZe coo6paxe- HURM 3 a M e H U M K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ B 3 a T O J I O B K e n P O r P a M M b 1 .

B ~ e c ~ l ~ T M M ~ M ~ H ~ H M F I , n o . n y q a e M :

program prob4b; ( Cy~~aKBanpaToBnepBbIX 27 VUCeJI ) v a r i,sum : integer; b e g i n

sum := 0; f o r i := 1 t o 27 d o

sum := sum + i * i; writeln (sum, ' ecTb c y M M a KsanpaTos nepsux 27 uucen' )

e n d . ( prob4b )

Cnoco6 M O ~ U $ ~ U K ~ U U U n p O r p a M M b 1 , K O T O P ~ I L ? MbI 3 n e C b

n p M M e H U J I U , H e T a K y X M IIJIOX. HO MbI H a M e p e H b I P a C C M O T p e T b U npy- I rue, B q e M - T O 6onee < < 3 J I e r a H T H b I e > > . G TO A a C T H a M n O B O n BBeCTU P H A

B a X H b I X C p e n C T B n a c K a J I F l .

M n e ~ COCTOMT B TOM, q ~ 0 6 b 1 KaKUM-TO 0 6 ~ ~ 1 3 0 ~ U 3 O J I U p O B a T b

n p ~ r p a ~ ~ ~ b l f i M a T e p U a J I , I I o n ~ e p r a e ~ b ~ f i U3MeHeHUFlM ( B n a H H O M CAY-

q a e KOJIMqeCTBO CYMMMPYeMbIX ~ J I ~ M ~ H T o B ) OT O C T a J I b H O r O T e K C T a

n p O r p a M M b 1 , K O T O P ~ I ~ n O J I X e H O C T a B a T b C F l H e U 3 M e H H b I M . B M ~ C T O T o r 0

q ~ 0 6 b 1 BHOCMTb M a C C y M ~ M ~ H ~ H U ~ no ~ c e i n p O r p a M M e , PMCKYR O C T a -

BMTb KaKMe-TO . M e C T a HeM3MeHHbIMU, MbI I l p e n n O Y T e M COCpenOTOZlUTb

B C e , q T O I l O A J I e X M T M O ~ U $ ~ U K ~ ~ U M , B K a K O M - T O O n H O M Y Y a C T K e

n p O r p a M M b 1 .

O C Y U ~ C T B U T ~ TaKYIO MneIO M O X H O M H O X e C T B O M C ~ O C O ~ O B , O n U H

U 3 ~ P O C T ~ ? ~ L I I U X OCHOBaH H a U C n O J l b 3 0 B a H U U KOHCTaHTbL. 3 H a Y e ~ ~ e

n106oii ~ I ~ P ~ M ~ H H o ~ B X O n e BbInOJIHeHMFl n P O r P a M M b 1 MOXZeT 6 b l ~ b

M 3 M e H e H 0 , T O r A a K a K 3 H a q e H M e KOHCTaHTbI $ ~ M K C M P O B ~ H O . K ~ K UCnOJIb-

3 0 B a T b 3 T O HOBO62 C p e n C T B O B HaLLlefi I l p ~ r p a ~ ~ e ? M ~ I IIPOCTO 3 a M e H U M

K O H K P e T H O e 3 H a q e H M e 30 UJIM 27, UJIU 35 K O H C T ~ H T O ~ ~ , KOTOPYIO H a 3 0 -

u e M nurnbt.rtosurn. O n p e n e n e ~ ~ e 9 ~ 0 h K o H c T a H T b l H a n e n R e T ee s ~ a q e - H U e M , K O T O p O e M O X e T 6 b ! ~ b U C n O J I b 3 0 B a H O B J W ~ O M M C C T e n p O r p a M M b 1 .

Ecnu M b I K O r A a - T O PeLLlUM U 3 M e H U T b 4 l l C J l O C Y M M U P Y e M b l X 3 J I e M e H T O B ,

T O B C e , q T O H a M I ~ O T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R C A e J l a T b , - 3 T O U 3 M e H U T b O n p e n e J I e H U e

C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ K O H C T a H T b l . 1 ~ O A O ~ H ~ I M W e 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ M O X H O Y l l U T p e -

6 U ~ b ewe O A H y K O H C T a H T Y . M ~ I ~ Y A ~ M H C I T O J b 3 0 B a T b ee B K a q e C T B e

T e K C T a C O O ~ I ~ ~ H U R , I T e q a T a e M O r O B K O H U e n p O r p a M M b 1 . 3 ~ a q e ~ U e M

3 ~ 0 f i K O H C T a H T b I 6 y n e ~ ~ e ~ b l f i C T P U H T , c o 0 6 w a m q ~ i i O K O J I H q e C T B e

C y M M H p y e M b l X 3 i I e h l e H T O B . H a n p u ~ e p , e C J U H a M H Y X H O B b l q U C J l M T b

C Y h l M Y K B a A P a T O B I l e p B b I X 30 4 U C e J , T o U e ~ l e c 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ 0 O n p e A e J U T b

C J e A y K l l l l l 4 e A B e K O H C T a H T b I , numbertosum U messuge:

c o n s t numbertosum = 30; message = ' ecTb cyMMa KsanpaTos nepsbxx 3 0 sacen' ;

3 a ~ a ~ a R B K O H C T a H T a X H Y X H b l e H a M 3 H a 4 e H U R , J l e r K O n p U C n O C 0 -

6 U ~ b F l p O r p a M M y A J I R 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ k i ~11060i-0 q U C J a C J I a r a e M b l X . ~ ~ M ~ T U M

T a K X e , 14TO B O I l p e f l e J l e H H i 4 K O H C T a H T b I Y I T O T P ~ ~ J R ~ T C R T ~ ~ A C I U , U O H H ~ I ~ ~

3 H a K M a T e M a T U q e C K O r O p a B e H C T B a ( = ) , a H e C U M B O J I H a 3 H a 4 e -

H H R ( : = ) . A K a K 6 6 1 ~ 6 C O C T a J l b H b I M T e K C T O M I I p o r p a M ~ b ~ ? Tenepb B M e C T O

K a K O r O - T O K O H K P e T H O r O 4 U C J I a , C K a X e M 30 UJIU 27, B K a q e C T B e K O H e q -

H O r O 3 H a l l e H U f l U H A e K C a B U M K J I e for M b I Y K a X e M U M R numbertosum. B K O H U e I l p O r p a M M b l B M e C T O H e K O T O P O T O 3 a p a H e e 3 a A a H H O r O coo6qe- H U H H a n e q a T a e M 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e K o H c T a H T b 1 message. K o ~ ~ e ~ ~ a p u i i B H a -

4 a J I e I l p O r p a M M b l T a K X e C J l e f l y e T I I O A B e p r H y T b O n p e A e J l e H H b I M U 3 M e H e -

H U R M . ( 3 a 4 e M ? M T a K JIM YX 3 T 0 H ~ O ~ X O A M M O ? )

4.3.6. B ~ ~ H ~ H T np0rpaMMM 4 C HCnOJlb30BaHHeM KOHCTaHT

program prob4c; ( C ~ M M ~ KsanpaToB nepsblx numbertosum sacen ) c o n s t numbertosum = 30;

message = ' ecTb cyMMa KsanpaTos nepsmx 3 0 qacen' ; v a r itsum : integer; b e g i n

sum := 0; f o r i := 1 t o numbertosum do

sum := sum + i * i; writeln(sum,message);

end. ( prob4c )

BOT T e I l e p b , e C n U H a M ~ O H ~ A O ~ H T C H n p u c n o c o 6 ~ ~ b H a L L l y

I I p O r p a M M y A J I R C y M M H p O B a H U R I l e p B b I X 27 HJIH, C K a X e M , 35 K B a n p a -

T O B , T O B C e H ~ O ~ X O A C I M ~ I ~ U 3 M e H e H U R C B e A Y T C R K K O P P e K U H H K O H C T a H T .

E C T ~ C T B ~ H H O , 4 T O B H O C U T b H 3 M e H e H U R T O J l b K O B K a K O M - T O O A H O M

B ~ I , Z O J X H O S ~ I T ~ , o T M e T U . . i U , 'ITO pamen o n p e ~ e n e ~ u f i KOHCTaH' I . M b I i I a C i 1 0 ~ O X k i J l C i I I e p e A 0 6 ~ b n ~ n e i i l l R ~ u I l e p e M e H H b l X i U SUII1 .

K ~ K MLI ~ B U . T H M A a n e e , B n p o r p a h m e H a n a c ~ a n e MOXHO O ~ U C ~ I B ~ T ~

B c e B o : i M o m H b l e n n , w 0 6 a e ~ ~ o ~ . B C T ~ H U P T H O M nacltane n o p R n o K

p . c i : n o n o m c t i i r R o n u c a ~ 1 4 8 p a s . i I w l r l l b I \ O ~ ~ ~ K T O B r:ecmra c y q e c T B e [ i .

3i-0 U . l . r l I O C T p ~ I p y e T T O J b K O q T O P ; ~ C C M O T P ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ n p U l v l C p - ? a 3 A e J O n -

p C ) ~ e J e H H l r ! < O t l C T a H T BO.'iii<eH I I P e . ~ U l e C T U O H a T h pa3Ae:l)' O ~ , ~ R B J I ~ H U R

I l e p e M e l l H b I x . Typ60 n a ~ ~ a ~ l l , p a 3 p C U l a e T H e K O T O p b l e O T K J O H e H H R O T

3 T O r 0 1 I p a t i U i l a . T a h , B n p O r p a \ l % f C M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b 14eCKO.l lbKO p a 3 , l e J O B

o : r p e . q e . n e f i l i z l t i o 1 j c r a H - r LI I I ~ ~ : K ~ . ? ~ K O p a s n e n o B 0 6 a ~ s n e ~ n n n e p e M e H -

H b l X . T . e . h l O X H 0 O n p e n e J U T b 0,LLHy U n l l I ~ ~ C K O J ~ ~ K O K O H C T a H T , 3 a T e M

O C ~ . ~ R B U T ~ ~ a ~ u e - T O F r e p e M e H H b l e , s a T e M o n p e n e n u T b ewe o n ~ y r p y n n y K O H C T a H T II T a K A a J I e e . O A H ~ K O B O B C e X H a L U U X n p 0 r p a M M a X M b l ~ Y A ~ M n p U f l e p X H R a T b C R I l p a B L l ~ l C T a H a a p T H U r O I I ~ C K ~ J I H . T . e. A.1lR K ~ X ~ O U

K a , r e r o p H n o n u c a ~ u i i n-1b1 6 y , g e ~ o - r ~ o n u ~ b H e 6o.iee o n H o r o pasnena.

K P ~ T K O C Y M M U p Y e M B C e T O , q T O K a C Z l e T C R O I T P e A e J e H U R

K O H C T a H T , O C T a B a F I C b I l p U 3 T O h l B P a M K a X n p a B U J C T a H A a p T H O r O na- C K a J I R . B o - n e p B b l x , O n p e J e J l e H U R K O H C T a H T A O d l X H b l I I P e A U l e C T B O B a T b

O ~ % R B J I ~ ~ I ~ W n e p e M e r j H b l x . ( I ( ~ K 6 y n e ~ n o ~ a 3 a ~ o B n . 5.5.9, onpenene- H U R K O H C T a H T M O r Y T B ~ I T ~ B n a L I b ~ e f i L L l e ~ U C n O J b 3 0 B a H b 1 B o 6 a ~ ~ n e - H U R X n e p e ~ e ~ H b l x . ) B o - B T O P ~ I X , B K a X A O M 0 n p e A e . r I e H U U K O H C T a H T b I

Y K a 3 b I R a l O T U M R K O H C T a H T b I , 3 a T e M 3 H a K = ( ~ e O I l e p a T O p H a 3 H a q e -

H U H ) U , H a K O H e U , C n p a B a O T : 3 H a K a = 3 H a q e H U e 3~0fi K O H C T a H T b I . 3 ~ a - q e t t u e , 3 a ~ a ~ ~ o e B o n p e A e . r l e H n H K o H c T a H T b 1 ( U e , i o e U.IH B e q e c T B e H H o e

q u c n o , c T p n H r H T ~ K naneej , 0 n p e n e : l R e . r T w n ~ a r 4 r l o i i K o H c T a H T b l .

r i p o r p a ~ ~ a , 6ynyqu o n u H pa3 H a n n c a H a , y x e H e M O X ~ T 61,131, u c n o n b - 3 0 R a H a RJlR K ~ K U X - n u 6 0 UHLIX B ~ I ~ H C J ~ ~ H H R ; R A R 3 T O r 0 H e U 3 6 e X H O

n p M A e T C R U 3 M e H M T b C a M y n p O r p a M M y . K ~ K yXe O T M e q a J l O C b B rn . 3, B C R K y l o n p O r p a M M y M O X H O c n e J a T b 6once rw6~ofi, 3 a c 1 - a ~ ~ ~ ee C q N T b I B a T b K a K N e - T O 3 H a q e H M R ( B X O R H ~ I ~ n a ~ ~ b l e ) n P R M O B n p O u e C C e

n c n o n H e H u n . T ~ K , n p n M e H u T e n b H o K ~au l e t i n p o r p a M M e , s u c . i l o c ~ a - r a e M b l x MOXHO 3 a n a T b H e K O H C T ~ H T O ~ , a n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o h . Torna o n H a

H T a Xe n P O r P a M M a M O X e T 6 b 1 ~ b W C l l O J I b 3 0 B a H a RJIR BblqUCJIeHHR

C Y M M ~ I na6oro q U C J l a K B a n p a T O B - ~ 0 C T a T O Y H O . o H W b C Y H T a T b B nepe- M e H H y l o numbertosum s ~ a q e ~ n e sucjla c n a r a e M b l x u H C n O j l b 3 0 B a T b

er0 n J I H y n p a B J l e H M H UUKflOM for. @ ~ C ~ A U M B b l C K a 3 a H H y l o U A e l o 60aee ~ O A ~ O ~ H O . n p e m ~ e BCCrO

AJIH C q M T b l B a H H R 3 H a q e H N R B HOBYlO I l e p e M e H H y l o numbertosum H a M

~ O H ~ J ~ O ~ U T C R n p e n n o n i e H u e readln. Ho npexne q e ~ I lOJIYqUTb ~ ~ H I I L I ~

OT n O J b 3 0 B a T e J l R , C n e A y e T < n O n p O C U T b > > er0 06 3 T O M . A p y r n ~ ~ C J I O B a M N , f l p e X A e Y e M B b l f l O n H R T b C Y N T h l R a H U e , H a M H Y X H O H a n e q a -

T a T b C O O ~ U ~ ~ H M ~ , B KOTOPOM I l O J l b 3 0 B a T e f l l O npe&l la raeTCR H a b p a T b

H a K J I a B H a T y p e H e K O T O p O e q U C J 0 .

B M ~ C T O s M c n a 30 n p e n e n b H b l M s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ u u K n a for T e n e p b 6 y n e ~ numbertosum. Y p o ~ e TOTO, numbertosum H ~ X H O 0 6 1 , n ~ u ~ b n e p e M e H -

H O ~ T M n a integer, a H e K O H C T ~ H T O ~ ~ . n e l l a ~ a ~ b K O H C T a H T y meSSUge H e C J e n y e T , T a K K a K ee 3 H a q e H U e B ~ O J ~ ~ U H C T B ~ C J y q a e B 6 y n e ~ j l N U l e H O CMblCJla . B M ~ C T O 3 T 0 r 0 Mbl n O f l X H b l c r B p y q H y l O > > C K O H C T p y N p O -

B a T b M a J I e H b K O e C O O ~ L U ~ H H ~ , U C n O n b 3 y R 3 ~ a q e ~ n e nurnbertosurn.

writeln (sum, ' eCTb CyMMa KBaRpaTOB IIepBhIX ' , numbertosum, ' wcen ' )

~ O H ~ T H O . 4 1 0 H a n e l l a T a e T n p H B e n e H H o e n p e n ~ o x e ~ n e ? P a c c ~ o r p n ~ npoc~eiimufi n p n M e p , K o r n a numbertosum u M e e T . % t r a ~ e ~ ~ e 3. B 3 T O M

C J I y q a e C y M M a K n a A p a T G B n e p B b I X T p e X ween paBtfa. 1 f -k + 9 = 14. Y ~ a 3 a t f t l o e npenno.kc . sH. ie wr~lelrz H a r l e q a T a e T c ~ r e n y l o l l l y t o crpohjJ:

program prob4d; { C y ~ m a K s a n p a T o B )

( n e p s h t x numbertosum s x c e n . ) ( 3 ~ a v e ~ ~ e numbertosum 1 ( BBOflUTCR H3 CTPOKH flaHHblX 1 var i,sum,numbgrtosum : integer; begin

writeln ( ' Y K ~ X H T ~ KOJIHYeCTBO 3JleMeHTOB c ~ M M H P o B ~ H H R ' ) ; readln (numbertosum) ; sum := 0; for i := 1 t o numbertosum do

sum := sum + i * i; writeln (sum, ' e c T b c y M M a KBaflpaTOB n e p B U x ' ,

numbertosum, ' sucen' ) end. ( prob4d )

4.4.1. n o ~ ~ r n e noAnporpaMMM

~ O C T ~ O H M e u e OLLHH B a p u a l l T n p o r p a M M b r 4. (He Aecno- ~ o i i ~ e c ~ ~ , OH 6y ; l e~ n o c n e n ~ u ~ . ) B npouecce ero p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ M ~ I n o 3 ~ a - KOMMMCR C ~ ~ e j B b l q a h ~ 0 MOUlHbIM CPeACTBOM R 3 b l K a n a c K a J l b , T a K

1ia3b1sae~oR @ y t i ~ y u e i , u n H nodnpozpa~~o i i -@yr t~yueL i , K o T o p o e by- n e M H C n O J I b j O B a T b C H O B a H C l I O B a nO'lTU BO BCeX n o C f l e , l ) ~ u _ l H X n p O r -

D a M M a X . O T . U ~ q H T ' e . l b ~ 0 f i qep~0f i @ ~ H K U N N RBJJReTCB T O , q T O O H a Bbl-

I4Mc:.'lZle'I Of iHO-?zMHCTBPHllOe 3 1 I a q e H M e .

HO B c e x p a C C \ l O T p e t t a b I X BblLUe B a p H a H ' l a X I l p O r p a M M b l 4 Mbl BUAUM

f l O C " e f i 0 t l a T e J I b H O C T b n p e ~ j l ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ , B K j l l o c l a l o u l U X I1MKjl for, n p e A H a 3 -

H a q e H H y l o A J R Bbl411C:leHMR C y M M b l 3 a n a H H O r O q H C j l a K B a n p a T O B .

1 - p y i l r \ y I l p e n ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ n . B U ~ O J I H R W U L H X O n p e A e n e H H y l o j a n a s y , u ~ o r -

;la - ~ l a : 3 l , r ~ a l o ~ .nlody/lent. B L I ~ M C , ' I R ~ U ~ U R C Y M M ~ ~ o n y f l b MOXHO, pas)'- V e e r C H , n O M r C T H T t , H e n O C p e n C T B e H H O B M C I I O . ~ H M T & ~ ~ H O ~ 'laCT11 ~ . ' ~ ~ B H o A n p O i - p : l M M b l (HMIHHO T a K Mbi I1 ~ o c T ~ ~ ~ J u ) . H0 BKwllOl lUTb M0A)'flb

8 IIpOIpaMM!' M O X H O M nO-&P)'rOMY. M b l M O X e M H a n U C a T b @)'HKUI(D

( u . 1 ~ 1 1 0 j l I l p 0 I ' p a ~ ~ y ) ; npencrasrnloluylo ~060fi K a K pa3 TOT C a h l b t R

MOfiJ>Ib, K O T U ~ ~ I R n O _ I X e H H a X O d l T b CYMMY K R a f l p a T O B . 3 a T e ~ . K O r A a

B r a a s ~ o A n p o r p a M M e nosano6w~cn n p u 6 e r ~ y ~ b K y c n y r a M T ~ K O ~

~ ~ H K U ~ W . ~ O C ~ a ~ o l l l l O 6 y n e ~ ~ c e r o J W . I I I ~ OAHOR H H C T ~ ~ K U W W ( ee 1 3 a 3 b I B a l o T B b l 3 0 B O M ( ~ ) ~ H K u M M ) , q~06b1 O ~ ~ ~ T U T ~ C R K H e h .

I ~ l c n o n ~ ~ o ~ a ~ u e @ ~ H K U U ~ ~ n a e T nsa O C H O B H ~ I X n p e M M y q e c T B a

( n p o r p a n i ~ a 4 i i n n m c r p U p y e r T O J I ~ K O o n H o 143 H H X ) n e p ~ o e n p e H u y -

ILLCCTDO ~ ~ K . : I ~ Y ~ ~ T c R B TOM, YTO M ~ I O T n e n R e M o n u c a H n e xona p e u r e -

H M R 3 a n a s ~ ( B n a H H o M cnyqae T e x H u q e c K u e n e T a n n B b l q M c n e H u R

CYMMW K B ~ ~ P ~ T O B ) OT KOHKPCTHOrO N C n O J I b 3 0 B a H H R 3 ~ 0 g n O n n p O r -

p a M M b l B donee ~ p y n ~ o u n p o r p a u M e . W ~ a q e ~ o B o ~ R , renepb B r n a ~ ~ o h n p 0 r p a M M e H e T HY'KLlbl p a C n N C b l B a T b no U a r a M , K a K BblYUCJIReTCR

C y M M a K B a f i p a T O B n e p B b l X 30, 27 UJIll 19 qHCf2.U. B~ec i -0 3 T O r O

n r . r l a B a y l o n p o r p a M M y n p o c T o n o M e w a e r c R obpame~ne , U J U ~ b 1 3 0 ~

I ~ l p o r p a ~ ~ a , 6ynyqu OAUH pa3 HanwcaHa, y x e He M O X ~ T 6 b 1 ~ b ucnonb-

30BaHa AJR K B K H X - J M ~ O UHblX ~bl~UcneHki8; A J R 3TOrO H ~ U ~ ~ ~ X H O

npUfleTCR U3MeHUTb C a M y npOrpaMMy. K ~ K y x e OTMeqanOCb B TJ. 3, BCRKYIO nPOrPaMMY MOXHO CAejlaTb 6onee ru6~oR, 3aCTaBUB ee CqUTblBaTb KaKUe-TO 3HaqeHUR ( B X O A H ~ I ~ ~ a ~ ~ b l e ) I IpRMO B I lpOUeCCe UcnonHeHuR. T ~ K , npuMeHuTenbHo K ~au re i i nporpaMMe, qucno cna- raeMblx M O X H O 3 a n a ~ b He K O H C T ~ H T O ~ ~ , a n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i . Torna onHa U Ta Xie IIpOrpaMMa MOXeT 6blTb MCnOJIb30BaHa AJlR BblqUCJleHUR

CyMMbl 5110601-0 qUCfla KBaAPaTOB - AOCTaTOqHO JlUUlb CqHTaTb B nepe- MeHHym numbertosum s ~ a q e ~ u e qucna cnaraeMblx u u c n o n b s o ~ a ~ b

ero nna ynpaBneHuR UuKnoM for. 0 6 c y n u ~ B ~ I C K ~ ~ ~ H H ~ I O unem 6onee nonpo6ao. n p e x n e Bcero

AJlR CqUTbIBaHUR 3HaqeHUR B HOBYIO IIepeMeHHYlO numbertosum H a M

~ O H ~ ~ O ~ U T C R npennoxeeue readln. Ho npexne qeM nonyquTb aaHHble

OT I l O J b30BaTeJR, CJleAYeT <<llOnPOCUTb>> er0 06 3TOM. f l p y r u ~ u C J I O B a M U , npeXne qeM BblnOJHRTb CqUTbIBaHUe, H a M HYXHO Haneqa-

TaTb C O O ~ W ~ H U ~ , B KOTOPOM llOJIb30BaTeJIIO IlpenJaraeTCR Ha6paTb Ha KJIaBUaType HeKOTOpOe qUCJI0.

B M ~ C T O sHcna 30 npenenbHblM s ~ a s e ~ n e ~ uuKna for Tenepb 6 y n e ~ numbertosum. K p o ~ e TOTO, numbertosum H Y X H O O ~ ~ R B H T ~ nepeMea- HOG T n n a integer, a He K O H C T ~ H T O ~ ~ . n e q a ~ a ~ b KoHcTaHTy message H e CflenyeT, T a K K a K ee 3HalleHUe B ~ O J I ~ U ~ U H C T B ~ CJlyqaeB 6 y n e ~ JlUlUeHO CMblCJIa. B M ~ C T O 3T0r0 Mbl AOJlXHbI <<BPYqHYIO>> CKOHCTPYUPO-

BaTb MaJleHbKOe C O O ~ W ~ H U ~ , HCnOJlb3yR 3HaqeHUe numbertosum.

writeln (Sum1 ' eCTb CyMMa KBaApaTOB n e p B b I X , numbertosum, vacenl )

~ O H F I T H O , TO HanesaTaer npuseneHHoe npennoxe~ne? P~CCMOTPHM npoc~efiruuii npuMep, Korna numbertosum uMeeT .%HaqeHMe 3. B TOM

cnyirae cyMMa KBaupaToB IlepBbIs Tpex qucejr patrtia: 1 + 4 + 9 = 14. Y ~ a j a ~ l l r o e Ilpennoxetlue wrilt21tl HarleqaTaer cdlenyK)lrlym CT}IOI\):

program prob4d; ( C ~ M M ~ KBaApaTOB ) ( nepsux numbertosum w i c e n . ) ( 3~a.renae numbertosum ) ( BBOANTCR N 3 CTpOKN AaHHhIX ) var i,sum,numbertosum : integer; begin

writeln ( ' Y K ~ X U T ~ KOJIUveCTBO 3neMeHTOB CYMMNPOBaHHR ' ) ; readln (numbertosum) ; sum := 0; f o r i := 1 t o numbertosum do

sum := sum + i * i; writeln (sum, eCTb c y M M a K s a A p a T o s n e p B u x ' ,

numbertosum, .rncenl ) end. ( prob4d )

~ O C T P O U M e q e O n U H B a p U a H T npOrpaMMb1 4. (He 6ecno- K O U T ~ C ~ , OH 6 y ~ e T ~ O C J ~ ~ H U M . ) B npouecce er0 p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ M b l n03Ha-

K O U U M C R C qpe3BblqafiH0 MOUHblM C p e n C T B O M R3blKa nacKaJIb, T a K

Ha3b lBae~0~ @ytitii4~ec, HAM n O d n p ~ ~ p a ~ M O l ~ - @ y ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ , KOTOpOe 6y - JleM UCllO~lb30BaTb C H O B a U C H O B a IIOqTIi BO B C e X nOCJeAylOUUX npOr- PaMMaX. O T A M ~ H T ~ J ~ H O ~ qepT06 @ Y H K U M M RBJlReTCR TO, qTO O H a Bbl-

'4MC.lReT O l l H O - ~ ~ U H C T B e H l 4 O e 3HaqeHMe.

R 0 BCeX paCCklOTpeHHbIX Bblllle BapUaH 'TaX npOrpah4Mbl 4 Mbl B H n U M

nOC.lefiOBaTeJlbHOCTb I ~ P ~ ~ J I O X ~ H M ~ ~ , BKJIH)llaH)UUX U U K A for, nPeAHa3-

HdqeHHJJkO A.lFI BblYMCJeHUR CYMMbl 3anaHHOrO qMCJla K B a n p a T O B .

T p ) i ~ ~ r ~ y r l p e a n o ~ e ~ ~ k , BbrnonHRIOuux onpeneneHHym sanaqy, nHor- j a I Ia3bl~a lo~ .hzodyneu. B ~ I ~ u c J I R I O ~ ~ U ~ C y M M Y MOnYjlb MOXHO, pas)'- MeC'TCR, nOMeC1 MTb Hel lOCPeACTBeHHO B U C ~ O J ~ H U T ~ J ~ H O ~ ~ qaCTU T J ~ B H O ~

I l pOTpaMMbl ( U M ~ H H O TaK Mbl 1.I n0cTyllanU). HO BK.llOqUTb MOnj'jlb

B n p O l paMMy MOXHO U nO-npyrOMy. Mbl MOXeM HanUCaTb @YHKUUIO

( U ; I U n o ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ y ) . npencTaBnRtoluym co6oii K a K pa3 TOT c a ~ b ~ i i

MOfiq'Jlb, ~0TOpblfi n0AXeH HaXOnUTb C Y M M Y K B a n p a T O B . 3 a T e ~ , KOrAa B r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpaMMe ~ O H ~ ~ O ~ U T C R n p u 6 e r ~ y ~ b K YCnyraM Ta~o i i (PYHKUUW, AOCTaTOqHO 6 y n e ~ BCerO JIM'Illb O J ~ H O ~ ~ M H C T P Y K U N U ( ee Ha3brBaIOT BbI30BOM ( P Y H K U U U ) , q~06b1 O ~ P ~ T U T ~ C R K Hefi.

M c ~ o J I ~ ~ o B ~ ~ H U ~ @ Y H K U U ~ naeT m a O C H O B H ~ I X npeMMyLuecTBa ( n p o r p a ~ ~ a 4 rin.nmcTpupyeT TonbKo onHo M Y H U X ) . n e p ~ o e npeuMy- I L L ~ C T B O ~ ~ K , J I I O ~ ~ ~ T C R B TOM, TO ~ b l OTnenReM OnncaHue xona peure- I IUR 3aflaqU ( B n a H H O M CJlyqae TeXHUqeCKUe neTaJU Bbl'lUCJleHUR

CyMMbl K B ~ ~ ~ ~ T O B ) OT KOHKPeTHOrO UC~O~~b30BaHUR 3 ~ 0 k IIOAnpOT-

paMMb1 B 6onee ~ p y n ~ o i i nporpaMMe. M ~ a q e r o ~ o p ~ , ~ e n e p b B r n a s ~ o i i ITpOrpaMMe HeT HYXAbl paCnUCblBaTb no ILIaraM, K a K Bbl'4UCJlReTCR C y M M a K B a n p a T O B nepBblX 30, 27 U n U 19 qUCe.9. B M ~ C T O 3TOT0

B r-nasaylo nporpaMMy r ~ p o c ~ o noMeqaeTcR 06paule~ue , unu BbI30B

function s q r t ( x : r e a l ) : rea l ; { @ y ~ w s s una ~3anesenna KOPHR K B B U ~ B T H O ~ O n3 x ) begin

sqr t := ~ u w i c n e n ~ o e 3naqeme end; { sqrt )

0 6 p a ~ n ~ e B n u M a H n e H a c ~ l o B a begin M end, 0 6 p a ~ n ~ r o u ~ e co6- C T B e H H O B b l q k i C ~ ~ e H M e K B a A p a T H O r O K O P H R . T a ~ o r o p O n a <<060noq~a>> R B J I R e T C R 0 6 ~ 3 a T e J l b H 0 f i AJTR nro6oii I l O A n p O r p a M M b I , YTO 6 y n e ~ BMAHO

H 3 HaLLIUX n 0 C J l e R Y K ) u M X I l P M M e P O B . ~ ~ M ~ T M M T a K X e , YTO CJIOBO end B K o H u e @ Y H K U U M 3 a ~ e p w e ~ o T O Y K O ~ ~ c s a n ~ ~ o i i , a H e T O ~ K O ~ ,

~ O C K O J ~ K ~ TO HC end r n a B H 0 f i I l p O r p a M M b I . Ha 3 T O T pa3 MbI R K . J I ~ Y M . I M

~ o ~ y c s a n ~ ~ o f i B nocnenarom CTPOKY ~ ~ U B O A M M O ~ O @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ a ;l.nR

T O r O , q ~ 0 6 b 1 I I O A Y e p K H y T b , q T O @ Y H K U I I R B C e r A a K O H q a e T C R r ~ q ~ u i l C 3 a I l R T o n M H M K O r A a T O ~ K O ~ ~ . K ~ K BbI A y M a e T e , n O l l e M y B K O H q e

n O n n p O r p a M M b 1 B C e r n a T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C H T O Y K a C 3 a n R T 0 f i ? O q e ~ b C K O P O Rbl

y 3 H a e T e O T B e T H a 3 T O T B O n p O C .

B n o A n p o r p a M M a X U M e e T C R M H O r O X a p a K T e p H b I X 3 J I e V e H T O B , XO- POLLIO H a M 3 H a K O M b l X , HO e C T b U KOe-YTO HOBOe. H a q H e ~ C T O r O , q T O

H a M 3 H a K O M O : I l e p B a R C T p O K a , H a 3 b l B a e M a R 3 a r O n O B K O M @ ~ H K L [ H ~ ~ ,

C O A e p x H T MMR n o A n p o r p a M M b I - sqrt. 3 ~ 0 MMR ~ c n o ~ 1 b 3 y e r c ~ B o6pa- u e H M n K n a ~ ~ o i i n o n n p o r p a M M e n 3 ri~aeaoii n p o r p a k 1 M b r . Hoc ,~e 3 a r O n O B K a C J l e n y e T , K a K 0 6 b l q H 0 , K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ , c o 0 6 u ~ a r o ~ u ~ i i , A,lR

p e ~ u e ~ n R ~ a ~ o f i s a n a ~ u n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a ~ e ~ a @ Y H K U M R . K p o ~ e T o r o , M ~ I

B n n u M snecb napy o r p a ~ u q u ~ e n e i i begin-end, B K o T o p t ~ 1 e ~ ~ K ; I K ) L I ~ H ~ I

B e e n p e n n o x e H u R , d a n a r o u a e ~ e o 6 x o n l 1 ~ b 1 e A ~ M C T H M R . A ROT M ~ o e -

q T O H O R e H b K O e . n 0 c J t e MMeHl l @ Y H K ~ U H I I O M e U I e H O e 1 l l e O i l H O MMH. X, C B R 3 a H H 0 e C H e K O T O P b I M T M n O M A a H H b I X ( B HaLLIeM I l p M M e p e O H 0

C B R 3 a H O C TWnOM real) . Bcnen 3a 3TMM eule pa3 y K a 3 a H T u n n a f l H b I X -

3 T O T M ~ p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a , B o s s p a u a e M o r o @ y ~ ~ q u e i i ( B n a H H o M cnyqae B o s s p a u a e M o e @ y ~ ~ q u e i i s ~ a q e ~ a e T a K x e 6 y n e ~ u M e T b TMII r e a l ) . H a -

K O H e q , ewe O A H a H O B a R A e T a J l b : B T e J l e @ Y H K ~ U ~ M M e e T C R I lpen . lO) t (P-

H u e , H a 3 H a Y a I O u l e e ee H M e H H (sqrt) B ~ I Y M C A ~ H H ~ I ~ p e 3 y J b T a T .

n p O c J l e n U M p a 6 o ~ y K a K o i i - H H 6 y n b @ Y H K U U H . 31.0 r l O M O X e T H a M

n O H R T b , K a K B ~ ~ U M O ~ ~ ~ C T B Y K ) T p a 3 J l H I 4 H b l e ee 3 J l e M e H T h I . P ~ C C M O I P M M

n p a s e n e ~ ~ b r i i B b r u r e n p u M e p : y: = sqrf ( w ) . 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i LQJ

n e p e n a e T c R n o n n p o r p a M M e sqrf. O A H ~ K O nocne sxona B nonnpo- r p a M M y M ~ I 3 ~ y n e p e M e H H y t o ~ a s b ~ e a e ~ y x e H e u, a x. B ~ I M o x e - r e

Yjl ,HBHTbCR, n O Y e M y 3 T 0 B f i p Y r ee H e 3 0 B Y T W . H ~ I I O M H H M , q T O

C T a H A a p T H a R @ Y H K U U R ~ q f t 6b1na p a 3 p a 6 0 T a H a A a B l 5 0 . Mor JIM 3 H a T b

p a 3 p i l 6 a ~ b l 8 i l ee n p o r p a M k I n c T , TO KOMY-TO I ~ O T ~ > ~ ~ Y ~ T C R MJ-

B J l e q b K ~ a n p a T H b ~ h K O p e H b H 3 W ? 6onee T O r O , MbI M O X e M U C ~ O J T ~ ~ O -

B a T b sqrt n J I R U 3 B n e Y e H M R K B a f l p a T H O I ' O K O P H R B 0 0 6 u e ~3 l l e r O Y r o n H o :

170

sqrl ( w ) , sqrt ( X 3 ) , sqr t (alpha) . ~ O H H T H O , YTO UMR 0 6 % e ~ ~ a BHYTPM

n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ b l H e M o x e T R K a x n o M cnyqae c o B n a n a T b c u M e H e M ,

K o T o p o e M ~ I s a n a e ~ B o c ~ o e ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e . B TOM M COCTOMT

O r p O M H O e n p e u ~ y u l e t ~ ~ o I I O n I l p O r p a M M , q T O M M e H a O ~ % ~ K T O E , n O n J l e -

x a u u x o 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e , M O X H O ~ b 1 6 u p a T b C B O ~ O ~ H O .

M M R , @urypupymuee B n o ~ n p o i - p a ~ ~ e ( B n a H H o M cnyqae U M R X ) R B n R e T c R n p o c T o c c n y c ~ b l u ~ ~ o i i > > , s a ~ e u a e ~ o i i B n a n b ~ e f i w e ~ K O H K P e T H b l M 3 H a q e H M e M , U 3 K O T O P O r O M b l XOTMM H 3 B ~ T e 9 b K O P e H b ( B

H a m e M n p u ~ e p e s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i w ) . n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ x ~ a 3 b 1 e a e ~ - CR @ 0 p M a A b I i b l M n U P a M e T P O M I l O ~ I l p O r p a M M b I . M XOTR CJlOBO <<It)'-

c T b I t u K a > > nyqule 0 n u c b r B a e - r ponb 3~0i-o n a p a M e T p a , n o n Y e p K H B a R , s ~ o f l a ~ ~ b l i i I l a p a M e T p I l p e n C T a B J I R e T co60fi H e K a K 0 f i - T O K O H K P ~ T H ~ I ~ ~

o ~ % ~ K T , a T O J l b K O JlMLLIb H e q T O , no n O p b 1 A 0 B p e M e H U er0 3 a M e H R D U e e ,

MbI , r O B O P R 0 H e M , 6 y n e ~ y n o ~ p e 6 n ~ ~ b T e P M M H < < @ ~ p ~ a ~ l b H b l f i Ilapa- M e T p B . B e n u q u ~ y , M3 K O T O P O ~ ~ H a A J l e X M T H 3 B J l e K a T b K B a n p a T H b I f i KO-

p e H b (T. e. W , X 3 MnM a lpha) , H a 3 b l B a l o T ~ ~ K ~ l / l t e C h - ~ M MJlU de l ic~su- T e A b I i b l M I I a p a M e T p O M ( U H O ~ A ~ - u ~ z ~ M ~ I ~ T o M ) . M M ~ H ~ @ 0 p M a J l b H 0 -

ro u @ ~ K T M Y ~ C K O ~ O n a p a M e T p o B H e 0 6 R 3 a H b l c o B n a n a T b , XOTR e c n M

c J l y q a f i H 0 OHM M O K a 3 b l B a l O T C R OAMHaKOBblMM, HMKaKUX n p 0 6 ~ l e ~ H e

B 0 3 H M K a e T . O A H ~ K O H ~ O ~ X O A U M O , q ~ 0 6 b 1 T M n b l ( t ) 0 p M a J l b ~ 0 ~ 0 U @ ~ K T U -

Y e C K O t O I l a p a M e T p O B Uld,lM CO~ilaCU8~llll~l(11,111pi~Ll~p, otja 6 b l ~ l M T M I l a

integer unu reul). B m a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a l \ l M e AJIR c c b l n K M H a O ~ % ~ K T M C -

nonb3yerc~ M M R @ ~ K T M ~ ~ C K O ~ O n a p a ~ e ~ p a , T o r n a K a K B H y T p a nonnpo- r p a M M b l Mbl y n o T p e 6 J I R e ~ TOJIbKO MMR @ 0 p M a , l b t i 0 r 0 n a p a M e T p a . C K a -

3 a H H O e H a C T O J I b K O B a X H O , q T O CTOMT J I U U I H M ~ ~ pa3 I l O B T O P M T b eI 'O:

H a X O A R C b B H y T P M I l O n n p O r p a M M b l , H e n b 3 R C O C J I a T b C R H a U M R @ ~ K T H -

Y e c K o r o n a p a ~ e r p a . A ~ a n o r u q ~ o , H a x o A R c b B m a ~ ~ o i i npo rpame , ~ e . n b 3 ~ c o c . n a T b c R H a M M R @ O P M ~ J ~ H O T O n a p a M e T p a n o n n p o r p a M M b 1

~ P M B ~ I I ~ O J I H ~ H H U nro6oR n O n n p O r p a M M b 1 B I I e p B y t o O q e p e n b I lpOMC-

XOnMT C O n O C T a B J I e H U e @ o p ~ a J I b H b l x U @ ~ K T M Y ~ C K M X I l a p a M e T p O B . C 3 T O r 0 M O M e H T a C C b l J l K a H a X B l I 0 n n p O r p a M M e @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K M 0 3 H a 9 a e T

0 6 p a u e ~ u e K w. C n e n o e a ~ e n b ~ o , K o M a H n b r , B b r q u c n R r o q u e K s a n p a T -

Hb12 K O P e H b M3 X , H a C a M O M 6 y n y ~ BbIqMCJIRTb 3 H a q e H M e

K B a n p a T H O r O K O P H R M3 W . P e 3 y J l b T a T B ~ ~ ~ M c J I ~ H u ~ ~ I I O M e L U a e T C R B MMR

sqrt, B 3 T O M H COCTOMT M e X a H M 3 M , I l O C p e n C T B O M K O T O P O r O @ Y H K U M R

c t n o c b l n a e T > > c ~ o i i o T s e T B r n a B H y r o n p o r p a M M y . B H a u e M n p u M e p e w (a ~ H ~ W T , M X ) M M ~ ~ T 3 ~ a q e ~ u e 16.0, n p e n c T a B n e H H o e s e u e c T s e H t i b 1 M

~ M C ~ O M . ~ O ~ T O M Y sqrt 6 y n e ~ ~ a s ~ a q e ~ o s ~ a q e ~ u e 4.0, T a K x e npen- C T a B J l e H H O e B e U e C T R e H H b I M qUCJIOM, K O T O P O e e C T b H e YTO MHOe, K a K

K ~ a n p a T H b l f i K O P e H b M3 16.0. C T ~ O K ~ CO CJIOBOM end B b l n O J l H R e T P O J l b

@ M ~ M Y ~ C K O T O K O H q a n O n I I p O r p a M M b l . n 0 c J I e B O 3 B p a T a B M a B H y D

n p o r p a M M y p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ , n e p e n a ~ ~ b r i @ y ~ ~ q u e i , ~ a 3 ~ a q a e ~ c ~ nepe-

M ~ H H V ~ Y. C)6pa,rM~e B1ll~lM;tHMt. H a 're, '17.0 3H2lYefIl . le, i 1CpcAaHt lOc 1Ic)ii

n p o r p a M M e ( w ) , u s ~ a q e l l u e , o x u A a e M o e n o ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ o u ( x ) , M M e m

OAMH U TOT Xe TkiH LIaHkiblX - - ~ c u / . A H ~ J O ~ U ~ H O 3 l i a Y e H U e , BblYMCJlell-

H o e @ y ~ ~ u n e f i ( u n o M e u r e H H o e n n e p e M e H H y t c s y r t j , MMeeT TOT x e T H I I .

'(TO M n e p e M e H 1 4 a s I-JIZiBHOh I T P O ~ P ~ I V T M L I ( ! I ) , n p c n t r a 3 t 1 a ~ e ~ ~ a ~ a,ilFi

XpaHeHMR p e 3 y J l b T a T a , BO3BpaUl.;.leMOt'O f l ~ ~ l I p O r p a ~ h , ! o r ' r . T u n b l i@ol!-

Ma j IbHb lX M @ ; ~ K ' T . M Y ~ ? C K ~ I X 1IilPilMt'TI)OLj ,I(iJl)t;libi ( > ~ I T L CO1':1;1(.0U;!Ht,i,

U, K p O M e TOrO, I l e P e M e l l I i 3 R I ' J I ~ B H O U I l ~ O I ' ~ ! ~ M M b l , I I P e A H a 3 H a ~ l e l l H a R

n J H XpatIeHMff p e 3 y J I b T a T a , R ~ ~ ~ U C J I ~ H H O I ' C I ( ~ y l i ~ ~ l l e f i , Ao . l lX t l a n p n -

H a A J e X a T b K TOMY Xe T U n Y , l4TO M pe?y,.VbTaT.

XOTR ~ H ~ Y ~ H U U T u n a in'teger, s b l c T y n a m u . \ i ? e B po.nu a p r y > I , l e H r a ,

MOrYT 6 b l T b COIIOCTaBurIeHbl > @ 0 ~ ~ i i ~ l b l ( i j : ~ , l k 4 I I a p a M e T j l a M H T l l n i l r e a l ' , TaKOC <<HaJlOXf2HMe>> TMnOB HeJ lb3R CLIMTilTb X0pO:IINM CTUJlehl

I I ~ O t ' P a M M M P O B a H U R . M b l PeKOMeHj IYeM B a M l3Ce rAa MCIlOJlb30-

B a T b @ ~ K T J ~ Y ~ C K U ~ n a p a M e T p b 1 C T e M i K e T l l nOh l , K O T O P ~ I W Mh1eiO.T

c o o T s e T c T B y m u u e a o p ~ a n b ~ b r e n a p a M e r p b 1 .

n p O c . r l e n N ~ , K a K BblIIOJlHReTCR ~ J l e ~ y D u l N f i Bb13OB (PYHKUHM ~ q r l .

var alpha,beta : real; ... alpha := 2.56; beta := sqrt(a1pha)

B A a H r r o M 0 6 p a u e ~ u u K @ Y H K U U M sy r t n e p e M e H H a R alpha nbrcTy1lae-r

B KaYec-rBe ( P ~ K T M Y ~ C K O ~ O n a p a M e T p a , T M ~ t i o ~ o p o r o c o B n a a a e T c T U -

n o M @ o p n l a n b ~ o r o r l a p a M e T p a X. 3 r a r r o i l n p o r p a M M a , B ~ I ~ M C J I R R

K ~ a n p a ~ H b l f i K O P e H b W 3 X, B , ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J ~ H O C T M M3B.;leKaeT K B ~ . & P ~ T H ~ I ~

K O p e H b U 3 alpha. K B a n p a ~ ~ b r R KOpeHL 113 2.56 e C T b 1.6. I IO: lyYe~f$bI i?

pe3)'JlbTaT ( 6 n a r o n a p ~ TOMY, 41.0 e r O H a 3 l i a Y a K ) T I-iMeHM ~ q r f ) B 0 3 R p a -

u a e T c R r n a s ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e n n o M e u l a e . r c n I{ n e p e M e H l i y r o befu . C 3 ~ 0 2 TOqKN f l P O A O A X a e T C R BblnOJlHeHMe rJIaBl40h I l p O r p a M M b I .

O T M ~ T U M , q T O OnHY U TV Xe n 0 n n p O r p a M M y (sqrt) M O X H O Bb13BaTb

M n B a pa3a, n B o c e M b . u A a x e n B e c T u pa3 - u B C R K U ~ ~ pa3 n n R B ~ I ~ M -

CJleHMR KaKOrO-TO K B a n p a T H O r O KOPHR. B KRXAOM C f l y Y a e H a W a n o & -

~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M ~ - @ J ~ H K U M R CJleAMT 3a T e M , C YeM efi p a 6 0 T a ~ b , K K a K O M y npeAjlOXk!HNK) BO3BpaTWTbt : l i ti K y n a llUMeCTMTb C B O ~ p e 3 y n b T a T .

B 4 a c T t i o c ~ k 1 , OH^ B c e r n a B o a a p a u l a e T p e o y n b r a T r n a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e

B Tj ' TOqKY, O T K y A a lIpOM3BOnMJlCCb 0 6 p a ~ e t l M e K ~ T O U ( ~ ) Y H K U ~ M .

4.4.4. f l p 0 ~ ~ 0 f i npnMep noAnporpamMt.1, onpene~l~emoii nporpaMmncToM. @ Y H K ~ H R triple Ka~c yit<e y n c w i n a n o c b , K P O M P n o a n p o r p a M l \ . r b r sqrt, cyme-

CTBYK)T u npyrMe C T a H n a p T H b l e @ Y H I < U M U . O A H ~ K O IlMeeTCR MHOrO 3 a -

A a Y , AAfl KOTOPblX C T a H A a P T H b l e @ Y H K U M H H e ~ P N ~ O A H b l . T a ~ o i i 3 a A a - ' Yefi RBJlReTCR, H a n p U M e p , 3 a A a q a Bb1YNCJleliMR CYMMbl K B a n p a T O B . 1 1 0 -

3TOMY H a M H Y X H O HaYYUTbCR CaMOCTORTeJIbHO n M C a T b n O n n p O r p a M M b 1

A a n p e e e H a n n o e o r j ~ b t x P a f i a r . M ~ o r n a o n o n n p o r p a v M a r T a K o r o pona $ I-OBOPRT, KaK o n o n n p o r p a M M a x , o n p e n e n R e M b r x n p o r p a M M u c r o M

I;;i T e n e p b nOMUMO 0 6 p a u l e ~ u ~ K n O f i n p O r p a ~ 1 1 e H ~ O ~ X O A U M O H a n U C a T b

: ki C a M y n O n n p O r p a M M y ~ ~ M ~ T M M , q T O BCe ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M ~ I - ~ Y H K U H U ,

KOTOPble Mbl H a n M U l e M B H ~ C T O R U ~ $ masf?, 6 y n y T n O X O X U H a C T a H -

n a p T H b I e @ Y H K U U U ~ ~ c K ~ J I R B TOM, YTO BCe OHM ~ Y A Y T B O 3 B p a u l a T b

O A W H - ~ ~ I ~ H C T B ~ H H ~ ~ ~ ~ p e 3 y J l b T a T

B K a q e c T s e n e p B o r o n p M M e p a E r a n n m e M ( P ~ H K U N D triple ( y ~ p o e - H M ~ ) , KOTOPaR, lIOJlYLlUB UeJ lOe YUCdlO, Y T p a U B a e T e r O , T . e. Y M H O X a e T

H a T P N . T a t i a ~ r lO .QI Ipo rpaMMa, KOHeqHO, CJlUUIKOM n p O C T a , YT06b1 6 b l T b

~ O J I ~ ~ H O ~ H a n p a K T M K e ( A ~ ~ C T B H T ~ ~ ~ ~ H U , C K P O M H ~ I ~ ~ na6op Bb lnOJ lHRe-

MbIX I ~ ~ U C T B ~ I ~ ~ llPM,ll.eTCH OKPy i t \U Th H e C O p a 3 M e p H O 6 0 n b u 1 o n <<060- J l o q K o f I > ) , T e M H e M e H e e O H a n O C . l y X U T H a M B K a q e C T B e XOpOUleI-O

nep6oro n p n M e p a .

~ ~ ~ O J I O B O K + ~ H K ~ U N & O J I X e H C 0 , T e p X a T b NMR n O A f l p O r p a M M b 1 , HMU

u T M ~ K a x A o r o @ o p ~ a n b ~ o r o n a p a u e T p a , a T a K x e T n n ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e - MOrO PC '3YJ lbTaTa .

function triple(numb : integer) : integer; ( 3 ~ a &IYHWUR ~ o o s p a u a e ~ )

( yTpoeniioe snasenne napaMeTpa numb 1

K a ~ o e HMR M C t l O J b 3 0 B a T b n,IR 0 6 0 3 ~ a q e ~ M R @ O P M ~ . I ~ H O ~ O naps- ~ e ~ p a ? K ~ K M M 6yner TMn B O 3 B p a u l a e M O r O ~ H ~ Y ~ H N R ? Y ~ T ~ M , q T O

IlOCJle 3 a r O A O B K a A O J l X e H C J I ~ A O B ~ T ~ K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ , K O T O P ~ ~ ~ IlORCHReT

u e n b p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u n a ~ ~ o i n o n n p o r p a M M b r , o n n c b l B a e T n a p a M e T p b r

u T a K nanee. 3 a ~ e ~ C J l e A y e T T e n 0 I l O ~ I l p O r p a M M b l . O H 0 HaYMHaeTCR CJOBOM

begin n a l i n t o q a e - r B t i a u e M cnyqae T o n b K o OAHO n p e n n o x e H k i e .

begin triple := 3 * numb

M M R @ ~ H K U N N , triple, n o n y q a e T H e K o T o p o e a ~ a ~ e ~ u e , u TO s ~ a q e ~ u e

6 y n e ~ B O 3 B p a U e H O J l p O r p a M M e , ~ b 1 3 ~ a B L L l e 8 @ Y H K U W O . H a ~ o ~ e u , Mbl

AOJ lXHbI T e K C T y a n b H O 0 6 0 3 H a q U ~ b KOHeLl n O A n p O r p a M M b 1 , T. e. c c 3 a ~ p b 1 ~ b > > begin c n o s o M end. ~ ( O M M ~ H T apu i i , p a c n o n o x e ~ n b r i i nocne cnosa end, y ~ a s t , r n a e r , K q e M y OTHOCMTCR a a ~ ~ b l u end.

end; { triple 1

' 3 n e c ~ 3arpoiryr n o ~ o . ~ b r r o cnoxrrhrfi Ronpoc o coBMecrunocru runos B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e , eb~xonrluwir 3a pauKu HacroRiuclo yqe6eor.o nocoGrin - R P U M P C ~ nep

function triple(numb : integer) : integer; ( 3 ~ a @j'Hlarnff B 0 3 B p a q a e T 1 ( ppoemra onaveme n a p a ~ e ~ p a numb begin

1

triple := 3 * numb end; ( triple )

~ ~ ~ A C T ~ B U M Tenepb, YTO MbI B ~ J I ~ B H o ~ IIpOrpaMMe, rAe HeCKOJIbKO

pa3 BbI3blBaeTCR @ Y H K U M R t r ip le. O T M ~ T U M , YTO BCe ( P M ~ Y P M P Y K ~ ~ U ~ snecb nepeMeHHMe nMemT Tun integer. n o q e ~ y ? n o r o ~ y TO uMeHHo T a K O B TMn K a K @ O ~ M ~ J ~ H O ~ O IIapaMeTpa @ Y H K U U U t r ip le , Tax M 803.

BpauaeMoro em p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a . Hwue npMBonMTcR c o o ~ s e ~ c ~ n y i o u ~ i i

@ P ~ ~ M ~ H T ( B KOTOPOM H O M e p a C T P O K HYXHbl An53 IlOCJleJ.~lOUHX C C b l -

JIoK).

var a,b,c,numb : integer; . . . a := 5; b := triple(a) ; ~rite1I-I ( ' HCXOAHOe H YTpOeHHOe 3HaYeHHfl : ' ,

a,' ',b); numb := 2 ; c := triple (numb) ; ~rite1I-I ( ' HCXOAHOe H YTpOeHHOe 3Ha'reHUH: ' ,

numb,' ',c): numb := triple(a - 1) ; writeln ( ' sicxonnoe H YTpOeHHOe 3 ~ a q e ~ u a : ' ,

a - 1,' ',numb): writeln ( ' B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i a n o - n p e x ~ e ~ y ' , a) ; writeln ( 'emu ~ u m o p a B H o ' ,a,

' , TO er0 YTpOeHHLIe 3 H a ' r e H H e eCTb ' , triple(a))

~ ~ M ~ T M M , YTO r J I a B H a R npOrpaMMa COAepXUT nepeMeHHyI0 numb. TO T a caMaR nepeMeHHaR numb, KoTopaR N C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R B non- n p o r p a ~ ~ e ? K O H ~ Y H O , HeT, U BbI BCKOPe B 3TOM y6enurecb. 0 6 p a ~ u r e TaKXe B H M M a H M e H a TO, YTO r J IaBHaR IIpOrpaMMa Bbl3blBaeT n0A-

nporpaMMy HeCKOJlbKO pas. M o m e ~ J I M ( P ~ H K U U R t r ip le CnyTaTb, KaK0fi

kt3 BbI30BOB 06pa6a~b1~aTb B .L(aHHblfi MOMeHT M J I U Kyna nepeCJIaTb

pesynbra~? K O H ~ Y H O , HeT. C ~ p o ~ a 2 noMeuaeT B nepeMeHHym a HeKoropoe s ~ a ~ e ~ ~ e ; cTpoKa 3 sbr3brsae~ nonnporpaMMy, nepenaBaR eu @ a ~ r u u e c ~ u i i napaMeTp a. B t r ip le @ o p ~ a n b ~ b ~ i i napaMeTp numb noJyqaeT s ~ a q e ~ n e @ ~ K T U Y ~ C K O ~ O napaMeTpa a. 3 a ~ e ~ @op~a.nb~brf i

napaMeTp YMHOXaeTCR H a 3, pe3yJIbTaT YMHOlKeHMR 3 * 5 = 15 ~ a s ~ a q a e r c ~ u M e H w t r ip le. 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e ~ 5 ~ o r o M M e H U B O ~ B P ~ U ~ ~ T C R

r n a e ~ o i i nporpaMMe ( B crpoKe 3) u noMeuaeTcR B nepeMeHHym 6. n e p ~ o f i 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHa cnenymuaR cTpoKa:

UCXOAHOe U YTPOeHHOe 3HaqeHUR: 5 15

H U M , T O r A a K a K 3HaqeHUe b M3MeHUJIOCb, OTpaXaH pe3yJIbTaT, BO3Bpa-

2 Cnenymuuii B ~ I ~ O B , p acnonoxe~~br i i B cTpoKe 6, oTnktqaeTcR

OT npeAbrAyuero. MMR @ ~ K T M ~ ~ C K O T O napaMeTpa - numb, TeM x e U M e H e M , numb, Ha3RaH U @~~hla~lbHblf i napaMeTP. TO ?K, npeKpaCH0.

4 ) a ~ ~ u q e c ~ ~ i i napaMeTp n0,nyqae-r 3 ~ a ~ e ~ ~ e 2, ~ H ~ Y U T , BHYTPM non-

i nporpaMMbr ( P o p ~ a n b ~ o ~ y napaMeTpy numb nepenaeTcR s ~ a q e ~ u e 2. Y K ~ ~ ~ H H ~ H se=rMquHa yMHoxaeTcR Ha 3, M no.rlyqeHHoe s ~ a q e ~ ~ e 6 ~ a s ~ a ~ a e ~ c ~ M M e H u (PYHKUMU t r ip le. 3 ~ a q e ~ u e t r ip le BosapauaeTcR rnae~o i i nporpaMMe M p a 3 ~ e u a e ~ c ~ B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i c ( c ~ p o ~ a 6 ) . nocne ~ T O ~ O nporpaMMa HaneLlaTaeT

U C X O n H O e U YTpOeHHOe 3FIaqeHMR: 2 6

T ~ K M M o 8 p a 3 0 ~ , Tor @ ~ K T , YTO U M e H a @0pMaJIbH0r0 U @ ~ K T N Y ~ C K O ~ O

IIaPaMeTPOB OKa3aJIUCb OAMHaKOBbIMM, He MMeeT POBHblM CYeTOM

H U K a K O r O 3HaYeHUR. K ~ K M M 6b1 HM 6b1~10 M M R ( P ~ K T M Y ~ C I ~ O ~ O naps- MeTpa, ero s ~ a q e ~ ~ e 6 m e ~ nepe,.zaHo B noAnporpaMMy.

TpeTMii Bbl30B t r ip le ( C T ~ O K ~ 8) HehlHOrO IIOXlzTpee. Bo-IIep~bIx,

K a K B U A U M , @Zil<TliYe~K13u IIapaMeTp BOBCe 11'2 0fjR3aH 6blTb IIPOCTO

nepeMeHH0fi ( X O T R lIHOTAa 3T0 MOXeT YnPOCTMTb n e ~ 0 ) . OH MOiKeT

6blTh IlI)OM3BO.rlbHbIM BbIPaXeHMeM. CHaqaJla 3TO Bb1l;dXeHUe RbIqUC-

J I H ~ > ' I L:R, I I O ; ~ ~ ~ C H H O ~ .ctlatjeHile rlepejae-rcn uojl1porpaM;Me K a K 3tlaqt)- - Hne Ann ec @ o p ~ a , q b ~ o r o napahtc-rpa. B naHHoM c~lyqae M M nepecbl-

naeM B nonnporpahfMy s ~ a q e ~ ~ e BblpaxeHUR a - I , KoTopoe paBao: 5 -- 1 = 4. Tenepb B F I ~ T P I I @ ~ H K U M I . I t r ip le @ o p ~ a n b ~ b r i i napaMeTp number uMeeT s ~ a q e t r ~ e 4. Y ~ I H O X ~ R TO qucno Ha TPM, no.qyqaeM 12. 3 a ~ e ~ (PYHKUUR Y O ~ B P ~ L U ~ ~ T [juc.rl~ 12 B rJaBHym nporpaMMy, 11 3T0

3HaYeHUe 3anOMPiHaeTCR B IIepehleHHoL? numb. A ~ B R T ~ R M J l e C R T a R

C T ~ O K U nporpaMMbr HanelraTaioT c - ~ e ~ y m u e e :

M3 tianeqaTaHtioro .relicTa jmaesi , TO 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i a H e U3MeHMJIOCb. IIepecblJIKa 3tlaLletiPiR U - 1 B @ Y H K L ~ M H ) H e M3FVIeHReT

~ H ~ ~ I ~ H M R a . (YTO ~ ~ ' J c T , emu IIanMcarb cHaqana npendloxeHkte a : = a - I , a s a ~ e ~ numb : = t r ip le (a) ? ) O T M ~ T U M , TO nunzb B r ~ a ~ ~ o f i nporpaMMe o 3 ~ a ~ a e ~ coBceM H e TO, YTO numb BHYTPU

nonnporpaMMbi. I(,axnbrL? pas , Korna ~ b i 3 b l ~ a e ~ c ~ noAnporpaMMa f r ip le , M M R nunlb e ~ y r p w Hee BbrcTynaeT B KaqecTse @op~anbt ioro

napaMe-rpa. B r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpaMMe M M R numb o 3 ~ a ~ a e ~ U M R nepeMeH- H O ~ , POJb K O T O P O ~ ~ MOXeT MeHRTbCR. T ~ K , B IIpeAblAyUeM 0 6 p a ~ e ~ U U

K (PYHKUMU t r ip le nepeMeHHaR numb B r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpaMMe c n y x u n a ( P ~ K T M ~ ~ C K M M rrapaMeTpoM, a B noc;renaeM O ~ ~ ~ U € ! H U U K t r ip le nurnb UCnOJb3yeTCR AJIR X p a H e H H R 3HaqeHMH, B03BpaLUeHHOrO @yHhUMefi.

H ~ K O H ~ U , CTpOKa I I nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO B03Bpa~aeMblfi @yHKUktefi pe3)'JbTaT BOBCe He 06R3aTenbH0 me-TO 3anOMMHaTb, er0 MOXHO

175

c p a j y HaneqaTaTb. 3~aqe l rue @ a ~ ~ u q e c ~ o r o rlapahlc-rpa ( 3 ) nepe- naerczl @ Y H K U U U ; @ ~ H K U U F I BosepatuaeT pe3).-ih7~1~ 15, K O T O ~ ~ I I ~

cpasy me u neqaTaeTcR npennoxeHueM writeln:

ccnn ~ U C J I ~ paBHu 5, TO eru y ~ p o e l ~ l ~ o t . .311aure1111c ec I I, I >

4.4.5. J l o ~ a n b ~ b l e nepemeHHble B nonnpor-pame. @ Y H K U H R sign

P ~ C C M O T ~ ~ M donee ~ ~ n U ~ ~ b l ~ . I l p U M e p ucno.r1b3oBatrriR n o j - npOrpaMMb1. Mbl 3aiMeMcR p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ 0 h @ Y H K U N H S I g l l , hOTOp;-1R J.7H

3aAaHHOrO BeUeCTBeHHOrO quC.JIa X 6yAeT BblnOJHRTb C,lC.lyfOULie !lefi- CTBUR: e C J I U X = 0, TO @ Y H K ~ M F I B O ~ B ~ ~ T U T 3HaqeHcle (1 ( <'Ill ,Y ) (1. TO

O H a BO3BpaTMT 3HaqeHUe 1 ; e C J U X < 0 , TO ee pe3yJbT9TOM 6y~t .T rl1lr'-

JTO - 1. T a ~ y m @YHKU!IK) nHOrna Ha3blBaDT SlgnUnl M , I l l blgn, T a K Kak oHa coo6uaer H a M 3 1 1 a ~ ( H O He s e n u q u ~ y ) nepenatreoro eu A.QR aHa- nu3a qucna.

function s i g n ( x : r e a l ) : i n t ege r ; { @y~ltusia ~ o a s p a ~ q a e ~ " 3 n a ~ " I

{ naparderpa X: +1 nnn 0 m n -1 ) var a n s w e r : i n t e g e r ; ( OTBeT ) begin

if x = 0 then a n s w e r := 0; if x > 0 then a n s w e r := 1; if x < 0 then a n s w e r := -1; s i g n := a n s w e r

end; { s i g n )

rlpemne 1liili.r rIpMCTYflHTb k TPilCCll])l.)BKf' ~ a l ( ~ ~ O - ~ l l f i \ ; i l b Bb!30Ba

y ~ a 3 a l i ~ o i i + Y H K I I H M , : I ~ ~ I C T K M , q.ru ~ ~ y 1 . p ~ H ~ C O ~ L ~ F I ; I C I ~ : ~ I!epcxie!r- HHII (nn.uwrr) . 7 'a~ar l liepcxMellr:an ~ra;chrsacrczl n o ~ a , ~ b ~ o u , no.rrJ;Hy lrro oHa nperJ,c,rar3.:lHc.-r clofioi~ HC iliipij!,ne~.p, B OBI?C.I<T. ljjnCc.rtlb~i~ T O ! I ~ K O

BHyTpll nO.illlpOrpaMMb1 ( ~ 1 0 ~ a . ' r ~ 3 0 ~ , a l - l ~ b l E3 t l ~ i , ? ) . B PaCCMaTPW-

saeMoM npuMepe nepeMerit1aR rzns'wcr 11pe,~1ia31ia~ie~i l %;In spaHeriuH

nPOMeXYTOLllfOl'O 3!-(a'lCHklH, liC)TC)POe B KOliC'!tlObl CqWf jlO.?HHO 6bl'l.b

Ha3H:lqt'HO kiMEHM Sign. I < ~ K Mbl BCKOpC yrit?~.il?.4c>?, ~l j - t i~!~1~10

sign MOXHO ~ ~ I J O 61~1 IlallUCal'b kf 6 ~ 3 HC110~lb30BaH~l~l .10t\il.nbti0fi rl(t-

P ~ M ~ H H O ~ ~ . Mb1 >KC' H a M e f ) e H H O Bl<;ltOqH:?kI I3 1lt.i. JlOKaJhHyK) r1Pi)e-

MeHIiYK), ~ r 0 6 b 1 1103H;1KOMMTL qklTaTe.'lq C IIOUblM IIOIIHTII(!M. 0 6 p a - T U T ~ R H U M ~ H K ~ Ha ,TO, 41.0, SOTR @oplv~anht~h~ii IlapaveTp r;;,urjr?,l.le;ti,rr

T u n y r :toxa:lbtran n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a 5 1 unsL1er ti ~ o ~ ~ p a u ~ r : e ~ o e 3~al1e11ue cf)yt:~uuw clMewr T u n itztegcr.

fill%^ IIPMBOAMTC'R HF1CKOJ16KO BW30BOH @ Y H K L I I ~ I I S'igt.1. n I<il;.K;lOhl

cnysae @\;HKIIMM sign nepenaeTcH cpa~r14qec~~ ; i napatvlerp ruua T P C I ~ , TO oGecnes~1~aer cornaconaHue c TunoM @i;p~a.~~r,troro nap:\- MeTpa .u B H ~ T ~ U I I O , I I I ~ O I ~ ~ ~ M M M . [{TO KacaeTcR H O ~ B J ? ~ ~ U ; I C ~ I O ~ C )

pejy.ibrala, l o R I J I ~ B I ~ O & ~ nporpaMMe OH noMeqaercn ~3 I I I ' ~ C M ~ > ~ I I I \ I ~ ~

Tuna i n~cger , nocKo.lbKy I-laula @ Y H K U U R ~ 0 3 s p a q a e ~ u e , i o q l i c " ~ ~ ~ ! ~ ~ b i ~ ~

pe3ynt)rar t

1. var x , y , z : real ; a , b , c : i n t e g e r ;

8 . w r i t e l n ( 'nonysenx pe3ynb~a~b1: ' , a,' ' , b t l ' , c )

TO 6 4 , l e ~ r-larreqararro B pesynbra~e Bblno.lHetiun y k i l ~ a ~ ~ t i ~ t \

06paqeauu? Bo B T O P O ~ cTpoKe nepeMeHHan ,L no:lyqnel ~ H ; I ~ C H ~ I ~

5 4 ( B paMhax ~ T O I o npnwepa M ~ I 6y~eM u 3 0 6 p a ~ a ~ b celi1t1< Tecll t l : t

sucna B y n p o l u e ~ ~ o i G o p ~ e , a He B T O M @ o p ~ a ~ e , B ~ O T O P O ~ V I ( ~ H I I

u ? o 6 p a ~ a w 1 c ~ 1 B n a c ~ a . l e ) FIepewel-l~a~ x R B J I R ~ ~ C H -rev (pap Tl34eCI\IiH IlaPaHi.TPOM, C hOTOphlM BbI3bIBaeTCR @ ~ I ~ K U U R \lgn R I'I;bO

he 3 B I ~ \ T P , I @ ) ~ I K U M M @ O P M ~ ; I ~ I I ~ I ~ napaMeTp x (STO BC)BLY FIG\ I < '

ncl)ltcleHHafi .u, horopaz @nrqpupye r B m a e t ~ n u npcrpaMMe, v o ~ t r B paccvaipuBaeMohr sbrsoae u x uMeHa u coena3alol ) rlO~l\/.laf'l

3H34eHMC 5 4 1 lepB0e vCdlOBkte if - JIOXHO, 3aTO BTOpOC OKs <l,lB,leT('S+

ncTnHHbln, u n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i atzswer AaeTcR s ~ r a q e ~ u e 1 Il)erl,c YcJlOBcle if - TaKXe JIOX110 B ~ ~ R B ~ € ! H H o ~ . 3HaqeHLle 1 llepeila('TCr-1

UMet11 i @ > H K U C I ~ I - Sign, 3aTeM @ ~ H K U M R B03BPawdeT eTO T.:aHJIOM

nporpaMhfe, rJe O H O s a n o ~ ~ ~ a e ~ c ~ B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i a B cipohr 1 nepcve1-lroii y naeTcn JtraqeHue 0. F I o c ~ o n b ~ y y C . ~ ~ N ~ I T ba~~kl ' l?~likihi

n a p a v e l p o ~ n p u BTOPOM 0 6 p a q e ~ u u K @ Y H K U L I U Slgn, $01) v la .? i ,~~,~i~

nal)ah:t.rp x nongqaeT s ~ a q e ~ u e 0. Ha TOT pa3 nepen4e~rra,r nrzswr~ OKaJbIBaeTCR P ~ B H O ~ 0 , B pe3yJIbTaTe qer0 0 C l a H O B M T C R .3tla~lC'liFff"vl

( P ~ H K U ~ I U u nepenaeTcH B r.naBHym nporpaMMy, rae 3 a n o ~ u r r a e r i ~

B Ilepelle~Hofi b r l p u TpeTbeM 06paqe~u14 @ ~ K T u ~ ~ ~ c K u ~ ~ hlapaMeTk)OV,

nepeaasaeivbrv c f )y~rhuun , cratlosri-rczl s ~ a s e ~ u e Bblparnelln>l - Lj

KO; ODOe B Aal-lHoN~ C.Q;'IraC paBl10: 7.8976 - 9 = - 1 102-t ( D ~ I ~ K I L I J C I BldqUCJIfleT 311aqeHIIf! UriSUJer ( O H O P a B H O -1 ) !I BO.3BpaJl!,lC'l pe3j l b

TdT, IIOMeUlaR a-0 B nepeMeliHyI0 C B pe3y~lbTaTe BblllO.'lHC IkiH C 110

kw 8 6y!ie~ Hanellnrarlo

Teno nonnporpaMMbr sign M O X H O 3aflUCaTb MIioruMu rnoroC)il ),i~l

Mhl yfi(? OTMeqaJIU, qT0 6e3 .loKaJIb~ofi flepeMeHH0h ansuer MOd<l.:l

6brno 6b1 U O ~ O ~ ~ T U C ~ . K ~ K TOJbKO 3HaqeHUe @yH~llnn Ubr.lnc,lt.~io.

C r O HOXHO HenOCl)e4CTBeHHO COXpaHUTb B H M e H H I $ ) jH~~ t l i ! Kil,:i{\l

0 6 p a 3 0 ~ TO nenacrcn, r r o ~ a 3 a ~ o B cnenymulehl I rpnMepe.

function sign(x : real) : integer; ( @J'HKWR B03Bp84BeT " ~ H B K " 1 ( napaMeTpax: + 1 m a 0 wm - 1 } begin

if x = 0 then sign := 0; if x > 0 then sign := 1 ; if x < 0 then sign := -1;

end; ( sign }

~ O C K O J I ~ K Y (PYHKUMH M O X e T B 0 3 B P a U a T b T O J I b K O O J H O 3 H a q e H U e ,

H a u a n o n n p o r p a M M a M O X e T n O K a 3 a T b C . R H ~ ~ ~ K O H H O ~ ~ . Benb HMfIOTCFl

TPM npennoxetiuu, B K o T o p b r x ee U M ~ H M H ~ ~ H ~ L I ~ H ) T C H H o B b l e 3 ~ a q e -

H U H . B ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ . ~ ~ H O C T W J l U l L I b O n H O M 3 HMX 6 y n e ~ P e a J I b H O B b I n O J l -

H e H o n p u nm60u 0 6 p a w e ~ u u K (PYHKUUH sign ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . 3 ~ a q u r ,

B C e n p a B H J I b H 0 . f i p y r u ~ n C J I O B a M M , A J l R K B X f l O r O K O H K p e T H O r O 3 H a q e -

H U H X T O J I b K O O A H O M 3 T p e X ) ' c J ~ o B u ~ i f O K a X e T C R U C T k i H H b l M , n 0 3 T O M Y

n p M K a X n O M B b I 3 O B e MMR (PYHKUHU n O J l y q M T e n M H C T B f H H O e 3 H a q e H M e ,

K O T O p O e M ~ Y A ~ T B O 3 B p a L L l e H O B r J I a B H Y H ) I I p O r p a M M y . (Ha C a M O M

nene B n o n n p o r p a M M e p a 3 p e u a e ~ c ~ ~ a s ~ a q a ~ b M M ~ H M (PYHKUMM 3 ~ a q e -

H u e 6onee q e M o n u ~ pas. n p u TOM n o c n e n H e e u 3 H U X u 6 y n e ~ ~ o 3 ~ p a - w e H o B r n a B H y m n p o r p a M M y . B y n p a x H e H c r u 4.22 n p u B o n u T c R

n p u M e p r a ~ o i i c u ~ y a u u u . ) ~ O B T O P U M H e K O T O p b I e M 3 P a H e e B b l C K a 3 a H H L I X c o o 6 p a ~ e ~ u i i . JO-

K a J I b H a R I I e p e M e H H a R , 0 6 - b ~ s n e ~ ~ a ~ B H Y T P M n O A n p O r p a M M b 1 , M O X e T

U C n O J I b 3 0 B a T b C F I T O J I b K O B n p e A e J I a X 3 ~ 0 i n O A n p O r p a M M b 1 , H O H e

B m a B H 0 f i I l p O r p a M M e . A J I R M ~ B H O ~ ~ n p O r p a M M b 1 J l O K a J b H b I e nepe- M e H H b l e n O n n p O r p a M b l H e n O C T y n H b I . J 1 0 K a n b H a R I l e p e M e H H a R M O X e T

u M e T b TO x e c a M o e M M R , TO M K ~ K ~ R - H U ~ Y A ~ n e p e M e H H a R r n a e ~ o i i n p O r p a M M b 1 . K ~ K Xe K O M n l l J l H T O p p a 3 J l H q a e T I l e p e M e H H b l e C O n u H a K O -

Bb lMM U M ~ H ~ M M ? ~ P U B b I n O J I H e H M M n O A n P O r P a M M b 1 n1060e 0 6 p a ~ q e ~ u e K C I M ~ H U 0 3 H a q a e T 0 6 ' b e ~ ~ , 0 6 % R ~ J l e ~ ~ b l f i B n O A n p O r p a M M e ; H a n p O T M B ,

C C b l J l K a H a 3 T 0 Xe U M R B O B P e M R p a 6 0 ~ b l m a B H 0 f i I l p O r p a M M b I 0 3 H a -

q a e T n e p e M e H H y m , 0 6 - 6 z l ~ n e ~ ~ y m B m a ~ ~ o f i n p o r p a M M e . T ~ M H e M e H e e

B O M 3 6 e X a H M e n Y T a H M U b I A J l R J I O K a J l b H b I X n e p e M e H H b I X J I y q L U e M C n O J I b -

3 0 B a T b M M e H a , O T J l U q a t O l 4 U e C H O T M M e H n e p e M e H H b I X r J I a ~ H 0 f i np0- r P a M M b 1 .

P ~ C C M O T ~ U M I l p M M e p ( P Y H K U M H C H e C K O J I b K M M M I l a p a M e T p a -

M U . n y c T b 3 a A a H b I T P M U e J I b I X q U C J l a , M T p e 6 y e T c R H ~ G T H H a n 6 0 J l b L U e e

u 3 H U X . ~ . T R B b i n o n H e H u z l 3 ~ 0 i i sanaqu H a n u r u e M (PYHKUMH) max3, y H e e

6 y n e ~ ~ p u n a p a M e T p a . Harua (PYHKUUR 3 a n u c a ~ a c H e K o T o p b I M u

X U T P O C T R M H , n 0 3 T O M Y M b l C H ~ ~ A U M ee T e K C T B C l l O M O r a T e J I b H b l M M

K O M M e H T a P M R M U .

function max3(a,b,c : integer) : integer; ( Ms Tpex q e m x sacen a, b H c ( @YHK~&HR HBXOAHT ~ a ~ 6 0 ~ 1 h l 1 1 e e var maxsofar i integer; ( y c n o ~ ~ o ~au6onbmee } begin

( C ~ a s a n a ~ a f i n e ~ HaH60JIbUIee ~3 a H b } if a >= b

then maxsofar := a else maxsofar := b;

( A ~ e n e p b CpaBHUM maxsofar c c ) if maxsofar >= c

then max3 := maxsofar else max3 := c

end; ( max3 }

n p o a ~ a n u 3 u p y e ~ pun B ~ I ~ O B O B maxS u 3 r n a e ~ o f i n p o r p a M M L 1 .

H a q ~ e ~ C O C J l e A y t O U e r O B b I 3 0 B a :

i var x,y,z,ans : integer; ...

x := 3; y := 5; Z := 7; ans := max3(x,y,z)

B K a K O M I I O P Z l A K e C O I I 0 C T a B J l F I K ) T C R ( P O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ M ( P ~ K T U ~ ~ C K U ~ n a p a ~ e ~ p b ~ ? O ~ ~ B I ~ J H O , B T O M n o p H m e , B K a K o M O H M s a A a H b l : c H a q a e a

x c o n o c T a s n R e T c R c a, s a ~ e ~ y c 6 u , H a K o H e u , z c c. BHYTPU nonnpo- r p a M M b l ( P O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ n a p a M e T p b I n p H H M M a H ) T 3 H a q e H M R 3, 5 M 7 C O O T -

B e T C T B e H H O . n e p B 0 e y C J l O B H e i f O K a 3 b I B a e T C R J I O X H b l M , n 0 3 T O M Y

n o K a n b H a H n e p e M e H H a z l maxsofar n0nyqae.r s ~ a q e ~ u e , p a e H o e s ~ a q e -

HUH) I I a p a ~ e T p a b , K O T O P ~ I ~ C O ~ O C T ~ B J I ~ H c I I e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ f i LJ ( p a B H 0 8 ~ H C -

f l y 5 ) . B~opoe y C J l 0 B U e i f T O X e J I O X H O , n 0 3 T O M Y MMR (PYHKUMM max3 n o n y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e n a p a M e T p a L,, c o n o c T a B n e H H o r o c z u p a B H o r o 7. B o 3 s p a w a e ~ c ~ B m a B H y m n p o r p a M M y . n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ ans nonyqae-r 3 H a q e H M e 7 , n e f i ~ ~ B l l T e J I b H 0 H B . f l R H ) l U e e C H ~ a M 6 0 J I b ~ l l ~ U 3 q M C e J l 3, 5 M 7. n p u s e n e ~ ewe o n u ~ B ~ I ~ O B ( P ~ I I K U I I I ~ , K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ n p o u c x o n u T ,

K o r n a n e p e M e H H a z l ans y x e n o n j q u ~ i a H e K o T o p o e s ~ a q e ~ u e .

~ P M P a C C M O T P e H M M 3 T 0 r 0 B b l 3 0 B a M b l A O J I X H b I G ~ I T ~ H e M H O r O

6onee B H M M a T e J l b H b I M U . ~ 0 p ~ a ~ b H b l f i I l a p a M e T p a C O n O C T a B J R e T C R

c n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i ans, s H a q e H u e ~ o ~ o p o f i p a B H o 7. Q o p ~ a n b ~ b r i i napa - ', M e T p 6 I l O J l y ' i a e T 3 H a q e H M e B b I p a X e H H R X f lj ( O H O p a B H 0 : 3 f 5 =

= 8). Q o p ~ a n b ~ o ~ y n a p a M e T p y c n a e T c R a ~ a q e ~ u e B b l p a x e H u R ' Z f 1, P a B H O e 8. B T e J e (PYHKUUM I l e p B O e YCJIOBM? i f O K a 3 b I B a e T C H

J I O X H ~ I M . I l e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ muxsolur n0nqqae.r ( n j n a p d n e T p a 6 ) j t i a q e -

H u e 8. n o c ~ o n b ~ y y c n o B u e BO BTOPOM n p e n n o x e H u u i f H a ceii pa3 O K a 3 b l B a e T C R MCTMHHbIM, B n y H K T e then 3 T 0 r 0 n p e A J I O X e H M R U M e H M

(PYHKUUU H ~ ~ H ~ W ~ T C R 3 ~ a q e ~ u e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i maxsofar. A TO 0 3 ~ a -

q a e T , TO (PYHKUUR ~ o s s p a m a e ~ B K a l l e c T B e p e 3 y n b r u p y r o q e r o 3 ~ 3 q e -

H U H q u c n o 8. ~ I o c J I ~ A H u ~ I I p 1 1 ~ 0 n 1 1 M b l f i 3 A e C b B b l 3 0 B nPOUJI.IIOCTPUPYeT e q e

H e C K O J b K O O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ ( P Y H K U U ~ ~ . B o - I I e p B b l x , p e 3 y J I b T a T ( P Y H I ( ~ U U M O X e T ( P M ~ Y P M P O B ~ T ~ B K a q e C T B e 3 J I e M e H T a R b l p a X e H M R , BblBOAUMOrO

H a n e q a T b . Ro -BTOP~IX, ( P ~ K ~ . M ~ ~ c I < M M n a p a M e T p O M M O X e T 6 6 1 ~ 6 KOH-

C T a H T a UJIU A a X e B b l p a X e H M e , B KOTOPOM IIPUCYTCTBYeT B b I 3 0 B

K ~ K O G - T O n p y l ' o f i ( P ~ H K U U U .

var p,q : integer;

He n y r a f i ~ e c b . B COOTBeTCTBMU B I lPaBMJIaMM C T a P U l M H C T B a (CM.

II. 2.2.17) C J O X H O e B b l p a X e H U e , nono6aoe I I p U B e n e H H O M y BblLUe,

BblqI ICJIReTCR, H a q U H a R C C a M b l X BI lYTPeHHIlX C K O ~ O K . T ~ ~ T ~ u M spry- MeHTOM (PYHKUMU r n a ~ 3 RBJIReTCR 0 6 p a ~ e ~ M e K C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ (PYHK- UkfM abs. B ~ I ~ H c J I ~ H M ~ B b l p a X e H M R abs ( 9 ) A a e T a 6 c o n m ~ l l o e 3 ~ a q e ~ c r e

qucna - 7, T. e. 7. TO s ~ a q e t j u e r l o c b l n a e T c R B max3 K a K s ~ a q e ~ u e

AJIR ee T p e T b e r O ( P o ~ M ~ J I ~ H o ~ o I I a p a M e T p a , C. n e p f 3 b 1 ~ ( P ~ K T U ~ ~ C K M M n a p a M e T p o M R s n R e T c R B b l p a x e H u e p + 2, ero s ~ a q e ~ u e , p a o H o e 12, I IOCblJ laeTCR B max3 B K a q e C T B e 3 H a q e H M R I I e p B O r O ( P o ~ M ~ J I ~ H o ~ o

n a p a M e T p a , a. B~opoii ( P a ~ ~ u q e c ~ u f i n a p a M e T p n p e n c T a B n R e T co6oG KOHCTaHTY 12, K O T O P a R CTaHOBUTCR 3 H a q e H U e M B T O P O r O ( P o P M ~ J I ~ H o T o

n a p a M e r p a , b. QYHKIIUR max3 H a x o n u T M a K c u M y M 113 T p e x q u c e . n :

12, 12 u 7; OH p a a e H 12. B r n a ~ ~ ~ o f i n p o r p a ~ ~ e s ~ a q e ~ u e , ~ o s ~ p a q a e -

M O e ( P Y H K u u ~ ~ ~ , Y M H O X a e T C R H a 3. P e 3 y J I b T a ~ Y M H O X e H M R , 36, n e q a -

T a e T C R 6e3 n p e A B a p U T e J I b H O I ' 0 IIOMeI4eHUSi B ~ a ~ y m - n u 6 0 IIepeMleHHym.

O T M ~ T U M , q T O AJIR BbInOJIHeHMR B ~ J I ~ B H o ~ I I p O r p a M M e OAHOrO-eAUHCT-

B e H H O r O I l p e A J O X e H U f l writefn H a M IIpMUIJIOCb B b 1 3 B a T b & B e (PYHK- U M M - abs M max3. XOTR n o n 0 6 ~ b 1 e K O B C T ~ ~ K U C I U M p a 3 p e u 1 e ~ b 1

B n a c ~ a n e , ux y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ u e H e c B u A e T e J b c T B y e r o x o p o r u e M c T u n e

r I p 0 r p a b 1 ~ ~ p 0 ~ a ~ M R 1 . B 6 0 . l b I I I k i ~ C ~ ~ e C J I y q a e B O K a 3 b l B a e T C R IIOJIe3HbIMI

p a 3 6 M ~ b C J I O X H O e B b I p a X e H U e H a C O C T a B H b l e qaCT11 11 BBeCTU AOIIOJIHU-

T e J I b H b l e I I e p e M e H H b I e AJIR XpaHeI-1UH nPOM€!XYTOqHblX P e 3 Y J I b T a T O B .

n 0 I I b l T a f i T e c b I I p O n e J I a T b 3 T 0 H a I l p M M e p e I I O C J e A H e r O B b I 3 0 B a .

4.4.7. Mcnonbsosa~ue quKna for B Tene @ Y H K ~ H H

r l o n n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ , K o T o p b r e M ~ I p a c c M a T p u B a j l u no cux nop, rOA11JlUCb JIULUb AJIR peLUeH11R AOBOJIbHO T p U B M a J b H b l X 3 a A a . l O T q a C T U

' C T ~ K O U O u e ~ K O f i COrJlaCNTbCR HeJlb3H. k4hleHH0 BO3MOXHOCTb MCllOJlb3OBaTb

B b l p a X e H U R B @ ~ K T N ~ ~ C K N X n a p a M e T p a X $ ~ t l K ~ U f i 3 a q a C ' r y F J nO3BOJlReT Ol lMCaTb

n o r l i t i y n p o r p a M M b 1 ~ a ~ 6 v n e e H a r n H n l l o u U J R U L H O . - L ' p u ~ e r . nep.

I IOTOMY, q T O ~ b l H e MCrIOJIb30Ba=IU B H U X H U U U K . ~ for, H ~ I while. Te- n e p b , K O r A a Mbl Pa( 'CM0Tl)eJIU P R A IlPUCTblX I I P U M e P O B , M O X H O nonpo-

I 6 0 B a ~ b H a n U C a T b I I O ~ p O r p a M M y C UUKJIOM for. K C T ~ T M , MbI yXe Bn0.n-

H e I'OTOBbI p a 3 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ a ~ b I I O A I I p O r p a M M y AJIH P e U I e H M H u c x o ~ ~ o i i 3 3 A a q U - BblliMCJJeHUR CYMMbl K B a A P a T O B qI4Ce.U. Y T O ~ H X M HaW1.i H a -

MePL?l4UR: Mbl H a n U U I e M ~ o ~ I I ~ o ~ ~ ~ M M ~ - ~ ~ H K u M I o S~m~fSq l la reS, KOTO-

p a R 6 y n e ~ I I O J Y ~ ~ T ~ OAUH n a p a M e T p , 17. n p e n y c ~ o ~ p u ~ B sroii (PYMK- I ~ M U nee J I o K a n b H b I x n e p e M e H H b 1 e - i u r u m . H a t u a (PYHKUMR 6yner t i a X O & U r b C y f l M y K B a A p a r O B I I e p B b I X n 4MCeJI, T. e. O H a 6 p u e ~ B ~ I ~ M C . U R T ~ 1 - + 22 + ... + n'. 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ T O U C Y M M ~ I t~ 6yiler ~ 0 3 -

' 1 e J l a n O f i n p O I ' p a M M b 1 M O X H O B 3 R T b UCIIOJIHUTeJIbHYIO q a C T b I I p O r p a M -

'li M ~ I prob4b ( C M . n . 4.3. l o ) , ~ ~ M ~ H C I B numbertosum H a n e p e M e H H y D rz M n o M e c T u B B K o H e u r e K c T a [ T p o r p a M M b I n p e A J I o x e H u e , ~ a s ~ a . r a m q e e

tp

I I 0 J I y q e H H b 1 8 p e 3 y J I b r a T UMeHU S U ~ ? ~ O \ S ~ U ~ ~ ~ S . Harua ( P Y H K L L U R 6 y ~ e ~ UbI17JIRAeTb T a K :

function sumofsquares (n : integer) : integer; ( @YHICWII HaXORHT CYMMY KBBRPBTOB 1 ( nepsbnr n ~ a ~ y p a m m x wcen: 1 ( l*l + 2*2 + 3*3 + ... + n*n ) var i,sum : integer; begin

sum := 0; for i := 1 to n do

sum := sum + i * i; sumofsquares := sum

end; ( sumofsquares )

k P ~ C C M O T P U M , K a K U M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ r J I a B H a R n p O r p a M M a h l O X e T U C n O J I b 3 0 -

, o a T b (PYHKUMKI surno\squares. n p e n n o n o > ~ u ~ , TO ~ J I ~ B H ~ R r l p o r p a M -

M a y x e n o M e c T u n a B n e p e M e H H y r o numbertosum ~ a h o e - T O s ~ a q e ~ u e . I /

, T e n e p b , q ~ 0 6 b 1 I l O A C q M T a T b C y M M b I K B a A P a T O B I I e p B b I X numbertosum 3 1

1 $ q n c e n , o H a M O X ~ T O ~ P ~ T U T ~ C R I< ( ~ ) Y H K L L M U sutnofsqunr~s, H a n p u M e p ,

T a K : % 1 d~ var numbertosum,answer : integer;

! ... 7 answer := sumofsquares(numbertosum); J*. writeln (answer, e c T b c p M a K B W p a T O B nepwx ' ,

numbertosum, ' H a T y p a n b H b I X u K c e n l )

~ I Y C T ~ 3 H a q e H M e M numbertosum RBJIReTCR ~1l.iCJIO 10, T O T A a ( P ~ K T M - .rec~ufi n a p a M e T p 6yner u M e T b 3 ~ a q e ~ u e 10. BHYTPU (PYHKUMM (Pop- ~ a J I b H b l f i n a p a M e T p rl T a K X e 6 y n e ~ I I M e T b 3 H a q e H M e 10. B T e J e

(PYHKUMM BblqUCJIReTCR C y M M a I I e p B b l X n (T. e. 10) K B a A p a T O B ,

O H a P a B H a 385. 31.0 q U C J I 0 H a 3 H a q a e T C R MMeHU (PYHKUMU S ~ m o f S q ~ a - rcs H ~ o 3 ~ p a r n a e ~ c ~ B m a s H y m n p o r p a M M y K a K 3 ~ a ' l e ~ u e (PYHKUUU.

3necb OHO n o M e u a e T c R B n e p e M e H H y m answer. Aanee B b r n o n E r R e r c R

n p e n n o m e H u e writeln, K o T o p o e n e s a T a e T

Ecnu B r n a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e s ~ a s e ~ u e rzumbertosum pamo H e 10, a 5, T O T O q H O T a K a R Xe I I O C J l e f l O B a T e n b H O C T b ~ e f i ~ ~ ~ ~ f i 6 y n e ~ B b l n O J l -

H e H a n n R B b l 4 U C J I e H U R C Y M M b l K B a n p a T O B I l e p B b I X n R T U YUCeJI . B 3 T O M

cnysae n p e n n o x e H u e writeln H a n e s a r a e r

O ~ P ~ T U T ~ B H U M a H U e , H a C K O J I b K O I l p O U e C T a J I a I l p O r p a M M a I IOCJIe T O r O ,

K a K B C e , s T O K a C a e T C R C Y M M U P O B a H N R , M b l U 3 % R J I U U 3 ~ J I ~ B H o G

I I p O r p a M M b I U O @ O ~ M U J ~ U B B U n e M O n y J R . B H a L U e M P e U e n T e U C n O A b 3 0 -

B a H U R I I O n n p O r p a M M H?,XOCTael ' n O K a C ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ A e T a J l U . K ~ K B b l

n y M a e T e , TO M ~ I Y ~ Y C T U J I U ?

~ O B O P R o n o A n p o r p a M M a x , M ~ I e u e H u s e r o H e c ~ a 3 a n u o T O M , K a K N X B K J I D q a T b B C O C T a B T J ~ B H O ~ ~ I I P O r P a M M b l U rAe O H U n O J I X -

H b l 6 b 1 ~ b p a C n O J O X e H b 1 . n o ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ b l , P a C C M a T p U B a e M O r O 3 n e C b T U -

na, H a 3 b I B a t O T C R t l N I / l / ) ~ ' N N l l I l l / , U X O n U C a H U R A O J I X H b I C O f l e p X a T b C R

B H Y T P U M ~ B H O ~ n p O r p a M M b 1 . B Typ60 n a c K a J I e n p e n y c ~ o ~ p e ~ a U npy- r a R p a 3 H O B U A H O C T b I I O A n p O r p a M M , H a 3 b l B a e M b I X l<HO11iHU~?lLi P a 6 o ~ a C

H U M U U M e e T CBOU O C O ~ ~ H H O C T C I . ( K p a ~ K u e C B e f l e H U R 0 B H e L U H U X

n o n n p o r p a M M a x M O X H O ~ a f i ~ u B n p u n o x e H u u IV. ) T ~ K C T non- n p O r p a M M b 1 I I O M e U a e T C R B A ~ K J I ~ ~ ~ T u B H o ~ ~ q a C T U M ~ B H O ~ ~ n p 0 - r P a M M b 1 -- B C J l e n 3a ~ ~ ' ~ Z I B J ~ ~ H U R M U ee I I e p e M e H H b I X . n 0 q e ~ y U M e H H O

3necb? O ~ % R C H U T ~ 3 T 0 O s e H b I I p O C T O . Korna K O M n U j l R T O p B C T p e s a e T

(rne-TO B T e n e m a ~ a o i i n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ ) B ~ I ~ O B n a ~ ~ o f i n o n n p o r p a M M b 1

( ~ a n p u ~ e p , answer : = sumofsquares ( . . . )) , TO OH y x e O T J U ~ H O

3 ~ a e ~ , TO 0 3 ~ a s a e ~ U M R sumofsquares. C o r n a c ~ o T P ~ ~ O B ~ H U R M c T a H -

napmoro n a c ~ a n z l o n u c a H u R n o n n p o r p a M M n o n x H b I p a c n o n a r a ~ b c ~ nocne O ~ % R B J ~ H U R B c e x n e p e M e H H b r x . B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e c 0 6 n m ~ e e ~ e y K a 3 a H H O r O I I p a B M n a ~ e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J l b 1 4 0 : n p U X e J l a H U U I I p O r p a M M U C T

M O X e T C B O ~ O ~ H O O n U C b I B a T b C B O U K O H C T a H T b 1 , I I e p e M e H H b l e , @ Y H K U U U

M T . n . , H e o c o 6 e ~ ~ o 3 a 6 0 ~ R ~ b 0 n O P R n K e C J l e A O B a H W R . O A H ~ K O u B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e c o x p a H R e T c M n y O C H O B H O ~ ~ n p u H u u n : nm6oii O ~ % ~ K T n p O r p a M M b 1 0 6 ~ 3 a 1 4 6 b 1 ~ b O n M C a H A 0 er0 n e p B o r o U C n O J I b -

z o n a r l l r R Korna K o M n b t o ~ e p ' , < < r I p O C M a T p U B a R > > I I p O r p a M M y , B C T p e s a e T T e K C T

n O n n p O r p a M M b 1 , 3 T a I l O A n p O r p a M M a H e B b I n O J I H R e T C R . K o ~ n b l o ~ e p --

' B ~ T O M afjsaue paccymaeltnc seneTcn c 1103nunii HeKoero rnlloTeTuqechoro KoMnbmrepa ( < < E l a c ~ a n b - ~ a m u ~ b ~ , , ) . ~oropbrfi , npocMarpusan TeKCT nporpaMMbr, KaK 6bl HHTel)nPeTUP)'f2T, Cpa3). HCllO.lHReT e l 0 - / / / l ~ d l f ? ' + llf'p

U 3 H a T b H e 3 H a e T , q T O T a M Y H e e <<BHYTPU>>? CTOUT e M y < < y B U A e T b > >

s a r o n o ~ o ~ ~ ~ H K U U U , OH TYT m e n p o n y c K a e T secb ee T e K c T , B n n o T b

no n o c n e ~ ~ e f i cTpoKu.,rae CTOMT 3 a ~ e p u l a m u e e end. E ~ U H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ cnoco6 B l l n O n H U T b n O A n p O r p a M M y - 3 T O B b I 3 B a T b ee. MOXHO npen- C T a B U T b ce6e T a K y I O C U T y a U U t o , K O r A a n O A n p O r p a M M a I I p U C Y T C T B Y e T

B ~ J I ~ B H o ~ ~ n p O r p a M M e , H O H M pa3y H e B l 1 3 b l B a e T C R ; T a K a R n O A -

I I p O r p a M M a H U K O r n a U H e B b l n O J 7 H U T C R . ECAM M b l B b 1 3 b I B a e M ee A e C R T b

pas , T O B C e A e C R T b pa3 O H a U 6 y n e ~ B b I n O J l H e H a .

K C T ~ T M , U 3 C K a 3 a H H O r O 0 M e C T O n O J I 0 ) K e H U U I$\.HKuUU C T a H O B U T C H

~ O H R T H O , n o s e M y nocne end B (PYHKUUU A o n x H a C T O R T ~

T O s K a C ~ ~ I I R T o ~ ~ , a H e T O q K a , K a K B K O H U e ~ J I ~ B H o G I I p O r p a M M b l .

Kamnoe A e K n a p a T u B H o e npennoxeaue ( a T e K c T C ~ I Y H K U U U P a c c M a T p u -

B a e T C R K a K UX P ~ ~ H O B U A H O C T ~ ) O T A e J l R e T C R O T C J l e f l y I O U e r O 3a H U M

~ o s ~ o i i C 3 a n R ~ 0 f i ' .

program prob4e; { H p o r p a ~ M a Ebt'-IUCJTneT CYMMY K B a A p a T O B

( A.?R mo6oro a a n a H H o r o wcna a n e M e H T o B .

( Ann H a X O X A e H U R CyMMbI K B a A p a T O E

( U c n o n b a y e T c n n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ a - @ y ~ ~ w i ~ var numbertosum,answer : integer;

function sumofsquares(n : integer) : integer; ( @YHKUUI( HaXOAUT CYMMy K B a A P a T O B

( I I e p B b t X n H a T y p U b H b I X YUCen:

( 1*1 + 2*2 + 3 * 3 + ... + n*n 1 var i,sum : integer; begin

sum := 0; for i := 1 t o n do

sum := sum + i * i; sumofsquares := sum

end; ( sumofsquares )

begin ( r n a ~ ~ a ~ n p o r p a M M a ) writeln ( ' Y K ~ X H T ~ KOnUseCTBO 3 n e M e H T O B CyMMUpOl laHUR ' ) ; readln(numbertosum); answer := sumofsquares(numbertosum); writeln (answer, ' e C T b C y M M a K E a A p a T O B IIepBbrX ' ,

numbertosum, H a T y p a n a H b r x sucen' ) end. ( prob4e )

I P ~ C C M ~ T ~ M B ~ R npU 3TOM Tell0 T J ~ ~ B H U ~ npOTpa3,l>lbl (begin ... end) KaK antlo (coc,rastjoe) npesnomeHue. - - f lpuwer. nep.

M b l YXe PaCCMOTpeJU HeCKOnbKO Bbl3OBOB n O n n p O r p a M M b 1

sumofsquares. 3 t i d n , K ~ K O H M B~II IOJIHRIOTCR, M ~ I T e n e p b 6e3 1pyna o n n w e M npouecc B b I n o n a e H n R n p o r p a M M b 1 4 B u e n o M . H a n p n ~ e p . ecnn r n a a a a R n p o r p a M M a c s n T b l B a e T B n e p e M e H H y m numbertosum 3 H a 9 e H M e 10, TO M O X H O BOCllOJIb30BaTbCH npCl~e,!leHtlOfi BblUIe T p a C -

CHPOBKOA n e p B o r o B ~ I ~ O B ~ sumofsquares. 3 ~ a q r ~ n e C Y M M ~ ~ m a n - P a T O B I l epBbIX AeCRTM 9 M C e J (385) 6yne~ BblqHCJleHO M n e p e A a H 0

B r J I a B H y m n p o r p a w M y . r n a ~ a a s l n p o r p a M M a n o M e c T M T ero B nepe- M e H H y m U I L S L ~ C I , a 3 a ~ e ~ o T n e s a T a e T .

n p 0 n e J l a B n 0 f i p 0 6 H y I O TpaCCFipOBK) r lpO17PaMMbl prob4c, BbI yBHll!lTe, KaK MHOrO I l p e f l J I ~ X e ~ C l f i B b l n O J H R e T C R , K O r n a H FIFO-

r p a M M e B C T p e q a e T C R 0 n r - i ~ - ~ A H H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ Bh l30R @!~'HI\UCIU S U ~ ~ O ~ S -

quares. O T T P ~ C C M P O B ~ T ~ r J a B H y m n p o r p a M b l y T e n e p b c T a n o H a M H o r o

Irpoue. E c n ~ n o A n p o r p a M b I a st~rnofsquarcs n p o s e p e t l a , lo. , L > I , I \ ( \

H e a H a J I H 3 U p y R KaX,!lblfi I l I a r Bb l~O. lHe t lN5 l f l O n n p O r p a M M b 1 , MO>kHO

6 b 1 T b J B e p e H H b I M B TOM, q T O I ~ O J I Y ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ pe3Y; lbTaT RBJIReTCR C ~ C K O M U ?

CYMMOA. YTO A a e 7 H a M 3 T y Y B E P ~ H ~ I O C T ~ ? -- TO HeMa . lOe qMCJl0

pa3JIFiq13blX I l p O B e p O K , KOTOpOe Mbl BblIlOJHClJIM. ( ~ ~ M ~ T M M n O n y T H 0 ,

9 T O C Y q e C T B Y e T @ O P M Y J I ~ n J IR OTblCKaHHR CYMMbl K B a l l p a T O B Y l n e p B b l X

qClCeJI, C nOMOlllbK3 K O T O P O ~ ~ M O X H O I IPOBePMTb R P a B M J b H O C T b BblqCiC-

n e ~ w f i , B b I n o ~ l H R e M b l x n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i . Ta~of i cnoco6 n p o e e p K n p a c c M a T -

PMBaeTCR B y n p a X H e H C i l l 4 .4) . B TOM TO N fleJI0. q T O TeCTHPOBaHkit?

n o n n p o r p a M M b I surnofsquares MOXHO n p o u e c T n c o s e p l u e H H o a B T o

HOMHO, OTBJ leKaRCb OT K O H K P ~ T H O ~ ~ 3 a n a q M , pf Ulae~ok F ' J ~ B H O ~

n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i . M~acre ronopn, n o n n p o r p a M M y . B p a 6 0 ~ o c n a c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ Mb1 y 6 e f l n . n n c b ( B p e 3 y J I b T a T C H ~ ~ ~ B U C U M O ~ ~ ~ I ~ o B ~ ~ K H ) ,

M O X H O P a C C M a T p P i B a l b K a K BnOJ lHe ~ a l i e X 1 3 b l f i 3 . l e M e H T C K O J b y r O n H 0

CJ IOXHOrO 11 6 o n b u 1 o r o I l pOUeCCa . ~ P ~ B M J ~ ~ H O C T ~ p a 6 o r b l I I P O r P a M M b l

ropasno n e r q e 0 6 e c n e . i n ~ b , n p o B e p z r R p a 6 0 ~ o c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ b ee ~ o n y n e B A 0 OTAeJIbHOCTM, tleXe. ' lH TeCTMPYR ~ O A ~ U I ~ K ) f l p O l p a M M y UeJlClKOM.

ECJM H e BCe B 3TOM C y X n e H M M B a M K a X e T C R CTOJlb y>tc 6 e C ~ n 0 p ~ b l ~ - H e 6ena. M b l H a M e p e H b I RHOBb M BHOBb B 0 3 B P a L U a T b C R K ClJee MOAY.lbHOF'0 f l p O ~ p a M I M H p O B a H C l H , T a K LIT0 CO B p e M e H e M Bbl , t leCOM-

HeHHO, y 6 e n u ~ e c h B ee I lAO~OTBOpt tOCTCl .

~ ~ ~ ~ A C T ~ B U M , q T O MMeeTCR HeKOTOPBR R p O r p a M M a H a n a c - K a n e c MMeHeM prob, c o n e p x a n i a R n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ y - ~ ~ H K U H K ,

y r O n H 0 O ~ ~ ~ K T O B -- KOHCTaHT, R e p e M e H H b l X n A a X e n p y r A X n O n n p 0 -

r p a M M , 9 T O 6 y n e ~ HeOJHOKpaTt30 ~ p O n e M O H C T p M p O B a H 0 B A a J I b ~ e f i U l e ~ . ' B Lie-lRX npOcTOTb1 I I p M M e p a MbI OTpaHMqMflMCh T e M , 9 T O OTMeTMnU

HaAMqMC y ~ ~ H K U H C ~ salnple KaKMX-TO u lOKa j lbHb lX I I epeMeHHbIX.

1 program prob; const . . . ;

l a var ... ;

function sample ( . . . ) : . . . ; 3 a r o n o ~ o ~ @YHKL(ZIU var . . . ; 0 6 a n m e ~ a e noKanbHbrx n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b r x begin ( sample ) ... Teno (PYHKUHU sample

sample := ... Boaspawe~ue p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a end: ( sample j IIocnen~nn CTpOKa @ ~ H K ~ H U

I begin ( rnaBHasnporpaMMa j

. . . JI106oe qNCJI0 BbI30BOB

@YHKUUU sample

end. ( prob ) ; ( 2

Teno maBH0fi npOrpaMMbI

1 . n p u PeUIC'HUM CdOXHblX 3anaq 06blqH0 npu6eraror K MeTOAy nOUla-

r o ~ o i , T ~ T ~ . T U ~ ~ U U U , IIJIU, nHaqe, MeTony nporpaMMuposaHun ceepxy - B H U ~ . npouecc n o ~ l a r o ~ o u ~ I ~ T ~ ~ U ~ ~ U I I U tlaLlnHaeTcn c cocTasneHlin c x e m anropnTMa, npencTasnRto-

ulei peLlleHl4e 2aAaqU .IUnIb 13 CahlbIX 0 6 ~ 1 i x .lepTaX. Te 3TanbI peUleHUR, KOTOllble

Ha cxeMe ~b~pi iae l lb l HenocTaToqHo T O ~ H O u orlpeaeneHHo, nonBepratoTcR n a n b ~ e n -

Ulehly pa36~eHUIO C UeJlbto YTOqHeHUR n e ~ B ~ ~ a q a . l b ~ ~ h CXeMb1. ~ ~ O U ~ C C ne~a,lU3aUUn

nomopnercn no mIiolueHuto K HOBOMY BapuaHTy c x e m aaropnrMa n T. a. no Tex nop, rlotia tie 6yireT jlocrurHyT ~ a ~ o i l ypoeeHb RCHOCTU peuleHnR, n p u K O T O ~ O M

Harrncaune rrporpaMMbr Ha n a c ~ a . l e y x e H e cocTaauT Tpyna.

2. I ~ O : I Y ~ I I T ~ cyiMny HCKOTOPOR n o c : ~ e a o n a ~ e n b ~ o c ~ ~ ~ 3 . n e ~ e ~ i ~ o ~ M O X H O n p u rroMuu1n

cneiiylo~ueii npouenypbr. B ~ a q a n e nepeMeHnyro s u m nonoxtc,iM pae~oi l HYJIIO. Ha K a x - I

AOM npoxone uuK:la 6 y 3 . e ~ n p u 6 a e n ~ ~ b K ~ e ~ y u l e ~ y 3~aqet1uto S ~ J ~ Z oqepen~ioe c n a r a e m e ; u u ~ n 6 y a e ~ noe-ropn-rb j o Tex rrop, noKa He 6yny-r IIPOCYMMUPOBaHbl

BCe 3JlehlellTbl. n o OKOH'laHM!I UUKJa B Slim OKaXeTCR 3HaqeHUe, PaBHOe U C K O H O R CyMMe.

3. :;traqer~ne r ~ c p c n ~ c ~ t ~ o i i M0Xe-r H3MeHR.Tl,Cn B xoac n b ~ n o . ~ ~ t i e ~ u n nporpaMnrb1, Tor:la

K a K j ~ a s e t r u e KoHclaHTbl. Gynyqu O A U H paa saaaHo B ee onpeneneHiru, B la.;!b-

. ~ e i i l l e ~ vjfte lie MOXeT 6blTh M3MeHeHO. P a 3 ~ e n 0npe;le.TeHUR KOHCTatlT BbICdlH;i117

; cnenyromnM 0 6 p a 3 o ~ : .! . Si :a; 185

4. T a ~ o e OnpeneJleHile KOHCTaHT CJIenyeT IIOHHMaTb TaK, qTO KaX1(UOM! 06beKTy

cneBa OT a ~ a ~ a paBeHcTsa npunncbmaeTcn T u n naHHblx n sHaqeHne roro 0 6 b e ~ r a ,

~ o ~ o p b i i i yKa3aH CnpaBa OT 3TOTO 3HaKa P a B e H C T B a . H a n p t i ~ e p , B npUBOntiMOM HHXe

onpenenetiun KoHcTaHT 06heK~y c uMeHeM n u m b naeTcR s ~ a q e ~ ~ i e 7 u npnnncb1aaeTcR

Tun integer, a 06%eKTy c M M e H e M epsylon naercR s ~ a r e ~ t i e , paaHoe 0.00001,

n npnnucbleaeTcR Tnn real.

const numb = 7; epsylon = 0.00001;

5. M~n)'.lb - 3T0 HeKOTOpaR noc.J~llOBaTCJbllOCTb n p e n . l O ~ e ~ l i h , B COBOK! IIHO(.TII

BblnOJlHRloIUMX B n O n H e OnpeneJleHHyD 3aLlaqy. T ~ K ~ R y3KO ClleUUaJlH3HPOBaHHaH

rpynna npennomesuii, B nputiuune, MomeT 6 b 1 ~ b qacTbD TeKcTa r n a ~ ~ o f i nporpawMb1,

qTO He BCerna yno6so. Mooy'nb MOXllO C,leJlaTb M 1ieKoeh U ~ O J ~ M P O B ~ H H O ~ I I P O ~ P ~ M M H O U

ennHuucil, 06.1aaa~nieii n R y M R xapaKTepncrnKaMu: ( I ) ~ a 6 o p o ~ npennome~nu,

O~lrCblBaDUIHX Yon PeWeHHR 3anaqM; ( 2 ) napaMeTpM.leCKHMU 3llaqeHMRMM (I ( ; IM nPOCT0

n a p a ~ e ~ p a ~ n ) , 0 6 e c n e q n ~ a l o u l u ~ u H ~ C T P O ~ ~ K Y M O n y n R Ha BblllOJlHeHMe K O t ~ K p e T H O r O

BblqucneHnR. P a c n o n a r a ~ 0 6 0 6 u l e ~ ~ o f i rpynnofi n p e ~ n o m e ~ u i i . T . e. Mony.ieM,

npOrpaMMa MOlKeT OCYUIeCTBUTb M X BblnOJlHeHHe, 3anaB C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ ~ ~ U N ~ ~ ~ a 6 i ) p

1llll)dMC'l POH.

6. 0 6 0 6 u e ~ ~ b l h ~ 3 6 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ : L ; I o x ~ H H ~ ~ . 0 KOTOPOM lu.na peqb B n . 5, Ha3blBaeTCH

n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ o i . B B L I - ~ U R Z IlolnporpaMvbl Bcer,xa @ H ~ ~ P H P ) . K I T ollpede.ieHHble

napaMeTptiqecKue 3 ~ a q e t i ~ n , 11penyc~orpet111bre B onncaHnu no.xnporpdMMb1 BCRtiaR

nolnporpaMMa, riynyqn ontia*ubl orlncalia, 3 a . 1 e ~ womeT 6 b l ~ b ~ b 1 3 ~ a ~ a K ncno.ltletrnuI

tieo,1HohparHn, rlpuqeM ~ a m , l b ~ A pa3 c t i o ~ b ~ u r~atiopow . \ ~ ~ a q e ~ ~ i i i napah ieTpoB.

7. ( h a t l l a p ~ ~ b l c @ Y H K I I I ~ I ~ - 3T0 110~ll~?OI'~)~hlMbl, RB.~lRlolUlleC.H H ~ ( I T ~ > ~ M ; I ~ M ( I A

npntiannemt1orTblo KoMnn;IRTopa r l a c ~ a n n n Bcerla nocTyrlrlble n p n r p a ~ v n < - r y . O , ~ H ~ K O . COCTaR.1HR 1lpOri)aMMY Ha r l a c ~ a ~ l e , ee a B T O p MOlKeT HalltiCilTb H CBOll

~ O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ , I ~ nonnporpriMub1; n x Tati 13 H ~ ~ ~ I R ~ E O T - nonnporpaMMbr. onpene.iRehiblr

11pO~paMMtiCTOM. CyIIlccTf3yD-l , l B a BtiLla 110,lrlporpZiMM: @ Y H K U H H H ~POUY.l)'Pbl.

n o ~ n r n e @ Y H K U ~ ~ Fmenelio R T.I. 4. a I1poue;lypaM IiocRnllieHa r.1. 5. 8 . P ~ C C \ ~ O T ~ H M llOC.~le.l .(~RaTeJbHOCTb C06blT~ij I I / ) H Rbl30Be CTaHnapliiofi (t)).Htill~tl

n*iH ( p y ~ ~ ~ n n . ~ ~ ~ p e , ~ e . n e t ~ ~ ( ~ i i I I ~ O I - ~ ~ M M H C T O M . PaBo.ra r n a e ~ o i i nporpavsl1,l Ira nri,o

ropoe s p e m npnocTaHaRnuuaeTcn. n HaquHaeT BblnontiRTbcn @YHKILUR. I ' . i a e ~ a ~

npOrpaMMa O G ~ I C I H O nepe;laeT @ Y H K U U U KaKOC-TO K O H K P e T H O e 3HaqeHNe (NJU HeCKOJlbKO

31iaqe~nh). Kamnoe Tame s r iaqe~ne , y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o e B r nae~o i i nporpaMMe ( O H O

Ha3blBaeTCR @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K W M FapaMeTpOM, MJIU ~ P T ~ M C H T O M ) , COnOCTaRJ lReTCR C HeKOTO-

PblM @ ~ p ~ a J I b k l b l ~ napahleTpOM. RBZIRDUIUMCR B H Y T P e H H U M O ~ ~ ~ K T O M nOnnpOrpaMMbl.

Ha OCHOBe 3anaHHblX Re.'lti~llH BblqUCnReTCR pe3YJlbTaT. K O T O P ~ I U BO3RpaUIaeTCR B r.laB-

H y f O npOrpaMMy K a K 3HacleHMe @ Y H K U U U . Hanpnsrep, CTaH,TapTHaR @ Y H K I I ~ ~ R ~ q r f R ~ I ~ H C ~ R P T u ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ OHaqeHne IcsanpaTHoro KOPHR u3 3 a ; l a ~ ~ o 1 - o apryhjeiira

@ Y H K U U H MOXeT tiMeTb .'1~)6oe @ M ~ C M P O B ~ H H O ~ qHC:IO (0. 1, 2, ... ) lIapaMeTpOB, 140

B03BpaUIaeT OHa BCerna O n H O I4 TofibKO O n H O Pe3YJIbTUP)'KlUee 3HaqeHMe. n o O K O H ~ ~ H U H

pa60~bi @ Y H K U U U B03BpaT B r"1aBHYD npOrpaMMy np0NCXOnMT B T y me TOqKy.

N3 K O T O P O ~ ~ O H a Bbl3blBanaCb.

9. r l e p ~ a n cTpoKa onncaHnR @ Y H K U H M Ha3blBaeTCR . { ~ ~ o ; I o B K ~ M . OH^ BK.nKjqaer

B c e 6 ~ U M R @ ~ H K I L U ~ . U M R n T U ~ Kamnoro a o p ~ a n b n o r o napaMeTpa, a TaKme Tun p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a . H a n p u h ~ e p :

function sample(x : integer; y : real) : real;

3;lc~'l, H M H @ ~ H K U U H - S U / ~ / I / C ; 4' Hee BBa @ O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I X napaMeTpa. ~ ~ ~ ? H I , I I I

napaMeTp, x , npnHannemnT T n n y integer. B T O ~ O ~ ~ , y, ecTb BeueCTBeHHoe q ~ c . 1 0 .

OYHKUHR ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ T u n a real. 10. B M O M ~ H T B ~ I ~ O B ~ n ~ n n p 0 r p a ~ ~ b l 3 H a q e ~ ~ R ~ P ~ ~ M ~ H T O B ( @ ~ K T M ~ ~ C K H X n a p a ~ c l -

POB) COnOCTaBJRDTCR C U M e H a M N COOTBeTCTByDUIUX @~)p~aJlbHblX napaMeTPOB. ~ I P H 3TOM BOBCe He 06~3a~eJIbH0, q~06bl apryMeHTb1 6 b l n ~ K a K H M U - T O nepeMeHHblMtI, OHM MO-

ryT 6 b l ~ b K o H c T a H T a M n ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , -6) u n u name BblpameHnRMn ( ~ a n p n ~ e p . 2 + u + f 6) . n o f l n p o r p a ~ ~ a HaqHHaeT BblnOnHRTbCR C TeMN 3HaqeHHRMH CBOMY @~p~a. lbHblX

napaMeTpoB, KoTopbie O H M nMenn B MoMeHT Bxona B rlonnporpaMMy. 1 1. 3 a 3arOflOBKOM @ Y H K U N H CJlenyeT 06%ns;1etcnc ~lOKa.'l bHblX nepeMeHHblX rlon-

IIpOrpaMMbl. n0KaJlbHble nepeMeHHble, 0 6 ' b f l ~ . 0 e ~ ~ b l e B n0nrlpOrpaMMe. H H K a K He C B R -

3aHbI C O ~ % ~ K T ~ M U ~ J I ~ B H o ~ nPOrPaMMbl, ,lame eCJlll y H H X COBnanaloT tiMeHa.

3 a ~ ~ ' ~ R B J I ~ H H R M N (ecnn O H M HMCK)TCR) cnenyeT napa o r p a ~ n q n ~ e n e f i begin-end, oKpymamUnx Bce T e npennometing. KoTopble n 0 6 e c n e q n ~ a ~ ~ Bbino.iHeHne ~eo6x0- n l i ~ b l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( c T B u H . ~ P U 3TOM CaMblM n O C J l e n H n M noJlXH0 6 b l ~ b BblllOJlHeHO npenJIOXeHne,

K O T O P ~ I M uMeHn @ Y H K U U N ~ a 3 u a q a e ~ c f l HeKoTopoe 3 ~ a q e ~ n e . ~ - O H O - T O n 6 y n e ~ ~ o s s p a q e ~ o B maBHyD nporpaMMy. Tnn ~ H ~ ~ ~ H I I R . ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ o r o @ ) ' I I K U N ~ ~ ~ ,

nonmeH 6 b 1 ~ b T a K u M , K ~ K O A y ~ a u a s B ee s a r o n o s ~ e . 3 ~ a q e ~ n e , ~ o s s p a q e ~ ~ o e @YHKUH~W, MOXeT 6 b l ~ b C O X p a H e H O B H ~ K O T O P O ~ nepe~eHH0fi ~ J ~ ~ B H O U npOrpaMMbl,

MOXeT 6 b l ~ b NCnOJIb30BaHO K a K C O C T ~ B H O ~ 3JleMeHT KaKOrO-TO BblpaHceHliR, a MOXeT

6 b 1 ~ b HaneqaTaHo c noMoqblo npennometiun write (wr i t e ln ) . TO s ~ a q e ~ u e MomeT 6 b 1 ~ b nepenatio B npyrylo nonnporpaMMy B KaqecTse @ ~ K T N ~ ~ C K O ~ O napaMeTpa.

12. O C H O B H ~ I M npetih1y'UeCTBOM tiCIIOJlb30BaHMR nOnnpOrpaMM R B J R e T c H B03htOX-

H O C T ~ TeCTHpOBaTb n OTnamuBaTb ux H ~ ~ ~ B U C U M O OT npyrnx ~onynei i . O ~ n a m e ~ ~ a n non- npOrpaMMa MOXeT PaCCMaTpNBaTbCR K a K He ~ p e 6 y D u l ~ f i IIpOBepKn 3Jle~eH~apHblfi

wa r 6ozlee C J I O X H O ~ nporpaMMb1. H a n p n ~ e p , ecnu HeKoTopaR ( r n a e ~ a n ) nporpaMMa Bbl3blBaeT IlOnnpOrpaMMy, TO Mbl MOXeM KaXnyD N3 H U X TeCTMPOBaTb N OTJlaXUBaTb

OTnenbHO no TeX nOp, n O K a He y 6 e n u ~ c n B TOM, qTO O H a p a 6 0 ~ a e ~ IlpaBUnbHO,

a 3aTeM o ~ % ~ L ~ H H u T ~ U X B O n H O U e J O e . 13. B n a c ~ a n e rnaaHaR nporpaMMa HaquHaeTcR c a e ~ i ~ a p a ~ n ~ ~ o i i qacTil, B ~ o i o -

PYD, B qaCTHOCTH, BXOnRT U OnMCaHMR BCeX nOnnpOrpaMM. B C T a H n a p T H O M naCKa.lt7

neKnapaTuBtiaR qacTb COCTOUT u3 pasnena onpenene~uii KoHcTaHT, 38 K O T O ~ U M

CnenyeT pa3nen 0 6 % ~ ~ n e ~ u i i nepeMeHHbIX, a 3aTeM - BCe B H Y T P e H H U e nOnllpOrpaMMbl

( B O ~ M O X H ~ I n ewe HeKoTopbre pasnenb~, o K O T O P ~ I X noiine~ peqb B nocnenylolutih

m a ~ a x ) . B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e , B oTnnque OT cTaHnapTHoro, nonycKaeTcR 6onee onuoro pa3nena 0npeneJleHH0~ pa3HOBHnHOCTH; TeKCTyaJbHO O H U M O r y T nORBnRTbCR B J l D 6 0 ~

nopRnKe npu co6nlone~nu ycnoBun: n ~ 6 o i l 0 6 b e ~ ~ nonmeH 6 b 1 ~ b onucaH no ero IlepBOrO UCnOJlb3OBaHUR.

4.1. I l o ~ a m u ~ e , TO 6 y n e ~ HarleqaTaHo KamnblM ti3 cnenylouinx npol.~

paMMHblx @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ o ~ . n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c ~ , TO Bce IlepeMeHHble uMemT ~ n n integer.

(a) sum := 0;

(6) count := 0;

for i := 1 to 10 do for i := 1 to 10 do sum := sum + i; count := count + 1;

writeln('cy~~a = I, sum) writeln('csersm = ,count)

(B) readln (a, b) ; sum := 0; for i := a to b do

sum := sum + i; writeln('cy~~awceno~ ',a,' no ',b,' pama ',sum)

I l o ~ a x t ~ i e , TO HaneqaTaer @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ ( u ) , ecJlu ~ a 6 o p ,latitrbrx c o c r o s ~ n.1 qnce.1 I ) :'I 5, 2) 1 6, 3) .?I 5.

4.2. ~ O K ~ X M T C , TO 6yner tlalleqaraHo Kaxnl,lM r13 npnneneliHblx nume llpOrpaMMt1LlX @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o B . n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c r l , qTO BCe nepCMeHHble MMelOT THn

inlegcr.

("! sign := 1; suml := 0; sum2 := 0; for i := 1 t o 7 do

begin suml := suml - sign * i; sum2 := sum2 + sign * i * i; sign := -sign; writeln ( 'k[ra~: I , suml: 4, sum2: 4, sign: 4)

end ; writeln('k[ra~: f,suml:4,sum2:4,sign:4)

(6, sign := 1; x := 5; y := 1; for k := 1 t o 5 do

begin x := y - sign * y: y := y + 1; sign.:= -sign; writeln(k:4,~:4,y:4,sign:4)

end ; writeln(x:4,y:4,sign:4)

4.3. P e ~ u e ~ u e 3anaqu 4, npen.noiKeHHoe u n. 4.3.9-4.3.10, 06ecneqN6ae~ s o e r a -

TOLLHYH) ~ N ~ K O C T ~ npOrpaMMbl, HO He ynOBneTBOpReT H a C nOnHOCTbto. (Ann nPOCTOTbl

Mbl ~ Y A ~ M rOBOPNTb O BePCHM npOrpaMMbl, B K O T O P O ~ ~ uCe BblqNCJleHNH RblnOJlHIItoTCR

HenOCpenCTBeHHO B T A ~ B H O ~ ~ npOrpaMMe, OllHaKO Haul4 PaCCyXneHIIR MOiKHO OTHeCTN

If K BePCNN, N~n0JIb3~toI4efi n o n n p o l p a ~ ~ y . ) ~ Y C T ~ T P ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R BblqUCnMTb C Y M M Y

KBanparoe nepeblx ceMn qecen, C ~ M M Y Ksanpal.os nepsblx nnTn qnce.l, a TaKme C Y M M Y KBanpaTOB nepBblX 27 qNCeJl N C Y M M Y KBanpaTOB nepBblX BOCbMU WiCeJI.

M o m ~ o BblnOnHMTb npOrpaMMy qeTblpe pa3a - KaiKnblk pa3 C HOBblM 3HaqeHNeM

KonnqecTBa c.qaraeMb1x ( n ) . (Ann ~ ~ O C T O T L I U ~ J I O X ~ H U R B ?TOM N nocnenymuMx yllpaX<HeHNRX KonMqeclBo KBanpaTOB, KOTOpble HYXHO IIPOCyhlMHPOBaTb, dyne^ 0 6 0 3 ~ a s a ~ b n e p e ~ e e ~ o f i n.) O A H ~ K O ecTb N cjonee pauuoHanbHoe peuretlue.

Monu@uuupyfi~e npOrpaMMy TaK, qT06bl nocne CqMTblBaHMR N O ~ ~ ~ ~ O T K N OntlOI'O

n3 s a n a ~ ~ b ~ x 3 1 1 a ~ 1 e ~ u f i n oHa cqnTbrBa;ra N 06pa6aTblRaJIa cnenytomee 3~aqe t1ue n N TaK naJleC. Ha6op HCXOnHblX naHt1blX MOXeT, HanpMMep, COnepXaTb TaKNe 3Ha-

~ C H H R : 8 12 7. B TOM cnyqae nporpaMMa nonxHa CquraTb 3 ~ a t l e ~ n e 8 B nepc-

M e H H Y H ) n , HFJ~~TN C Y M M Y KBaApaTOR nepBblX BOCbMN qMCeJl, 3aTeM BePHYTbCR Ha HaqaJIO

( B KaKYlO N M e H H O TOqKY nOJlXeH nPONCXOJMTb B O ~ B ~ ~ T ? ) , CqNTaTb 3HaqeHHe !2, BblqNCnNTb C Y M M Y nepBblX 12 KBanpaTOB, na.nee CqHTaTb 3HaqeHNe 7 N IIOUTOPMTI,

B C e BbIqUCneHMR nJlR n = 7. (Ecnn KaKOe-TO N3 BBOnNMblX 3 l l a q e ~ u h 6oabmc 40,

~ 0 ~ n 0 J l b 3 y f i ~ e ~ b ~ O J C K ~ ~ K O ~ K YnPaXHeHNto 4.4.) ~ o O C K ~ ~ K ~ : npenyCMOTpMTe MeXa- HN3M nJlR 0 6 ~ a p y X e ~ N R K O H U a naHHblX (MOXHO, HanpMMep. BBeCTM KOHUeBOe 3HaqeHNe.

PaBHOe - 1 ) . O T M ~ T A M , qTO YCOBePUleHCTBOUaHHaH npOrpaMMa cjyuer COfiepXaTb

nea uuena , pacnonomeHHblx OAMH B H ~ T P N npyroro. R H ~ T P ~ H H N ~ ~ U U K . ~ n p e n ~ a s i l a ~ e ~ i

:lJR C Y M M M P O B a H N R nepBblX n KBanpaTOB, a BHCILIHUA -- AJlR nepebopa 3 ~ a q e ~ N f i n. 4.4. ( : ~ I U ~ C T B ~ ~ T npOCTaR MaTeMaTN'ieCKaR @ 0 p ~ y J l 2 , KOTOpyKI Mbl MOiKeM

n e p ~ b l x n qucen M0xe.r 6 b r b 3 a n ~ c a t 1 a B unne cnenytoqero ublpaiKeHun:

I ' -+ 2' + ... + 11' = n - ( n + I ) r (2 i n + I ) / t i

H a n p n ~ e p , ecnM n = 2. TO l a l + 2 r 2 = 5 M 2 * 3 x 516 = 5. y c o ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ y f i ~ e UCXOnHYto IIPOTP3MMY, PaCCMaTpHBaeMyM B ~ ~ H H O U rnaBe, a TaKXe npOrpaMMy N3 YnpaXHeHMR 4.3, npenyCMOTpeB IIpOBepKy npaBMnbHOCTM ~ b l q M ~ n e ~ M f i CYMMbI KBan-

PaTOB. B ~ ~ ~ N C J N B C Y M M Y nepBblX n K B a n p a T O B , H O B a R npOrpaMMa nOnXHa YCTa-

H O B N T ~ B n e p e ~ e ~ t t o f i check 3 ~ a q e ~ u e BblpaxeHun n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 16. 3 a ~ e ~ oHa AOnXHa CpaBHNTb 3HaqetlMR .Sum M check M ~006I4MTb 0 pe3)'JbTaTe n p O B e p K U .

nOdcKa3Ka: npN BblqNCneHMH CYMMbl 60nbluoro KOJlMqeCTBa c.laraeMblx ( ~ a n p N -

Mep, npu n>40) conepmMMoe nepeMeliHblx s u m M check MoxeT npeeblcu-rb maxint ( C M . n. 2 .3 .2) . ~ O ~ T O M Y COBeTyeM O ~ ~ F I B M T ~ 3TM nepeMeHHble BeUeCTBeHHblMU,

a He UeJbIMN.

4.5. ( a ) C O C T ~ B ~ T ~ C X e M v aJrOpKThla, 3aTehl HanNlllMTe npOrpaMMy, KOTOPaR

6 y n e ~ CqNTblBaTb M3 ~ a 6 0 p a naHHblX 3HaqeHMR l l t ' p e ~ e ~ ~ o k tl M BblqUCnRTb C Y M M Y

nepBbIX n UeJlblX cIMCe.l, T . e. I + 2 + ..+ n . ,q,'lII npOBepKM 3HaqeHMR 3 ~ 0 f i CYMMbl

MOXHO BblqNCnNTb no @0phIyJle ti(!/ + 1) 12. [I0 OKOHqaHHM 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u O n H O r O I 3HaqeHMR n npOrpaMMa nO.lXHa BePHYTbCR K CqMTblBaHMlO OqepenHOrO 3HaqeHHR n

N BblnOAHMTb BblqNCJleHMR C HOBb1M n . TOT llpOLleCC JO.rliKeH nOBTOPRTbCR 110 TeX IIOP,

noKa ~ a 6 0 p naHHblX He 6yneT NCqepIlaH.

(6) H a n n l u u ~ e npOrpaMMy, KOTOpaII 6 y n e ~ CqUTblBaTb M3 ~ a 6 0 p a naHHblX

3HaqeHNR n N BblqNCnRTb C Y M M Y ~ 4 ' 6 0 ~ nepBblX n qUCen: 1' + 23 +...+ n'. B ~ ~ ~ N c J I ~ H u R

cnenyeT npononxaTb no Tex nop, noKa uce naHHble ~3 ~ a 6 o p a He 6 y n y ~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b 1 .

Ann KOHTPOnR pe3YJlbTaTa B ~ I ~ N C J ~ H M H MOXHO UCnOJlb30BaTb @OPMYJIY s q r ( n ( n + + 1 ) / 2 ) , me Sqr - CTallnapTHaR @ Y H K U I ~ R , KOTOPaR B03BOnMT B KBanpaT 3HaqeHMe

nonyqaeMoro em apryMeHTa. CM. n o n c ~ a 3 ~ y K ynpamHeHMm 4.4. ( B ) H a n u l u u ~ e IlpOrpaMhly, KOTOpaR 6yneT CqHTblBaTb M3 ~ a 6 0 p a naHHblX no nBa

qMCJla, n N k, N UblqNCJlRTb C y M M y nCPBblX I1 qMCen, B03Be;leHHblX B CTeneHb k . H a n p n ~ e p , eCnM k = 2, Mbl 6 y n e ~ BblqNCnRTb CYMhlY KBanpaTOB IIepBbIX n qNCen,

a ecnn k = 3, TO C Y M M Y K Y ~ O B nepBbrx n quceJ1. C y q e c ~ ~ y e ~ n u npocTan @ o p ~ y n a nJlR n p O B e p K U pe3yJbTaTa pa60Tbl 3 ~ 0 f i n p o r p a ~ ~ b l ?

( r ) H ~ ~ M L ~ u T ~ npOrpaMMy, KOTOPaR 6 y n e ~ CqMTblBaTb H3 ~ a 6 0 p a naHHbIX

3 ~ a q e ~ u e n, s a ~ e ~ B ~ I ~ I ~ C ~ R T ~ nee C Y M M ~ I : C Y M M Y nepublx n CLeTllblx queen N C Y M M Y

nepBblX n HeqeTHblX qUCeJ. H a n p k i ~ e p . eCnM rl = 3. TO nOJlXHa 6hlTb BblqNCneHa

C y M M a nepBblX T p e X qeTHblX qMCeJ, 2 + 4 + 6 = 12, M C y M M a nepBb1X TpeX HeqeTHblX

qNCeJl, 1 + 3 + 5 = 9. n p 0 ~ e p N T b nOJyqCHHOe 3HaqeHMe CYMMbl qeTHblX qNCen

MOXHO no @ o p ~ y n e n ( n + I ) , a 3 ~ a q e t 1 u e C ~ M M ~ I H ~ ~ ~ T H ~ I X qucen - no @ o p ~ y n e n * n . nponenaf i~e BbIqNCJleHNR nJlH HeCKOflbKNX 3 ~ a q e ~ M f i ~ . B o T OnMH M.3 B03MOXHblX

n y ~ e u pemesun: npenycMorpnTe B cxeMe anropHTMa nBa oTnenbHblx uuKna: onMH - AnR qeTHblX qHCeJI, f i p y r ~ f i - n n r l HeqeTYblX. b y n b ~ e BHMMaTenbHbl, npU CJIOXeHNN

qeTHblX qNCeJl HeqeTHble qMCJla nOJlXHbl npOnyCKaTbCR, M H ~ O ~ O P O T .

4.6. C o c ~ a ~ b ~ e cxehfy anropnTMa, a s a ~ e ~ HannlunTe nporpaMMy, KoTopan 6 y n e ~ CquTbrBaTb nea qscna , x M n, N BblqncnRTb C Y M M Y r e o ~ e ~ p u q e c ~ o f i nporpeccnu: 1 + x + x2 + x3 +...+ g'. H a n p n ~ e p , ecnu n = 3, a x = 5, TO nonxHa 6 b 1 ~ b

BblqNCneHa C y M M a 1 + 5 + 25 + 125. T p e 6 y e ~ c ~ HaneqaTaTb 3HaqeHUR qeTblpeX

BeJINqNH: X, n, B ~ I ~ U C ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ C Y M M ~ ~ , KOHTPOnbHOrO BblPaXeHMR, a T ~ K X ~ c o o 6 q e ~ u e 0 TOM, npaBMJbHO pa60TaeT npOrpaMMa N n H HeT. B0~n0nb3yf i~ecb ~ J l e n y t o I 4 e ~

U K O H T P O ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ > @ O P M Y ~ O ~ ~ :

x"+ l - 1 ( ~ F J ~ ~ M ~ ~ T c R , npN X = 1 @op~yJlofi nOJb30BaTbCR ~eJlb3R)

x - l ~ O B T O ~ N T ~ npOueCC n J R HeCKOnbKNX 3 ~ a q e ~ N f i n N X

4.7. Y c o B ~ ~ I U ~ H C T B ~ ~ ~ T ~ npOrpaMMy N3 YnpaXHeHNR 4 6, npenyCMOTpeB B ~ e f i H ~ K O T O P ~ ~ ~ KOHTPOnb O U I N ~ O K H a n p u ~ e p . @ o P M ) ~ ~ ndlR BblqNCneHMR CYMMbl qJleHOB

r e o ~ e ~ p u q e c ~ o f i nporpeccnn He nMeeT cMbrcna nnn o ~ p u u a ~ e n b ~ b ~ x 3 ~ a q e ~ u f i cTeneHn,

189

T . e. nnn n<O. I I O ~ T O M Y , ecnu BseneHo 3~aqet iue n<O, rlporpaMMa nonmna tianeqara.rt.

coo6~ueuue 06 o m u 6 ~ e U , He AenaR B ~ I ~ U C ~ ~ H U ~ , RepHyTbCR K cqn'rbleaHnlo 0 q e p e n ~ o n

riapbl qwcen. E C T ~ nu ~ a ~ u e - T O 1ienonycTuMble 3 ~ a q e u n n nnn n e p e ~ e u n o i I? Ecnn l a K U e 3HaqeHUfl UMeIOTCH, T O npeAyCMOTpHTe KOHTPOJlb H nJlR H H X .

4.8. ( a ) n p e n y c b l ~ ~ p k i ~ e KOHTPOnb O U I U ~ O K R HeKOTOPblX paHee p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~ b l ~

IlporpaMMax. K a ~ n e naHHble, HanpuMep, HenonycTuMbr B nporpaMMe, sblqncn~lornefi

C Y M M Y K Y ~ O B n e p m x n qucen? B C T P ~ T N B HenonycTuMoe s ~ a q e ~ u e , nporpaMMa Aonmna

HaneqaTaTb 06 TOM c 0 0 6 ~ u e ~ u e H n e p e f i ~ u K o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ e cnenyrouero 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ 11.

( 6 ) n p e n y c ~ o ~ p u ~ e 06HapymeHUe 0 ~ ~ 6 0 ~ B HeKoTopblx [ ~ p o r p a ~ ~ a x u3 ynpam- H ~ H U ~ K rJI. 3. (KaKHe j l a ~ ~ b l e HenOnyCTUMbl B I I p O r p a M M a X COCTaBJeHUfl B ~ ~ O M O C T M ? )

4.9. ( a ) C O C T ~ B ~ T ~ cxeMy anropuma u HannmuTe nporpaMMy, K o T o p a R nonmna BblnOJIHRTb CJIeLQ'loluUe Aefic~BUfl. OH^ nOJlTHa CqUTblBaTb qUCJla N3 HeKOTOPOrO

uaGopa nausblx; cqnTaB OqepenHoe s ~ a q e ~ u e , nporpaMMa nonmHa ero HaneqaTaTb,

a 3aTeM npU6aBN~b K C y M M e paUee CqUTaHHblX 3HaqeHUfi; K a K TofibKO H a K O n n e H H a f l

C y M M a AocTurHeT nnu npeBblCUT 100, nporpaMMa nonmHa HaneqaTaTb coo6me~ue 0 T O M , qTO HTOrOBOe 3HaqeHHe 100 nOCTHTHYT0, H 3aKOHqUTb p a 6 o ~ y . 0 3 . ~ a K 0 .

eCAH, npeKl<ne qeM C y M M a LOCTHrHeT 100, 6 y & e ~ C s H T a H O qHCJl0 17, n p O r p a M M a

TaKme nonmHa ~ ~ K O H ~ H T ~ CBOD p a 6 0 ~ y . npennapuTenbHo HaneqaTaB ~aKonneHHoe K 3TOMY MOMeHTY 3HilqeHUe CYMMbl.

( 6 ) Y c o s e p u e ~ c ~ ~ y i i ~ e nporpaMMy a3 11. ( a ) , npenycMoTpeB B ~ e f i neqaTb

KOJluqeCTBa npOCyMMUpOBaHHblX 3HaqeHUfi. T a ~ o e coo6rne~ue AOnXHO 6 b l ~ b llaneqa-

T a H O He3aBNCNMO OT T O T O , AOCTHrJIa C y M M a 3HaqeHUfl 100 HAU HeT.

4.10. ~ O K ~ X U T C ! , qTO 6 y ~ e ~ HaneqaTaHO B pe3yAbTaTe BblIlOnHeHHR npUBeneHH0fi

Hume nporpaMMbl prob, conepmameii + Y H K U U H ) func.

program prob; var a,b,c,d : integer;

functjcn func(x,y,z : integer) : integer; var w : integer; begin w := x + y; if y < z + 1 then w := w + 1; func := w

end; ( func )

begin ( rnaBHaa nporpaMMa ) a := 5; b := 4; C := 2; d := func(a,b,c) ; writeln('func OT ',a,', fib,' H ',c,

' AaeT pe3ynbTaT ' , d) ; a := func(b,c,d); writeln('func OT ',blfl f l ~ , ' H lid,

' AaeT pe3YJmTaT ' , a) end. ( prob )

4.11. I I o ~ a m u ~ e , TO HaneqaTaeT rnaBHan nporpaMMa test, conepmamafl @ Y H K U H H ) powers. n a f i ~ e CJOBeCHOe O n U C a H H e n e f i c ~ ~ n f i , BblnO~HfleMblX @ Y H K U N ~ ~ ~ powers. I I o q e ~ y e o s ~ p a ~ a e ~ b ~ i i Q y ~ ~ u w e f i p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ nMeeT Tun real, a He rnteger?

program test; var e : integer;

f : real; ( Cyda seTsepTbrx c~ene~eii )

function powers(n: integer) : real; var i : integer;

sum : real; begin

sum := 0; for i := 1 to n do

sum := sum + i*i*i*i; powers := sum

end; ( powers )

begin ( ha~~arrnporpaMMa ) e := 3; f := powers (e) ; writeln('4ucnosneHoB = ' ,e, ' . C ~ M M ~ = I , £ ) ; e := 5; f : = powers (e) ; writeln ( 'qncno weHoB = ' , e, ' . C ~ M M ~ = ' , £) ; e := 7; f : = powers (e) ; writeln ( ' 4ncn0 W~HOB = ' , e, ' . C ~ M M ~ = ' , f)

end. ( test )

4.12. H u x e npusenesa @ Y H K I I U R eq2 c T p e M n napaueTpaMu: a , b H c u HecKonbKo

B ~ I ~ O B O B STOU + ~ H K I I U U . I I o ~ a m u ~ e , TO 6 y n e ~ HaneqaTaHo B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e BbinonHeHnR

KaXnOrO Bbl3OBa K eq2. OnUlIIki~e CJlOBeCHO n e f i c ~ ~ u f l @ Y H K U H U eq2. 0 6 p a ~ N ~ e B H U M a H U e H a T O , qTO pe3YnbTaT. ~03BpaIIIae~blf i @ Y H K U H ~ ~ ~ eq2, U M e e T Tun boolean.

B r;l. 6 Mbl nonpo6~o O ~ C ~ A H M 3TOT T U n AaHHblX, a n O K a nOCTaTOqH0 3HaTb.

qTO e n U H C T B e H H O B03MOXHblMU 3HaqeHMflMU 3TOr0 Tuna RBJlfllOTCfl npeAOnpt2fie.leHHbie

KOHCTaHTbl U false.

( ~YHKUUFI eq2 ) function eq2(a,bIc : integer) : boolean; var ans : boolean; begin ans := false; if a = b then ans := true; if a = c then ans := true; if b = c then ans := true; eq2 := ans

end; ( eq2 )

var p, q, r : integer; . . . p := 4; q := 5; r := 7; if eq2(p,q,r)

then writeln(p, ' ' ,q, ,r, ' naeT true') else writeln(p, ' ' ,q,' ',r, ' naeT false') ;

w r i t e ( p + 3 , I , q-1, ' ' , r ) ; if eq2 ( p + 3 , q-1,r) then w r i t e l n ( I G a m T t r u e 1 )

else w r i t e l n ( I Gamrr f a l s e ' ) ; w r l t e ( p , ' ' , 4 , l I , q - 1 ) ;

w r i t e l n ( ' n m T , e q 2 ( p , 4 , q - 1 ) ) ; . . .

1.19. ~ J I R K ~ H J O U H3 @ ~ H K U I I R , npNBefieHHblX B ynpaH<HeHNHX 4. lo--- $ . I ? , h.ritiu.re t~ @oph~a~hlible rIapaMeTpb1 n noKanbHblr nepeMeljtlhle. Hasoen~e c l r a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l e c ~ i i t :

~ ~ d j , a ~ . l r ~ l ) i , ~ , ( t ) ~ r y p ~ ~ p y l o u [ ~ ~ e B o 6 p a m e ~ n n x K ~ T M M + S ~ H K I I I I R M . n o ~ a x , w ~ e , Kawc il~;il\l.l-l'lti'K~~ II (t)~pMa~lbHble napaMeTpbl COnOCTaBnflIOTCR npy r C Xp)'rO3i.

1.11. r l o t i a i ~ ~ ~ e . ~ I T O Gyner HaneqaTaHo coenyloqeii nporparvrklon.

program prob; va r sum50,sum100 : r e a l ;

f u n c t i o n ha rmon ic (n : i n t e g e r ) : r ea l ; var i : i n t e g e r ;

sum : r e a l ; begin

sum : = 0 ; f o r i := 1 t o n do

sum := sum + l . O / i ; harmonic := sum

end; ( harmonic )

begin sum50 := h a r m o n i c ( 5 0 ) ; sum100 := h a r m o n i c ( 1 0 0 ) ; w r i t e l n ( I C y ~ ~ a 50 w e H o B = ' , sum50) ; w r i t e l n ( I C y ~ ~ a 100 VneHOB = ' , s u m 1 0 0 ) ;

end. ( prob )

4.1.;. ( a ) H u ~ e n o t i a m ~ a r.lasean nporpablwa, sblsblealoman ;lac @yt i~~ ln t i .

! i!~!',iilO;lal aeTt~H, ~lT0 13aGor, ilaHHblX COCTONT N3 Ue.lblX qMCr.1 OT 1 110 5, p~CIIO.IO/KeHlfbl~

:.o :i!l!lH;iti~ ~ ~ o h - a x u ~ e , qTo 6 y ~ e r HaneqaTaHo B pesy.lbl.arc ~!,lno.n~ellkin nporpahIMbl.

<~< ;PwI~w HHIZ&iBHIIC Ha TO, qTO @ Y H K U N R S U ~ L ) tibl3bitlaeT ( ~ ) ~ H K U N K ) S U ~ / (6o.:re :Ir'TbdlbllO 3ToT npueM MbI o B c y , ~ n ~ B m. 5 n 6 ) .

! 6 ) ~l!,!l!c~;liiIIie rl . ( a ) H a A p y r O M ~ a 6 o p e JaHHl>lX.

program two-funct ions ; ( ,@e @ ~ H K U I ~ M ) var d , e , f , g , h , i l j l k : i n t e g e r ;

f unc t i on s u b l ( x , y : i n t e g e r ) : i n t e g e r ; begin

if x + y = 3 t hen sub1 := 3 else s u b l := y - X

end; ( s u b l )

f u n c t i o n s u h 2 ( p , q : i n t e g e r ) : i n t e q e r ; var r , s : in teger ; begin

r := s u b l ( p , q ) ; s := s u b l ( q , p ) ; sub2 := r + s

end: ( sub2 )

begin ( Teno nporpaMMbr two-f u n c t i o n s ) r e a d l n (g , h , i , j , k ) ; f := s u b l ( g l h ) ; e := sub2 (i, j ) ; d := s u b l (g, k ) ; w r i t e 1 n ( g t 1 I , h t 1 I , i t 1 I , j r 1 # , k t 1 I ,

d t l I , e t 1 I f f )

end. ( two- func t ions )

, ( a ) H a n a m u ~ e cnenynulylo nporpaMMy nporpaniua no.lxsa cqnTaTb qnc.10 n,

3aTeM 06paTkiTb~fl K ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M ~ - @ ) H K ~ ~ H I I , KOTOPdR BLlqNC.IIiT fZl ( ~ Y K U J U M U ~ finR BMvncneHnn npou3sene~nn noc.lenoBaTenbHbrx qlrcrn ncnonbsyi~e usen for (nono6~o TOMY, K a K Mbl NCnOJlb30BaJlN 3TOT UHKJ nnfl BMqWCJeHMfl C Y M M M ) , 3anaB COOTBeTCT-

Byroqne HaqanbHoe s ~ a q e ~ f n e N m a r ) ; (6) Hann tuu~e nporpaMMy, KoTopan 6 y l e ~ neqaTaTb ra6ntiuy. coc~onqylo

us qtlcen OT 1 no n n N X @ a ~ ~ o p n a n o ~ (Mcnonbso~a~b nonnporpavMb1 ne HYXHO ) H a n p u ~ e p , ecns n = 7, TO nporpaMMa fionxsa HaneqaTarb cnenymluue napbl qsce.1

a ( ~ a x n y t o napy c ~osofi C T P O K W ) :

1 1 2 2 3 6 4 24 5 120 6 720 7 5040

( B ) B H ~ O H ~ M ~ H H T ~ nPOrPaMMY N3 n ( a ) TaK, qT06bl O H a C9NTblBa.la 3HaqeHNe

swincnnna l pa~ ropnan ( n r ) B KaqecTse KoHueBoro 3HaqeHnR ~ a 6 o p a naHHbrx ncnonb- F 3ykTe OTplUaTe,VbHOe qNCn0

( r ) C ~ ~ B H U T ~ ~ @ @ ~ ~ T W B H O C T ~ npOrpaMM N3 n (6) ki ( B ) (npeX,qe BCerO

MOXHO CPaBHNTb K O INqeCTBd BblnOJHReMblX K O M a H n ) K O T O ~ ~ R N3 npOrpaMM 6onee ,- ~ @ @ ~ K T N B H ~ npn BblqNCJeHNH ~ H ~ W H H R @a~ropt iana nnn 6onbmoro KonsqecTea

nocnenosaTenbHb1x qncen> Ka~ofi n p o r p a ~ ~ o i l nyqwe BocnonbJoBaTbcn, ecns ~ e o 6 x o - ':? AHMO BblqNCJlHTb @ ~ K T O P H ~ ~ TOnbKO O n H O r O qliCJla HJU @aKT~pEianbl n B y X <naJeKO

$$ pacnonoxetittblx, npyr OT npyra qncen? * 4.17. B n a c ~ a n e HeT onepaTopa ~ o s s e ~ e u n n B creneHb ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , x y )

'& O ~ H ~ K O B03BeCTN HeKOTOpGe qUCJ0 B CTeneHb MOXHO. NCnOnb3yR npyrkie OnepaTOpbl 7; n a c ~ a . ~ n TO ynpaxHeHue M H nocBnTnM pacCMoTpemlo neyx cnoco6os BHqucneHlfn

, $ c rene~n B n a c ~ d i l e

4 ( a ) ~ c J ~ N CTeneHb lj FlBJReTCR nOJOXlrTmbHblM ue.lblM qNCJ1OM TO B03Rt3fieHIIe

B CTeneHb MOXHO npenCTaBNTb K a K nOBTOpRlol4eeCR YMHOXeHHe OCHOBaHHfl ( C ~ M O

Ha ce6n) HyXHOe sucno pa3 H a n p u ~ e p , x3 paBH0 X, YMHOXeHHOMY Ha ~ e 6 f l ~ p n ~ n b ~ ( X 7 A -i X) H a r ~ n u ~ u ~ e Ha I l a c ~ a . ~ e @ ~ H K I I N I O , B ~ I L I N C , I R H ) U I ~ I O ~ H ~ W H N ~ A''

3Ta @ Y H K U N R 6 y n e ~ nPHHHMaTb jlBa IlapaMeTpa - BeUeCTBeHHOe qnCn0 X N H e O T P N -

uaTenbHoe uenoe qscno y Bblnon~eHNe no~~opn loqencn onepaurtu Y M H O X ~ H N F I

o p r a ~ n 3 y f i ~ e B unKne (6) ,&IR lj, H e FIBJIRHJULHXCR ~O,lOH\WTenbHblM UenblM qNCdlOM, MeTOX N3 n ( a )

HCnGAb30BaH 6blTb H e MOXeT (Il09eMy?). B 3TOM C,lyqae B OCHOBY BbIqNCJeHNfl

CJenyeT nOJOXNTb TOH\neCTBO

me e - TO ocHoBaHne HaTypanbHoro n o r a p u @ ~ a , a I n x - n o r a p n @ ~ qscna x no ocso- BBHNH) e (T e CTeneHb, B KOTOPYH) HYXHO B03BeCTN qHCnO e , q~06bl nOJlYqNTb X )

Bslpame~ue B npasoil qaCTN TOXAeCTBa MOXHQ BblqHCnHTb C nOMOWbH) CTaHnapTHblX

@ y ~ ~ u n i i exp n In ( C M ynpaxHeHne 2 22, KoTopoe haK pa3 nocsnqeno 0 6 c y ~ n e ~ u l o

~ T N X ( P Y H K I I H ~ ~ ) Hannturi~e H a n a c ~ a n e @ y ~ ~ q n l o , sblqncnnloqylo s ~ a q e a u n xy

no yKa3aHHoh @op~yne . 3l'a (PYHKIIHR h y n e ~ IlPHHHMaTb nBa Ilap'lMeTpa, X W Y C y q e c ~ s y r o ~ nu ~ a ~ n e - T O orpaHuqeHuR Ha 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ ee n a p a ~ e ~ p o s ?

4.18. 9 a c ~ b nporpaMM n3 y n p a x ~ e ~ u h K ~ ~ H H O A rnaee MOMHO HanHcaTb HHaqe: MOnynH, HenocpencTeeiiHo BbInonHfleMble B rnas~of i nporpaMMe, O @ O P M H T ~ B BHne @ Y H K & H ~ . n o ~ a x n ~ e , KaK, ucnonbsy~ @ Y H K U U N , nepenucan nporpaMMbt u3 ynpaxHe- HHII 4.3-4.9. B KaxnoM cnyqae ebl nonxttsH petuu~b, KaKne napaMeTpM (unu I n a p a ~ e r p ) nepenaaam @ Y H K U U H u K KaKOMY Tuny 6 y n e ~ npwnannexaTb ~03BpaI4ae~blfi i em pesynbrar. BO~MOXHO, TO B HeKoTopblx nporpaMMBx B ~ I BblnenuTe B (PYHKUHN , HecKonbKo ~onyneii . Hanpu~ep , B nporpaMMe u3 ynpaxHeHuR 4 7 onHa @ Y H K U N R MOXeT BblnOnHRTb KOHTPOnb o U I N ~ O K , a npyraR - BblqUCneHHR.

4.19, nepenulue~e IIpOrpaMMy coc-raenetinn BenoMocre s a p n n a ~ u TawnM 06pa30~ , q~o6b1 BbIqHCJIeHHe ~ e n e n b ~ o h s a p n n a ~ b ~ cnyxaqero BblnonHRnocb nonnporpaM- MO#-@YHRUH~#. K ~ K o W napaMetp ( n a p a ~ e ~ p ~ ) ~ e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o nepenaaan (PYHKUHN?

4.20. k ' i ~ e e ~ nu c m c n nepenucHeaTb nporpaMMy I , B ~ I ~ I ~ C ~ R I O U L Y I O KBanpaTbl qrtcesl OT 4 no 9, unu rtporpaMMy 2, eblqucnflroqylo s n a q e ~ u e y no 3ana~riofi (PopMyne, TaK, w06b1 qaCTb Bblq~cJleHUii BblnOJlHR.naCb B nonnporpa~sle' O T B ~ T 0 6 0 6 ~ ~ tire

4.21. n o ~ a r n n ~ e . KaK nepenucam nporpaMMy 4 (nrobyro sepcnro), ~ ~ M ~ H N B

B ~ e h UeKn for U U K ~ O M while KaxoR us uultnoe Gonhlue nonxonuT n.nn pemetlurr 3 a n a ~ 41 0 6 o c ~ y b ~ e BaUI e ~ 6 o p

4.22. (a) n o ~ a x ~ r e , TO HaneqaTaeT cnenymulafl npOrpaMMa ~ ~ M ~ T U M , TO

B npOUeCCe BblnoJlHeHHR QYHKUNN ee HMeHU M O X H O HeCKOJlbKO pa3 Ha3HaqaTb HOBble SHaqeHUR. B T ~ K O A CUTYaUHU @YHKUNR B03BpaUaeT n0CnenHee U 3 Ha3Ha1LeHHblX ee HMeHH 3HaqeHNk.

program several; oar x,y : integer;

llpoqe~ypbl B 1 1 3 ~ ~ e Ilac~anb 3 a ~ a s a o HaxoxAeHnn ~enn~eneji

AnR sncen OT 1 go 40

function returnlast(n : integer) : integer: Y

begf n returnlast := 0; if n > 5 then returnlast := 5; if n r 10 then returnlast := 7

end; ( returnlast )

begin ( Teno nporpauu several ) x := 9: y := returnlast(x) ; writeln(x,' ',y); x := 20; writeln(returnlast(x))

end. ( several )

5.1. ~ O C T ~ H O B K ~ 3 a A a s H

B TOG M a B e Mbl PaCCMOTPHM e u L e OAHH B H A I l O A I I p O r p a M M n a c ~ a n ~ - npoyedypbr, a T a K x e snowertrtym ~ o r t c ~ p y ~ y u m yuKna for, onpedenertue TUnO6, OTpe3KU. ~ T U C p e A C T B a R 3 b l K a ~ Y A Y T nOC- TORHHO U C n O J l b 3 0 B a T b C R B H a U l H X n p O r p a M M a X . K ~ O M ~ TOrO, Mbl PaCCMOTPHM OAHH M H T ~ P ~ C H ~ I ~ ~ B O n P O C u ~ J ~ o ~ H c J ~ ~ H H o ~ ~ P U @ M ~ T U K U :

AeJleHHe H a U e J l O . 6 y ~ e T n O K a 3 a H 0 , K a K BOCnOJlb3OBaTbCR C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O ~ @ Y H K U H ~ ~ ~ (mod) AJlR H a X O X A e H H R O C T a T K a OT A e J l e H H R .

(6) ~ Q M ~ Y U H U ~ . BO MHOrWX CJlyqaRX JLOI.UKY p860Tbl (PYHKUUH, BHYTpH K O T O P O ~ ee UMeHH HeCKOJlbKO pa3 Ha3HaqaiOTCfl Te UnU Ullble 3Ha4eHHfl, nOHRTb TPYnHee, 4eM (PYHKuHH, B K O T O P O ~ ~ AJIR XpnHeHNH OnHoro NnU HeCKOJlbKHX 3HaqeHHA npenyCMOT- peHa noKanbHan nepeMeHHan.

CJIenyeT no6asnrb, qT0 Ha HcnOJlb30BaHUe UMeHU @ Y H K & N H HanOXeHbl HeKOTOpMe OCpallHqeHtifl: H M R @)'HK&HH He MOXeT (PWrypWp~Ba~b B BblpaXeHNRX, BbldOJIHRlouleX ponb ycnosuii ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , npennoxetiue if refurnlas/>5. H ~ ~ ~ K O H H O ) , He MoxeT O H 0 IlORBUTbCR I( CnpaBa OT CUMBOJa . = tl npenJlOXeHUN Ha3HaqeHUR O ~ H ~ K O erO noflBneHue CJIeBa OT oncpaTopa ~ a s t r a q e ~ w ~ p a s p e ~ ~ e ~ o .

h o n t ~ o nH B + Y H K U H H ~ u r n o f s q u ~ r e s u3 nporpaMMtd 4 O G O A T H C ~ 6e3 nepeMes- - H O ~ Sum, NCnOJlb3yfl nJlfl XpaHeHHfl TeKytUCrO 3HaqeHNR CYMMbl N U R @ Y H K U H U ? O T B ~ T 060c~yfiTe

1 *(

. . H a n u w n ~ e I I p O r p a M M y , KOTOPaR AJlR K a X A O r O A 3 UeJIbIX qUCeJl

OT 1 AO 40 H a n e q a T a e T B c e ero A e n n T e n u . H a n p n ~ e p , 1 5 7 35 RBJlRloTCR AeJlHTeJlRMU q U C J l a 3 5 , IIOCKOJlbKy 3 T 0 . U e J l M e n O J l O X H - T e J l b H b l e q H C J l a , H a K O T O P b l e 35 AeJlHTCR 6e3 O C T a T K a . A ~ a J I o r u q ~ b l i i

H a q ~ e ~ C TOTO, qTO IIOCTPOHM NCXOAHYD C X e M y a J l r O p H T M a .

3Ta C X e M a IIOCJyXMT H a M O T I I ~ ~ B H O ~ ~ T O ~ K O ~ ~ AJlR n p H M e H e H H R MeTona n p o e ~ ~ n p o e a ~ n n ceepxy- ertns n rioularosoti neTannaaunn.

M C X O A I ~ ~ R cxeMa anropnTMa r 1 0 ~ a 3 a ~ a Ha pnc. 5.1. (RJR XpaHeHuR qHCen OT 1 a0 40 6 y i l e ~ NCnOJIb30BaTb IIepeMeHHyD C H M e H e M number) .

B 3~0f i C X e M e H e R B H O IIPACYTCTBYeT 11MKfl. n p ~ ~ e p ~ ~ ~ l ~ f i BCe 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ OT 1 AO 40. B b l n o f l ~ n ~ n e p ~ b ~ i i war ne~ann3aunn-

cnenaeM TOT q n ~ n R B H ~ I M . B n a c ~ a n e ~an6onee ecTecTseHHo peaJH30BaTb er0 C nOMOIlI,bm KOHCTPYKUMN for, B3RB B Ka'ieCTBe

H H n C K c a uMKna nepeMeHHym number. T ~ K N M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , MbI IIPWCTY-

naeM K yT09HeHWIO H C X O A H O ~ ~ CXeMbI, H M e R B Briny CTPYKTYPY U H K J I a for.

K ~ K nOKa3aHO Ha P N C . 5.2, M M HeCKOJlbKO yIIpOCTHnN

H C X O n H Y m 3aAaqy. B M ~ C T O Tor0 q~06b1 3aHWMaTbCR BCeMW LLACJIaMH

OT 1 A0 40, Mbl COCpeAOTOqMMCR Ha OTblCKaHMH ne~lnTe.Jlefi OAHOrO- eABHCTBeHHOr0 3HaqeHHR number. AflR KOHKpeTHOrO 3HaqeHHR number M ~ I B ~ I R B M M ~eJlble qncna, Ha KoTopbIe nuntber aennTCA 6e3 OCTaTKa. UHKJI PaCnpOCTpaHMT 3TO PeIlleHHe Ha BCe 3HaqeFlHR

number OT 1 no 40.

Puc. 5.2. A c T ~ A u ~ ~ ~ o B ~ H H ~ R cxeua anroperua

Ha cnenyloIueM ware ne~ann3aunu M ~ I noKaxeM, K a K HaxonnTb AennTefln nuntber. n o c ~ o n b ~ y nm60e 3 ~ a q e ~ n e number He npe- BbIlrraeT s H C J l a 40 ( n o q e ~ y ? ) , MbI MOXeM 6b1~b YBePeHbI B TOM,

YTO H ~ M ~ O A ~ U I A ~ ~ AennTenb number lie npeBb1mae.r qncna 40 (no- ** ' l e ~ y ? ) . B n p o q e ~ , eCnM 6b1 H a C MHTepeCOBana ~ @ @ ~ K T N B H O C T ~

'? ~PO~PPMMbI, MbI MOTflW 6. BHeCTW PRn ~ C O B ~ ~ U ~ H C T B O B ~ H H ~ ~ b B Ham aJlrOpHTM, HO Mbl OTJIOXWM 3TOT BOIIPOC A0 yIIpaXHeHHR

5.23. n y c ~ b 3HaqeHHR BePORTHbIX neJIkiTenefi X P a H R T C R B I I e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i divisor. Ila pnc. 5.3 n o ~ a 3 a ~ a HenonHaR cxeMa anropnTMa, KoTopaR onncbreae~ npoBepKy Bcex 3~aqef fn i i divisor, OT 1 no 40, c u e n m

4, $, BblRBn~b, KaKoe n3 sTnx a ~ a q e ~ n f i R s n R e T c R nennTeneM number. ; ( O T M ~ T N M e 4 e pa3, TO nporpaMMa, cocraeAeHHaR no 3~0 i i cxeMe, ! dyne^ conepmaTb UnKn for. n o q e ~ y ? 3~aqercue number B TOM ' ~ H K J ~ W3MeHRTbCR He 6yner.) 4 Y T O ~ ~ I nonyqnTb nonHym cxeMy anropnTMa n n ~ sanavn 5. H a M ;: cnenosano 6b1 B cxeMy r1a pnc. 5.2 H a MecTo maros aonpenenn~b,

! ? _ ~ a ~ n e llenbre sncna cnyxaT nennTenRMn number* H a O ~ n e q a ~ a ~ b

k

OVA-, aannemx NI divisor

I divisor := divisor + 1 (

neJIHTeJIH>> BCTaBHTb Y ~ O M R H Y T M ~ ~ @parMeHT. O ~ H ~ K O no I I p H q H H e ,

KOTOPaR CTaHeT R C H O ~ ~ , KOrna Mbl npMCTynNM K H a n H C a H H I O np0-

rPaMMbl 5, M b l 3T0 AeJIaTb He 6 y n e ~ .

5.2.3. ~ P O B ~ P K ~ KOHKPeTHOrO 3HaqeHHR

n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i divisor

O c ~ a n c ~ nocnen~nii u a r , ~ y m n a l o u n i i c ~ B ne~ann3aunn:

BbIRCHNTb, RBJIReTCR JIM KOHKPeTHOe 3HaqeHNe nepeMeHH0ii divisor, HanpnMep 2 nnn 11, unn 37, nennTeneM 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ number. HaqHeM

C np0~TefiLLIer0 CJIyqaR - BbIRCHNM, RBJIReTCR JIM ZlUCJIO 2 &eJlHTeJleM

number. P~CCMOTPHM nPNBeAeHHble HMXe IlPOrpaMMHbIe @parMe~Tbl

n n p o a ~ a n n 3 n p y e ~ , B qeM O H M pa3nnqalo~c~.

(a) var number,product,quotient : real;

... quotient := n m b e r / 2; product := quotient * 2

(6 ) var number,product,quotient : integer; ...

quotient := number div 2; product := quotient * 2

B nepBoM @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ e Bce nepeMeHHble 06'bR~~1eHbl c TnnoM real, NCnOJIb3yeTCR B e u e C T B e H H O e AeJIeHkie, T O r n a K a K BO BTOPOM @par-

B C e IIepeMeHHble OTHeCeHbI K THnY integer, H n p H M e H R e T C R op UenoqncneHHoro AeneHnR. # a ~ 3 ~ n pa3nnqn~ BJINRIOT

JlbTaT B ~ I ~ N C J ~ ~ H N R ?

arMeHTe nepeMeHHaR quotient nonysnT s ~ a q e ~ n e 4.0000000000E + , a product - s ~ a s e ~ n e 8.0000000000E + 00. ( n o q e ~ y ~ T H

n q n ~ b ~ ~306paXeHb1 B @ o p ~ e c n n a ~ a m q e i i T O ~ K O ~ ~ ? ) BO BTOPOM

Mepe quotient nonysnT s ~ a q e ~ n e 4, a product, cnenosaTenbHo, - 8. M O X ~ T nOKa3aTbCR, q T O 3TN pe3yJbTaTbI Pa3JIUsaMTCR

~ K O @ O P M O ~ ~ npencTasneHnR: pe3ynb~a~b1 nepBoro npnMepa bl B @0pMe C nJlaBaIO~efi T O ~ K O ~ , B TO B P e M R K a K pe3yJbTaT

- uenoe qncno.

o npennonoxnM, TO 3 ~ a q e ~ n e number pamo 7. B nepeoM e H T e 7, DeneHHoe H a 2, nacT 3.5, n, 3 ~ a q ~ ~ , B quolienl 6 y a e ~

HO 3.5000000000E + 00, a product n0nyqn.r s ~ a s e ~ n e OOOOOOE + 00. Bo BTOPOM me @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ e quotient n0nyqtr.r

Ine 3 , a product - s ~ a q e ~ n e 6. q e ~ O ~ M I C H N T ~ HecoBnaAeHne ~ a - r o ~ nepRoro rt BToporo n p n ~ e p o ~ ?

@ $, 1 : s , s 5.2.4. 0 ~ 6 p a c b l ~ a ~ ~ e OCTaTKa 8 ' npn qenoqucneHnoM AeneHnu

. O T M ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ sblme HecoenaneHne p e 3 y n ~ ~ a ~ o ~ B ~ I ~ B ~ H O

TeM, TO B I I a c ~ a n e AeneHne uenblx n seqecTseH13bIx sncen npons- BOfiMTCR no-PajHOMy. ECAH npH n e J I e H N N OnHOrO B e q e C T B e H H O r O

qncna Ha npyroe ncnonbsye~c~ onepaTop BeiqecTseHHoro nene- H H R ( I ) , TO B pe3yJIbTaTe IIOJlYqNTCR A P O ~ H O ~ qnCJI0. A BOT npH neneHnn uenoro sncna Ha Apyroe uenoe nocpencTBoM onepa-ropa div pe3j'JlbTaTOM 6yne.r UeilOe qHCJI0. H N K ~ K O ~ A P O ~ H O ~ ~ qaCTN

npocTo He 6 y n e ~ . Ecnn number n quotient npnHannexaT T N I I Y integer n r lpnMeHReTcR OnepaTop div, TO neneHne 7 div 2 nacT ~ ( e n o q n c n e ~ ~ b l i p e s y n b ~ a ~ , B KOTOPOM ~p06HaR WCTb

0~6pomeHa (unu, UHaqe, y c e q e ~ a ) . T ~ K U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , XOTR 7, neneHHoe Ha 2, paBH0 3.5, np06HaR qaCTb .5 O T ~ ~ ~ C ~ I B ~ ~ T C R , M quofienf nonyqaeT 3 ~ a q e ~ n e 3. BOT ewe HecKonbKo npn- MepoB uenosncneHHoro neneHuR: ecnu 8 pa3nenu~b Ha 3 (ncnonb- 3 y ~ OnepaTOp div), TO pe3yJIbTaT 6 y n e ~ paBeH He 2.6666666666, a 2; 199, ne;leHHoe Ha 100, pamo I , a 1 , neneHHoe Ha 2, nacT 0.

HeJIb3R A H BOCIIOJIb3OBaTb'CR ~ @ @ ~ K T O M YCeqeHHR npo6- HOG qacTu npu uenoqucneHHoM neneHuu nnR perueHuR ~aure i i sanaqu? P ~ C C M O T P U M nepeMeHHym product. B nepBoM @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ e nepeMeHHaR product Bcerna p a m a number, TaK KaK ceaqana M ~ I nenuM number Ha 2, a s a ~ e ~ yMHoxaek1 nooyqeHHoe qucno onmb x e Ha 2 (npu BblIIOJJHeHNN 3 T N X A ~ ~ C T B N ~ ~ M M He TepHeM H N K ~ K O ~ ~ YaCTN pe3ynb- ~ a ~ a ) . BO BTOPOM @parMeH~e YIlOMRHyTOe PaBeHCTBO nepeMeHHblX number H product B HeKOTOPbIX CjlyqaRX HapyUlaeTCR. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J ~ H O , ecnu a ~ a q e ~ u e number pamo T TO product nonyqaeT a ~ a q e ~ u e 8, HO BOT ecnu 3 ~ a q e ~ u e number p a m o 7, TO a ~ a v e ~ u e ~ product CTaHOBUTCR q H C J l O 6. Y ~ M O ~ % R C H H T ~ HeCOBnaAeHHe pe3YJIbTaTOB dJIR qMCen 8 A 7? OH0 06ycno~neao TeM, qTo 8 nenHTCR Ha 2, a 7- HeT. TOT KT HaBOnNT Ha M b I C J b 06 OVeHb IIPOCTOM cnoc06e npoBepKn 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ number Ha KpaTHocTb ~ c n y 2. 3 ~ a q e ~ u e number cnenyeT pa3nenu~b Ha 2 nocpeAcTBoM onepaTopa div ( a He / ) , H 3aTeM pe3yJlbTaT YMHOXMTb CHOBa Ha qnCnO 2. Ecnn nonyqemoe 3 ~ a q e ~ u e OKaxeTcR paBHblM number, TO number KpaTHo 2 ( ~ o c K o J I ~ K ~ IlpH neJIeHMM HHqerO He ~ O T ~ ~ R H O ) . Ecnu Xe pe3yJIbTaT YMHOXeHWR He PaBeH number ( ~ o c K o J I ~ K ~ OCTaTOK OT AeJIeHMR ~ I o T ~ ~ H H ) , 3HaqNT, number He AeJlNTCR HaueJIO Ha qRC.qO 2.

&iK B ~ I , HaBepfioe, y x e norananncb, npoBepea Ha KpaT- HOCTb qMCJIy 2 HMqeM IIPMHUUIIHaJlbHO He OTJIHqaeTCR OT IIPOBePKH Ha KPaTHOCTb n m 6 0 ~ y ApyrOMy qMCJIy. q ~ 0 6 b 1 IIpOBepkiTb, AeJIMTCR nu 3 ~ a q e ~ u e number Ha n p o u 3 ~ o n b ~ o e @ A K C H ~ O B ~ H H O ~ 3 ~ a q e ~ u e divisor, nocTaToqHo pa3nenn~b number Ha divisor (c noMombm div), a s a ~ e ~ p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ Y M H O X N T ~ Ha divisor. C x e ~ a anropnTMa Ha PHC. 5.4 IlOKii3blBaeT, KaK IIpUMeHATb OnHCaHHYK) HACK) A J R

perueHuR sanaqu 5. n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c ~ , TO K Haqany BblnonHeHnR nepBoro wara 3~01-o @ p a r ~ e ~ ~ a B number u divisor y x e conep- XaTCR KaKNe-TO 3HaqeHMR. 3HaqeHue divisor 6 y n e ~ neqaTaTbcR TOnbKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCnA O H 0 A ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J I ~ H O RBJIReTCR AeJIMTeneM number (PRAOM 6 y n e ~ neqaTaTbcR s ~ a r l e ~ u e number).

\ Her

Haneuararb: divisor ' ecrb neonrens ' , number I

Puc. 5.4. f lpoeep~a Aeni[uocTn number Ha divisor

n o TeM Xe MOTHBaM, C I 1 0 N B n. 5.2.2, M b l He ~ Y A ~ M 1lePeqel)'LMBaTb BClo CXeMy, q~06bl BCTaBWTb B Hee Ha COOTBeTCTBYloUee MeCTO

@ p a r ~ e H ~ , ~ 3 0 6 p a ~ e H H b l ~ Ha PMC. 5.4. B M ~ C T ~ C TeM A O J X H O

6 b 1 ~ b OqeBunHo, TO nepBoHaqanbHaR Hawa cxeMa Tenepb pac- WeHeHa Ha nOC.JIeAOBaTe.JIbHOCTb UIarOB, AOCTaTOqHO JerKO npeo6pa- 3yeMblX B TeKCT Ha n a c ~ a n e . B n. 5.5.12 O ~ C Y X A ~ ~ T C R BOnpOC o TOM, Korna cnenyeT npeepauaTb npouecc ne~anu3auuu cxeMbl anrOpHTMa. Bbl MOrJIN 6b1 N ~ e f i q a ~ TYAa 3arJIRHYTb.

~ O A ~ I T O X H M , qTO >t<e OnHCbIBaeT COCTaB.neHHaR HaMH CXeMa anropuTMa. M T ~ K , H ~ O ~ X O A H M O 40 pa3 IlOBTOPHTb B H ~ U I H H ~ UHKJI - AJIR s ~ a q e ~ u u number, pasHMx 1, 2, ..., 40. Ilpu KaxnoM npoxone sToro q u m a (T. e. AJIR K ~ X A O I - o 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ number) AonxeH IIOJIHOCTblo BblnOJlHUTbCR B H Y T P ~ H H M ~ UHKJI, B KOTOPOM TaKXe A O J X H O

6 b l ~ b CAenaHO 40 IIpOXOAOB - AJIR 3HaqeHnfi divisor, PaBHbIX 1, 2, ..., 40. T ~ K M M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , IlpeAJlOXeHHR, HaXOnRUHeCR BHYTPH O ~ O N X UNK- J O B ( K ~ K U ~ n p e n J I ~ > l < e ~ ~ R ? ) , 6 y n y ~ BblIlOJIHeHbl B o6weG C J O X H O C T U 40 * 40 = 1600 pas.

B n. 5.2.2 M M peutunu H e C T P O U T ~ o6ueii c x e M b l anropn I M a

B 3 O T A e J l b H M X @ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T o B . O ~ % H C H U M , n O q e M y 6uno n p H H R r O r a K O t .

P o W e H U e . B M ~ C T O T o r 0 q ~ 0 6 b 1 C J l e A O B a T b C X e M e a n r o p u T M a , c o r n a c H o

K o ~ o p o f i A J B K a X A o r o 3 H a q e H U R number U AJIR K a X A O r O 3 H a q e l i I l R divisor H ~ O ~ X O A U M O O n p e n e n u T b , n e A c ~ ~ u r e n b ~ o n u divisor HB-

n R e T c R A e n u T e n e M number, M ~ I 6 y ~ e ~ p e u t a T b sanaqy 5 H e c K o n t ~ K o

n o - A p y r O M y : O n p e A e J l R R AJlR H e K O T O p O r O 3 a A a H H O r O 3 H a q e H U R number Bce ero R e n H T e n w (CM. puc. 5.3). F o ~ o p ~ u H a q e , M N C O ~ A ~ A U M

I I O A n p O r p a M M y , K O T O p a s l 6 y ~ e ~ B b l q U C n R T b U I I e q a T a T b A e J U T e J l U

3 a A a H H O r O q H C J a number. K ~ o M ~ T O r O , Mbl H a n U u t e M rJ laBHYH3

n p O r p a M M y , B b l 3 b l B a I O U Y t O 3 T Y I I O A n P O r P a M M Y A n R K a X A O r O 3 H a q e H U H

number - OT 1 AO 40.

MOXHO JIU H a n U C a T b @ Y H K ~ U H ) , K O T O P a R ~ Y A ~ T n e ' l a 7 a T b

B c e A e n M T e n H H e K o r o p o r o w c n a K ~ K Y B U A U M A a J l e c , 1 1 o ~ o 6 ~ o e p e m e H t i e T e X H U q e C K U B 0 3 M O M 1 1 0 , O A H a K O TO 6 b l m 6b1 O q e H b C T P a H H a R

@YHKUUH. n o q e ~ y ? O C H O B H ~ R L[eJlb (UJIU, e C J U BbI H e B O 3 p a X a e l e

n p o T u B H r p u cna8, o c H o a H a n @ Y H K U U R ) @ Y H K U N H B n a c ~ a i ~ e -

B 0 3 B P a U a T b O A H O - e A U H C T B e H H O e pe3YJlbTUPYtQLUee 3 H a q e H U e HO q T O x e A o n x H o npencrasnmb co608 TO pe3ynb~11pymqee ~ H ~ T I ~ I ~ F I ~ , e c n M

H a M ~ p e 6 y e T c R H a n e q a T a T b CnHCOK 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ f i ? n e p B b I a 3 3 e M e H T c n r j c -

K a , U J U T ~ ~ T U U , UJIU, MOMe'T G b l T b , ~ o C J I ~ A H U U ? K O H ~ ~ H O , HU OjlMH kt3

3 T N X B ~ P U ~ H T O B H e U M e e T C M b l C J a . M o m e ~ 6 b l ~ b , H a n H C a T b I$Y~IKI[UW,

K O T O p a R ~ Y A ~ T B O 3 B p a U a T b B e C b CnUCOK 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ ~ ? K C O X a J I e H M W ,

B naC~a.J le I IPUHRTO, q T O n m 6 a ~ @ Y H K U U R M O X e T B 0 3 B P a T M T b TOJlbKr)

OANH npoc~oii s n e M e H T -- senoe U.TU e e r s e c T s e H n o e qucno, c T p u l r r

U T . A. , HO TOJIbKO H e CIIHCOK. T ~ K M O X H O ,?Ii, Y T l i i T b l B a R B C e BbI l l l eCK2l-

3 a H H O e , B O C n O J b 3 O B a T b C R AJlR p e u t e H U R H a I l I e f i ~ ~ C T H O ~ 3 a A a q l r H O n -

I I p o r p a M ~ o f i ?

M e C J U A a , T O K a K O e 3 H a q e H U e O H a A O J I X H a B O ~ B P ~ ~ U ~ T ~ ? M o m e ~ 6 b l ~ b , a? Mnu b? Mnu C p a 3 y 06a - a U b? Ho, K a K O T M e q a J l O C b ,

@YHKUUR M O X e T B 0 3 B P a U a T b TOJlbKO OAHO 3 H a q e H U e . H ~ M Xe H e

H Y X H O B 0 3 B P a u a T b B006ue H U K a K O r O 3 H a q e H U R . M b l 6b1 XOTeJlU

I TOJIbKO H a n e q a T a T b A B a q U C J a C I I O M e T K a M U - < < 6 0 n b u t e e > U C M e H b -

utee>>. n 0 ~ 0 6 ~ b l e 3 a A a q U P e l l l a T b C IIOMOUlbH) @ Y H K U W A 3 a T P Y A H U -

T e J b H O , a BOT A P Y r a R P a 3 H O B U A H O C T b I I O A n P O r p a M M ~ ~ c K ~ J I R n O A X 0 -

A N T AJlR HUX U A e a J b H O .

5.3.3. npoc~oii npnwep: npoqenypa printmaxmin

n p o u e ~ y p y , K p a 3 p a 6 o ~ ~ e ~ o ~ o p o i i M ~ I ceiiqac n p u c T y n u M ,

~ a s o s e ~ printmaxmin. H a M H Y X H O , q ~ 0 6 b 1 npu a = 3 u b = 5 B K a q e c T B e M a K c u M a n b H o r o o H a H a n e q a T a n a qucno 5, B K a q e c T e e

M u H u M a n b H o r o - ~ U C J O 3, a npu a = 7 u b = 2 H a n e q a T a n a B K a -

q e C T B e M a K C U M a J l b H O r O qUCJlO 7 U B K a q e C T B e M U H U M a J l b H O r O - q u c n o 2. Ecnu me naa 3 H a q e H U R P a B H b I ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , a = 6, b = 6), T O Mbl H e 6 y ~ e ~ ~ ~ C ~ I O K O U T ~ C R 0 TOM, K a K O e U 3 HUX ~ Y A ~ T H a 3 B a H O

~ O ~ ~ U I U M , a K a K O e - M e H b U U M . ~ ~ M ~ T U M , q T O H a U a I I O A n p O r p a M M a

H e 6 y n e ~ B O 3 B p a u a T b H U K a K O r O K O H K P e T H O r O O T B e T a . B M ~ C T O 3 T O r O O H a BbInOJlHUT H e K O T O P b l e B b I q U C J e H U R U H a n e q a T a e T p e 3 y J l b T a T b l .

Tenepb, K o r n a M ~ I A O ~ O B O ~ U J I U C ~ o TOM, TO A o n m H a A e n a T b npo- ueaypa printmaxmin, n o c M o T p u M , TO o H a u3 c e 6 ~ n p e A c T a a n R e T .

n e p s a ~ c T p o K a n p o u e n y p b l noxoxa [la nepeym CTPOKY @ ~ H K U U U ,

B ~ e i i J I U l l l b O n y I U e H a O A H a A e T a . l b . ( K a h a > l ? ) B K O H U e 3 a r O J O B K a

OTCYTCTBYeT 3 J l e M e H T , 3af laH)U.Mi l H I 1 B 0 3 B l ) ; l l U a e M O r O 3 H a q e H N R , -

OH H e H y X e H , T a K K a K I l p O u e A y p a I l M K a h O l O 3 H a q e H U R B RBHOM

B u n e H e ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ . ( 3 a 6 e r a ~ B I I C ) ~ ) ~ L, \ ~ o / c . t ~ o n p e ~ c ~ a 3 a ~ b OTCYT-

C T B U e U cue OAHOI-0 X a p a K T e p H O r O 9.1C'\lC'111 'I K ~ K o ~ o ? ) @ 0 p M a J l b ~ b l e

n a p a M e T p b 1 H a 3 O B e M X U y U yCJlOBMMCR, q T O ~ Y A ~ M p a 6 0 T a T b

C U e J l b l M U q U C J l a M U .

p r o c e d u r e p r i n t m a b i n ( x , y : i n t e g e r ) ; ( Us ~ s y x n a p a ~ e ~ p o ~ x H Y 1 ( nposepypa onpene~me~ H nevaraer 1 ( KaK 6onbm~B. TaK H b l e ~ b l ~ ~ f i 1

B T e J e I I p O u e A y p b I Mbl XOTUM C P a B H U T b 3 H a q e H U R X U Y, q ~ 0 6 b l

O n p e A e J U T b , K O T O p O e U 3 HUX 60nbue. Ecnu 6onbute 3 H a q e H U e X,

TO H a n e q a T a e M OAHO C O O ~ ~ ~ H U ~ , ecnu H e T (T. e. y 6onbute x ) , H a n e q a T a e M npyroe.

begin i f x > y

then w r i t e l n ( x , ' 6omme; I , y , Hemme.') else w r i t e l n ( y , 6oname; , x , ~enbme . ' )

ECJIH 6b1 M M pa3pa6a~bIBa~1W n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ y - @ y ~ ~ ~ u n r o , TO Aa.nce cJleAosano 6b1 3a11ncal'b npennomeHne ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u n , B KOTOPOM U M R

@ Y H K U W H nonyqaeT ~ 0 3 s p a q a e ~ o e s ~ a q e ~ n e . Ho nocKonbKy npo- UeAypa HHKaKOrO 3HaLleHWR H e B03BPaUaeT, B TaKOM Ha3HaqeHHA

HeT H ~ O ~ X O A H M O C T N . O C T ~ J I O C ~ 3aBePULMTb H a W Y nOnnpOrpaMMy CJOBOM end.

end; ( printmaxmin )

M T ~ K , M ~ I Hanncann npouenypy printtnaxmin.

procedure printmaxmin(x,y : integer); ( - - . )

begin i f x > y

then writeln (x, 60nbole; ' ,y, : wesbme. ' ) else writeln (y, ' 6onbrue; ' , X I hfenbure.' )

end; ( printmaxmin )

npocneni i~ , TO npoucxonnT npn obpaqe~uw K printtnaxmin A3 rJIaBH0fi IIpOrpaMMbl. K ~ K BbI3bIBaTb 3TY I I P O U ~ A Y P Y ? HYXHO nPOCTO HarIHCaTb ee U M R W CnHCOK apryMeIlTOB. I ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y np0-

uenypa H e ~ o s s p a u l a e ~ ~ a ~ o r o - T O onpeneneHHoro ~ H ~ L ~ ~ H H R , ~enb3u

BKJltoqaTb BbI30B npOUeAyPbI B BbIPaXeHWe (HanpW~ep, B npefl- noxerlue ~ a s ~ a q e ~ w ~ B Kaqecrae ero npaeofi qacTu AJIU B npenno- XeHHH wri te ln) , K a K 3T0 AOnYCKaJIOCb npU BbI3OBe @ Y H K Q U U .

P ~ C C M O T ~ U M HeCKOJIbKO npUMepOB.

vat a,b,c,d : integer; . . . a := 5; b := 3; printmaxmin (a, b) ; c := 7; d := 13; printmaxmin (c, d) ; a := 5; d := 15; printmaxmin(a+d,l6)

B nepBoM ~b13ose printmaxntin @ a ~ ~ u q e c ~ u e napaMeTpbr a w b COnOCTaBJIRtoT C @ O P M ~ . J I ~ H ~ I M U IIaPaMeTPaMH X N lj. T ~ K N M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , 3HaqeHWRMH X U Y CTaHOBUTCR 5 H 3 COOTBelCTBeHHO. BHYTPM npouenypbl ycnoaue if O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R H C T H H H ~ I M , w npennoxeHue writeln (u3 nyHKTa then) neqaTaeT:

Tenepb hp0aHaJIW3UpyeM Tpe~Wfi BbI3OB. B 3TOM BbI30Be @ ~ K T U -

~ ~ C K N M N napaMeTpaMu RBnuroTcu H e nepeMeHHble, a BbrpaxeHwu.

M a y x e roBopnnu, TO B @ ~ H K U W U X TO AonycKaeTcu, XOTR A He ome- qaeT XOpOUJeMy CTNJIK) n p O r p a M M U P O B a H H R . B IIpOUeAypaX Xe ~aK0fi

Bbl3OB He TOJIbKO RBJlReTCR nPU3HaKOM IIJIOXOrO CTNJIR I IPOrPaMMU-

P O B a H U R , HO B HeKOTOPbIX CJIYqaRX AaXe 3anpeLUeH. M b l 3T0 BCKOpe

YBHAHM. @ O P M ~ J ~ H O M Y napaMeTpy x naeTcR s ~ a q e ~ u e B m p a x e H w R a + d , KOTOpOe paF3tIO 20; y - 3HaqeHNe KOHCTaHTbI 16. Y C J I O B H ~ if HCTMHHO, ~ O ~ T O M ~ npouenypa neqaTaeT cnenyroqee:

5.3.4. l l o ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ a , H ~ M ~ H R I O W ~ R CBOH napaMeTpbi. l l p o s e ~ y p a findmaxmin

Pasywee~cu, c noMoqbto npouenyp MOXHO p e w a n rOpa3AO 60~1ee CJOXHbIe 3aAaqA. O T M ~ T U M , qTO B nepBOM HaUleM

npeMepe M M npe~e6perne OAHUM BecbMa n o n e 3 ~ b 1 ~ C B O ~ ~ C T B O M npo- qenyp: npouenypa MoxeT A ~ M ~ H U T ~ s ~ a q e ~ u e ontioro nne 6onee n3 CBOHX napaMeTpoB. Ecnu B ~ I 6 y n e ~ e cnenoeaTb onpenenetiHbrM

npaennaM, TO TO n 3 ~ e ~ e ~ l i e 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i @ o p ~ a n b ~ b r x napaMeTpoB npOueAypb1 npNBefleT K M3MeHeHWD apryMeHTOB B BbI3blBafOI4efi

nporpaMMe. r lpennonoxn~ , HanpnMep, TO MIA XOTUM B N A O A ~ M ~ H ~ T ~

npouenypy printmaxmin TaK, q~06b1 oHa, BbIRBnB 60nbmee u MeHbwee

u3 ABYX qucen, H e neqaTana 6b1 nx, a noMeuIana B nse Home nepeMeHHbIe. Ecnn 3TUMA IIepeMeHHbIMU UBJIRDTCR IIapaMeTpbI,

C KOTOPbIMW Mbl Bb13hIBaeM AaHHyD npOIleflypy,. TO no 3aBeplUeHWW

pa6o~b1 npOueAypb1 U X 3HaqeHHR 6 y ~ y ~ JlOCTynHbI AnH rJIaB~0fi

IIpOrpaMMbI.

Tenepb YTOqHWM CKa3aHHOe. ~ Y C T ~ ' HOB^^ IIpOUt?nj'pa ( H ~ ~ O B ~ M

ee f indmaxmin) nonysaeT qewpe napaMeTpa. f i ~ a u3 H U X - x H y - 6 y ~ y ~ UrpaTb Ty Xe CaMyto POJIb, qTO W PybLLle. A B naps- MeTPbI I7la.X H min IIpOuenypa nOMeCTNT MaKCUMaJIbHOe U MWHW-

ManbHoe n3 s ~ a q e ~ n f i , nepenaHtiHx efi rnae~o i i n p o r p a ~ ~ o i i . 06pa- TATe B H W M a H N e , B 3arOJIOBKe 3~0fi IIPOUeAYPM nORBWJlaCb HOBaR

AeTanb, K O T O P ~ H ) M ~ I no cux nop He BcTpeqanw I TO TO 3a ne~anb?)

11 6e3 K O T O P O ~ ~ HeB03MOXHO 060fi~Ucb B HaUleM IIpUMepe. M ~ I O ~ C Y J A M ee HeCKOAbKO nO3Xe.

procedure findmaxmin(x,y : integer; var max,min : integer) ;

{ Ha ~ s y x napaumpo~ X H y 1 { npoqenypa HBXOAHT 1 { 60~1buee H uemxuee a n a v e n ~ ~ 1 { n n o ~ e u l a e ~ HX B max H min 1

5.3.5. B w n o n ~ e ~ n e rpynnw npe~norne~uf i B nynKTax then H else

I ( ~ K MM YBHANM, Tea0 npouenypb~ findmaxr~lin 6yne1 6onee CJIOXHMM, qeY Ten0 printmaxmin. A e f i c ~ ~ n ~ e n b ~ o , ecnn M ~ I , HanpnMep, B ~ I R C H H M , YTO x - 6onbwee qncno, TO ~ e o 6 x o n n ~ o BblnOnHBTb A B a A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R : IlOMeCTHTb 3HaYeHUe X B nePeMeHHyk0 max, a s ~ a q e ~ n e y - B nepeMeHHym min. A H ~ J I O ~ H Y H O , ecnn OKaXeTCR, YTO Y - 6onbluee YkiCJO, TO MM TaKXe AOJIXHb1 BbInOnHUTb

nBa ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B U R ( K ~ K H ~ N M ~ H H O ? ) . O A H ~ K O IIpaBkiJIO IIOCTpOeHkiR

npennoxeHnR if , KOTOPOMY M ~ I no cux nop cnenoeann, orpasn- qNBaeT H a C BMnOJIHeHHeM enHHCTBeHHOr0 IIPenflOXeHBR B nyHKTe

then (ecnn ycnoBne if UCTUHHO) n B nyHKTe else (ecnn ycaoBne

if n o x s o ) . I ( ~ K x e 06ofi~n TO o r p a ~ n ~ e s n e ? A ~ R Haqana paccMoT- P U M <~pycJlki~blf i~ MeTOn PeWeHkiR np06ne~b1 BbInOJIHeHHR HeCKOJbKkiX

n e i i c ~ ~ n f i B nyHKTe then (else). C o r n a c ~ o TO MY MeTony cHaqana

npoBepRmT ecxonHoe yczoBee ( x 6onbwe, seM y ? ) . Ecnn ycnoBne UCTHHHO, TO BbInOJIHRIOT IIepBOe n e f i c ~ ~ n e ; 3aTeM CHOBa IIpOBepRIOT TO x e caMoe ycnoBne n Ha TOT pa3 B ~ I ~ O J H R D T BTopoe n e f i c ~ ~ n e . B npneeneHHoM Hexe npnMepe nocpencTBoM nepBoro npenJIoxeHuR if-then-else M M BMRBUM 3 ~ a ~ e ~ e e max, a c noMoubm B T O P O ~ O

npennoxeHeR if-then-else - s ~ a q e ~ n e min. if x > y then max := x

else max := y; if x > y then min := y

else min := x

I ( ~ K B H n H M , BOCnOJIb30BaBUUCb U T p y C J H B M M B MeTOnOM, Mbl

IIOJlyYaeM TO, YTO H a M HyXHO: B mUX ki min OKa3bIBaIOTCR ~ p e 6 y e ~ b l e

s ~ a q e ~ n ~ . I-ITo x e Hac He y c ~ p a n e a e ~ ? B ~ - i T e p ~ b l ~ , TOT MeTon CTpaAaeT H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ I T O Y H O C T ~ I O - MM IIOBTOPHO IlPOBePReM

yCnOBne, pe3yJIbTaT IIpOBepKH KOTOpOrO H a M yXe ki3BeCTeH. Bo- B T O ~ M X , TO ecnn B nyHKTe then nnn else crpynnnpoBaao 3, 5 Mnn naxe 20 npennoxe~nii , a H e nBa, K a K B HaweM n p u ~ e p e ? Heyxenn H a M lIpHneTCR nBanuaTb pa3 IIpOBepRTb OAHO ki TO Xe Y c J I o B H ~ ?

Ha~oHeq, CJlenyeT YqUTbIBaTb H TO, qTO A ~ ~ ~ C T B W ~ , BbInOJlHeHHOe

B OAHOM n3 nyHKToB (then nne else) npe nep~of i npoeepKe ycnoBnn, MOXeT lIOBJIURTb Ha pe3yJbTaT c ~ l e ~ y l o ~ e f i I IpOBepKH (nonpo6yfi~e IIOCTPOkiTb I IPHMeP, uJ~JIIOCTPHPYIO~U~~ TaKyIO C W T Y ~ ~ U H ) ) .

5.3.6. Wcnonbsosa~ne orpa~nrn~en$f i begin-end B npeAnornennn ycnoetig

OIIPIcaHH~fi MeTOA Mbl Ha3BaJIH ffTPyCJHBbIM>. ~ O Y ~ M Y ? ~ O T O M Y qTC) rJIa~~b1fi B O n p O C - K a K BbllIOJIHHTb donee Y e M OAHO nefic~sne B nyHKTax then n else, - 3 ~ 0 ~ MeTon nonpocTy urHo- PUpyeT. E C T ~ JIH cnoc06 aYrOBOPHTbB KOMIIHJRTOP ~ ~ C K ~ J R BbIfl0~-

HWTb HeCKOJbKO I ~ ~ C ? A J I O X ~ H H ~ ~ J3 OAHOM ~ Y H K T ~ ? BO~MOXHO, BM y;l<e AOraAaflUCb, B Y e M 3aKJIlOYaeTCR OTBeT, nOCKOJlbKy H a M npkiX0-

AHJIOCb CTaJIKHBaTbCR C n 0 ~ 0 6 ~ 0 f i npo6qe~o8 , KOrAa T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ J I O C ~

BKJIIOqVTb HeCKOJIbKO IIpe~Jlo~eHkifi B Ten0 4HK~la for ( U J H while). Boo6ue roBopR, a nm6ofi CnTyauun, Korna n a c ~ a f l b paspewae~ nc- IlOJlb30BaTb TOJbKO OAWHOqHOe IIpeAJOXeHUe, AOnyCTllMblM RB-

nReTcR n npHMeHeHne cocTaBKoro n p e n n o x e ~ n ~ ( K O T O P O ~ CocTonT n3 cnosa begin, n p o n 3 ~ o n b ~ o r o KonnqecTsa cnefiymunx 3a H n M

, npennoxeenn n saBepualouero cnoea end) . B qacTnocTH,

; ncnonb3oea~ne napH begin-end B nyHKTe then naeT B O ~ M O X -

HOCTb BMnOJIHBTb COCTaBHOe IIPeAJIOXeHWe, eCnU YCJIOBue if O K a x e T c R HCTHHHMM. T O ~ H O TaK x e napa o r p a ~ u q u ~ e n e i i begin- end MOXeT 6 M ~ b HCIlOJlb30BaHa B nyHKTe else. npkiMeHeHtie HOBO^ K O H C T P ~ K ~ U W ( C O C T ~ B H O ~ npeAnoxeane B nyHKTax then n else) n03BOJIHT YnPOCTWTb ~ P H B ~ A ~ H H M ~ ~ BHWe MeTOA OTblCKaHZZR mUX a min. B ~ e c ~ o nsyx ~esaewcw~brx npennowe~ufi if-then-else M M pCIlOJlb3yeM OAHO, HO 3aTO C ABYMR COCTaBHbIMll IIpeA3lOXeHliRMU

( 0 6 p a ~ k i ~ e BHJTMaHHe, TOYKa C 3anR~ofi pa3AeJIReT pa3HMe npeAJI0-

XeHUR i f , a He COCTaBHMe Y a C T U O A H O ~ O ) . H o ~ y m AeTaJb 3arOJOBKa

np04enypbl Mbl nOKa O ~ C Y X A ~ T ~ He 6 y n e ~ , a 3afiMeMCR TeM, YTO

nepennueM Hauy npouenypy n npoTpaccupyeM HeKoTopMe o6paue- HBR K Hefi.

I proaedure findmaxmin(x,y : integer;

var max,min : integer) ; ( ... ) begin 5

P if x > y then begin d max := x;

1 k min := y J1 end { nyema then )

4 else begin I i j max := y;

min := x end ( nytima else )

end; { findmaxmin ) f

I - I T o ~ M ~ b 1 3 ~ a ~ b Hawy npouenypy u3 rnas~o i i nporpaMMM, MOXHO :a Hanucam, HanpnMep, cnenymqee:

var a,b,c,d : integer; . . . a := 1; b := 2; findmaxmin(a,b,c,d); wr iteln ( '6onbmee = ' , c , ' hfeebmee = ' , d)

n p 0 a H a J I U 3 U p y e ~ , K a K 3 T O T B b 1 3 0 B B b l n O J I H R e T C R . @ ~ K T A ~ ~ C K H ~

n a p a M e T p M , s a n a ~ ~ b ~ e B r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpawue, n o n a p H o conoc-raa- J R D T C R @ O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I M I I a p a M e T p a M I I P O U e A y P b l : a - X , b - y, C - max, a d - min. nepen ~ a q a n o ~ B ~ I ~ O J I H ~ H U R npouenypb~ a u b P ~ B H ~ I C O O T B e T C T B e H H O 1 U 2, a B C U d H e T H M K a K U X H a q a . ' l b H b I X 3 H a ' 4 e H U f i .

TO 3 H a q U T , q T O B H Y T P U n P O U e n Y P b 1 3 H a q e H A e M X C T a H e T q U C J 1 0 1, a s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ y - qucno 2. I I p o ~ e p ~ a y c n o B u R if A a e T c c n o x b > > ,

n 0 3 T O M y B b I n O J H R e T C R C O C T a B H O e npe&JIOXeHUe U 3 n y H K T a else, B c . u e n c T B u e qero max n o n y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 2 , a min - s ~ a q e ~ u e 1 . Ho n o c K o n b K y max u min o n p e n e n e ~ b l B ~ ~ ~ O J I O B K ~ n p o u e n y p b l

H e K O T O P b l M HOBbIM C I I O C O ~ O M , B C e , q T O I l P O U C X O A U T C 3 T U M U @ ~ p h . l a ~ l b -

H b l M U I I a p a M e T p a M U , I l P O U C X O A U T U C C O O T B e T C T B y D ~ U M U @ ~ K T L I -

q e c K u M u n a p a M e T p a M u , T a K K a K O H U T e n e p b - C Y T ~ OAHO u TO me TO 3 T 0 3 H a q M T , M b l n O R C H H M q) 'Tb n 0 3 i U e ) . M T ~ K , I10 B O 3 B p a U e H U U

B r n a B H y D n p o r p a M M y s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ i ~ o i i c ( C O ~ O C T ~ B J I ~ H H O ~

c n a p a M e T p o M max) c T a H e T qucno 2, a B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i d ( C O ~ O C T ~ B -

n e ~ ~ o i i c min) o K a x e T c R qucno 1 . B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e m a B s a R n p o r p a M M a

( H e npouenypa) H a n e q a T a e T :

P a c c ~ o . r p u ~ e q e o n M H n p M M e p 0 6 p a q e ~ ~ ~ K I I p o u e u y p e

findmaxmin.

a := 10; b := 2; c := 3; d := 4; findmaxmin(a+b, 9,c, d) ; writeln ( '6owmee = ' , C, ' MeHbmee = ' , d)

0 6 p a ~ k i ~ e B H u M a H u e , n e p w e aea a p r y M e H T a ( u + b M 9) npen- C T a B J I e H b I H e f l e p e M e H H b I M U , a B b I p a X e H U e M U K O H C T ~ H T O ~ ~ . ~ H ~ L ~ ~ ? H I I H

3~0f i K O H C T a H T b l I1 3 T O r 0 B b l p a X e H U R 6 y f l y ~ H a 3 H a q e H b I C O O T B e T C T B y D -

U U M n a P a M e T P a M I I p O U e A Y P b I . T p e ~ u i i M q e ~ ~ e p ~ b l f i a p r ~ M e H T b 1 ( B f l a H H 0 M C J l y q a e C H d ) R B J I R D T C R I l e P e M e H H b l M M ( B C K O ~ ~ MbI n o f i ~ e ~ , n O q e M y O H U A O J l X H b I 6 b 1 ~ b I l e p e ~ e ~ H b l ~ U ) . M X O T R H a 3 T O T pa3 B HUX

I l O M e U e H b I K a K M e - T O H a q a J I b t I L l e 3 H a q e H U R , B H a U I e f i I I p O u e n y p e 3 T O

C O B e p L U e H H O H e C y U e C T B e H H O , n O C K O j I b K y C O O T B e T C T B ) DlU.Ue @ 0 p l v l a J l b -

H b I e I I a p a M e T p b I fnax U mln I I O J y q a T 3 H a q e H U R B X O A e B b I n O n H e H U R

n p o u e n y p b l . ( n a p a ~ e ~ p b ~ , nono6~bre max a min, T. e. T a m e , 11bu

H a q a n b H b l e 3 H a q e H U R H l l K a K H e U C I l 0 . 7 b 3 Y D T C R , U K O T O P ~ I ~ . ~ O J ' I ) " ~ ~ H ) T

3 H a q e H U R B H y T P M f l 0 , l I l p 0 r p a M M b l . U H O r n a H a 3 b I B a D T B ~ L X O ~ H ~ ~ M U

napaMeTpaMu. TOT T e p M u H n o n q e p K u B a e T , TO 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e n a p a M e T p a ,

C K u T O P b l M H a q U H a e T B b l n O J I H R T b C R I I O n I I P O T p a M M a , H e U r p a e T H U K ~ K O ~ ~

ponu, a u H T e p e c n p e n c T a B n R e T TO s ~ a q e ~ u e , K o T o p o e OH 6 y n e ~ u M e T b L no s a ~ e p ~ u e ~ u u n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ b ~ . ) n p o s e p ~ a ycnoeun if BHYTPU

n p o q e n y p b l f indma~nin A a e T ~ U C T N H Y B , u max n p M H u M a e T s ~ a q e ~ u e 12, a min - 3 H a q e H U e 9 . ~ O ~ T O M Y , B 0 3 B P a T U B L L l M C b B r J I a B H y D I I p O r -

p a M M y , Mbl O ~ H ~ P ~ X I ~ M , q T O C P a B H O 12 U d p a B H 0 9. YTO H a I I e ' l a T a e T

m a B H a R n p o r p a ~ ~ a ? Tenepb IIORCHMM, n O q e M y M b l C K a 3 a J I M , q T O T P ~ T U ~ ~ M q e ~ ~ e p ~ b l f i

a p r y M e H T b 1 B P a C C M a T p U B a e M O M n p H M e p e A O J I X H b l 6 b l ~ b n e p e M e H -

H b l M U . haw^ P a C C y X n e H M R , K p O M e T O r O , P a 3 5 R C H R T CMblCJ l H O B O r O

3 n e ~ e ~ ~ a B ~ ~ ~ O J I O B K ~ n p o u e n y p M . n p e n n o n o x u ~ , TO B O ~ M O X ~ H

~ a ~ o i i ~ ~ 3 0 1 3 n p o u e n y p b 1 findmaxm~n:

a := 1; b := 2; c := 3; d := 4; f indmaxmin (a, b, c+d, 9) ( T a ~ ~ e w r r n )

Ass n e p B b l X a p r y M e H T a R B J I R D T C R I I e p e M e H H b l M U , U UX 3 H a q e H k l R

n e p e n a m T c R @ o p ~ a J I b H b l ~ n a p a M e T p a M x M y. Tpe~u i i u q e ~ ~ e p ~ b l i i

a p l - Y M e H T b l n e p e M e H H b l M U H e R B J I R D T C R . ( ~ P U B X O A e B npouenypy n e p e M e H H a R nlax n o ; I y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ u t t B M p a x e H u R c + d , T. e. 7 , a 3 H a q e H U e min C' raHOBUTCR P a B H b l M K O H C T a H T e 9, O n H a K O 3 T U

3 H a q e H U R 3 n e C b H ~ C ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~ ~ . ) Y C J I O B H ~ if J O X H O , n 0 3 T O M Y MaX n o n y q a e T s ~ a q e ~ ~ e 2, a nlin - s ~ a q e ~ u e 1 . Ho @ o p ~ a n b ~ o ~ y napa- M e T p y mUX C O O T B e T C T B y e T @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K U ~ ~ I l a p a M e T p , n p e n ~ ~ a B J I R l o L 4 M f i

co6ofi B b l p a X e H M e C + d . 3 H a q M ~ , C $ d T e n e p b n O J X H 0 6 b 1 ~ b P a B -

HO 2, X O ~ I R H a c a M o M A e J I e s ~ a r e ~ u e ~ c R s n R e T c R qacno 3, a s H a q e -

H U e M d - . I N C A 0 4? M q T O 60~1ee a6cypn~0 , 3 H a q e H U e M K O H C T a H T b l

9 A O J I X H O C'l'aTb q U C n 0 1 .

BOT Tenepb CTaHOBUTCR nOHRTH0, IlOYeMy apryMeHTbl, conocTasnneMue c max u min, nonxsbl 6bI~b nepeMeHHaMu. n o c ~ o n b - KY a o p ~ a n b ~ b ~ e napaMeTpbr mux n rnin nony4am.r Heme s ~ a q e - H N I l BHY'FPH TeJla IlpOUenypbl, COOTBeTCTByIOUHe H M aprYMeHTM AOJIlKHM 6bITb B COCTORHUU BOCUPUHRTb 3TU 3HaqeHUR. M H ~ I M H CnOBa- M @ , ylIOMRHYThle aPrYMeHTM AOJIXHbI 6blTb nePeMeHHblMU, HO He KOHCTaHTaMld U He BbIPaXeHHRMU. O ~ H B K O 3 T 0 J U W b H ~ O ~ X O A U M O ~ ,

HO He &OCTaTOqHOe YCJlQBUe. HYXHO e,Ue C O O ~ U U T ~ KOMnUJIRTOpy AOnoni$UTenbHyW UH@OPMIUUM. C ~ O B O var, yKa3blBaeMOe B 3arO~lOBKe npoueAyptd, n HeceT s ~ y nononHHTenbHylo u ~ a o p ~ a u n t o . ~ T O ~ L J

O ~ % R C H H T ~ , uaKo6a ponb cnywe6~oro cnoea var, HaM ctiaqana rrpHAeTCR nOrQBOpuTb 0 ~ e x a H u 3 ~ e nepedartu napawe~pos B n a c ~ a n e .

8 n a c ~ a ~ r e nepenaTb napaMeTpM nonnporpaMMe MOXHO ABYMR

cnoco6annu. Ao cux nop M U menu neno TonbKo c OAHUM n3 HUX. TOT C I I O C O ~ Ha3bIBaDT nepedarteti nUpUMeTpOf3 no 3HUrteHUiO. OH COCTOHT B TOM, YTO 3 ~ a ~ e ~ ~ e apryMeHTa (T. e. ( P ~ K T H ~ ~ C K O ~ O napa- ~ e ~ p a ) ~ a 3 ~ a ~ a e . r ~ ~ cooTseTcTByloqeMy @ o p ~ a n b ~ o ~ y napaMeTpy. A p y r n ~ u CJOBaMU, nepeJl HaYaJIOM BblnOnHeHUR IIpOUenypbl B b l q U -

CnueTcR KoHKpeTHoe 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e $ ~ K T U Y ~ C K O ~ O napaMeTpa ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , 7 unn 5). 3 a ~ e ~ nonyqeHHoe s ~ a ~ e ~ u e KonupyeTcu B cooTseTcTBylo- U U R $ o p ~ a n b ~ ~ i i napaMeTp, n p u ~ a ~ n e ~ a u u i f npouenype ( C M .

P U C . 5.5). Kau TOJlbKO HaYHHaeTCR BbInOAHeHUe IIPOUeAYPbl, HUKaKUe H3MeHeHHU 3HaqeHUR @ O P M ~ ~ ~ ~ H O T O IIapaMeTpa yXe He OKa3bIBaloT BJlHSIHI15l Ha 3HaYeHUe COOTBeTCTByloUerO aprYMeHTa. TO 3HaYUT, 4TO

no OKOH4aHUH pa60~b1 IlpOUeAyl)bl apryMeHT 6 y n e ~ UMeTb T 0 4 H O

Tame me s ~ a q e ~ u e , KaKuM OH o6nanan no Haqana pa6o~b1 npouenypbr, BHe 3aBHCRMDCTU OT TOrO, YTO IIPOUCXOAUnO C @ O P M ~ ~ ~ H ~ I M naps- ateTpoM. T~KoR cnoco6 nepenaqu napaMeTpoB n e f i c ~ ~ y e ~ no yMonqa- HRIO, T. e. BO ecex cnylraRx, Korna KoMnunRTopy UBHO He y ~ a 3 a ~ o nPUMeHUTb flpyr0# C ~ O C O ~ .

0 nacuane pa3pernae~c~1, KpoMe Toro, nepenasan napa- MeTpbi uau n a p a ~ e ~ p b l - n e p e ~ e ~ ~ t ~ e , unu, uHase, uaK var -napa~e~pbr . Ta~oi? cnoco6 nepenaqu napaMeTpa ~ a s u s a l o ~ nepenaqefi napaMeTpa no ccblnKe HAH no adpecy. npu nepenaqe napaMeTpa no ccbInue B npouenypy nepecbrnaeTcR yme He s ~ a r e ~ u e apryMeHTa, a ero MecTo- nOJJDX@HUe ( ~ A P ~ C ) B IIaMRTU KOMIIbMTepa. Ecnu L$~pMaJIbHblif napaMeTp c ~ a 6 m e ~ ~ T P U ~ Y T O M var, a c o o ~ ~ e ~ c ~ ~ y m q u 8 apryMeHT RBJiReTCR f lepe~e~pof i , TO n106~e H3MeHeHUR ( P Q P M ~ ~ ~ ~ H o ~ o napaMeTpa 6y~y . r OTpaXaTbCH B 3HaYeHHRX apryMeHTa, IIOCKOJIbKy Tenepb 40p-

Pltc. 5.6. M e x a ~ e 3 ~ nepenaqe napahteTpos no ccLlnKe (no a ~ p e c y )

q~06bl C O G ~ U U rb ( K O M I I U . ~ R T O P ~ . ) 0 HaUIeM HaMepeHUU nepeHaBaTb H ~ K M ~ napaMeTp no ccbr;rl<e, s 3a1 o2iosKe npouenypb~ cnenyeT y e a s a ~ b CJIOBO var. B ~ O K ~ ~ ~ H H O M Hume s a r o n o ~ ~ e cnoBo var ( B o6wew cny- qae He06R3a~e~bH0e) npeJUIeCTByeT UMeHaM TOJlbKO ABYX @ 0 ~ a n b - RblX napaMeTpOB (max H mitt), a Tkin naHkIbIX T TOT ~ T P M ~ Y T 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e - A ~ H ) YKa3aH AJIR BCeX @ O P M ~ J ~ ~ H ~ I X ni3paMeTPOB.

procedure findmaxmin(x,y : integer; var max,min : integer) ;

E q e pa3 o 6 p a q a e ~ BaWe BHHMaHUe Ha BeCbMa ~ a X ~ b l f i MOMeHT: ec.rra 4 o p ~ a n b ~ o ~ y napahieTpy npunucaHa xapaKTepucTuKa var, TO

nepeMeHHaR, Bblc-rynaloqasl B pc,~u cooTBeTcTByloqero apryMeHTa, B HeKOTOPO?vl CMbICdle OIOXfieCTBJReTCR C 3 T U M napaMeTpOM. Bce, YTO

nPOMCX0flHT C nOCJIefiHU?vl, IIpOUCXOfiUT H C Y ~ O M H H Y T O ~ ~ nepeMeHH0h. H YaCTHOCTU, eCJIU U3MeHUTCR 3HaYeHUe @ O ~ M ~ J ~ H O ~ O IIapaMeTpa, TO

TO O T P ~ ~ U T C R Ha 3 ~ a q e ~ u u apryMeHTa. Ann @ o p ~ a n b ~ b r x napaMeT- p o ~ , He MMelouux a ~ p u 6 y ~ a var, naHHoe yTsepxneHue He sepHo - 83MeHeHUe 3HaYeHMR TaKOrO @ o ~ M ~ ~ ~ H o ~ o IIapaMeTpa He IIOBJlUReT Ha s ~ a q e ~ u e apryMeHTa. Hanp~vep , ec.lu 6b1 M M PaccMaTpuBanu BapaaHT npouenypbl findmaxmin 6e3 y ~ a 3 a ~ u R CnoRa var, TO 3 ~ a ~ e - HUH, Ila3HaYelIHbit3 B IIpOUCJYpe IlePePIIeHHblM 1,TU.X U rtlin, He 6b1.111 6b1 neptlaa~br B COO[ BeTcrnywuue @a~xiqe:~~. te napaMeTpbr ~ ~ r s b ~ s a l o q e n IIpOrpaMhlb~ naXe eCnH 6b1 3TH aprYMeHTbl 6b1nu IIepeMeHHbIMU. Ecnu x e 4 0 p ~ a n b ~ b r u napanfeTp onucarl B s a ronos~e npouenypbr c a ~ p ~ 6 y r 0 ~ var, u @ a ~ ~ u r l e c ~ u f i napaMeTp npencTasneH nepewea- ~ o i i , TO nm6oe uaMeHeHue @ o p ~ a n b ~ o r o napaMeTpa 6 y a e ~ 3a@u~cupo- BaHO M B ~ J I ~ B H O ~ ~ npOrpaMMe. Bonpoc 0 TOM, B KaKUX CJly.laRX @0p-

H a p m y c npouenypaMa, nonyqamqnMn napaMeTpb1 TeM H J I H UHbIM C ~ O C O ~ O M , B n a c ~ a j l e AOnYCTNMbt IlpOUeAypbl, KOTOpbIe

~ o o 6 1 4 e H e nonyqamT napaMeTpoB. OHH Tax n H ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R - npo- yedypbl 6e3 napaMeTpos. T a ~ n e npoue&ypt,I H e cnoco6~b1 c o o 6 u a ~ t , -

C R c r n a ~ ~ o f i (nnn nb13blsam14efi) n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i (ecnn TonbI<o He MMeTb B BHAY npyrofi cnoco6 B3aHMOCRR3kl qepe3 HeJIOKaJbHbIe

nepeMeHHbIe, C KOTO[)I>I\IM MbI n03HaKOMI.IMCR B n. 9.6.1). M H ~ I M M cnoBaMu, npouenypa 6e3 napaMeTpoB BbrnonHReT c ~ o m sanaqy

C O B e P U I e H H O CaMOCTORTeJlbHO.

P ~ C C M O T ~ ~ ~ M , HanpnMep, npOrpaMMy AJIFI BbIBOAa AaHIlbIX B BMAe Ta6JIkiub1, C O C T O H U ~ ~ ~ H3 qeTMpeX c r o n 6 u o ~ . C T O J I ~ U ~ I AOJIXHbI 6b1'1'b

o s a r n a ~ n e ~ b r : Ton, C n e n ~ a , Pacxon n AOXOA. KaxnblrYr ~ ~ ~ O J I O B O K

AOJIXeH 6blTb OTAeJIeH OT COCeAHerO neCRTbK, n p o 6 e n a ~ n . K p o ~ e TOTO, nepen ~ a 6 n n u e k nonxHa 6 b 1 ~ b HaneqaTaHa cTpoKa: <<Topro- m e cnenKn 3a nocnenvne 15 neT>>.

A O ~ Y C T H M , qTO AJlR neCIaTM 3aTOJIOBKOB MbI PeUlHJlH HanHCaTb

nonnporpaMMy printheadings. C n e n y e ~ n n nncaTb ee B Bnne @ Y H K -

U H W ? O ~ ~ B H A H O , qTO HeT, TaK K B K H M K a K U T O pe3yJlbTHPYtOqerO

3HaqeHMR B Bb13bIBaK)UYD IIPOI'PahlMY B03BpiiqaTb H e I peCjel c!l. AoJIxH~ JIH IIOnIIpOrpaMMa printheadings H3MeHRTb 3HaqeHHR CBOMX n a p a ~ e ~ p o ~ ? H ~ T , printheadings, B O O ~ L U ~ , cIe H y x A a e T c R H n n K a -

K H X napaMeTpax, TaK K a K oHa nonxtla neqaTaTb s a r o n o ~ ~ n , T. e.

Hanepen M ~ B ~ C T H ~ I ~ Beun. C n e n o ~ a ~ e n b ~ o , printheadings nMeeT cMbIcn O @ O P M H T ~ K a K npouenypy 6e3 napaMeTpoB:

procedure p r i n t h e a d i n g s ; ( llpoqe~ypa, neuarasomarr o a r o n o ~ o ~ ~a6nnqh1 ) begin

w r i t e l n ( 'Toprossre c n e n ~ n oa nocnenme 15 n e ~ ' : 4 2 ) ; w r i t e l n : w r i t e l n ( ' I ' o n ' , ' C ~ e n ~ a ' : 10, ' P a c x o ~ ' : 15, ',qoxon' : 1 4 ) ; w r i t e l n ;

end; ( p r i n t h e a d i n g s 1

3 ~ a npouenypa HaneraTaer cnenymqne CTPOKH:

(Ecnn B a M He COBCeM RCHO, n0qeMy ee BblXOAHble naHHble 6ynyT BbIrJlRneTb H M e H H O T B K , npopa60TafiTe cue pa3 MaTepHaJl 06 HCnOJIb-

30BaHNH @ O P M ~ T O B npH BbIBOne C T p n H r O B , H ~ J O X ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ B n . 3.3.7.) t [ KaK 06parnrben K rlpouenype printheadinpr na rnas~oi i np0l'p.M-

1 MbI MJlH K ~ K O ~ ~ - T O npyr0fi Bb13b1Balol4efi I I ~ o ~ ~ ~ M M M ? n p 0 ~ e npOCTOr0. 1 3 a n n w e ~ ~ M R printheadings, He y ~ a s b r e a ~ HnKaKnx napaMeTpoB:

p r i n t h e a d i n g s

n a c ~ a n b n o a ~ o n ~ e ~ nilcam n ~ ~ H K ~ H H 6e3 napaMeTpoa, onsaKo, K a K npaBirno, npnMeHeHne npouenyp 6e3 napaMeTpoB 6onee xapaK-

r TepHo. TO KacaeTcR @ Y H K U H ~ ~ 6e3 napaMeTpoB, TO B M ~ O B T ~ K O ~

@ Y H K U M M MOXeT BbIrJIRAeTb, HanpnMep, T a K (rile varName - N M R

~ e ~ o ~ o p o f i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i , a flint - H M R @ Y H K U U W , y KOTOPO# HeT

"apaMeTpO~) :

v a r N a m e := func

B KaqecTBe npnMepa @ Y H K U ~ I N be3 napaMeTpoe M M M O ~ J I H 6b1

HanncaTb @ Y H K U N ~ random, reHepnpymqym ucnyqai i~oe qncno, *. 3 ~ a @ Y H K U H R , He nonyqan HnKaKnx napaMeTpoe, ~ o s e p a q a n a 6b1

TeM He MeHee I ~ ~ K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ pe3yJlbTaT. ( ~ ~ M ~ T M M , qTO B Typ60 nacKaJIe HMeeTCR T a K a R @ Y H K U H R , CM. YIIpaXHeHHe 5.24.) q ~ 0 6 b 1 Ha3HaqHTb

n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i x cnyqafi~oe qncno, M ~ I M O ~ J I M 6b1 IIPOCTO HaIIHCaTb

:: := r a n d o m

C Y M M H P Y ~ M BCe, qTO MbI 3HaeM 0 npOUeAypaX. n o ~ n p o r - PaMMy CJeAyeT O @ O P M H T ~ B BNAe IIpOUeAypbI, e C J H O H a npeAHa3Ha4e-

Ha A J R PeUleHHR 3aAaqir OAHOrO H3 ABYX TWnOB. 3 a ~ a q a nepB0r0 Tkina:

Tpe6ye~cfl BMnOJlHHTb HeKYH) nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTb ~ e f l c T B U f i , He 803-

B p a q a R pe3ynb~npymutero 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ (aanaqn TaKoro xapaKTepa peuannch npouenypaMn printmaxtnin n headings). 3anara BToporo TMna: T ~ ~ ~ Y ~ T C R n3MeHHTb 3HaqeHUR OAHOrO HJIM HeCKOJlbKWX @ ~ K T H - qecKnx napaMeTpoB T TOT cnyrafi nnnmcTpnpyeT r~pouenypa find- maxmin). COOTB~TCTB~HHO MOXHO roBopnTb o npouenypax nepBoro n BTOpOrO Tillla. Bce IIpOueAypbl, KOTOPbIe Mbl 6y~eM kiCIIOJlb3OBaTb npH peweHnn sanaqn 5, OTHOCRTCR K nepBoMy T M I I Y . B noc~~enymqnx rna- B a X Mbl HeOAHOKPaTHO BCTPeTAMCR H C npOUeAYPaMM BTOPOrO THrIa .

* Toriiee - nceenooryqafi~roe ( o ~ o reHepnpyeTcn c noMoublo HeKoToporo anro- p ~ i I ua ) - oTclona H KaBblqKN.- np~ld teq nrp.

213

Tenepb, Korna M ~ I paccMoTpenri HecKonbKo I IpUMepOB npo- qenyp, MOXHO C@OPMYJIUPOB~T~ OCHOBHble Pa3JIUqUFI MeXAY @ Y H K U U R -

M H u npoueAypaMu. r n a ~ ~ o e pa3nuque (u3 K O T O P O ~ O CJeAymT Bce 0~~aJIbHble) COCTOUT B TOM, qTO @ Y H K U U R BCerAa B03BpaUaeT, npUqeM

B R B H O ~ ~ @ O P M ~ , OAHO-eAHHCTBeHHOe 3HaqeHUe, KOTOpOe MOXeT 66176

NCIlOJIb30BaHO B KaYeCTBe C O C T ~ B H O ~ ~ YaCTM BbIpaXeHUH; IIpOueAypa T a K O r O 3HaqeHUR He BO3BpaUaer. O A H ~ K Q ~ ~ U M ~ H U T ~ J I ~ H O K I lpoue~y-

pe Bce x e MOXHO ~ O B O P U T ~ o ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ o i i U H @ O ~ M ~ U U U - npoue- Aypa C I I O C O ~ H ~ U3MeHRTb 3HaYeHUR CBOMX IIaPaMeTPOB ( T ~ x , KOTOPble

OnUCaHbl C ~ T P U ~ Y T O M va r ) . ~ ~ O M U M O 3TOTO rJIaBHOr0 Pa3JIUqUR

MOXHO OTMeTMTb P R A BTOPOCTenCHHblX pa3JIuquii C U H T a K C U Y e C K O r O

xapawepa . T ~ K , HanpuMep, s a r o n o ~ o ~ @ Y H K U U M (ee nepsaR c ~ p o ~ a ) Bcerna a a ~ e p r n a e ~ c ~ y ~ a 3 a ~ u e ~ T u n a ~ 0 3 s p a u a e ~ o r o 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~

(real, integer u T. n . ) . B 3 a r o ~ o ~ ~ e He IlporLenypbI T a K a R M H @ O P M ~ - UMR He HYXHa. AJR @ ) ' H K I ~ ~ I U TUIIMYHO, ~ ~ 0 6 6 1 B KaqeCTBe nocJIenHer0

Mars U M e H U @ Y H K U U U 661~0 Ha3HaYeHO HeKOTOpOe 3HaqeHUe. B UpOIlefiypaX 3TOTO HeT. M HaKOHeU, eUe OAHO pa3JIUYUe. ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~

@ Y H K U N F I B03BpaWaeT KaKOe-TO 3HaqeHUe, Bbl30B @ Y H K ~ U U MOXeT

IIORBJIRTbCR n P R M O B BbIpaXeHUU (HanptiMep, B npenJlOXeHUU wfiteln

UJIU B IIPeAJIOXeHMU BUAa y := sqrt(.X) - 2 ) . A BOT Bbl30B nPOueAYPb1

He MOXeT 6 b 1 ~ b YaCTbB BblPaXeHUR. H a n p u ~ e p , e C J I U prOC - U M R

npoueaypbr, TO npennoxeHue writeln (proc (x) ) HenonycTuMo.

H ~ C M O T P R Ha nepequcjIeHHble BblLue pa3nuqu~1, rpaHHua MeXAy npOIleAypaMU U @YHKUMFIMU BblpaXeHa He CTOnb yX qeTK0.

Bce, YTO M O X H O peanu30sa~b @ y ~ ~ u u e t i , p eanu3ye~o u npouenypoii ( U H ~ O ~ O P O T ) . nonpo6y.e~ O ~ O C H O B ~ T ~ 3T0 YTBepXAeHUe. npennoJI0-

H U M , TO uMeercR @ Y H K U U R func c T p e M R napaMeTpaMu - X, y M z ( H e BBXHO, K ~ K O T O TMII~ , ) . 0 6 b l q ~ 0 o 6 p a u e ~ u e K @ Y H K ~ U M BblT-

JIRAUT TaK:

answer := func (a, b, c)

I ( ~ K nepenucan @ Y H K U U B func B Bnne npouenypb1 ( ~ a s o ~ e ~ ee pro^)? OqeHb TIPOCTO. A O ~ ~ B U M ewe OAUH, ~ e ~ ~ e p ~ b l f i , napaM€!Tp anS AJIH X p a H e H U R pe3yJIbTaTa, BblYUCJIReMOrO @ Y H K U U ~ ~ ~ . Tun II€!p€!-

M ~ H H O ~ ? an.5 AOJlXeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb T U n y 3HaqeHUR, BO3BpaIl(aeMOrO

@ Y H K ~ M ~ ~ func. K p o ~ e Toro, napaMeTp UnS AOJlXeH UMeTb ~ T P U ~ Y T V a r ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . q~06b1 B03BpBTUTb 3HaqeHUe, @YHKUMFI AOJIXHa C H a - qana BbIYMCJIUTb 3HaqeHUe, a 3aTeM Ha3HaqUTb er0 M M e H U @ ~ H K U M M .

npoueirypa, BblqucnuB 3traqe~ue, ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ ero A O ~ ~ B J I ~ H H O M ~

H a M M TIapaMeTpy arL.5; TeM C a M M M O H a MMUTUpYeT MeXaHU3M B03-

HpaUl.eHkfR 3HaqeHIiH' O T M ~ T U M , qTO anS - 3T0 KaIi pa3 TO, '4TO HJII

IlaYBanu HblLue B ~ I X O ~ H ~ I M napaMerpoM, nocKonbKy s l i a~enxe , n o ~ l y - qefirIoe ans rlpu BxoAe B rrpoueaypy, H e cyuecTseHHo, a nwepec rrpe,i- CTaBJIHeT er0 K O H e Y H O e 3HaqeHUe. I ( ~ K 6 y ~ e ~ Bb1rJIR)leTb @ Y H K ~ U R

( func) , n p e o 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~ a ~ B npouenypy (proc), n o ~ a 3 a ~ o Huxe.

( ~ O A ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M ~ - @ Y H K I X H R ) function func(x,y,z: ... ) : ... ;

( ... begin

Teno nonnporpwhfsl, n KOTOPOM

Bhl~HC2meTCR 3naqenne va 1 , BoaspauaeMoe cpymwiefi f UnC

func : = val end; ( func )

n p u ~ e p Bbl30Ba: answer : = f unc (a, b , c)

( S K B H B ~ ~ ~ H T H ~ R nonnporpa~~a-npoueaypa ) procedure proc(x,y,z: ... ; var ans: ... ) ;

( ... ) begin

Teno nonnporpahlhcbl, B uoTnpoM BhIqHCJIHeTCH 3 m a s e ~ ~ e val , HasHaqaeMoe napauerpy ans

ans := val end; ( proc )

r I p u ~ e p DL13OBB: proc (a, b, c, answer)

P ~ ~ ) ' M ~ € ! T C R , eC.rli.l I3 TCJf @ ~ H K U H I I MhleeTCR HeCKOJILKO TOqeK,

,' rile o o s ~ p a m a e ~ o c s r laqe~ue ~ a s ~ a ~ a e r c ~ M M ~ H M @ ~ H K U L I ~ I , TO M n TCJii IIi)OI[ellYPbI IlilpaMerrjy ar1.S IIPM,3CTCR LaBaTb 3HaqCtiiiH ti TI'S

: xc .roci[<ax. RCHO, TO KilKOe 6b1 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ual H H 6 ~ 1 0 rra:3riar!etlo

riMeHM $ ~ H I < I [ U M func, nporre~ypofi proc 0130 6 y n e ~ no;MeuieFil? 13

swxon~rofi napaMeTp nns. lIoc~re B O ~ R P ~ ~ ~ H M R B ~ J B B H ~ I O nporpaMhiy

3T0 3Hac!~llklP OKaXeTCH B C00'TBeTCTB)'lOUl.eM apryMt?HTe. ~ ~ M ~ T M M ,

' r ~ o R H ~ ! U U X paccymAeHuRx c o ~ e p ~ u e t ~ t ! ~ Hecyqccrnerr TOT Pam, TO S ~ H K U M R func uMeeT M M ~ H H O .rpu n a p a ~ e ~ p i l -- p a c c ~ o ~ p c t ~ ~ b ~ i i

Melon, 1 1 p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ n ( b y ~ ~ q u i i 3 npoueaypy rie 3;1RtlCHT (IT clMC.ilii

napaMerpoB @ ~ H K U ~ U .

H O ~ M O X H O M O ~ ~ ~ T H O C ' r ipeo6pa3o~a~rie - npouenypb1 B @ ~ H K -

UMK), OAHaKO OH0 nPUMeHReT( :R HC CTOjIb UIMPOKO. r I p e ~ ~ e BCCrO C J C -

. AyeT OTMeTMTb, YTO R @ ~ H I < ~ M H X ( T ~ K Xe K a K U B rlpouehypax)

pa3pelllC!HO U3MeHRTb 3HaqeHMR Var-IIapaMeTpOB. O ~ H ~ K O M3MeHeHMe ' v a r - n a p a ~ e ~ p o ~ n @ y ~ ~ u r r n x B ~ O . ~ ~ U ~ M H C T B ~ cnyqaeB ronopnT o :

215

X 2

0

mu

, .n

a0

a

e m

i

Teno u u K n a 6 y n e ~ H a x o n u T b u n e q a T a T b R c e n e n u T e n u ~ H ~ Y ~ H I I R number. M 3 0 6 p a 3 u ~ 3 T y Y a C T b n p O r p a M M b l C n e A y m u M M 0 6 p a 3 o h 1 :

f o r number := 1 t o 40 do H&TH H HaneqaTaTb Bce nemTem number

0 6 p a ~ M ~ e B H u M a H u e H a TO, YTO r I p e n . ; l o x e H u e , C o A e p x a m e e c R

BHYTPM UMKJla , H e RBJIReTCR n p e A J I O X e H k l e h l ~ ~ c K ~ J R , XOTR M O Y e H b

H a n o M u H a e T TO, YTO M ~ I n u t u e M ~a I I a c ~ a n e . T a ~ o e n p e n -

J O X e H M e U H O r A a H a 3 b l B a D T ~ C ~ ? S ~ O K O ~ O N , T a K K a K O H 0 I I p e A -

c T a s n R e T coBoti ewe H e n p e n ~ ~ o x e ~ i i e ( n p e ~ n o x e ~ u ~ ) n a c -

K a J I R , HO yXe TeKCT, J I e r K O n e p e B 0 ~ ~ ~ b l a H a n a c ~ a ~ l b . M ~ o r u e I I p O r P a M M U C T b l CYUTaIOT IICeBAOKOA HaMJIYYUlMM CPeACTBOM

p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ n p O r p a M M . M b l 6 y n e ~ n O J I b 3 0 B a T b C R IlCeBAOKOAOM n p M

p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e n o q ~ u B C ~ X n o c n e ~ y m q u x n p o r p a ~ ~ ( c ~ a ~ a n a H a p m y co C X e M a M M I I p O r p a M M , a IIOTOM n O J H O C T b M O T K a X e M C R O T HHX B I I O J l b 3 y

IICeBAOKOflt?. n o O T H O l U e l l M ~ K n p e A J l O H e H U R h l , 3 a I I M C a H H b I M H a

I lCeBAOKOlle , BblnOi lHUM a H a J I O r M q H b I e A ~ ~ C T B M R M T . A. ~ ~ M ~ T U M , YTO

n p e A J I O X e H M e IICC'BflOKOAa MOlKe'r n O C L 7 Y X W T b I I p e K p a C H h l M K O M M e H T a -

pi.1eM K n 0 p O X t ; i l e H H O M y U'vl @ p a l MCH [ y L I ~ ~ 6 b ~ 0 6 J I e l . q M ~ b B0CIIl)MRTMe TeKC Til !IPU u 3 0 6 p a x e ~ ~ u n p e n n o -

w e ~ r i i n c e r 3 a o ~ o . r l n , l r p r -tc -I ~ B , I H I ~ > ; ~ I I X 06oB c u e c b P c T c l c r R e r r l i o ; o R ~ H K ~ u n a c ~ a . ~ r i , M ~ I O y n e ~ ~ O : I L ~ J O ~ ~ L I ~ ~ C H n e y w f i m p k i ( b r a M u .

7'e 3 , l e M e H T b l I l [ ~ e ~ J l O X e I l M I l , k O 1 O p b l C ~ 6 0 3 ~ a Y a m 1 0 6 3 e ~ ~ b l R J b l K a

I l a c ~ a n ~ ( c n y x e 6 ~ ~ 1 e c , l o s a , LiMeHa n e p e ~ t t r r ~ b r \ ) , M ~ I 6 y z e ~ n e L l a -

T a T b U ~ C \ M @ T O H , B L I ~ P ~ H H ~ I M ~ J I R I I ~ U ~ ~ ~ X ~ H M R TeKCTEl n p O r p a M M

O c T d J I b I l b I e 62r.C) 3~1f MeIITLI 6 y n e ~ r l c Icl 1 P l : 1, Go~~ee Mt?:IKMM LLIPM@TOI\.I,

I I O ~ q e P K H B a > t Iehf (a".blM. q T O OI1H ti(' '3Xl)lfiT B ,rlet<CUK!, n a c ~ . a : l R

~ T E M we I ~ I ~ U @ T U M 6y ; l r ' ~ l l e ~ ; l l a l i l ~ \ ~ ~ h : h ~ e H T a p l l M .

K a k r ~ w 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ M O X H O OpTi1 ,11130BaTb IIOIICK D C e x I ? , l U T e -

7t~2 ~zumber? Rbr, IlO-AIIfiMMOVY, YXtC '!OI 'lTl3.THCb, LIT0 Mbl 310 C a e -

.rl.aehi c n o \ r o r u b r o r l p o u e r l y p b r . npoue.:\,p.+ i";11e7 I ' o n y q a T t , R Ka14CCTBe I l a p a h f e T p a KOtIKPCTHOe 3 H a ' l e H M P tzur17b~-r 3PTPM Bb1RB.rlRlb 11 BblRO-

J I ~ T L ~a n e q ~ i r t , B C ~ e1-0 ne.rIMTell[l . Ii, ,osec H a m y npoLrenypy pr~nfalldi:lrsurs ( n o q e ~ y ny~rruc E r a 3 B n r b r r , , , ~ l p o r p a M M y u M e H t i o r a K ,

3 H e procl u n u t \ n ~ e ~opoi re?) . BUT ~ a ! t 6ynr-r d"!:.LRLeTb B ~ I ~ O B amen I l p O q e A ] ' p b l :

printalldivisors(number)

b n p n s e n e ~ ~ o e n p e n n o x e H u e ~ ~ M ~ H U T CTPOKY n c e B n o K o n a , o n n c b l -

i sammero T e n o q u K n a for. ( K ~ K o T M e q a n o c b s b l m e , n c e s n o K o n u M e e T

1 I CMbICJl O C T a B M T b , T e n B p b OH 6 y ~ e ~ B b I n O J l H R T b PO.Tb K O M M ~ H T ~ P U R . ) 3a -

1 M e T U M , YTO O H 0 3 a B e p l U a e T LiCnOJIHUTeJlbHyH, CeKUMK) I ' J ~ B H O ~ np0- T p a M M b l , n 0 3 T O M Y BCJleA 3a HMM Mbl M O X e M IIOMeCTIiTb CTPOK)',

3 a ~ a ~ ~ u ~ a m q y m m a a H y m n p o r p a M h g y . n o ~ a x e ~ o6ruui B U A r J l a B -

H O G n P O r P a M M b 1 :

program prob5; ( - - - ) var number : integer;

( 3necb noMeuiaeTcrr npoqenypa printalldivisors )

begin ( l k a ~ ~ a r r nporpaMMa ) ( Haii~u H ~ a n e q a ~ a ~ f i Bce AenuTenu number ) f o r number := 1 t o 4 0 do

printalldivisors(number) end. ( prob5 )

~ P O A O J ~ U M A ~ T ~ J I M ~ ~ I ~ U K ) 3 a n a ~ ~ 5. C n e n ) . i o n l ~ i i ~ r U a r 6 y z c ~ C O C T O R T ~ B H a n u c a H u u n p o u e n y p b l printalldivisors. B s a r o n o s ~ e 3 ~ 0 i

n p o q e n y p b r y K a x e M U M R ee @ o p h l a n b ~ o r o n a p a M e T p a rr ero T u n . npea- n O J I O X M M , YTO B K a q e C T B e UMeHU $ O P M ~ J ' ~ ~ H O ~ O I l a p a M e T p a MbI UCnOJlb-

s y e ~ number. Torna H a m y npoqenypy MOHHO H a q a T b T a K :

procedure printalldivisors(number: integer); ( H ~ ~ T H H pacneva~a~b ~ c e ) ( n e n ~ ~ e n u wcna number, 1 ( Hcnonmya @@KT ycesenHR 1 ( O C T ~ T K ~ n p ~ u e n o v ~ c n e ~ ~ o ~ 1 ( n e n e m

C n e n y e ~ n u O ~ ~ R B J I R T ~ number v a r - n a p a ~ e ~ p o ~ ? - H e T , noc- K O J b K Y MbI H e ~ Y A ~ M N 3 M e H R T b er0 3 H a q e H U e BHYTPU I l p 0 U e n ) ' p b I .

3 ~ a q e ~ u e number H a M ~ O H ~ A O ~ M T C R T O J I ~ K O A J R n o u c K a n e n u ~ e n e j i

u ux n e q a T u .

B ~ ~ H ~ M C R K C X e M a M , n O K a 3 a H H b I M H a PMC. 5.3 M 5.4: i I M e e T C R

H e K O T O p O e 3 H a Y e H M e number, H y X H O H ~ ~ T U B C e er0 AeJIUTeJIU.

A H ~ J I U ~ CXeM I I O K a 3 b l B a e T , YTO B T e J l e n p O U e n y p b 1 H a M n o ~ p e 6 y e ~ c ~ HeCKOJIbKO JIOKaJlbHblX I I e P e M e H H b l X . 0 TOM, K a K MX O ~ ~ R B U T ~ , Mbl

n o r o B o p u M q y ~ b n03xe, H O y x e c e i q a c RCHO, YTO n e p e M e H H a R

divisor M O X e T 6 6 1 ~ 6 MHAeKCOM U M K n a for. B T e J I e I l U K J a for C UHAeKCOM

divisor MbI BblRCHNM, A ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ ~ ~ ~ H O JIU 3 H a Y e H N e divisor RBJIReTCR

A e n u T e n e M number. a . . . ; begin

f o r divisor := 1 t o 40 do B H ~ ~ C H H T ~ , JiBJIJTeTCR m divisor nenHTeneM number ; eUIH 3T0 TBK, HBneqaTaTb COOTBeTCTBylDI4ee C O O ~ I ~ ~ H U ~

end; ( printalldivisors )

.-

k

.. **

ma

Rh

-'

au

+r

-

4r

F:

0Sa F:k>Z -

o, U

~E

~Q

)P

I-

~(

z 0 2

rn Q

0

k

13

7f

Fl

0

tY o

j~

ra

0

) rn

- J

JX

n

4-J -4

>

k

- P)UOP)

rm

a

k

.47kG

+r -

o uaau

-2 k

UJa

00

k

$2

w

a

-4

-4 8

El >

an

0

-

1

3 a ~ e ~ divisor nonyqaeT s ~ a q e ~ w e 2, npw TOM quotient o~a3bleaer-

CR PaBHblM 1 (2 div 2 ) . a product - PaBHbiM 2 ( 1 >< I ) , T. e. paBllI>It:

s ~ a q e ~ w m number. npouenypa neqaTaeT ewe o n ~ y C T P O K ~ (COOT-

BeTCTBylOWyH, BTOPOVY A~JIMT~JH)) :

Aanee wHneKc uwma divisor npo6erae.r ~ H ~ Y ~ H H R 3, 4, ..., 40, HO B C R K U ~ ~ pa3 Ten0 UMKJIa Bbl~OJHReTCR a 6 e 3 p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ ~ o ~ --

H O B ~ I X nenw~eneii HeT. B b ~ n o n ~ e ~ ~ e qunna for u c a ~ o f i npoqenypbl

3THM 3aBepUIaeTCR. ~ ~ O M C X O ~ W T B03BPaT B Bbl3blBalOulYlO IIPOrPaMMY. T o q ~ o T ~ K M M Xe o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , 06pau la~cb K npouenype, H a X O n M M Ae-

nwTenw A n R s ~ a q e ~ w f i number, paBHblx 3 , 4 , ..., 40. nocne 3~01-o 3 q ~ e p -

UlaeTCR UMKJ for rJIa~H0fi IlpOrpaMMbl, 3aKaHqMBaeTCH M p a 6 o ~ a B C ~ S IIpOrpaMMbl B UenOM. ( M o x e ~ e J I M Bb1 nOKa3aTb, sT0 neqaTaeT A a H H a R

nporpaMMa B npouecce c~oef i pa6o~bl?)

n e q a ~ b pe3yJbTaTOB IIpOrpaMMbl B IIeCKOJIbKO H H O R @ O P M ~ Mbl

PaCCMOTP HM B yIIpaXHeHMH 5.12. Bonpocy 0 TOM, K a K W M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~

MOXHO nOBblCHTb ~ @ @ ~ K T W B H O C T ~ HaUJefi IlpOrpaMMbl, nOCBRuleH0

YnpaXHeHWe 5.23. B n. 5.5 Mbl TlOCTPOMM HeCKOnbKO BaPWaHTOB Halllea

nporpaMMb1, p a ~ n w ~ a ~ ~ q w x c ~ Mexny codofi no x a p a w e p y pacnpene- n e H w R pa6o~b1 Mexny rna~aoi i n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i w nonnporpaMMaMw. T p a c c w p o ~ a ~ b H O B ~ I ~ B ~ ~ C U U ~ b l He ~ Y A ~ M , I IOCKOJI~KY HX TPaCCWPOBKH

OqeHb IIOXOXW Ha TPaCCHPOBKY HCXOAHOrO BapWaHTa IIpOrpaMMbl 5.

B 3TOM Pa3AeJIe Mbl O ~ C Y A U M pa3JlWqHbIe IIOnXOnbl K Opra- HH3aUWH nPOrPaMMb1 5, a "0 XOAy M3JlOXeHHR MaTepMaJIa BBeneM HeCKOJIbKO OqeHb BaXHbIX ~ O H R T H ~ ~ ~ ~ c K ~ J I R .

5.5.1. B~opasi sepcun nporpaMMw: snornenn~ii quKn for B rnasnoii nporpaMMe

program prob5b; ( .a. I var number,divisor,product,qu~tient : integer; begin

for number := 1 t o 40 do for divisor := 1 to 40 do

t 9 begin ( nmcmw, mmeTcrrm divisor

nanmmm number ) quotient := number div divisort boduct := quotient * divisort

t" if product = number I then writeln(divisor,

emb uwmrea , number) end ( for divisor )

end. { prob5b )

n p w ~ e n e ~ ~ a ~ nporpaMMa conepxer K O H C T ~ ~ K U H H ) , H ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ M Y I O

8JZONeililbLM l+%KJZOM for. C P ~ B H N M 3TY IIpOrpaMMy C H C X O A ~ ~ O ~ . B KOTO-

poii noucK nenu~eneti qwcna BbrnonHfleTcR npoue~ypoA. OAHWM ~3 npeeMyulecTB Hoeorci eapHaliTa nporpamt.1 5 Re.rtfieTc9 TO, TO OHG HeCKOnbKO KOpOqe W C X O ~ ~ H O R . K P O M ~ TOrO, KOHCTPYKUHH Bf10XeHHOrO

UWKJIa 3AeCb NCnOJIb3OBaHa RBHO ( ~ ~ M ~ T N M , qTO B HCXOAHOM BaPWBHTe nporpaMMbl M ~ I wcnonbsonanw, no CYTW xena, B ~ O X ~ H H M ~ ~ ~ W K J I ,

onHaKo OH 661~1 C K P ~ I T B 0 6 p a w e ~ u u K npouenype). Y ~ o e o k npor- PaMMbl eCTb Id HeAOCTaTKH: HaqWHaIOLqehlY nPOrpaMMHCTY He TaK yX

npOCT0 pa306paTbcR B noruKe BJOXeHHOro U H K f 1 a ; HeAOC'faTKoM R B J R e T C R H TO, qTO H O B a R IIpOrpaMMa B ~eHbIlJefl CTeneHH OTBeYaeT T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H H , M O ~ ~ ~ H O C T H no C ~ ~ B H ~ H U ~ O c IIepBofi sepc~ei i , B K O T O P O ~ ~

pemeHwe o ~ n e n b ~ o i i nonsanaqw n o s n o ~ e ~ o Ha npouenypy.

B TpeTbefi Bepcwu IIpOrpaMMbl 5 Mbl nepeHeCeM BCe AeficT- BWR B npouenypy, a Ha nonm rJIa~H0fi IIpOrpaMMM OCTaBMM TOJlbKO

B ~ I ~ O B STOS npoueaypbl. n p o u e ~ y p a B ~ I R B H T H HaneqaTaeT nenwrena ,

nnR KaXnoro w3 queen OT 1 AO 40. H ~ ~ P O C O K ~ a ~ o f i BepCMu 6yneT BblrJlRAeTb TaK:

program prob5c; ( 1 procedure doeverythinginproc;

( ... ) var number,divisor,product,quotient : integer; begin

for number := 1 to 40 do for divisor := 1 to 40 do

begin ...

end ( for divisor ) end; ( doeverythinginproc )

( l 'natr~e~ nporpeuua, abrsblaalouaa enencTsenHya npouewpy )

begin doeverythinginproc

end. ( prob5c )

O T M ~ T M M , qTO npOUeAypa He IIOJlyqaeT H3 M ~ B H O ~ ~ npOrpaMMbl

H n O A H O ~ O napaMeTpa. ~ O ~ T O M Y n o6pame~ne K nposenype, A ee s a r o n o ~ o ~ H e conepxaT cnucKa napaMeTpoB. K ~ K oTMeqanocb B n . 5.3.9, TaKHe IIpOUeAypM H H O r A a Ha3blBaIOTCR IIPOUeAYPaMM 6e3

napaMeTpos.

5.5.3. q e ~ e e p ~ a n sepcun nporpaMMM: onHa npoqenypa e ~ 3 ~ e a e . r qpyrym

CJle~yIOulaR BepCAR IIpOrpaMMbl IIpeACTaBnReT co6oii H e - K M ~ ~ 0 ~ b l f i war B Pa3BNTUN MAeN BbI3OBa IIpOqeAyp. B MCXOAIlOM

BapuaHTe nporpaMMbl5 M ~ I H C ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ J I M nposenypy printalldivisors, KOTOPaR ki BblRBJlRJla BCe AeJlATeJIM 3anaHHOrO qHC.la number, A neqaTa.Jla MX. O A H ~ K O , BMeCTO Tor0 q~06b1 HenOCpeACTBeHHO B

printalldivisors onpenenmb, R s n R e T c H nn s ~ a q e ~ n e divisor nenn- TeJleM ~ H c J I ~ number, Mbl MOrJlU 6b1 O ~ P ~ T M T ~ C R K H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ no&- IIpOrpaMMe, KOTOPaR 6 t ~ U OTBeTUJla H a M , AeJlUTeJlb 3T0 M J l M HeT.

P a s p a 6 o ~ ~ e unen B ~ I ~ O B ~ on~o i i nonnporpawMb1 n3 npyroii nocsfi- meHo ynpaxHeHue 5.14. 3necb M ~ I ee paccMaTpnBaTb He t i y n e ~ ,

3aMeTAM JIMUIb. qTO B IIOC.'IeAYloLUHX IIpOrpaMMaX O H a ~ a f i ~ e ~ CBOe

oTpaxeHne.

5.5.4. E q e OAUH cnoco6 IlpOBepKU Ha AeJlUMOCTb: onepaTop mod

K ~ K yn0MHHanOCb B C a M O M HallaJle rJaBb1, Mbl MOrJIn 6b1

UCIIOJlb3OBaTb IIpNHuHIIHaJIbHO M H O ~ ~ cnoc06 nPOBepKM Ha AeJlUMOCTb.

P a ~ e e Mbl CTPOMJIH I IPOBePKY, OnMpaRCb Ha TOT @ ~ K T , qTO IIpM KeJlO-

qACJleHHOM AeJIeHHH OCTaTOK OT AeJleHMR 0 ~ 6 p a c b l ~ a e ~ c R . Tenepb AJIR

IlpOBepKH H a neJMMOCTb I I p H M e H H M ~ P M @ M ~ T A ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ OIIepaTOp mod. H ~ ~ O M H A M (CM. n. 1.3.1 ) , TO BbIpaxeHne x mod y naeT ocTaToK OT neJIeHMR X H a lj. ~ ~ u B ~ A € ! M HeCKOJlbKO IIpHMepOB n p M M e H e H M R onepaTopa mod ( n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c ~ , TO Bce nepeMeHHble nMeloT ~ n n integer) :

a := 7 mod 2; b := 8 mod 2; c := 5 moQ 5; d := 199 mod 100

B nporpaMMe 5, nnR Toro q~06bl onpenenem, H s n R e T c R nn divisor nennTeneM number, M ~ I ~ H ~ J I N ~ M P O B ~ J I M nepeMeHHble quo- tient U product. HO @MeCTO aHaJki3a 3TMX IIepeMeHHblX MOXHO BOC-

nOJlb30BaTbCR OnepaTopoM mod. Bblpaxe~ne a mod b naeT 0 , ecnn a nennTcR Ha b 6e3 ocTaTKa. n p n ycnoBnn, TO 3 ~ a q e ~ n e number K p a T H O 3HaqeHMIO divisor, Pe3YJlbTaTOM AeJIeHUR number mod divisor 6 y ~ e ~ 0. K ~ K MCnOJlb3OBaTb 3TOT KT B npOrpaMMe 5? B C X e M e aJIr0- prima (CM. pnc. 5.3) war gonpenenu~b, R s n R e T c R nn divisor nenuTe- neM number> M ~ I ~ e ~ a ~ l n 3 n p y e ~ HecKonbKo nHaqe. B c a ~ o f i nporpaM- Me H ~ O ~ X O A A M O 6 y n e ~ M3MeHHTb T y ee qaCTb, rP.e B~I'~NCJTRDTCR

3HaLleHMR quotient A product H CpaBHHBaIOTCR 3HaqeHMR p r 0 d ~ ~ t M

number. M T ~ K , B H e C e M H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M ~ I ~ M3MeHeHMR B M C X O A H ~ I ~ ~ BapMaHT

nporpaMMbl (prob5). OHM ~ ~ T P O H Y T T O J I ~ K O nposenypy printalldivi- sors, n TO jlnwb HeKoTopble ee npennoxeHnR.

procedure printalldivisors(number: integer); ( - - . ) var divisor,remainder : integer; begin

for divisor := 1 to 40 do begin

remainder := number mod divisor; if remainder = 0

then writeln(divisor, ' ecra n m e n ' , number)

end ( for ) end; ( printalldivisors )

B ~ e c ~ n M3MeHeHHR OKa3a;IOCb nOBOnbH0 IIPOCTO. Y ~ M 3T0 0 6 % ~ ~ -

H R ~ T C R ? T ~ M , qTO npki p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e ~ a w e f i npOrpaMMbl Mbl CJleAOBaJlH

MeTony npoeKTnpoBaHnR c ~ e p x y - ~ a n s , nocTeneHHo n e ~ a n n 3 n p y ~ Kax- ~b l f i war. n p ~ TaKOM IIOAXOAe K IIpOeKTHpOBaHnlo IIpOrpaMMbl AOBOnb-

HO npocTo M ~ M ~ H H T ~ peweene, npnHnToe H a n o 3 n ~ e ~ x a n e neTann- 3asnn anropnma ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , KacalouleecR cnoco6a OnpeneneHnR AenuMocTu oAHoro qncna Ha npyroe), He s a ~ p a r n ~ a ~ o c ~ a n b ~ o f i

qaCTM npOrpaMMb1. n p n NHblX IIOAXOAaX K p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e IIPOrPaMMbI

npoc~efilllkie M3MeHeHUR B 0n~0f i ee qaCTM MOrYT IIOBJleqb 38 ~060fi 3HaqATeJlbHble M3MeHeHHR B npyrUX qaCTRX 3 ~ 0 i IIpOrpaMMbl.

O q e p e n ~ a ~ ~ o n n @ n ~ a q n ~ ~ a w e f i nporpaMMb1 n0cnyxn.r

nOBOAOM AJIR TOTO, q~06bl II03HaKOMMTb qMTaTeJIR C erne O n H M M Mom- HblM CPeACTBOM n a c ~ a n ~ . A0 CUX IIOp Mbl HCIIOJlb30BaJlM B HawMX

nporpaMMax TonbKo TaKue Tnnbl AaHHbIx, K a K integer, real n string. O A H ~ K O n a c ~ a n b AonycKaeT ncnonb3o~a~ne senoro pRna npyrnx TMIIOB. P~CCMOTPMM OAHH H3 HMX. ~ Y C T ~ HMeeTCR M C X O A H ~ I ~ ~ TMn

He nocTynaeT. O A H ~ K O ecnu HenonycTuMoe 3 ~ a . r e ~ u e nonanaeT B y nOCpeACTBOM npeAJIOXeHUR Ha3HaqeHUR, TO 6 n a r o ~ a p ~ aKTUBHOMy

COCTORHUD ANPeKTUBbl R CUCTeMa C O O ~ I ~ N T 06 O L L I U ~ K ~ M OCTaHOBUT

s b l n o n ~ e ~ u e nporpaMMb1.

0 n. 2.4.3 Mbl PeKOMeHAOBaJlU nOMeLUaTb AUPeKTUBY ( $ R +) B

HaqaJI0 K ~ X A O ~ IIpOrpaMMbl U 3aTeM yXe HUKOrAa ee H e BbIKJImqaTb.

Aanee I I p U 0 6 c y x n e ~ u u BOnpOCOB 06 OTPe304HbIX T U n a X U KOHTpOJIe

O W U ~ O K 6 y n e ~ CqNTaTb, qTO AMpeKTUBa KOMnUJlRTOpa R HaXOAUTCR

BO BKJIIO~~HHOM ( ~ K T M B H O M ) COCTORHUU.

Cefi4ac MbI P a C C M O T P U M ewe OAMH cnoc06 UCnOJIb30BaHUR

B IIpOrpaMMe THIIOB AaHHblX, OIIpeAeJIReMMe n P O r P a M M U C T O M . B 60nb-

UlUHCTBe CJIyqaeB OH OKa3blBaeTCR AaXe 6onee nOJle3HbIM, qeM

o n u c a ~ ~ b l f i paeee. TOT cnoc06 npennonaraeT BbInonHeHue cnenym- q u x uraroa. Ha nepaoM ware nporpaMMucT s a ~ a e ~ o6paseu (unu 1ua6nos) HOBOrO T u n a A a H H b I X , 3aTeM (BTOPOH mar) npUMeHReT HO-

B ~ I R TUII B IIOCJleAylOL4UX O ~ % R B J I ~ H U R X nepeMeHHblX ( K ~ K e C J U 661 3T0

6b1n 06b1qHblfi C T ~ H A ~ P T H ~ I ~ ~ Tun , HaIIPUMep integer unu real). B IIPUBOAUMOM HUXe IIpUMepe OnpeAeJIReTCR H0~blfi TNII C U M e H e M range.

Hanee OH UCnOJb3yeTCR B O ~ % R B J I ~ H U U nepe~e~H0f i number. O T M ~ T U M , TO OnpeAeneHue Tuna AonxHo npenwecTaoBaTb O ~ % R B J I ~ H H D , B KOTO- POM 3TOT TMII UCnOJIb3YeTCR. C Y I ~ ~ C T B Y ~ T 06wee IIpaBUJIO: Tun A a H H b l X

nonxeH 6 b l ~ b OnpeAeneH npexne, .reM OH 6 y n e ~ ucnonbsoaas. Pasnen onpeneneHnR TunoB pacnonaram 3a p a s n e n o ~ onpenene~ufi KOHCTaHT, HO IIepeA O ~ % R B J I ~ H U R M U nepeMeHHbIX. M T ~ K , BnOJIHe

AonycTuMo cnenymqee onpeneneHue Tuna:

type range = 0..40; var number : range;

B pe3yJIbTaTe BbInOJIHeHUR IIepBOrO npeAJlOXeHUR BbIAeJIeHUR

n a M R T U He IIPOUCXOAUT. TO npeAJIOXeHUe TOJbKO c 0 0 6 q a e ~ K O M n U -

J IRTOpy , qTO range - 3T0 o6pa3eu, ~ 0 ~ 0 p b l f i MOXeT CJIYXUTb HOBbIM

TUJIOM AaHHbIX B O ~ % R B J I ~ H U R X IIepeMeHHblX ( U ~ o o 6 q e . B nm6oR qaCTU npOrpaMMb1, me TOJIbKO MOXeT UCnOJlb30BaTbCR TUII A ~ H H ~ ~ x ) .

B ~ o p o e np€!AJIOX€!HUe BblAeJIReT YqaCTOK I I a M R T U AJIR nepe~eHH0i

number, T u n ~ o ~ o p o i 3anaH OTpe3KOM OT 0 A0 40. Tunbl AaHHblX

( ~ a s n e , K a K range), onpenene~~b le O ~ I H C ~ H H ~ I M ~ b l m e C ~ O C O ~ O M ,

Ha3blBaDTCR TUnUAt U, onpede~~eAtblAtu nP02PUMAtUCTOAt, B IIPOTUBO- IIOJtOXEfOCTb IIpenUnpeAeJIeHHblM CTaHAapTHblM T U n a M ( T ~ K U M , K a K

real unu integer). O A H ~ X A ~ I onpenenuB r u n , M ~ I MoxeM ~ O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ C R

U M T04HO T a K Xe, K a K CTaHAaPTHblM TUnOM - B nm6oii C U T y a u U U , rAe TOnbKO MOXeT ~ O T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ C H yKa3aTb T u n AaHHblX.

Bac MOXeT 3aH#TePeCOBaTb, nO4eMy M b l BKJIlOqUJU B OTPe30K,

i sanamwufi Tun n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i number, qucno 0. Mbl cAenanu TO AJR

TOTO, 4~0661 OTpe304HbIM TUIIOM, CKOHCTPYUPOBaHHbIM ASIR number,

I MOXHO 6blno IIOJIb30BaTbCR I I p U O ~ ~ R B J I ~ H U H npyrux nepeMeHHbIX Ha- mefi n p o r p a ~ ~ b l ( ~ a n p u ~ e p , product u quotient), nnR KOTOP~I$ o

d RBJIReTCR AOnYCTUMbIM 3HaqeHUeM. O T M ~ T M M , 4TO divisor TaKxe 6 y n e ~ JIpUHaAJIeXaTb 3TOMY TUnY ( n o q e ~ y ? ) . T ~ K U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , BCe

nepeM€!HHble ~aurefi IlpOrpaMMbl MOrYT 6 b l ~ b 0 6 ' b R ~ ~ e ~ b l C OAHUM M

TeM >Ke TUnOM.

npedynpexdenue. O ~ % R B J I R T ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ b ~ e number u divisor B T a - KOM n u a n a s o ~ e H e coeceM ~ ~ ~ O I I ~ C H O . TO, ecnu no 0 w u 6 ~ e number IIpMMeT 3Ha4eHUe o? TaKaR C U T y a U U f l AOnXH2 6b1~b HeMeAJleHHO ~ ~ @ U K C U ~ O B ~ H ~ C U C T ~ M O ~ ~ K a K o w u 6 o ~ ~ a ~ . Ho, JIOCKOJbKy Tenepb 3HaqeHUe 0 BKJIDqeHO B p a ~ ~ l ~ p e ~ ~ b l f i AUana30H AOIIyCTUMbIX 3Ha4e-

H U G n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i number, c o o 6 q e ~ u ~ 06 ouru6~e M ~ I He nonyquM.

~ O ~ T O M Y T u n number u divisor 6e3onac~ee onpenenmb oTnenbHo -

K a K OTpe30K OT 1 A0 40.

n e p e n u w e ~ nporpaMMy 5. Mcnonb3ye~ O T P ~ ~ K U u Mexa- HM3M OIIpeAeJIeHMR TUnOB. 3flecb IIOKa3aHbl TOJIbKO T e 'IaCTN IIpOrpaM- Mbl, KOTOPble IIOnBePI'JIUCb IIepepa60~Ke. Heu3~eHeHHble @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T ~ I

nponycKaeM. Ha MecTe Kaxnoro a3 H U X CTOUT MHoroTowe.

program prob5d; ( -.. type range = 0..40; var number : range;

procedure printalldivisors(number: range); { ... 1 var divisor,product,quotient : range; begin ... end; { printalldivisors )

begin { rna~~tunporpaMMa ) for number := 1 to 40 do

printalldivisors(number) end. ( prob5d )

5.5.9. ~ O C J ~ ~ A H R R BepCHR nporpaMMbl 5. 3YeTCR KOHCTaHTa C MMeHe-M limit. T a ~ o e s c o ~ ~ e c ~ ~ o e n o n b 3 0 ~ a ~ ~ e ; e

K O H C T ~ H T ~ ~ B OnpeAeAeHHRX THnOB n"eHaMn RBJI~eTCH,qaCTHbIM CJyqaeM BeCbMa o6qefl C N C T ~ M ~ I npa- Bun, P e r J a M e ~ ~ n p y r o ~ e f i UCnOJb3OBaHUe OnHNX n TeX Xe N M e H B maB-

A Tenepb, HecKonbKo H ~ M ~ H M B nocTaHoBKy sanasu, s a i - HOG ~ P O ~ P ~ M M ~ n n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ e . ~ T U n p a ~ n n a M ~ I 6ojee nonpo6~0 M e M C R pa3pa60~~0f i IlOCJleAHerO BapMaHTa HaLUefi npOrpaMMbl. ripen- O~CYA'M n. 9.6.1 - 9.6.7. A nOKa CCOBMecTHoe noJb30BaHHe>>

nojoH<MM, qTO MOXeT ~ O T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ C R HaXOAMTb ne.TIMTeJH He TofibKO uMeHaMn 6 y n e ~ npaKTnKOBaTb OqeHb OrpaHUqeHHO. K ~ K H M ~ H H O - nepBblX 40 sucen, HO n nepsb~x 27, unu 38, nna 63 qacen. K ~ K M ~ I M ~ I cefiqac ~ O R C H N ~ I .

o ~ ~ e q a n H B n. 4.3.5, 4.3.7, eCTeCTBeHy0e peWeHHe 3~0f i np06ne~b1 A e ~ o B TOM, qTO 3arOJOBOK nOAnpOrpaMMb1 AonXe~ c o f l e p ~ a ~ b

3 a ~ ~ l ~ ) q a e ~ ~ ~ B ~ C ~ O . ~ I ~ ~ O B ~ H M U KOHCTaHTbI - BeAb M O A ~ @ U U H P O B ~ T ~ 0 6 % ~ ~ n e ~ n e ~ u n a ~ a x n o r o @ o p ~ a n b ~ o r o napaMeTpa. E ~ J H Tnn

KOHCTaHTY JlerKO. K O H C T ~ H T ~ B npOrpaMMe 5 MOX~T BbIcTynaTb B napaMeTpa RBnReTCR nPOCTbIM CKaJRPHbIM TUnOM (HanpHMep, integer nayx p o n ~ x : B ~ a q e c ~ ~ e ~ e p x ~ e r o n p e ~ e n a AJR M H A ~ K C ~ B u u ~ n e real), T? 3TOT T U ~ MOXHO yKa3aTb B s a r o n o ~ ~ e ~ e n o c p e n c ~ ~ e ~ - for u B ~ a q e c ~ ~ e ~ e p x ~ e i i r p a ~ u u ~ o ~ p e 3 ~ a B onpenene~un ~ u n a . HO. E a n T U ~ n a p a ~ e ~ p a ~e n p u ~ a n n e m n ~ K CKaJIRpHbIM (Hanpw- P e a n a s y e ~ nnero n c n o n b s o ~ a ~ u ~ K O H C T ~ H T B ~ a m e f i n p o r p a ~ ~ e . MeP, ecnn 3TO O T P ~ ~ O K ) , TO ero ~ e 0 6 x o ~ n ~ o npenBapnTeJbH0 onpene- 0 6 p a ~ a ~ e B H u M a H U e Ha IlOpRAOK O n U C a H H R O ~ % ~ K T O B pa3nUqHofi n N T b r ~ a ~ ~ o f i nporpaMMe, JMWb 3aTeM NCIIOJIb3OBaTb B ~ ~ ~ O J I O B K ~ npMp0nbl - KOHCTaHT, TMnOB, IIepeMeHHblX, nOAnp0rpa~M. K ~ K n0A- ~ O ~ ~ P O ~ P ~ M M ~ I .

qepKnsanocb pattee, onHo a3 sax~e i iu inx npaBun n a c ~ a n ~ rnacu-r: nro6oii O ~ % ~ K T ( 6 y ~ b TO KOHCTaHTa, nepeMeHHaR U J U TO-TO npyroe) AonxeH 6b1~b OnpeneneH anu 0 6 % ~ s n e ~ no Toro, K a K ero snepsble ucnonb3yWT. ( B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e BCeB03MOXHbIe BHAM O ~ % R B J I ~ H H ~ ~ 5.5.1 1 . O n p e ~ e ~ l e ~ w e ~wna n o n p e ~ e n e ~ u a MOXHO ccnepeMewusaTb>>, onHaKo B paMKax co6nro- AnR CTPHHroBblx n e p e ~ e ~ ~ ~ x AeHuR yKa3aHHoro n p a e u ~ a . ) ( T O J ~ K O B Typ60 flacwme)

program prob5e; ( ..- 1 ,const limit = 40; .type range = 0. .limit; vat number : range;

procedure printalldivisors(nu~~er: range); ( ... ) var divisor,product,quotient : range; begin

begin ( ~na~nasxrrporpa~~a ) for number := 1 to limit do

printalldivisors(number) end. ( prob5e )

P~CCMOTPNM ewe OAHO BeCbMa IlPOAYKTUBHOe HanpaBneHUe I I p N M e H e H M R OnpeneJeHNR TNnOB B IlOAnpOrpaMMaX. B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ onpenenmb Tnnbl ~ O ~ B O ~ F I ~ T ncnonb30~a~b nepeMeHHbIe Tnna string B KaqeCTBe @ O P M ~ J ~ H M X IIapaMeTpOB, a TaKXe B KaqeCTBe OTBeTa,

~ o s a p a u a e ~ o r o @ y ~ ~ u u e i i . Bce Hnnie C K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ OTHOCNTCR T O J I ~ K O K

CuCTeMe Typ60 n a c ~ a n b , B KOTOPOH UMeeTCH TNn AaHHblX string. n e p e q n ~ a i i ~ e m. 3, B K O T O P O ~ ~ O ~ C Y X A ~ I O T C R cTpnHrn.- M ~ I nojra- TaeM, qTO cefiqac B 3TOM MOXeT B03HUKHyTb I ~ o T ~ ~ ~ H o c T ~ .

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O J O X U M , qTO Tpe6yeTcR HanUCaTb @ Y H K ~ N K I eguafstr, KoTopaR 6 y n e ~ B ~ I F I C H R T ~ , p a B H M nu Mexny co6oii nBe nepeMeHHMe T u n a string. Ecnn 3 H a q e ~ n ~ 060nx napaMeTpOB @ Y H K ~ U H egualstr, s t f l N stf2, PaBHM, TO @YHKUHR B03BPaUaeT pe3yJlbTaT 'yes', B npOTUB-

HOM cnyqae oHa ~ 0 3 s p a q a e ~ 'no'. 3 ~ o cpaBHeHue 661no 661 p a 3 y ~ ~ e e

BbInOnHUTb <<HanPfIMYK)>>, 6e3 UCnOJb30BaHUR @ ~ H K U H H . H ~ M Xe

@YHKUNFI HyXHa nJlH TOrO, q~06b1 Ha HeCJIOXHOM IIpUMepe nOKa3aTb,

K a K ncnonb30~a~b nepeMeHHbIe T n n a string B nonnporpaMMe. M3 C K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ O B M u e cnenyeT, YTO B 3 a r o n o ~ ~ e nonnporpaMMM

n p n O ~ % R B J I ~ H N N IIepeMeHHblX Strl ki str2 MOXHO NCnOJIb30BaTb

o n p e n e n e ~ ~ b ~ f i paHee T u n naHHblx. ~ O ~ T O M Y nocTynuM cnenyroqm

B nocnefiil:ru nayx n p o r p a ~ ~ a x (prob5d a prob5e) M ~ I 06pa30~: onpenenuM ~ e ~ o ~ o p b ~ f i T U ~ , cKaxeM st;type, B r i a ~ ~ ~ i i

no3HaKoMnjlacb ewe C OAHHM MOWHbIM CPeACTBOM n a c ~ a ~ ~ . OTMeTuM7 nporpaMMe, a 3aTeM BOCnOJIb3yeMCR H M npn O ~ L R B J I ~ H H U Hawux

BePCun prob5d TUn range, 0npeneneH~blfi nporpaMMncToM @ o p ~ a ~ b H ~ x wmVm'poB. Pe3yJIbTaT, ~ 0 3 B p a q a e ~ b l f i @yHKqwefi,

B r J l a B ~ ~ f i npOrpaMMe, HCIlOJIb3yeTCR K a K B r . n a ~ ~ o f i nporpaMMe, TaK OnPeAeJnM c THnOM anstype. M T ~ K , B m a ~ ~ o f i nporpaMMe 3 a n u w e ~ cnenyroqne onpeneneHnR T n n o B :

n B nonnporpaMMe. B sepcuu prob5e aHanoruqHbIM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ NcnoJb-

type strtype = string[5]; anstype = string[3];

B nonnporpaMMe nnR @ o p ~ a n b ~ b i x napaMeTpoe s a n p e m e ~ o MCnO~lb30BaTb TnIl AaHHbIX C yKa3aHHeM KOHKPeTHOrO pa3Mepa (Ha- npnMep, string [3] nnu string [5] ) . Tun @ o p ~ a n b ~ b ~ x napaMeTpoB AOJIlKeH 6b1~b IlPOCTbIM ( 3 ~ 0 MOXeT 6 b l ~ b TUn integer, real, char M a n ~ a ~ o f i - n n 6 0 npoc~ofi T H R , 0npefle~leHHbIfi ~ P O ~ P ~ M M M C T O M ) , a YnOTpe- 6 n e ~ u e 6onee cnoxHoro 3neMeHTa ( H a n p n ~ e p , string [3] ) - He no- nYCTHM0. Tnn 3HaLleHMFI, B03BpaqaeMOrp @ Y H K U M ~ ~ ~ , TaKXe AOJIXeH

6 b l ~ b IIpOCTbIM. ECJN Xe MbI XOTMM, Y~06b1 ~ 0 3 s p a m a e ~ o e 3Haqe~ne

6b1no CTPHHrOM, H a M IlpMneTCR BOCROJIb30BaTbCR MeXaHM3MOM onpene- J l e H M R TMIIOB. TonbKo TaK H a M YAaCTCR 060f i~n YIIOMRHyTOe O r p a H H Y e -

H M e Ha MCnOJb3OBaHHe TUnOB.

Huxe nPMBOAMTCR TeKCT @ Y H K U N M equalstr. Onpe~eJlkiB ~eo6xo- AnMbre Tnnbr B r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpame, M ~ I nonylraeM B O ~ M O X H O C T ~

~ I I o T ~ ~ ~ J I H T ~ HX B 3arO~lOBKe @ Y H K U M W .

function equalstr(strl,str2 : strtype) : anstype; ( @YH- nposepxeT Ha PasencTso { nsacrpama- strlustr2. ( Bo3spauae~z.m en, onasenue~ ) { 6yne~na60 'yes', nu60 'no'

A BOT ~ a ~ o f i nnn nMeeT n p o r p a m a , conepxamaR @YHKUHIO

equalstr:

program usetypes; ( . - . ) type strtype = string[5];

anstype = string[3]: var sl,s2,s3,s4 : strtype;

s5, s6 : anstype;

function equalstr(strl,str2 : strtype) : anstype; ... end; ( equalstr )

begin ( rnas~a~ nporpaMMa ) s1 := 'heavy'; s2 := 'deep'; s5 := equalstr(sl,s2) ; s3 := 'babe'; s4 := 'babe'; s6 := equalstr(s3,s4); s1 := 'babes'; writeln(s5,' ',s6,' ',equalstr(sl,s3)

end. ( usetypes )

~ ~ M ~ T M M , YTO OnPeAeJIeHUR THROB IIORBJIRIOTCR B TeKCTe HaUIefi nporpaMMbl paebure, Y e M nonnporpaMMa equalstr, nosToMy ucnonb-

s o s a ~ u e Tunon stri pe n anstype B 3 a r o n o ~ ~ e @ Y H K U H M ~ ~ K O H H O .

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rIepeMeHHaR s3 - s ~ a ~ e ~ u e 'babe'. B Tene nonnporpaMMb1 ycnonne if O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C F I J I O X H ~ I M . BcneAcTBue Yero equalstr HasHaYaeTcR 'no'. TO 3 ~ a q e ~ n e ~ o s s p a q a e ~ c ~ r n a s ~ o f i nporpaMMe n s a ~ e ~ neqa- TaeTCR HapRny CO 3HaqeHMFIMM ~5 M ~ 6 .

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nucb c n e n a T b H a m y n p o r p a m y 6onee ~ a r n ~ n ~ o f i . K H U M OTHOCUTCR

IIpeXfle B C e r O B K J l l o q e H U e B T e K C T n p O r p a M M b 1 K O M M e H T a p U e B . B K a K M X

T O q K a X I I p O r p a M M b l C J l e A y e T B K J I D q a T b K O M M e H T a P U U , a B K a K U X -

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~ o o 6 ~ e < ~ H T M ~ + + ~ K T U B H O > > .

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T o n . Hamu p e K o M e H n a 4 u u O C T a B J l R D T 6 0 n b ~ u y m cso6ony ~ b l 6 0 p a

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6onee H a r J I R n H b I M , e C n U C J I e n O B a T b T a K U M C O B e T a M . B o - n e p ~ b l x ,

I I ~ o c T ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ J I Y q U l e p a 3 M e U a T b H e B 0 n H 0 f i C T p O K e ,

a H a nayx unu 6onee c T p o K a x . H a n p u ~ e p , K O M M ~ H T ~ P U ~ ~ B printalldivi- sors 6 b 1 n 3 a n u c a ~ T a K :

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H U ~ Y A ~ < P a M K y > > . H a n p u ~ e p , K O M M ~ H T ~ ~ U ~ ~ , n o ~ e q a e ~ b l i i B H a q a n o

n p O r p a M M b 1 , M O X H O O @ O P M M T ~ T a K :

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1 1

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U a e ~ b l f i B H a q a J I O I l p O r p a M M b l , U T e K O M M e H T a P M U , H a K O T O P b l e

no K a K U M - T O I l P M q U H a M C q U T a e M H Y X H b l M O ~ P ~ T U T ~ B H U M a H U C ' . Ham r J I a B ~ b 1 f i C O B e T O T H O C U T e J I b H O K O M M e H T a p H e B C B O n H T C R K C J l e n y l O U e -

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B I l p O r p a M M e 5 M b l C T a p a J l U C b U C n O J I b 3 O B a T b C M b l C J I O B b l e ,

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n a e a e M o r o onepauueu mod. B ~ a w e f i r i p o r p a M M e u M e H a n e p e M e s -

H b l X A O C T a T O q H O X O P O U I O I lORCHRJICI, A J l R q e r O n P e n H a 3 H a q e H b 1

3 T U I l e p e M e H H b l e . HO e C n U B b I C O q T e T e H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M ~ I M , B H a q a J l O I I p O r -

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var x,y,z,w : integer; ... if x > y then z := 0

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n B Y M R C ~ O C O ~ ~ M U - R C H b l M , HO, G ~ I T ~ M O X e T , H e O q e H b ~ @ @ ~ K T w B -

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n p a ~ u n a , n p e n n o x e H H b l e H a M u B K a q e c T B e 3 J I e M e H T O B xopomero CTHJIR I l p O r p a M M U P O B a H H R , H e R B J I R D T C R U C q e P n b l B a l o L I I U M U . C T P O ~ H X n p a B U J l , O I l p e A e J l 5 l D L U U X , q T O T a K O e < < X O P O U I U ~ ~ ~ H T J M ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ R3MKW,

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oKasanticb npencTaeneriHHMe B @ o p ~ e C T ~ H J ~ ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ K O H C T ~ ~ K U H H for. 2. npouecc nocnenoea~enb~ofi pa3pa60T~w cxeMb1 anroptiTMa no MeTony nporpaM-

MHPOBaHRfl CBepXy-BHW3COCTOHT B TOM, YTO Ha KaXnOM 3Tane qaCTHble neTanH PellleHNfl sanaqe ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , Kacammeecfl KoHKperHoro cnoco6a onpeneneHnfl nennMocTw OnHO- ro YHcna Ha npyroe) orKnanHealorcfl no Toro MoMeHTa, nowa He ~ b ~ f l e u ~ c f l o 6 m a ~ cTpyK-rypa anropuTMa ( ~ a n p e u e p , noKa He craHeT RCHO, TO oneH unKn fl0,lXeH 6blTb nOMeUeH B Tea10 flp)?TOTO). B11poqeb1, fldlfl @ N K C ; ~ U H N 1103T ;1 I lHb lX

Y T O ' I H ~ H H ~ ~ PellleHHfl MOXeT 6blTb npNMeHeH H nCeBn0KOn. 3. n p e BblnonHeHtiti uenoqecneHHoro neneHnfl (nocpencreo~ onepaTopa div)

ocTaroK OT neneewfl ( npo6~af l VacTb q a c ~ ~ o r o ) 0~6pa~blBaeT~fl. H a n p u ~ e p , 9 div 2 naeT 4. TOT @BKT M O X H O HCnOnb30BaTb nnH llpVBl2pKH nenHM0CTU. q ~ 0 6 b l BblflCHHTb, flBnfleTcR nu OnHO qecno nenwTeneM npyroro, M O X H O nocTyneTb raK: pasnenaTb sanaHuoe qecno Ha npennonarae~b~ii nennTenb ( n o c p e n c ~ ~ o ~ div, a He /) N TO, TO

nonyqercfl B p e ~ y n b ~ a ~ e , Y M H O X H T ~ cHoBa Ha npennonarae~blii nenwenb. Ecnti pe3ynbTaTOM 6yner 3anaHHOe YNCJO, TO 3TO ti 6 y n e ~ 03HaqaTb, YTO NCnblTyeMOe ne i l c ree~enb~o nenm ero Haueno.

4. ApyroR cnoco6 npOBepKU Ha neJUMOCTb OCHOBaH Ha tiCnO~b3OBaHHH apki@~eTN- qecKoro orlepaTopa mod ( ~ b r p a x e ~ u e x mod y naeT ocTaToK OT neneHtiH x Ha y ) . Oqe- BtinHo, TO, Korna y RsnfleTcfl neneTeneM x. TOT ocTaToK nonxeH 6b1~b paBeH Hynm. Ha l lpe~ep , 8 mod 2 pastin 0, oTKyna ti aenyeT, TO 2 flenHeTcn nena.re- neM 8. Ecne fierane3aqti~ cxeMb1 anropeTMa 6blna npoeeneHa nonxHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , TO npti XeJlaHRU 3aMeHNTb MeTOn, ~ ~ C C M O T ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ B Il. 3, Ha TOJlbKO YTO O ~ U C ~ H H ~ I A He COCTaBtiT HWKaKOrO Tpyna.

239

-

3anaqa 7 T p e 6 y e ~ c ~ HanMCaTb IlpOrpaMMy, CqMTbIBaDUYH) ZaHHble M3

BHeWHerO +ah la M OnpeAeJleHHblM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ a D U y ~ U X .

B ~ a x n o f i cTpoKe +afina' conepxnTcR HoMep s a q e ~ ~ o i r K H M X K M CTYneHTa, KOJlHqeCTBO 3aqeTOB, CaaHHblX M M A0 HaCTORUerO CeMe-

CTpa, M KOJlNqeCTBO 3aqeTOB, CAaHHhlX B TeKYUeM CeMeCTpe. Ha- npuMep: 23456 87 15

TO CJIe3)'eT IlOHNMaTb T a K , qT0 CT)JetiT, H O M e p 3aqeTHOll

KHMXKH KOTOPOrO 23456, PaHee CaaJ 87 3aqe~oB. a B TeKyLllt?\l

ceMecTpe - ewe 15 s a q e ~ o ~ . n p o r p a ~ ~ a Ao.rl>r<Ha or1penenuTb 1 . 1 ~

3 a H H O r O CTYAeHTa ( B COOTBeTCTBMM C K B ~ . ~ M @ M I < ~ U M O H H O ~ ~ ~a6.111-

uei'i, n o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o A ~ u x e ) ero a ~ a a e z ~ n q e c ~ u f i cTaryc H a Haqa,io

TeKywero ceMecTpa - c ~ a p b ~ i i craTyc, - a 3 a ~ e ~ , ocHoBbraaRcb

Ha p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a x TeKyuero ceMecTpa, - HoBoe 3~acie~lqe cTar1ca. ~ O B O P R 6onee T O ~ H O , ~a tue i i nporpaMMe npe j c rouT ~b1q1tc.111~1,

CJenyDUMe BeAMqMHbl: c~apblfi CTaTyC CT)JeHTa. tIOBOe C)'MhlaPHUtl

qMCAO CnaHHbIX 3arleTOB N ~ ~ B b l i ' i CTaTYC. 3 a ~ e ~ flpOrpa?l?fa

ilOJIXHa BblACHMTb, HMeJlO J M IleCTO rlpOilBUXeHUe CTVXeHTa, 7 e nprio6pen n n O H 6onee sbrco~ni'i a ~ a ~ e u u q e c ~ u i r craryc. Bcro rloL1\ -

qeHHyD U H + O P M ~ U M D H ~ O ~ X O A M V O OTneqaTaTb

' Peqb HAeT 0 BaXHOM ,!lJlX n a c K a . 1 ~ K.laCCe TCK( T l l l i l l l i @ak;loB. KO\lnOlieHT t>l

KOTOpblX - ,lUTt?pbl - rpynnHpytOTCX B 6onee Kpyrltible ~ ~ H I I M I L b l . HaJblBaeWblt' C T P O -

t i n m u - I l p u m e r . nep

lower freshman upper freshman lower sophomore upper sophomore lower junior upper junior lower senior upper senior gradua te

n p u c ~ y n u ~ K p e r u e ~ l i ~ sanaqu 7, ~ o o p y ~ u ~ u ~ u c b y x e 3 ~ a -

K O M O ~ ~ H a w no npenblAyuuM rnasav h~e~oao.lorueii n p o e h - ~ u p o ~ a - H H R CBePXY-BHI33. H a q ~ e ~ C U3JlOXeHMR UeAM npOrpabl3fbl B Ca3lblX

o6mux q e p ~ a x , a 3 a ~ e ~ nonBeprHeM nepBoHaqa.lbHoc onucaHue noc.le- AOBaTeJlbHOMY )ITOqHeHMD, BblRBMB TaKMM 06pa3okq HeCKOJlbKO qeTKn

C + O ~ M ~ J I N ~ O B ~ H H ~ ~ X qacTHblx 3 a ~ a q . n p o n o n x a ~ npouecc ne~anu3a -

U M M , Mbl 6 y ~ e ~ PaCqJlPHATb BCIO n p o 6 ~ l e ~ y Ha Bce 6onee u 6onee n p o c ~ b ~ e nonsanaqu.

K a x n a ~ M3 nOA3aAaq, OnpeAeJleHHbiX Ha CTaAHM n P O e K T H P O B a H U R , B K O H u e KOHUOB CTaHeT H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ ~ K O H ~ C H H O ~ ~ I I O Z ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ M M O ~ ~ ,

H ~ ~ N C ~ H H O ~ ~ Ha nacKaJle. ~ P N 3TOM rJ laBHaR IlPOrpaMMa 6 y A e ~ npenCTaBJIRTb co6ofi HeKMfi 6 0 ~ b ~ 1 0 f i QHKJl (n00'4epe~H0 IIpOCMaTpU-

~aIOmMfi BCeX C T Y ~ ~ H T O B ) , B TeJle KOTOpOrO nPOH3BORRTCR o 6 p a ~ e ~ u ~ K OTAeJlbHblM n O A n p O r p a M M a M .

H a q n ~ a R C 3 ~ 0 i rJlaBbl N A0 K O H U a KHHTM, Mbl HaMepeHbl ~ o o 6 u e OTKa3aTbCR OT n p M M e H e H U R C X e M a J r O p M T M O B B KaqeCTBe CpeXCTBa

n p o e l i T M p o B a r i u R I I p o r p a M M b l ; B e c b npoqecc n o 3 ~ a n t r o h n e ~ a n n 3 a u ~ k r 6 y ~ e ~ O I l H C b l B a T b C H H a n C e B & O K O A e ( C M . n . 5.4.1 ) .

B c e , YTO Mbl M O X e M n O K a ~ 0 0 6 U H ~ b 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B M R X I l p O r -

P a M M b l 7, CBOAHTCR K C J l e n y f O U e M y :

C K ~ ~ ~ H O , KOHeYHO, H e CJlHUlKOM MHOTO, HO n O C J l e A y l o L l l e e Y T O q H e H H e ,

H a A O I l O J l a r a T b , H a n O J I H H T 3TM T P U @ p a 3 6 1 6 o n b u e R K0HKpe: 'HOCTbK).

ape>t<lle B C C r O C O B e p l U e H H O OYeBHAHO, YTO H a M H ~ O ~ X O A M M O I l p e -

n Y C M O T p e T b KaKYfO-TO n P O B e P K Y H a M C q e p n a H H e n 0 C T y n a f O U H X M 3 B H e

l a H H b l \ TO XC' h a C 2 l e T C R J 0 8 0 . 1 b H O T!MaHHOTO I l ) C l h T 3 <<ubpa0o- T'ITI, x. I V B , 1 t S ~ a . l ~ ~ j ~ i p o ~ a ~ ~ o b ~ n . r a H e p e u r e H n n O H p a c n a l a c l c n 1 1 )

He C T ~ H C M T O P O ~ M T ~ C R c P ~ ~ J I I I ~ ~ U H ~ ~ O T ~ ~ ~ . T ~ H ~ I Y 3 a n a ~ , a f l l O T O R O ~ M h 1 0 HOBOM J;IR H a C T U n e A a H H b I X , K O T O P b l M Mbl H a M e p e H b l

B o c n o , l b : i o u a T l > c H n ~ a c ~ o ~ m e u n p o r p a M M e . ~ O C T ~ B M M r l e p e n co6oA ah-08 B O n p O C : I<3K h l O X H O T P a K T O B a T b ( C n p 0 T p a M ~ ~ 0 f i TOqKlZ 3pe- HMR) C 7 a T V C b l C T y J e I i T a < < M . ? ~ ~ I u ~ u l l e p B O K y p C H U K > > , < < c T a p U I U h I l e p B O -

K Y P C H U K B u T. n.? FICHO, TO nepen H ~ M H ~e q e ~ l b ~ e H J ~ I I , C K ~ X ~ M , I

B e U e C T B e H H b l e Y H C u l a ; C npyI-0h C I O P O H b 1 , HX H e J l b 3 R C Y M T a T b M C T P H H -

T a M H . Te Z C B R T b O ~ L ~ K T O B , YTO y K a 3 a H b 1 B T p a @ e <<CT~TYC>> H ~ L U ~ G

~ ~ a l l ~ ( t ) ~ ~ a l l U ~ f l ~ ~ i i ~ a 6 n u q b 1 , YOTeJ lOCb 6 b 1 P a C C M a T P U B a T b K a K M H e -

h l o H n q e c K u y n 0 6 ~ b l f f O ~ O ~ H ~ Y ~ H ~ R c ~ y n e ~ e i i B a ~ a i e ~ n q e c ~ o ~ npo- JBH?hCHMM C' lyf l t3 t lTa T a ~ o r o P O J a ~ O T ~ ~ ~ H O C T H YYMTblBaFOTCR B n a c - K a J e . ~ ~ O I - ~ ~ M M N C T l l O C t 3 0 e M y YCrMOTPeHUfO h l O W e T O n p e A e J l R T b

BeJIHYHHbl , O T P a X a I O U H € ' H a 3 B a H ) i R ( P ~ K T O B HJlH I l p e J M e l O B p e a J I b H O r 0

M n p a . I

TO H l B O e C U O ~ ~ C T B I ) R 3 b I K a n p e n C T a B J l e H 0 0 ~ 0 6 6 1 ~ KJlaCCOM

T U n O B , H a 3 b l B a e M b l X TUnUMU nPpeYUCJ6'HUR UJlH U p O C T O nepeWLC-

C y ~ b H O B W ~ C T B ~ COCTOMT B T O M , TO ~ e ~ b ~ a 6 o p 3 H a q e H n f i , KOTOpI,I

h ~ l i M 0 x e - r 0 6 . 7 a n a T b H e K a R n e p e M e H H a R , p a s p e r u a e ~ c ~ 3alar1,. n p O C T 0 I lepeYHC;l l lB MS B C e 10 OAHOTO. B OT.1HYMe OT ~ P k l \ l e H R B L I I I ! I C R

l o C A X 1 1 o p n e p e M e y H b l x , n o . l y q a s u r n x q n c . ~ o n ~ ~ c 11.-rn CTPHHI .OBLIC

3 H a Y e H H R , 3 H a Y e H H R M H T M n a n e p e q M C J l e H M R R B J H K I T C R HU3SaHUII ti3- KUX-TO O ~ ~ ~ K T O B . B K a q e C T B e T a K O B M X MOrJlM 6 b 1 , H a I l p H M e p , BblC. ry-

n a T b 6 e G c 6 0 . l b ~ b l e K O M a H A b l ~ b l c U I e i ? J U r N , H a 3 B a H H R TOPOJOD, UMeVJ-

U H X C H M @ O H N ~ ~ C K N ~ O P K e C T P b l , H a H M e H O B a H H R BCeX U B e T O B p a A y r H

n T. 11. 0 n p e n e : l n r b n e p e q n c n e H n e - S H ~ ~ H T n o c T p o n T b c n u c o K H C -

KOTOPLlX H M e H , P a 3 A e J I R R h1.K 3 a n R T M M H H 3 a K . i l a q U B D e C b CIIIICOK

B Kpyr;l l ; le C K O ~ K I I . O 1 1 p e ~ e . 1 1 i s 1 , H a n p r i M e p , T u n coins ( i o a c r b ~ ) co 3 t r a -

LIerl l ;RMu penny, nickel, dime u quarter.

type coins = (penny,nickel,dime,quarter);

11 T e n e p b B e p t r e M c R K n p o r p a M M e 7 n o n p e j e , l n M T n n n e p e c l n c n e -

HHR S ~ U ~ U S , 3 H a Y e H M R KOTOPOTO ( A ~ B R T ~ H M e H - O T lowerfresh no graduate) 0 6 p a 3 p e h r H 3 COOTBeTCTByfOulMX ~ a 3 ~ a ~ n h C T a T p C O B .

O i l l l i l ~ H 3 n p e U M y U e C T B n e p e ~ l k i ~ ~ e ~ r l ~ R B J l R e T C R B03MOXfiHOc'Tb 30-

T O ~ M ~ ~ T I ~ ' ~ ~ C K O ~ ? n p O B e p l < k i ~ H L ~ Y ~ H M ~ , l I O J l y . l a e M b l X n e p e M e H I i b l h l l l !3 XO.lt?

B b l n O J l H e H H R I I p O r p a M M b l : B C R K O e 3 H a Y e H H e , 0T.ITWqHOe O T ~10601-0 U 3 I l e p e L I H C J e H H b l X , H e M e n J l e H H O o ~ H ~ ~ ~ X M B ~ ~ T C R H O T M e q a e T C R

K a K O L L I ~ I ~ O ~ H O € ! - TOYHO T a K Xe, K a K B M R B J l R e T C R B b l Y O Z 3a AOnYCTM-

M b l e C P a H H U b l B C A y Y a e O T P e 3 K O B (CM. Il . 5.5.6). Y ~ a 3 a t i H a f l B0:i-

M O X H O C T b H e O U e H U M a I I p H O T J l a A K e I I p O r p a M M b l . O q e H b B a X H O C

C a M o r O H a q a J l a Y I I C H H T ~ , TO 3 ~ a q e ~ n f f , O T H e c e H H b l e K ~ n n y s f l l f u s ( ~ a ~ n e , K a K lowerfresh nnu graduate ) , tie n l v l e m T H n q e r o 06ule1-o co C T P M H T a h l H , M ~ O ~ ~ ~ X ~ I O U I U M H COOTBeTCTByIOlll ,Me C j l O B a ( l ! a I l p H ~ € ! p ,

' l o ; b r e r f i - e s h ' n . 1 ~ 'graduate ' ) . K 3 T O M y B O n p O C y \ l b l CLUC BePH251CR tl

n. 7.5, r f l e < c n p l l p o d a > > n e p e ~ k i c . ' l e ~ u R 6 y ~ e ~ p a c c M o T p e H a 6o:lc.e

~ J I Y G O K O . M T ~ K , s a n n u e ~ o n p e n e " 7 e H n e T u n a s tatus u TYT x e ~ P O A ~ M O H C T ~ ~ ~ -

p y e M ero n p n M e H e H u e , O ~ ~ R B U B A B e n e p e M e H H b l e olds ta fus I* rlezt- status:

type status = (lowerfresh, upperfresh, lowersoph, uppersoph, lowerjunior, upperjunior, lowersenior,uppersenior, graduate) ;

var oldstatus : status; newstatus : status;

Ewe pa3 O T M e T H M , YTO B C R K a R n O I l b l T K a H a 3 H a q H T b n e p e M e H H b I M

oldstatus n newsiatus ~ a ~ o e - n n 6 o s ~ a q e ~ n e B H e a a n a ~ ~ o r o c n n c ~ a ' 6 y ~ e ~ o ~ l u 6 ~ o i i .

I I l a n p w ~ e p , 824, 'a', ' g r a ~ l u a t e ' H.IU quarter. - I lpu.uer. nrp

rlpofionlt<;~k~ arianus nporpaMMbr 7 u onpenenm, u3 HaKux ~ o a y n e f i oria BYACT COCTORT~. n e p ~ o f i sanaqefi cornacHo onucaHuro Ha IICeBnOKOAe RBJIFIeTCR B B O n U H ~ $ O P M ~ ~ U U . K HaCTORUeMy M O M e H T Y

Cq!tTblRaHMe JaHHb1.Y \.Xe !It? n p e n C T a B J R e T irnR H a C oco6brx TPYJHO-

c-reA. O J H ~ K O B OT..IHqM€' OT IlPIIBbIqHOrO UHTePaKTllBHOrO BBOAa A a H - HbIX, 3.IeCb IlpUJeTCH IlMeTb Jeu10 C BHeUIHM11 l$ak - I0~ . T e x ~ ~ ~ q e c l i u e

Jt?T;1;II1 T a K O T O cnoco6a B R O l a OT,lOXHLl 20 HeIlOCpeJCTBeHHOrO KOJki-

posaxk1n nporpahiMbr f f a Ilac;<a:~e. a noga OTMeTMU, TO H a M no~pe6y - ~ T C R cneilkra.?stia~ noAnporpahr.ua, 3a onHo o 6 p a u e ~ u e K ~ o ~ o p o i i ilp'3ki3B01::TC.C! CLIItTblBaHFt€' k13 B H e U I H e T O l$afiJla IlOp~MU naHHb1.Y.

O!IIICbIRCIK)LUIi~ OLIHOI.0 CTl;l€'H'l'a. C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ H H O 11 Ha3OBeM ee - readonesf tldcq!.

BTOPMM uaroM ,IO;IXHO cTaTb BbIqucneHue TeKyuero ( c ~ a p o r o ) Cl'aTq'Ca CTyaeHTa. 3~153 3TOTO H a M ~ O H ~ A O ~ U T C R TOjlbKO YTO CqUTaH-

tiue qucno s a q e ~ o ~ , CnaHHbrx CTyAeHToM K Haqany TeKymero ceMecTpa; eMy IlpefiCTOUT npeBpaTMTbCR B 3KBUBaJeHTHOe 3HaqeHUe Tuna S ~ U -

tus. n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ y , ocyuecTsnRrouyro ~ p e 6 y e ~ o e npeo6pa30sa~ue,

H ~ ~ O B ~ M findstatus. ~ O J Y ~ U B B KaqecTBe napaMeTpa qenoe qucno

( K O J I U ~ ~ C T B O 3 a ' i e ~ 0 ~ ) , OHa AOJIXHa BbIAaTb OAHO U3 AeBRTU 3Haqe-

~ t ~ f i , ~ ~ A ~ H H ~ I X nepequcneHueM: lowerfresh u n u upperfresh unu lowersoph u T. n.

C n e n y m u a ~ s a ~ a q a - onpeaenewie HoBoro cTaTyca. ee pe- LuefrnH ~ e o 6 x o n k i ~ o npenBapuTe.rIbHo BbIqucnuTb nonHoe qucno

(:EaHfIbIX 3aqeTOB, CJOXUB PaHee CnaHHbIe 3aqeTbl CO CnaHHblMU B Te- KyUeM CeMeCTpC. ~ o J I ~ ~ C H H ~ R C y M M a U ~ Y A ~ T 3aTeM UCnOJIb30BaHa

ilJR OnpeAeJ IeHUR HOBOrO CTaTyCa . B ~ I ~ O J I H M T ~ yKa3aHHbIe A ~ ~ ~ C T B U R

I I O ~ ! . ~ M M nonnporpayI>re uptiufe ( O ~ H O B U T ~ ) , HanucaB ee B l$ophge rrpouenypbr. B KaqecTse napaMeTpoB oHa 6 y n e ~ nonyqaTb Konu- '4eCTBa 3aLIeTOB, CAaHHblX CTYAeHTOM K a K 20, T a K U B TeqeHNe Te- Kyuero ceMecTpa. P e 3 v . ~ b ~ u p y r o u u ~ 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i 6 y n e ~ nsa: o6mee qucno 3 a q e ~ o ~ u H O B ~ I ~ ~ craTyc; u TO u npyroe BbrqucnuT npouenypa update. Yxe cefiqac MO)KHO n p e a c ~ a 3 a ~ b , TO ~ J I R BbrnojlHeHuR c~oe i i sanaqu npouenypa update r 1 p u 6 e r ~ e ~ K ycnyraM o n u c a ~ ~ o f i sbrure

nonnporpaMMb1 fir~dstafus (Ha qeM ocsoBas ~ a ~ o i i n p o r ~ o 3 ? ) .

Aanee H a M IIpefiCTOUT BbIRCHUTb, UMeJlO J I M MeCTO IlPOflBNXeHUe

R CTaTyce cTyneHTa. T. e. ~ O ~ H R , I C R nu OH Ha cnenyrouyro aKaneMu- qeCKyI0 CT).'neHb ( a T O 11 eUle ~b1UIe) U v l U H ~ T . ' n y ~ ~ b Y H a C 3TUM 3 a i -

MeTcR noAnporpaMMa promotion ( n p o n ~ u m e ~ u e ) . M ~ I nepenanuM efi A B a IlapaMeTpa - C T ~ ~ ~ I U U H O B ~ I U CTaTYCbI; C p a B H U B N X , O H a U

OTBCTUT Ha I I O C T ~ B J I ~ H H ~ I G BOnpOC.

l-Ia~oHeu, HYXHO npenyCMOTpeTb OTneJlbHYK) IIOflnpOrpaMMy, KO-

T O p a R OTneqaTaeT BCe pe3yJbTaTbl. He BnaBaRCb n O K a B n o n p o 6 ~ o c ~ u , OrpaMuquMcR ~ o ~ c ~ a j a u u e i i ee uMeHu: printonestudent.

BOT Tenepb, Korna c r p y ~ r y p a nporpaMMb1 7 B o6mex qepTax

o 6 p u c o ~ a ~ a , MOXHO IIPUCTYnaTb K ee " ~ o ~ ~ ~ M M H o T ~ p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e Ha I l a c ~ a n e .

~ ~ ~ O J I O B O K IlpOrpaMMbI 7 MOXeT 6 b l ~ b CTOjlb me .rlaKO-

H U ~ H ~ I M , K a K B n p e x e u x Hamux nporpaMMax. neno B TOM, TO HeKoTo- PbIe B e p C U U I I ~ c K ~ J I R ' ~ p e 6 y I O ~ YnOMllHaHUR B 3aTOJIOBKe M ~ B H O ~

IlpOrpaMMbI U M e H BCeX B H e U I H U X @aaJloB, C KOTOPbIMU pa6orae.r AaH-

Hafi nporpaMMa. oiHaKo B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e co6nrona~b y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o e

npaBU~l0 He 06R3a~eJlbHO. Ecnu Bbl HaklepeHbI UCIlOJIb30BaTb K ~ K O ~ -

~ ~ 6 0 B H ~ L U H U ~ ~ l$afiJl (AaXe O T J I U ~ H ~ I ~ OT C T a H n a P T H O r O input ) , TO B 3aTOJIOBKe IlpOrpaMMbI 06 3TOM MOXHO He c 0 0 6 q a ~ b . 60JIee TOrO,

K a K OTMeqanOCb B n. 1.2.1, 3arO.lOBOK npOrpaMMb1 B Typ60 nacKaJIe ~ o o 6 u e He UrpaeT H U K ~ K O ~ ~ POJIU U COBePUIeHHO U r H O p U P Y e T C R KOM-

nunRTopoM. M T ~ K , s a n u u r e ~ Haqano npurpaMubr PI-ob 7.

program prob7; (--------------------------------- )

( 0 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a j q a ~ ~ b i x o CTyAeHTaX ) ( c U C ~ O ~ ~ O B ~ H U ~ M ~ n e m ~ e x w ) ( @ a h a u nepewcne~usi (--------------------------------- )

7.3.2. CTaH~apTHble @aGnbl input U output. Tun text

Tenepb C a M O e B p e M R IlOrOBOpUTb 0 TeX AByX @ a h a x , KOTOPbIMU

M ~ I UIUPOKO nonb30~anucb BO Bcex Hauux nporpaMMax - input u output. He BnaBaRCb B npOCTpaHHb1e O ~ ~ J R C H ~ H U R , CKaXeM, qTO

uMeHa input N output 3 a ~ p e n ~ l e ~ b 1 3a A R Y M R npeAonpeneneHHblMu

@ a f i n a ~ u T u n a text (06 TOM q y ~ b ~ u x e ) . B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e U M R

input OTHOCHTCR K CTaHAaPTHOMY l$afiJIy CUCTeMHOrO B B o A ~ ' . 06b14-

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BCTaBJleHa B H ~ K o ~ H T ~ J ~ ~ B: . Ecnu Xe npHneTCR HMeTb AeJlO C n P Y r H M U M a U r U H a M U HJIH K ~ K O A - T O H H O ~ ~ opraHU3a~Hefi B B O n a RaHHblX, Mbl

nonaraeM, TO B ~ I cyMeeTe p a 3 0 6 p a ~ b c ~ , K a K CTPORTCR O n u c a H u R sHeurHux @af ino~ B saurefi cucTeMe.

C ~ e n e ~ u ~ o B H e r u H e M @ a h e (ero H M R H Memo p a c n o n o x e ~ u ~ ) c o o 6 u a l o ~ c ~ I l p H n O M O l l l H npeLlJIOXeHHR assigll T H ~ ~ H ~ L I H T ~ ) . ~ T U M

npennomeHueM K O M ~ H ~ R T O P ~ n p e n n k l c b ~ ~ a e ~ c ~ noruqecKu C B R ~ ~ T ~

H M R @ a h a , @urypupylouee B n a c ~ a n b - n p o r p a ~ ~ e ( B HameM cnyqae

studentdata), c uMeHeM @ a h a Ha B H e m H e M s a n o ~ ~ ~ a l o u e ~ ycrpoii- C T B e ( ~ u c K ~ ) . n0cJIenHee Mbl 3aAaAUM IlPOCTO K a K T ~ K C T O B ~ I ~ ~ JlUTepaJI

'b : prograrn7.datt x o r ~ , K a K 6 y ~ e r n o ~ a 3 a ~ o l a n e e (n. 7 . 4 ) . Bb16HpaTb KOHKPeTHbIe @aiJlb1 L l n R o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ u MOHHO U 6o.lee ~ M ~ K U M U C ~ O C O ~ ~ M U .

nocne BbInonHeHuR assign H no nep~ofi onepauuu C O ~ C T B ~ H H O we- H U H @afina ero ~ e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o O T K P M T ~ , BbInonHuB npennoxeHue reset, ycTaHaBnusalouee @ a h B ucxonHoe ( ~ a q a n b ~ o e ) nonoxeHue. (OT- M e T H M IlOnyTHO, .IT0 npUMeHUTeJlbH0 K @aiiJIy CUCTeMHOrO B B O n a

input npennoxeHuR assign u reset He H Y X H ~ I ' . ) M T ~ K , nepBb1e npen- JIOXeHHR M ~ B H O ~ ~ IIpOrpaMMbI:

begin ( rnaenaanporpauua ) assign(~tudentdata,~b:prograrn7~dat'); reset (studentdata) ; . . .

C O ~ J ~ C H O H a r U H M npeABaPHTeJlbHbIM HaMeTKaM B OCHOBe

IlpOrpaMMb17 n0JIXeH JIeXaTb H ~ K H ~ UUKJl, IIpH KaXnOM IIpOXOXneHHU

KOTOpOrO IlpOH3BOAHTCR 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ a AaHHbIX O n H O r O CTyneHTa. B 3TOT

U u K n M ~ I H noMecTuM 0 6 p a u e ~ u e K nonnporpaMMe readonesludent, ~qMTb1Balo~efi H ~ O ~ X O A U M Y H ) IlOPuHlo AaHHbIX H3 BHeUlHerO @afina; OCTaJIbHylo p a 6 o ~ y BbInOJlHRT npyrHe IIOnnpOrpaMMbI, TaKXe Bb13bI-

BaeMbIe H3HYTPN U U K J I a .

K a ~ o r o Tuna uuKn nyqure Bcero nonofiner nnR Haurnx ueneii? Ilo>t<a;ly il, ~ a w 6 0 ~ 1 e e noaxonRuw M j ~ t ' c b 6) n e ~ utlkn while, x o r ~ Y M ~ C T H O ~ ~ o~a3anacb 6b1 H K O H C T P ~ K ~ U R repeat-until. (HeKoTopoe ~ e y n o 6 c r ~ o n0c;len~efi MOXeT IlPORBllTbCR B OAHOM qLlCTHOM C.7)'qae.

P a C C M a T p U B a e M O M B ) IlpatKHeHkiki 7.15.) Y C J O B M ~ M IlPOlO.'IXeHUR

' 6onee TOrO, n O n b l T K a MX n p H M e H e H H R P a C C M a T p R B a e T C R KOMnUJlflTOpOM K a K

o u 1 ~ 6 ~ a ( n . 7 . 4 . 8 ) . - f l p u ~ e u . nep.

U U K J I a while RonXHa CTaTb npoeeprta, BbIRCHRloLUaR, He AOCTUrHYT

::" JIU K O H e U BO B X O A H O ~ ~ ~ O C J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ A ~ H O C T U naHHbIX. H ~ ~ O M H U M , "TO

B HeKOTOPMX H a U l U X P a H H U X npOrpaMMax AJIR 3~0fi UeJM MCIlOJlb30-

sanocb cneuuanmo n8~06paHHoe KoHsenoe s ~ a q e ~ u e (CM. n . 3.2.5).

Korna AaHHbIe nOCTynaloT U3 BHeUlHerO @afina, 06Hap)'HMTb eTO

OKOHqaHMe npOule B C e r O npU nOMOUM C T ~ H ~ ~ ~ T H O ~ @ ~ H K U M M e0f ( O r

end of f i le - KoHeu @ a h a ) . 0 6 p a u e ~ u e K ~ e i , MMelouee B u n eof (UMR #al ina), ~ 0 3 s p a u a e ~ o n ~ o 143 ABYX ~ Y J I ~ B C K M X s ~ a q e ~ u i i : true, ecnu 6b1n ROCTHrHYT K O H e U yKa3aHHOTO @ a h a , MJIU false - B n p O T U B -

HOM cnyqae. n p u ~ e ~ u ~ e n b ~ o K nporpaMMe 7 eof(studerltdata) u 6yneT TeM UHRUKaTOpOM, K O T O P ~ I ~ ~ C B O e B p e M e H H O OnOBeCTUT :iaC

06 ucqepnaHuu naHHb1x B @aHne studentdata. Bkapaxe~ue, 3anu-

C a H H O e B @ O P M ~ e0f (6e3 yKa3aHMR M M e H M @ a h a ) , 3KBUBaJIeHTHO

e0f ( i npu t ) , T. e. IlPOBePReT OKOHqaHUe AaHHblX B @afine CUCTeMHOrO

BBOAa; BnpOqeM, nOJIb30BaTbCR 3TUM 06blq~0 He UMeeT C M ~ I C J ~ ' .

T ~ K M M o 6 p a 3 0 ~ , HaMeqaeTcR 0 6 p a ~ n e ~ u e ocHoeHoro uuKna nporpamhl:

while not eof(studentdata) do begin

... end

O ~ P ~ T U T ~ B H u M a H u e Ha noruqec~uii orrepaTop not, @ u r y p u p ~ m - unir B }C~IOBHM while. 6 . 7 a r o j a p ~ ero npwcjrcrorrK) 3 ~ a q e ~ l r e . H o 3 -

BpalUaeMOe @ y ~ K U U e f i P O / , tI3MeHReTCR Ha IIpOTllB0110~10HHOe. TO C ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ MOMeHT, lIOCKOJlbKY H a M HYXHO, q~06hl UUKJ? npOnOJI -

XancR, noKa naHHbIe e u e ecTb (T. e. noKa eof ~ 0 3 s p a u a e ~ <cno>~b>>),

U npeKpauLaJlCR TOnbKO TOrna, KOTza eOf A a C T <<MCTMHY>>.

7.3.6. BMOB noAnporpauubl readonestudent

nep~o i i n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i , sb13b1sae~oii B Tene ocHonHoro quKna, 6 y n e ~ readonestudent, npuHuMalouaR TPM apT!,'hleHTa. Aoro- BOPHMCR 06 H X H a U M e H O B a H U R X . B n o n ~ e IlOnXOnRUHMU, Ha Ham B ~ ~ J I R A , 6 y n y ~ uMeHa studentnumber, nunzberofcredils u newcredits ( H O M ~ ~ CTyneHTa, KOJIUqeCTBO CnaHHblX 3aqeTOB M HOBbIe 3aqeTb1).

A Tenepb HYXHO PeUlUTb, K a K M M e H H O HanMCaTb nOnnpOrpaMMy readonestudent - B Bune @ ~ H K U U H M A N npouenyphl. Bb160p B I I O . I ~ -

I 3 n e c b N M e e T C R B B H n Y , L(T0 @aRii I iHTepaKTHBHOTO BBO;la - K . l a B H a T ) P ) K O V n b I O

T e p a - 06b lL(H0 p a C C V a T p t i B a K ) T h d h ( ( ~ ~ c K o H ~ L L ~ I ~ I ~ I \ ) MCTOcIHHK l a l l H b l \ ~ T K l l b l T H R H a n p o T n m e H u u B c e r o c e a t l c a p a 6 0 ~ b l c n p o r p a ~ ~ o i i l e ~ H e M e H e e c l i T y a l i u n (KOHUS ; L a H H b l \ > TeXHHL(eCKM B O ? b l O A H a H 1.1R g a ~ . l a l / l / l U l o l l a \ l u & e T i ) t > l ~ b i 0 3 7 a h d

BBOnOM KOnOBOFi K O M ~ N H B U U H C I r l Z ( n 7 4 1 1 ) ~ ~ e ~ O L I a ~ e ~ l b ~ 0 , I l p O B t . p K a e@/ He n n l u e H a c M H c n a name npn H H T e p a K T u o H o M B B O A ~ - f l l > u ~ e q nep

31 1

3y npoqenypbl oqesuneH - senb sanaqa nonrlporpaMMbr o ~ ~ l o a b ~c B TOM, q~06b1 B03BPaTMTb KaK0fi-TO 0 ~ ~ 0 3 H a q ~ b l f i <<OTBeT>> TO Xa- PaKTepHO A J R @ Y H K U M ~ ) ; H a F P O T H B , B I l pOUeCCe C B O e r O BbIIIOnHeHMR

O H a AOJlHHa IIOMeCTHTb B CBOM lIaPaMeTPb1 H O B b I e 3HaqeHMR, IIpeABa- PMTeJIbHO CqMTaB M X M3 BHeUlHerO 4afiJIa. Korna IlpOLleJypa rcudone- student 3aBepUlMTCR, N M b I C H O B a OKaXeMCR B M ~ B H O ~ npOrpaMMe, nepeMeHHble, ~ c n o n b s o ~ a ~ u ~ ~ e c ~ B liaqecme apryMerrToB. 6 y n y ~ COXPaHRTb K a K pa3 T e 3HaqeHNR, KOTOPble XapaKTepH3ylOT YCneBae- MOCTb n a H H O r O CTyneHTa. 3 a ~ e ~ H X MOXHO IlOABeprHYTb ~ a n b ~ e f i - uIefi 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e npki IlOMOulU O C T ~ J I ~ H ~ I X n O & n p O r p a M M .

K ~ K M3BeCTHO (CM. n . 5.3.7, 5.3.8), B nac~a.JIe CyuleCTByeT

nBa ~ e x a ~ n s ~ a nepenaqn napaMeTpoB - no 3 ~ a q e ~ u m n no ccbI.rlKe.

K a ~ o i H3 H N X IlPHMeHMTb B AaHHOM ~JIyqae? M3 CK23aHHOrO CJeflyeT, TO Bce TPH napaMeTpa npoqenypbr readonestudent AonxHbr nepe- AaBaTbCR no C C b I J K e , NHaqe r O B O p R , BCe O H H J0~1XHbl 6b1~b OIlpeAe-

JeHbI K a K Var-napaMeTpb1. T o n b ~ o npU TaKOM peUleHNU O J I M C a H H a R

BbIUle C X e M a 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ n 6 j ' ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ o T O C I ~ O C O ~ H O ~ .

~ O C M O T P H M , K a K BblrJIRAMT BbI30B readonestudent.

readonestudent (studentnumber, numberofcredits,newcredits)

~ O C J ~ Tor0 K a K rJIaBHaR IIpOrpaMMa n0JIyqNT no A a H H O M ) CT)';leHTj' TPM NCXOAHbIX 3HaqeHMR, O H a MOXeT Onpene~lMTb er0 TeKy-

U M ~ CTaTYC, Bbl3BaB IIOAnpOrpaMMy findstatus. ~ O C K O J ~ K Y yKa3aHHaR

n o ; l n p o r j ~ a ~ w a ao.irKHa Rblno.lHHI b t i~~ko~op! K I !.<KO crIeurfa.li[ 3 ~ 1 p o - BaHH)'K) 3a;Iaqy. CR0,lR~)'K)CR K BbiqiiC.7eHHlO CJMHCTBeHHOTO 3Haqe-

HMR, hlbI HaMepeHbl H a n H C a T b ee haK @ Y H K U M K ) . a He K a K IIPOUeJj'P)

Bce qTO H ~ O ~ X O A H M O 3HaTb @ Y H K U N N findstatus - 3T0 KOJlHqeCTBO

CnaHHblx CTyneHToM 3 a q e ~ 0 ~ . B o 3 ~ p a u a e ~ o e e m pe3ynb~npymulee

3tlaqeHNe lIOMeCTHM B IlepeMeHHYlO O ~ ~ S ~ U ~ U S . KOTOPaR ( H ~ ~ O M H M M )

6b1na 0 6 ' b ~ ~ n e ~ a H a M n c rnnoM nepeqncneHnR status. K O H T ~ K C T , conepxaulni B ~ I ~ O B findstatus, B ~ I ~ J R ~ N T TaE;:

oldstatus := findstatus (numberofcredits)

. 3 a ~ e ~ rnasHaR nporpaMMa n p n 6 e r ~ e ~ K ycnyraM nonnporpaMMb1 update, q~06b1 OlIpeAeJlMTb ~0Bb1fi CTaTyC CTYAeHTa. 3 ~ y IIOAIIpOrpi3bl-

M Y MbI HaIIMUleM B @ O P M ~ IlpOLleAypbl, IlOTOMy qTO Ha Hee BO3.la-

raeTCR PeLUeHHe H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ K O M I I J ~ K C H O U 3aAaqM. Ee BXOf lHblMM

IIapaMeTpaMM 6yn) '~ KOjlNqeCTBa C U a H H b I X 3aqeTOB -;I0 H;l'iaJIa

TeKyulero ceMecTpa N H O B ~ I X . K p o ~ e roro, npenycMoTpnM nBa nbrso2-

H ~ I X napaMeTpa ( n x 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ ~ O J I X H ~ I 6 b 1 ~ b onpeneneHb1 c a ~ o f i npo- uenyp0G update): H O B ~ I ~ CTaTj'C CTyAeHTa H C y M M a p H O e K O J N q e C T B O

cnaHHblx W M 3 a q e ~ 0 ~ . ( T ~ K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , o 6 p a u e ~ n e K npouenype update n p u o 6 p e ~ a e ~ snn

update (numberofcredits,newcredits, newstatus,totalcredits)

Aa,~ee r.-iasHaH nporpallva 2o;ljtiHa 6y je r B ~ I R C H M T ~ . U ~ M ~ H ~ ~ , I C R

A n CTaTyC CTyAeHTa ( M eCnU &a, TO K a K N M N M e H H O 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ) . OIIpe- AennTb TO eU noM0xe.r n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ a - c p y ~ ~ u n ~ prornotion, 803-

BpaUaloUaR B KaqeCTBe C B O e r O pe3y.rlbTaTa C T p U H r - C J O B e C H O e

OflHCaHHe C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C N T Y B I L N N . ~ o K ~ X ~ M KOHTeKCT, B KOTO-

POM M C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R @ Y H K U N R promotion.

promotionmsg := promotion(oldstatus,newstatus)

Tenepb, K O r A a B C e C B e U e H H R , KaCaIOLLWeCR K O H K P e T H O r O CTyneHTa, flOJIyqeHb1, 0CTa.lOCb OTneqaTaTb M X , 06pa~&i~Ulrt~b K IlpOuenype

printonestudent. B cnncKe ee napaMeTpoB npncyTcTBymT Bce MCXOA-

Hble BeJlNqUHbI ( C ~ M T ~ H H ~ I ~ PaHee M3 B H e U I H e r O @ a h l a ) , a TaKXe BCe

Te, TO 6blnn BbIqucneHbr npenmecTBymqnMn nonnporpaMMaMu.

' printonestudent (studentnumber,numberofcredits, newcredits,totalcredits, oldstatus,newstatus,promotionmsg)

B ~ I ~ O U O M printorresturient, C O ~ C T B ~ H H O , ncqepnbIBatoTcR onepauuu no o 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e naHHuu o,yHoro cTyneHTa; Ha TOM s a ~ e p u ~ a e ~ c ~ n rejro uMKdla while. E A H H C T B ~ H F I O ~ , LIT0 H a M OCTaJIOCb npen)'CMOTpeTb B

r n a ~ ~ o i i nporpaMMe -- TO y ~ a 3 a ~ b , TO nenaTb, Korna oqepenHoe Bblqncneane eof (studentdata) nacT 3 ~ a q e ~ n e true, T. e. no AocTuXe-

H U N KOHqa @afi.rla studentdata. B 3TOM CJyqae HYXHO n P O C T O 3aKpbITb

4 a h I ( I ~ o c ~ ~ ; ~ c T B O M ZpeflJlOXeHUR close) N 3aKOHqNTb IIPOrPaMMY ( c n o ~ o v end) .

close(studentdata) end. ( prob7 )

M BOT HaCTaJl M O M e H T , KOrAa MbI MOXeM IlPOAeMOHCTPHPO-

Barb B C I ~ nporpavMy. Ecnu B ~ I e ue He BnonHe y6exneabl B n o n e s ~ o c - a

TH MeTOna I I p O r p a M M N p O B a H U R CBepS! -BHi13, BaUl C K e n C N C ( M ~ I HaAe- ~ M C H ) Tenepb oKoHqaTe.nbHo pacceeTcH. n a x e cjernoro ~ 3 r . l ~ n a

H a M a B H y l o I I p O r p a M M y pro67 A O C T a T O ' 1 H 0 , q ~ 0 6 b 1 n 0 nOCTOUHCTB) '

O U e H U T b T y I IPOCTOTY n p O e K T H O r 0 P e W e H M R , K KOTOPOA n P M B O n M T

M C n O J l b 3 O B a H M e y n O M R H Y T O r 0 M e T O A a . A ~ ~ ~ c T B u T ~ J I ~ H o , B M e C T O X a O T M -

' 1 e C K O r O H a r P O M O X A e H U R M H O X e C T B a TeXHU'1eCKUX nonpo6~oc~ei i B e C b

n p O U e C c 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u Y n a e T C R C B e C T U K HeCKOJlbKUM J l a K O H U q H b l M

K O H C T P Y K U U R M - B ~ I ~ O B ~ M n o A n p o r p a M M . P a 3 y ~ e e ~ c ~ , ux e u e n p e n - program prob7 ;

( . - . I type

status = (lowerfresh, upperfresh, lowersoph, uppersoph, lowerjunior,upperjunior, lowersenior,uppersenior, graduate) ;

message = string[30]; credit = 0.. 150;

var oldstatus : status; newstatus : status; studentdata : text; studentnumber : integer; numberofcredits : credit; newcredits : credit; totalcredits : credit; promotionmsg : message;

(---------------------------------- )

( ) ( 3necb p a 3 ~ e m a m ~ c n n o n n p o r p a w ~ ~ ) ( readonestudent ) ( oldstatus ( update ) ( promot ion ) ( printonestudent ( (----------------------------------

) )

begin ( r n a ~ n a n ilporpaMMa ) ( O T K ~ M T U ~ + a h a studentdata ) assign(studentdata,'b:program7.dat'); reset (studentdata) ; ( +a& O T K ~ M T I while not eof(studentdata) do

begin ( % e ~ u e m + o p ~ a w n 06 OnHoM CTyAeHTe ) readonestudent (studentnumber,

numberofcredits,newcredits):

( 3 a ~ e ~ - B ~ I ~ O B 0 6 p 8 6 a ~ ~ ~ a m n ~ n x noanporpaMM ) oldstatus := findstatus (numberofcredits); update (numberofcredits,newcredits,

newstatus,totalcredits): promotionmsg := promotion(oldstatus,newstatus); printonestudent (studentnumber,nunberofcredits,

newcredits,totn:credits, oldstatus,newstatus, promot ionmsg)

end; ( while ) close(studentdata) ( @ a h aalipbrr )

end. ( prob7 }

CTOUT H a n U C a T b , U T y T H a C X A y T CBOU n p 0 6 ~ 1 e ~ b l . T ~ M H e M e H e e

M O X H O C Y B e p e H H O C T b H ) Y T B e P X A a T b , q T O f l p U O p r a H U 3 a U U U paspa- ~ O T K M no M e T o n y C B e P X Y - B H M 3 0 6 e ~ n e q U B a e ~ ~ R r O p a 3 n O J Y ~ W U A

K O H T P O J b H a A n p 0 r p a h M o f i B U e J I O M , q e M I l p U K ~ K O M - n u 6 0 UHOM n o & -

xone.

7.3.9. npoqenypa readonestudent

C J I e n y R M ~ ~ P ~ H H O M Y H a M U M e T o n y C B e P X k - B H M 3 , n p U M e M C R

s a p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ K y o T a e n b t 1 b l . x I l o n n p o r p a M M . H a q ~ e ~ c n p o u e f i y p b l read- onestudent, ~ q M ~ b l B a f O l u e 6 UCXOfiHble A a H H b I e M3 B H e U I H e r O @ a h J I a .

~ P U B ~ A ~ M n O K a 3 a r O J I O B O K M B B O ~ H ~ I ~ K O M M ~ H T ~ P M ~ ~ . O T M ~ T M M , q T O

n J l R 0 6 0 3 ~ a q e ~ M R @ O P M ~ J I ~ H ~ I X n a p a M e T p O B Mbl M C n O J I b 3 y e M T a K M e Xe U M e H a , K a K U M U B M ~ B H O ~ n p O r p a M M e 6 b l n u H a 3 B a H b I @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K U ~

n a p a M e T p b r 0 6 p a u e ~ u ~ K readonestudent'. L I T O ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ O J I O B O K B ~ I ~ J I R -

nen ~au6onee B ~ I ~ ~ ~ U T ~ J I ~ H O , M ~ I * r p a s ~ e c n u > > ero H a ~ p u CTPOKU,

n O M e C T H B B K a X n y H ) P O B H O no O n H O M y n a p a M e T p y .

i procedure readonestudent (var studentnumber : integer; 93 var numberofcredits: credit;

var newcredits) : credit) ; (-------------------------------------- 1

4 ( kio BHeUIHem @atha studentdata 1 ( CYHTZJEBPDTCII e n e ~ y ~ w e n a m e : 1

! ( H O M ~ P crynema, 1 ( KOW~CTBO cnammx p u e e 3 a ~ e r o ~

< 1

( H KomemBo ~ ~ Y ~ T O B , 1 ( cna- B re me^ cemecrpe (--------------------------------------

1 )

A n R B B O n a n a H H b l X 113 B H e l l I H e r O @ a i i J I a M b l n o - n p e X H e M y 6 y n e ~ n o ~ ' I b 3 0 B a T b C R C T a H A a p T H b l M M n p O U e n y p a M N read M readln. A0 CUX n O p n p e n n O n a r a n O C b , q T O OHM < < O ~ C J I Y X U B ~ O T > > ( T ~ K X ~ C T a H A a P T -

H ~ I A ) @ a h input, K O T O P ~ I A ~ 0 0 6 4 e H e y n o M u H a n c R cpenu napa- M e T P O B Y K a 3 a H H b l X I I p O u e A y p . M H M M U C J I O B a M H , B n a c K a J I e n p U H R T 0

c o r n a w e H u e , paspewamuee H e y ~ a 3 b l ~ a ~ b U M R @ a h a , ecnu p e q b

u n e T o @aiine input. T ~ K , n p e n n o x e H u R

3KBUBa.fleHTHb1, XOTR 0 6 6 1 4 ~ 0 n p e A n O 4 M T a H ) T B T O P O ~ B a p M a H T

' TO, s006me rosopn, He 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e n b ~ 0 . - 17pu~ter. nep.

O A H ~ K O , KOrAa Mbl U M e e M AeJlO C B H e L U H U M @afiJI0~, nPUCYT- CTBUe er0 U y e H U B 0 6 p a u l e ~ u ~ x K nOAnpOrpaMMaM BBOAa-BblBOna

0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e J I b ~ 0 . M M R s tude t~ ldu ta O ~ L R B J I ~ H O H a C K i f K @afi;l. OHO-TO

U AOJlXHO CTORTb IlepBbIM CpenU IlapaMeTpOB C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ IlpOue-

AYPbI, 0~yule~~BJIRloulefi HenOCpeACTBeHHOe CqUTblBaHMe AaHHbIX 0

cTyAeHTe. Ho ~ a ~ o f i uMeHHo - read unu readln? C o r n a c ~ o nocTa- HOBKe 3aAarlU, H a M Kax~b1fi pa3 npeACTOUT BBOAUTb UeJIUKOM CTPOKY narrabrx; B TUX ~ C J I O B U R X npuMeHeHue npouenypbl readln npen- CTaBJlReTCR 6onee YMeCTH bIM.

~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ nPOUeCC BBOAa A ~ H H & X U3 BHeUIHerO @ahIa np0-

TeKaeT 6e3 JWaCTUR qeJlOBeKa ( K ~ K 3T0 UMeeT MeCTO npU UHTepaK-

TUBHOW B B O A ~ ) , OTnaitaeT H ~ O ~ X O A U M O C T ~ B neqaTu nepuontiqecKux

s a n p o c o ~ , npurnamaloulux K BBOAY oqepen~oii nopuuu AaHHbIx. (A qTO ~ Y A ~ T npOUCXOilUTb, eCJIli BCe-TaKU BKJIIOqUTb B IlPOI'PaMMY

neqaTb TaKux sanpocoe?) I l o ~ t i ~ o npeA,qoxeHHR rend ln B Te;le npoueaypbl reudotzrstu-

dent M ~ I BUAMM u eule OAHO - u r i t e l n , neqaTalouee ~ o n b ~ o TO BBeAeHHble AaHHble. I ~ O A O ~ H O ~ COqeTaHUe BBOAa U BblBOAa OAHOA U ~ 0 f i Xe U H @ O P M ~ U U M UHOrAa Ha3bIBafOT 3XOM. ~ P W BBOile J i f H -

H ~ I X u3 BHeuHero @ a h a c<sxo-o~oBpaxe~ue> urpaeT ewe 6onee s a x - Hylo POJIb, qeM npM UHTePaKTMBHOM BBOJe ( n o q e ~ ) ? ) .

begin readln(studentdata,studentnumber,

numberofcredits,newcredits); writeln ( 'CTYA~HT I , studentnumber,

panee CAW , numberofcredits , a a s e ~ o ~ , ~ B ~ T O M CeMecTpe - ewe ' ,

newcredits , 3 a s e ~ o ~ ' ) end ( readonestudent )

Cnenylouleii ~ a w e f i n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i R s n R e T c R (PYHKUUR f indstatus, KOTOPaR, 3HaR, CKOJIbKO 3aqeTOB 6b1~10 CAaHO CTYAeHTOM,

AOJlXHa OnpeAeJIUTb er0 CTaTyC. c ~ R 3 b MeXAy qUCJIOM CAaHHblX 3aqe-

TOB U CTaTYCOM yCTaHaBJIUBaeTCR ~ B ~ J I u @ u K ~ ~ M o H H O ~ ~ ~a6nuuefi , n p n s e ~ e ~ ~ o i i paHee, B n. 7.1.

E A U H C T B ~ H H ~ ~ ~ ~ @op~aJIbHhIfi IlapaMeTp @ Y H K U U U Ha30BeM credits- comp ( c n a ~ ~ b ~ e s a q e ~ b ~ ) . 3necb M ~ I oTomnu OT CBoero npasuna, PeuIHB He nOJIb30BaTbCR U M e H e M numberofcredi ts ( T ~ K y H a C Ha3blBaJlCR apryMeHT, @UrypUp~~a~UItif i B 06paule~uu K f i nd - status U3 rJIaBH0fi n p o r p a ~ ~ b 1 ) . n 0 . l e ~ y T ~ K ? Aeno B TOM, qTO K TO^ Xe @ Y H K U U U Mbl HaMepeHbI O ~ ~ ~ T H T ~ C R eUe pa3 (U3 npOUe,Q'pbI

upda te ) , y n o ~ p e 6 u ~ npu TOM coBceM npyroe U M R apryMeHTa -

p totalcredi ts. ~ T G S ~ I ti? CTAaBaTb IIpeAnOqTeHMR K ~ K O M ~ - J U ~ O kt3 YnOMAHYTblX U M e H , MbI I1 Ha3BaJIU @~p~aJIbHbIfi IlaPaMeTP COBep- LUeHHO no-HOBOMY.

n o 3naqe~um r ~ a p s ~ e - r p a creditscomp @ Y H K U U R f indsta tus Aonm- H a onpenenuTb ( u 3 a ~ e ~ B O ~ B P ~ T U T ~ B KaqecrBe p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a ) COOT-

~ e ~ c ~ ~ y l o u l n f i ~ J I ~ M ~ H T u3 cnucKa s ~ a q e ~ u f i , nepequcneHHblx B onpe- neneHuu Tuna status. AnH ocyulecTsneHuR TaKoro npeo6pasosa- H U H M H npuMeHuM npennoxeHue case ( C M . n. 6.4.5) , B ~ o r o p o ~ napaMeTp credltscotnp C i y ~ e ~ HrpaTb poult, ce;leKTopa. K p o ~ e TWO

( M 3TO ~ P M H U ~ I ~ M ~ . ~ ~ H O ) . BOCIlO;lb3\'eMCR PaCUlMPeHHbIMM B03MOX-

H O C T R ~ . I M K O H C T P ~ K U I I E I case -- O T P ~ ~ K ~ M H 3 ~ a q e ~ u i i B KaqecTBe

aJlbTepHaTUB M n)HKTOhl else ( K ~ K 0TMeqa~lOCb B n. 6.4, pKa3aHHbIe

cpencTsa R B J I R ~ T C R PacruMpeHwmu cTaHnapTa n a c ~ a ~ ~ ) . Huxe IIPUBOAUTCR n0jl~blfi TeKCT @ Y H K U U U f indstatus. B ee 3a-

rOJlOBKe MbI BUAMM U M R status - TMn BO3BpaulaeMOrO @y~KuUefi ' 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ , o n p e n e n e ~ ~ b ~ i i B rnaa~of i nporpaMMe (CM. n. 7.3 .3) .

function findstatus(creditscomp: credit): status; (-------------------------------------

( 1

~Cn0nb3yfl TabruUY COOTBeTCTBHX,

( @ Y H K U H ~ ~ f indstatus 1 ( rrpeo6paayer a~aqeene creditscomp ( B C O O T B ~ T C T B Y P ) ~ H ~ ~ 3neMeHT ) ( THna nepesacneem status (-------------------------------------

begin case creditscomp of

0..15 : findstatus := lowerfresh; 16..31 : findstatus := upperfresh; 32..48 : findstatus := lowersoph; 49..64 : findstatus := uppersoph; 65..81 : findstatus := lowerjunior; 82..97 : findstatus := upperjunior; 98..113 : findstatus := lowersenior 114..127: findstatus := uppersenior; else findstatus := graduate

end ( case ) end ( findstatus )

n y c ~ b , AJIR npuMepa, creditscomp uMeeT s ~ a q e ~ u e 76. n p u TOM B CTPYKTYPe Case 6 y n e ~ Bb16paH B a p U a H T PeUIeHUR, <<~~Kpb~Baloultifi>>

YIIC:IOBO~~ OTpe3OK 65..81, BC;lenCTBlle qer0 H M R / L / Z ( I S ~ ~ ~ U S (T . e. M M R '

c a ~ 0 f i @ Y H K U U U ) 6 y n e ~ YCTaHOBneHO B l ower jun io r ; I I O A O ~ H ~ I M Xe

-; 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , creditscomp, paBHoe 127, npeo6pa3yerc~ B cTaTyc upper- senior, a ~ H ~ L I ~ H U R , npest,imaloulue 127, AanyT graduate.

7.3.12. flpoqenypa update 7.3.13. @ ~ H K U H R promotion

nepef ine~ K noAnporpaMMe update, KoTopaR 6 y ~ e ~ onpe- neJIiTb CyMMapHOe KOnUYeCTBO 3aYeTOB, CnaUHbIX CTyneHTOM, U er0

H0Bblfi CTaTyC. Ee @op~aJlbHble IIapaMeTpbI MbI Ha30BeM T a K N M U Xe

U M e H a M U , K a K U e ynOMMHaJIUCb B O ~ ~ ~ L U ~ H U U K update N3 I - J ~ ~ B H o ~ ~

nporpaMMb1: numberofcredits, newcredits, newstatus u totalcredits. ,Qsa u3 H U X , a uMeHHo newstatus u totalcredits, nonmHbI 6b1~b var-na- PaMeTpaMU. ~ o Y ~ M Y ? Aa no rofi n p 0 ~ ~ 0 f i I I p U Y N H e , YTO U X 3HaYeHMR,

BblYNCJleHHble B A ~ H H O ~ ~ IIOnIIpOrpaMMe, n0nXHbl CTaTb AOCTYnH blMM

maBH0fi IIpOrpaMMe: O H a O ~ H ~ ~ Y X U T U X B COOTBeTCTByIOuUX spry- MeHTaX nOCJIe BblnOJIHeHUR update.

M T ~ K , HaqHeM pa3pa6a~blearb npouenypy update. BOT ee nepBble

HeCKOJlbKO CTPOK:

procedure update (numberofcredits : credit; newcredits : credit;

var newstatus : status; var totalcredits : credit) ;

(------------------------------------------------ 1

i CJIOXHTL newcredits (BHOBL caawrr~e aauerm) 1 ( c numberof credits (aaqer~, c a m e panee), 1 ( ~ O M ~ C T H B no~ryxemym C ~ M M Y B totalcredits. ) ( 3 a ~ e ~ onpeaem~b HOBO^ a~a.reme cra~yca (------------------------------------------------

) 1

Bbl.tkicnki~b totalcredits He COCTaBUT Tpyna - HYXHO IIPOCTO CJIO-

muTb numberofcredit u newcredits. P a c n o n a r a ~ n o n y ~ e ~ r ~ o f i C ~ M -

~ ~ f i , MbI CMOXeM OIlpefle~lMTb U HOBO€! 3HaYeHUe CTaTyCa, T. e . newstatus. HO K a K 3T0 OCYlUeCTBUTb ~ ~ ~ K T U Y ~ C K U ? BOT TYT H a M U

0Kame.r ycnyry HanucaHHaR paHee @ Y H K U U R findstatus. , Q e f i c ~ ~ n - TenbHo, oHa nenaeT K a K pa3 TO, YTO H Y X H O -- npeBpauaeT uenoe qUCjlO B HeKkifi 3JIeMeHT IIepeYUCJIeHkiR M3 Tuna S ~ U ~ U S . T ~ K M M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ,

M ~ I BcTpeqaeMcR c cu~yauuef i , K O ~ A ~ B pahrKax ~ce f i nporpaMMbt uMeeT

MeCTO HeOnHOKpaTHOe UCnOJlb30BaHUe o n ~ o k U ~ 0 f i me nOnIIpOrpaMMb1:

B nep~blfi pa3 @ Y H K U M H findstatus Bbl3bIBaJlaCb M3 r.XaB~0fi npOrpah1- M ~ I , a BOT Tenepb oHa me n o ~ a ~ o 6 u n a c b nonnporpaMMe update. @u~caunefi Broporo p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a B napaMzTpe newstatus p a 6 o ~ a ~aureii npouenypbi 3 a h a ~ . r u n a e r c ~

begin totalcredits := numberofcredits + newcredits; newstatus := findstatus(tota1credits)

end; ( update )

~ O A K ~ ~ ~ M M 3T0 npUMepOM. H Y C T ~ numberofcredits paBH0 64, a newstatus pamo 10. Torna B totalcredits nonyqnM 74, a findsta- tus npeo6pa3ye~ 74 B loxlerju~lior.

K 0 r ~ a nOCJle BblrlOJIHeHUR update Mbl C H O B a OKaXCMCR B

m a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a ~ ~ e , ke nepeMeHHaR newstalus 6 y n e ~ conepxaTb E;a- ~ o e - T O BnonHe OnpeneneHHoe s ~ a ~ e ~ l r e . Tenepb rnasHaR nporpaMvzl nMeeT B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ nepenaTb oldstatus u newstatus (PYHKUUU protno- tion, KOTOPaR BblRCHUT, nPOABUHYJCR JIU CTYAeHT O T H O C H T ~ J ~ ~ H O TeKY-

.. . . . LIlerO- CTaTyCa, U B03BPaTUT B KaqeCTBe OTBeTa H ~ K O T G P ~ I ~ TeKCT, . . ... . . . : : , . .... . . : . . x a p a ~ ~ e p n 3 y ~ u u f i n 3 ~ e ~ e u u e c ~ a ~ y c a ( H A [ < ~~(Pophilipy~oupiii 06

. . O T C ~ T C T B N M n p o n ~ u m e ~ u ~ ) . 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e , ~ 0 3 ~ p a u a e ~ o e S y ~ ~ u u e i pro- t?lotion, 6 y a e ~ uh1e1.b T u n t ~ l ~ s > u g t ~ ( C O O G I L ~ ~ H I ~ V ) , ~ r l p e ~ e i l ~ t i ~ ; ~ ; ~ 8

rnae~olYi nporpaMhie Kali string [ 3 0 ] . 0 0 ~ ~ + o p a ~ a a b ~ b ~ x nap;l.\lerpa

npl?Ha&leXaT T U n y status. !4eTO>I BCr'i.c, CiiajaHHOi'O 3a1-0- noBoK promotion n p u o 6 p e ~ a e ~ c ~ e a y t o u ~ ~ f i Bun:

function promotion(oldstatus,newstatus : status) : message;

(--------------------------------------------- 1 ( %a ayrncww cpaemaer crapoe H HOBO^ 1 ( 3HaueHkW CTaTyCa H AaeT CnOBeCHYYl09eHKY ) ( " ~ e a r n u e c ~ o r o npogalu~e~~rr" myaenra (---------------------------------------------

) I

3 a i i ~ e ~ c ~ u c n o n ~ u ~ e j ~ b ~ o ~ qacTbm noAnporpaMMbr. Cpasy x e OTMeTUM B03MOXHOCTb nORBjleHUR HeCKOJlbKUX CUTyaukifi. Bo-llep~blx,

CJlenyeT PaCCMOTpeTb cnyY2fi PaBeHCTBa oldstatus U n e ~ ~ t f l t u ~ . 03HaYaIOLUUfi, YTO Y AaHHOrO CTYJeHTa HeT IlPOABUnieMUR. ~ P Y ~ U M

O C O ~ ~ I M CjlyqaeM RBJlReTCR paBeHCTB0 n e ~ s t a t u s = graduate, COOT-

BeTCTByIOuee OKOHYaTenbHOMY 3Tany npOaBHXeHUR CTyJeHTa: O H -

B~I ITYCKHUK. EC.~IM nie neus ta tus He pastio oldstatus (a T a K h e ~ t .

paBHo graduate) , TO ocTamTcR eue nne B O ~ M O > K ' H O C C U B npoanuxe- H U H CTYAeHTa: nepeXOA Ha 6nnmafiwufi C~lenyIoIU~8 Y p O B e H b J U ~ O

non.beM cpasy Ha HecKonbKo c~yne~rei i no wKane c ~ a r y c a . K ~ K pac- n o 3 ~ a ~ b TY U,IU U H Y W C M T ~ ~ U M I O ? B n a c ~ a ~ ~ e ecTb cTannapTkran @ Y H K U U R succ (OT succesor - npeeMHutc), KoTopaR, Bynywi n p u - MeHeHa K K ~ K O M ~ - J I M ~ O T u n y nepeqncJIeHnR, nos~onzler nepexoamb

OT OAHOrO 3HaYeHNR K APYrOMY, H e n O C P e i C T B e H H O CJlt?aYK)UeMy 3a

nepBblM. n o n p o 6 ~ o e O n U C a H U e 3 ~ 0 a (PYHKUNM ( C O B M ~ C T H O C ~ P Y ~ ~ O G npUMblKaIOUUX K Hefi ( P Y H K U H ~ ~ pred, ord U ckr ) 6 y n e ~ naHo B n. 7.5; n O K a YflOBJleTBOpNMCR CaMbIMU O ~ U U M U C B e A C H U H M U . ~ Y C T ~ X - (;nut H3 3JleMeHTOB HeKOTOPOrO IlePeYMC.leHI-IR. Torna S U C C ( X ) n a C T 3 3 P -

Mew, cnenymulafi 3a x ( M M ~ R B BUAY nopnnoK c.rlenoeaHuR s ~ a ~ e ~ r u i i . y~TaH0BJIe~Hblfi B OnpeAeJIeHUN Tuna). Tali, I T P U M ~ H M T ~ J ~ ~ H O K HaIlIefi a a n a ~ e succ (1o~er f r e sh ) ecrb He YTO uHoe, K a K upperfresh, a 3 ~ a -

qeHueM succ (uppersenior) 6 y n e ~ gruduate. CYMMMPYR B C e BbIllleCKa3aHHOe, IIPMXOAUM K cJleily~)lIleti C T P Y K -

r \ p e B:IOXeHHblX i f , KOTOPafl U COCTaBIIT Te.10 ( P \ H K U U H pr01110- 11011.

begin if newstatus = oldstatus

then promotion := n p o n s l o ~ e ~ m H ~ T D

else if newstatus = graduate

then promotion : = ' ycnemno 3 a ~ o ~ w u p e 6 y ' ; else

if newstatus = succ(o1dstatus) then promotion- : =

' v m n e Ha onny mynew ' else prolotion :=

' npo,qnmceme Ha HecwmKo myneneii ' end; ( promotion )

Ecnu, HanpuMep, newstatus uMeeT s ~ a q e ~ u e upperfresh, a old- status - T O X ~ upperfresh, TO U C T U H H ~ I M O K a x e T c R nepBoe x e ycnoBue i f ; cnenoBaTenbno, wcnonHuTcR neiic~eue nyHKTa then, u B promotLon 6 j n e ~ ycTaHoerneHo cTpuHroBoe 3 ~ a q e ~ u e 'npoaeuxr~l rn H ~ T ' . Ec,l~r B newstatus 6b1no graduate, TO prornotlon 3aperuc~pu-

p ; , e ~ ' ~ C ~ ~ U I H O ~ ~ K O H ~ M J I y ~ e b y ' . n y c ~ b newstatus paBeH upprjuntor. a oldstatus - lowerjunior. Torna s ~ a q e ~ u e ~ promotion cTaHeT

' n p o , ~ ~ ~ x e ~ ~ e Ha O J H ~ c ~ y n e ~ b ' . H ~ K O H ~ U . ec.1ki B nealstatus uveev lowerjunior, a B oldstatus - lowersoph, ( P ~ H K U M R promotion ~ 0 3 -

BPaTUT ' I I P o A B u ) ~ ( ~ H u ~ H a HeCKOJIbKO ~TyneHefi'. M H ~ I M U CnOBaMM,

MOXHO C YBepeHHOCTblO YTBePXAaTb, qTO K a K U M U 6~ H U 6 b l ~ ~ 3Ha-

Y ~ H M H oldstatus u newstatus, uMeHu ( P Y H ~ U U L ~ promot~otz 6 ; ; ~ e ~ ~ a 3 -

HaqeHO COOTBeTCTB) louee C C K I ~ U ~ H U ~ . '

7.3.14. npoueaypa printonestudent

H a ~ o ~ e u , HacTana oqepenb npouenypbl printonestudent. B crr ucKe ee napaMeTpoB 6 y n e ~ npencTasneHa BCR HanuqHaR U H ~ O P -

M a U M H no f i a H H O M y CTyneHTy - K a K CqUTaHHaR U3HaqaJbH0, T a K U

nonyqeenafl B p e 3 y n ~ ~ a ~ e 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u P ~ ~ J I U ~ H ~ I M U nonnporpaMMaMu. : ~ T Y U H ( P O P M ~ U U I O HYXHO OTIIeqaTaTb B H ~ K O T O P O ~ ~ ~~06041tTaeM0fi

( P o ~ M ~ . A O ~ O B O ~ M M C R , PanU IIPOCTOTH, UCIIOJlb30BaTb AJlR 0603~aqe -

H U H ( P o p ~ a n b ~ b ~ x napaMeTpoB Te x e caMble uMeHa, K O T O P ~ ~ M U B

rJIaBH0fi IIpOrpaMMe Ha3BaHbJ COOTBeTCTRyloUUe apryMeHTb1.

' J n f l 11O:IHOTbl a H a J l A 3 a CTOHT 0 6 p a T N T b B H N M a H H e H a O n H H n O B O J I b H 0 T O H K H R \ y o u e t v , K o r a a 06a n a p a M e T p a u u e l o T 3 ~ a q e ~ u e gruduute TO . I O ~ H K O # n p o r p a k I M b l

tie H I ' K ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ T C R ) , B TOM C r l y q a e I$YHKUUR m n a c T p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ ' ~ P O ~ B H I K ~ H H R H ~ T ' , XUTR 110 CUblC;I) 3 a j a l l u C n e n O B a n O 6 t ~ ~ 0 0 6 ~ 1 N T b 06 O K O H q a H N N y q e 6 ~ 4 M 3 6 e x a ~ b y h a 3 a H H O l O H e A O p a 3 ) . M e H U f l J e r K O : n O C T a T O q H 0 J N l l l b I l O M e H f l T b M e C T a M N n e p B b l e . l B e

i l p o s e p K u if - n p u ~ e r nep

procedure printonestudent ( studentnumber : integer; numberofcredits, ngwcredits , totalcredits : credit; oldstatus,newstatus : status; promotionmsg : message) ;

(----------------------------- )

( Ornesararb B C ~ H H @ O P M ~ L P I I D 1 ( 06 OAHOM ctynenre (-----------------------------

1 1

begin writeln ( ' n d HOMep CTYJV3ZTa: ' , studentnumber) ; writeln ( ' K o m e c t ~ o pmee c ~ c l ~ ~ w r x raseroa: ' ,

numberofcredits) ; writeln('IIpe~~HRnaryc: ', ??? ) ; write 1 n ( ' K o m e n ~ o BHOBL. cnanma 3aseron: ' ,

newcredits) ; writeln ( 'Tenepb Bcem cnario: ' , totalcredits) ; writeln( ' H o e ~ c r a r y c : ' , ??? ) ; writeln(pronotionmsg)

end; ( printonestudent )

KaK 6 y n ~ 0 BCe I I p e K p a C H O ... HO qTO 3T0 TaM 3a CTpaHHble

BOnpOCUTeJlbHbIe ~ H ~ K U ? B~IXOAUT, Mbl He B COCTORHUU HaneqaTaTb

3HaqeHUR C T ~ T Y C O B C T Y A ~ H T ~ ? YBM, TO T ~ K . K C O X ~ J I ~ H N ~ ~ , II0 IlpaBU-

naM n a c ~ a n ~ s n e ~ e ~ ~ Tuna nepequcneHuR He MoxeT 6 ~ T b Henocpen- CTBeHHO CqUTaH UJlU O T I I ~ ~ ~ T ~ H ' . Hy qTO X, TOrAa IIPUAeTCR npU- 6erHyTb K npeABaPUTeJIbH0My npeo6pa30sa~ulo 3HaqeHUA oldstatus u newstatus B (POPMY, npueMneMylo AJIR neqaTu. AJIR ~ T O A uenu nOCTPOUM (PYHKUUD translate, KOTOPaR 6 y n e ~ OCYUeCTBJIRTb <npeB- patueHue> nlo6oro 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ Tuna status B c o o ~ ~ e ~ c ~ ~ y l o q u i i

C T P U H ~ - ero-TO M ~ I 3 a ~ e ~ u OTneqaTaeM. P a c n o n a r a ~ ~ a ~ o i i (PYHK- uueA, HecnoxHo s a n u c a ~ b nBa npennoxeHuR writeln B CuHTaKcuqecKu

6e3ynpeq~oM B U n e :

writeln ( IIpexn~fi CTBTYC: ,translate (oldstatus) ) ; ... writeln ( D H o ~ b ~ i i CTaTyC: , translate (newstatus) )

7.3.16. ~ D ~ H K U H I I translate

. ha nu rue^ Tenepb ( P ~ H K U U K I translate, BHnOJIHRlouIylo

H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O ~ Hahf npeo6pa30sa~ue. Eiyne~ CqUTaTb, qTO IlpeABapU-

' B H e K O T O P M X I u a d l e k T a x n a c ~ a n ~ ( ~ a n p n M e p , B n a c ~ a n e \ /AX) y ~ a 3 d ~ ~ b 1 e 603-

MOXHOCTH 0 6 e c l l e ~ u ~ a l o ~ c ~ C T ~ H J ~ ~ T H O ( B TOM q n c . I e B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e ) p a s p e m e ~ a . 1 1 e q r l ~ b ~ ) . I ~ B C ~ N X ~ t i a q e ~ ~ j t i (1 e caos FALSE rl T R U E ) - npuwer rlep I

T e n b H o 6b1n o n p e n e n e H T u n statusmessage, o n u c a ~ ~ ~ i i Kal<

string 1151. 3 a r o n o a o ~ @YHKULIU translate ~ p a f i ~ e n p o c T : @ o p ~ a n b -

~ b r i n a p a M e T p statusentry T u n a status; T u n ~ o s a p a q a e ~ o r o s ~ a q e - H U R - statusmessage.

function translate(statusentry : status) : statusmessage;

{------------------------------------- 1 ( IIpeo6paaosarb ane~en~ Tuna status 1 ( a c ~ p m Tuna statusmessage (-------------------------------------

1

peannsauuu @YHKUUH translate n p n M e H n M n p e n . r l o m e s n e

MHOrOaJlbTePHaTHBHOrO Bb160pa Case, BOCnOJlb3OBaBWUCb TeM @ a K -

TOM, qTO B K a q e C T B e CeJleKTOpa M O X e T B b l C T y n a T b M 3 ~ 7 e M e H T T u n a

n e p e q n c n e H u R . Perue~ue sanaw npu TOM n o n y 4 u T c R y n n s n T e n b H o

nPOCTbtM. HYXHO 6 y n e ~ JlHrUb ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T U T ~ C R 0 ~ P ~ B U J ~ ~ H O ~ ( L P ~ C W H @ -

pOBKe>> a66peena~yp (KaKOBLIMU RBJlRlOTCR 3 H a q e t l U H T u n a S ~ U ~ U S )

U 0 6 p a ~ n e H t 4 ~ COOTBeTCTBYlOUIHX TCKCTOB ~ ~ O C T ~ O @ ~ M U . B CYUHOCTN,

neno CBOAHTCR K ~ ~ ~ O T O B K ~ C T P H H ~ O B H X n n T e p a n o B , nonnexawnx B ~ I B O ~ ~ H a n e q a T b .

begin case statusentry of

lowerfresh: translate := 'lower freshman'; upperfresh: translate := 'upper freshman'; lowersoph: translate := #lower sophomore'; uppersoph: translate := 'upper sophomore'; lowerjunior: translate := 'lower junior'; upperjunior: translate := 'upper junior'; lowersenior: translate := 'lower senior'; uppersenior: translate := 'upper senior'; graduate: translate := 'graduate1

end ( case ) end; ( translate )

7.3.17. flpouenypa printonestudent - O K O H ' ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ H H ~ BapHaHT

n p o r p a ~ ~ y 7 MOXHO H a n H C a T b T a K , q ~ 0 6 6 1 @YHKUHR translate c T a n a ewe on~of i n o n n p o r p a ~ ~ o f i , onpenene~~o i i H a y p o a H e

M ~ B H O ~ I lpOrpaMMbl . O ~ H ~ K O UMeeTCR H A p y r a R B03MOXHOCTb: no- M e c T n T b TeKcT translate BHYTPH n p o u e n y p b l printozestudent. M ~ I n p e n n o q T e M ~ ~ o p o i i n y m .

BHYTPU printonestudent o n p e n e n n M u T n n statusmessage, KOTO-

pblf i , TaKUM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ , O K a X e T C R B < c @ e p e BUnnMOCTU> @YHK&HU

translate. B o K o H q a T e n b H o M B H n e npouenypa printonestudent 6 y n e ~ n o c T p o e H a no cnenyromefi c x e M e :

procedure printonestudent( ... ) ; ( ... ) type statusmessage = string[l5]; function trafslate(statusentry: status)

: statusmessage; ( .-•

begin case -.. end ( case )

end; ( translate )

begin ( Teno npouenypM printonestudent ) . . . writeln ( 'IIpemd craryc: ' ,translate (oldstatus) ) ; . . .

7.3.18. 0 nopanKe p a 3 ~ e q e ~ n n nonnporpaMM

K 0 r ~ a OAHa n O A n p O r p a M M a BbI3b lBaeT A p y r y I O , B a X H O

~ 0 6 ~ 1 1 Q j a ~ b o n p e A e n e H H b I e n p a B u n a , K a c a r o q u e c R ux B ~ ~ U M H O ~ O

p a c n o n o x e H u x . P a c c ~ o ~ p n ~ , H a n p u M e p , npouenypy update, KOTOPaR BM3blBaeT @ Y H K ~ U W findstatus. B nono6~oii CHTyaUNN

B ~ I ~ ~ I B ~ ~ M ~ F I n o n n p o r p a M M a ( B AaHHoM cjryqae findstatus) n o n m H a

6 b l ~ b p a 3 M e U e H a Ilepefl TeJlOM ~ b l 3 b l ~ a l o u l e f i (update). T o q ~ o T a K Xe, e C n U r J l a B H a R I l P O r p a M M a Bbl3b lBaeT KaKylO-TO I I O A n p O r p a M M y , BeCb

TeKCT I l ~ c J l e f l ~ e k AOJ lXeH IlORBMTbCR A 0 n e p B O r O 06pame~nu K 3 ~ 0 8 I I O n n p O r p a M M e . BOT IIOqeMy BCe n O n n p O r p a M M b 1 H ~ O ~ X O A N M O OnNCbl-

B a T b A 0 H a q a J I a U C ~ O J I H M T ~ J ~ ~ H O ~ qaCTU r J I a ~ H 0 f i n p O r p a M M b 1 . A ~ a n o - rUqHbIe B3aHMOOTHOUleHHR UMeIOT MeCTO H a ~ 1 0 6 0 ~ IIpOrpaMMHOM

YpOBHe. T ~ K , @ Y H K U U R f ran~ la fe nORBJlReTCR B TeKCTe ~ O A ~ p O I ' p Z i M M b I

pr~rztonestudent nepes. ee T e n o M , u 3 K o T o p o r o u n p o n 3 ~ o n ~ ~ c u o6pa- w e H u x K translate

P ~ ~ Y M ~ ~ T C R , CTOJlb C T P O ~ U ~ ~ nOpRAOK T e K C T y a J b H O r O p a 3 M e m e H H R

n o n n p o r p a M M n p m o BblTeKaeT u3 o6mero n p a B u n a n a c ~ a n z l ,

C o r n a c H o KOTOPOMY ~11060fi O ~ L ~ K T n p O r p a M M b I A O n X e H 6 b l ~ b onpene- JleH ( O ~ L R B J I ~ H ) J I p e X n e , q e M OH 6 y n e ~ HCnOJIb3OBaH.

:T

7.4. Bce o BHemHnx aaiinax

Pa3r0~0p 0 B H e U l H U X @ a i i J I a x H a q H e M C B b I R C H e H U R , K O r j l a

U K a K UX n P U M e H R T b . B H ~ U H U ~ @aAn uenecoo6pa3e~, I l p e X A e B C e r O ,

B TOM C J I y q a e , K O r A a n O J I b 3 0 B a T e J l l o H e H Y X H O B ~ ~ U M O A ~ ~ ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ C

n p o r p a ~ ~ o i i B X O A e ee UCnOJIHeHUH ( K ~ K 3 T 0 , H a f l p U M e p , 6 b 1 ~ a e ~ ,

e C A U 3 H a q e H U R A a H H b I X , H ~ O ~ X O A U M ~ I X K a K 0 f i - T O q a C T U I I p O r p a M M b I ,

3 a B U C R T OT n P e A b I A Y q U X 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ f i , BbIqUCJeHHbIX C ~ M O ~ f l p O r p a M -

M O ~ ) . A p y r u ~ MOTUBOM K f l p U B J I e l l e H U I 0 BHeUlHUX @ a f i J l ~ B RBJIRloTCR

B e C b M a 6 0 ~ 1 b U I k i t 2 O ~ ~ ~ M L I j l a H H L l X , I l O n ~ l e X a u k i X o 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ e ; t 3 B O n U T b

UX U H T e P a K T U B H O ( C K J a B U a T Y P b I n O 3a"OCaM n p o r p a ~ ~ b 1 ) 6b1no 6b1 CJIUUlKOM A O J l r O U Y T O M U T e J b H O . O ~ ~ e J I b ~ b l f i @ a h A a H H b I X ,

K a K O r O 6 b 1 O H HU 6 b 1 ~ p a 3 M e p a , B C e r A a M O X e T 6 b l ~ b n O A r O T O B J l e H

3 a p a H e e , B y ~ 0 6 ~ 0 f i U C ~ O K O ~ ~ H O ~ ~ O ~ C T ~ H O B K ~ ' . H ~ K O H ~ U , I I O C J I e A H e e

H e M a J I O B a X H O e C O O ~ P ~ X ~ H U ~ : e C J N BXOAHbIe A a H H b I e I l O C T y I l a l o T B

I l p O r p a M M y U 3 B H e l v H e r O @ a h a (a H e C q U T b I B a l o T C R U H T ~ P ~ K T U B H O ) ,

T O I IPUCYTCTBUe f l O J I b 3 0 B a T e J I R B M O M e H T @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K O ~ O U C n O J I H e H U R

n p O r p a M M b1 C T a H O B U T C R ~ e 0 6 ~ 3 a ~ e . n ~ H ~ I M .

Bce, q T O K a C a e T C R B H e U l H U X @ ~ ~ J O B , Mbl H a M e p e H b I U 3 -

J I O X U T ~ , u M e R B BUAY Typ6o n a c ~ a n b ; B npyrux peanu3auuux R 3 b l K a O n U C b I B a e M b I e 3 A e C b M e X a H U 3 M b I U M e l o T T e UJIU U H b I e OTJIUqUR.

npe>t<fle B C e r O , B H ~ W H U L ? @ a h A O J I X e H 6 b I ~ b O ~ % R B J ~ H K a K U M e H O -

B ~ H H ~ I ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ ~ b l i ? o ~ % ~ K T , O T H ~ C ~ H H H ~ K O n p e A e J I e H H O M y Tun)'.

Hau6onbwee y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ u e H a x o n R T @aiinb~ T u n a text, TO C n e A y e T

n O H U M a T b K a K C O K p a ~ e H U e O T file of char. 3 a T e ~ H Y X H O ~ P O U H @ O P -

M U P O B a T b K O M n U J I R T O P 0 M e C T O H a X O X A e H U U C O O T B e T C T B y I O U e r O

@ a h a unu, u H a q e ~ O B O P R , n o r u q e c K u C B R ~ ~ T ~ n p o r p a M M H o e U M R

@ a f i J I a C U M e H e M @ a h a H a KOHKPeTHOM B H e U J H e M Y C T P O ~ C T B ~ . TO A e n a e T c R npu n o M o q u n p e n n o x e H u R assign cnenylouero B u n a :

assign (intname, extname)

3necb intname 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ u B H y T p e H H e e 2 U M R , c K O T O P ~ I M @aAn O ~ % R B J I ~ H B n p o r p a M M e , a extname y~a3taaae.r u B H e w H e e 2 U M R - TO, n o A K O T O P ~ I M @akn s a p e r u c ~ p u p o ~ a ~ B o n e p a u u o ~ ~ o i i c u c T e M e

( ~ a n p u ~ e p , 'b:program7.datf). nocnen~ee M o x e T 6 b 1 ~ b 3 a ~ a ~ 0 B

' CTOWT yKa3aTb eue H a OAWH R C T O ~ H N K nponcxoxAeHnfl BHetuHero @ a h a : OH MoXFT 6bl~b CO3AaH KBKOR-TO ~pyr0k"i nporpa~uo i , CTaHOOflCb, TaKWM 06pa30u. CBHJ)Wl"llhl J B C H O M MC!MJ) & H ) M H Pa3HblMN JailarlBMIl. - Rpuwr'i. Ilep.

var datafile : text; extname : string[l4]; ...

writeln ( ' Y v e m ~ ~ e HMR BiieuInero @aha' ) ; readln (extname) ; assign(datafile,extname);

A o n y c r u ~ , q T O B O T B e T H a n p U M a W e H U e * Y K ~ > K u T ~ UMR U H e U J H e r O

@ a i ~ n a ~ nonbsosa~enb 11a6upae~ H a K n a a u a T y p e U M R H H T e p e c y l o q e r o

er0 B H e W H e r O @ a h l a b : p r o g r a m 7 . d a t (6e3 K ~ K U X - n u 6 0 K a ~ b l l l e K ! ) .

n p e n n o x e ~ u e ~ readln s a n a ~ ~ b ~ i i T e K c T C q u T b I B a e T c R B n e p e M e H H y l o

extflanle, a 3 a T e M a c c o u r I u p y e T c R C I l P O r P a M M H b l M U M e H e M datafile, 3 a n a H H b I M B n p e A J l O X e H w k i assign. ?)TO B e C b M a r u 6 ~ u i i cnoc06 C B F ~ ~ I -

B a H U R C B H e U l H U M @ a f i J I o M , I IOTOMy q T O , B O - f l e p B b I X , P e W U T b , C K a K U M

@ ~ ~ ~ J I o M p a 6 o ~ a ~ b , h1bI M O X e M )'Me B X O A e B b I n O J l H e H U R n p O r p a M M b 1 , a BO-BTOPbIX, O n H a U T a Xe r I p O r p a M M a C T a H O B U T C R I I P U ~ O A H O ~ ~ AJlH 06- P ~ ~ O T K U p a 3 J l U l l H b I X @af iJ IoB - OH^ I l p O C l O C a M O H a C T p a U B a e T C R H a

H Y X H O e I IOJlb30Bk3TedK) UMR.

A0 T o r 0 K a K ~ Y A ~ T I I P e A n P U H R T a n e p B a R O n e p a U U R B B O A a , BHeUJ-

~ ~ f i @ a h A O J l X e H 6 b 1 ~ b OTlCPblT f lOCpeACTBOM I I P e A J I O X e H U R reset, B KOTOPOM Y K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R r I p o r p a M M H o e U M R @ a h a , H a n p u M e p : reset (intname). C O O T B ~ T C , ~ B ~ H H O B K o l i u e 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ @ a h a ero c n e n y e T

3 a ~ p b 1 ~ b n p u n o M o q u n p e n n o x e H u R close; H a I r p u M e p , close(int- name).2 Boo6ue r O B O p R , f l p e A J l 0 X e H U e reset M O X e T B C T P e q a T b C U

B I I p O r p a M M e H e O A H O K p a T H O ; B C R K U R pa3 n O C J I e er0 B b I n O J I H e H U R

@ a h n 0 3 U U U O H U P Y e T C R H a C a M y l O I I e p B y l o J I U T e p y U, T a K U M o 6 p a 2 0 ~ ,

n O A r O T a B J I U B a e T C R K q T e H U m C H a q a J l a . TO 0 3 H a q a e T , q T O n a H H b I e ,

X p a H R U U e C R B O B H e W H e M @aBne, M O r Y T 6 b 1 ~ b I I P O Y U T a H b I 6onee q e M

o n u H pa3 (CM. y n p a x H e H u e 7.24).

7.4.3. I l p e ~ n o m e ~ u ~ read u readln B npHMeHeHHH K BHeUlHeMy (t)ahly

H ~ ~ O C ~ ~ A C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ BBOA U H @ O P M ~ U M F I O C Y U e C T B J l H e T C R , K a K O ~ ~ I ~ H O , f l p e A J I O X e H U H M U read UJIU readln. O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ I O UX

' ~ O B O P H - @ o p ~ a n b ~ ~ , nepeblir napaMeTp assign nonxeil 6bl~b @ a i U i - n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o t i ,

~ I T o ~ o ~ - nro6b1~ CTpUHrOBblM BbIpawteHtieM. - R p u n r r . nep. npennowte~ln~ ussryn, reset, close n np. flBnnroTcfl no CYTU O ~ P ~ ~ ~ H W R M W K

CTaHAapTHO onpeneneHHblM npouenypaM ( c ~ npmoxeHne 1 1 ) . -- flpuwru. nep. b

I l p U M e H e H U H K BHeUlHeMY @aiiJly RBJlHeTCH O ~ R ~ ~ T ~ J ~ ~ H O C T ~ Y K a 3 a H U R

@aiino~oii n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i B K a q e c T B e n e p B o r o n a p a M e T p a B c n u c K e

s n e M e H T o B B B o n a . H a n p u ~ e p , ecnu u s @ a h a datafile H Y X H O c q u -

T a m 3 ~ a q e ~ u ~ ABYX n e p e M e H H H x x u y, u 3 0 6 p a 3 u ~ b TO H a n a c ~ a n e M O X H O ABORKO':

read (dataf ile, x) ; Knn readln(dataf ile, x , y ) readln (dataf ile, y )

H e o 6 x o ~ u ~ o U M e T b B BUAY C J e A y t o l U e e . Ecnu BbI 3 a 6 b 1 n u BCTaBUTb

U M R @afina, K o M n u n m o p 6 y n e ~ c q i i ~ a ~ b , TO n p o r p a M M a H a M e p e e a -

eTCH BBOAUTb N H @ O P M ~ U U H ) U 3 C T a H A a P T H O r O @afina input. n p a ~ ~ ~ q e -

CKU 3 T 0 n P U B e A e T K CUTYaUUU, K O r A a KOMnblOTeP ~ Y A ~ T X l i l T b - .

B a U U X A ~ ~ ~ C T B U W 3a K A ~ B U ~ T Y ~ O ~ ~ , a BbI T e M B p e M e H e M 6yile~e TL4eTHO

O X U A a T b A ~ ~ ~ C T B U ~ K O M n b l O T e p a no CqUTblBaHUlO AaHHblX U3 BHeUI -

H e r o $ahla! O T M ~ ~ ~ H H ~ R O U U ~ K ~ HaCTOJlbKO X a p a K T e p H a , qTO 3 a C n y -

X U B a e T HeKOTOPblX p a 3 ~ b l U l J l e ~ ~ i i . Ecnu n o n o 6 ~ a ~ C U T y a U U R BCe-

T a K U B03HUKHeT, no KaKUM n p U 3 H a K a M M O X H O 6 b l n 0 6 b 1 YCTaHOBUTb,

q T O M a U U H a X A e T OT B a C BBOAa KaKUX-TO A ~ H H M X ? ~ o J I Y ~ u T ~ JIU Bb l

K ~ K Y I O - H U ~ ~ A ~ n O A C K a 3 K y unu ~ ~ U I - J I ~ U ~ H U ~ ? M ~ o o 6 q e , YBUAUTe JIU

Bbl XOTb TO-~~6yD.b H a 3 ~ p a ~ e ?

7.4.4. Pasmeuetine npennomeiinii assign, reset H close

B C ~ O M H U M n p o r p a M M y prob7. O 6 - b ~ ~ n e ~ u e B H e U l H e r O

@ a h a studentdata u o T H o c R u u e c R K H e M y n p e n n o n z e H u R assign, ieset u close M ~ I n o M e c T u n u B r n a ~ ~ o k n p o r p a M M e , T o r n a K a K onepa- UUU HeI lOCpeACTBeHHOrO q T e H U R U 3 3 T O r O @afiJla OCylUeCTBJIRJIUCb B

n o n n p o r p a M M e readonestudent. H ~ T nu a n e c b n p o ~ u ~ o p e q u ~ ? K ~ K TOJIbKO BblnOJIHUTCR n p e A n O X e H U e assign U, CneAOBaTeJ IbHO, 6 y A e ~

YCTaHOBJIeHa C B R 3 b M e X A y 3 a A a H H b l M U B HeM UMeHaMU @ a h a - BHYTPeHHUM U BHeUlHUM, - K O M ~ U J l H T O P 3 a n O M H U T 3 T 0 COOTBeTCTBUe

UMeH. T ~ M CaMblM @akn CTaHOBUTCH AOCTynHblM U I ~ o A ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ M M ~ ~ .

HO I l O q e M y H e n b 3 H I lOMeCTUTb YnOMRHYTbIe Y n p a B n H t o q U e npenno- X e H U H B TO^ n O A n p O r p a M M e , K O T O p a R OCYUleCTBJIHeT C q U T b l B a H U e

U H @ O P M ~ U U U U 3 B H e U l H e r O @ a i i J l a ? Reno B TOM, qTO, HaXOAHCb B

I n p e n n o n a r a e ~ c n , TO 3 ~ a q e ~ n n nnn x n y pacnonoxesbl Ha o u ~ o i t cTpoKe @ a h a , p a ~ e n e ~ ~ b l e , no ~ p a R ~ e i t Mepe, onHnM n p o 6 e n o ~ n Bce, TO HaxonnTcR nanee ( n o KOHUa CTPOKH), npOrpaMMy He HHTepeCyeT. - f l p ~ ~ e u . nep.

3necb ~ e 0 6 ~ 0 n H ~ b l nBa YTO'IHeHNR. Bo-nep~blx, B O 3 M O x H O C T b 06paLUaTb~~1 K

@aitny n3 nonnporpaMMt.1 06ycnosnesa ( B naHHOM cnyqae) r n o 6 a n b ~ o c ~ b m e r o 0 6 . b n ~ n e ~ t i n . Bo-BTOP~IX, onHoro TonbKo npennomennn assign nnn nocnenytouero BMnOJHeHHR 0 n e p a u ~ f i BBOna HenOCTaTO'4HO - @ a h l CnenyeT ellle OTKPblTb <Ha qTeHHeD npouenypoit reset. - n p u ~ e u . nep.

r n a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e , M ~ I u M e e M B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ 3anuca~b npennoxe- H U H assign u reset nepen u u K n o M while, c n e n o B a T e n b e o , OHU 6 y n y ~ BMnOJIHeHbl TOJlbKO OAUH pas, B CaMOM H a q a J l e p a 6 0 ~ b l ~ c e i i I l p O r p a M - * MM. T e n e p b n p e n c T a B u M ce6e, TO n p e A n O x e H u H assign u reset H a x o -

ARTCR H e B r n a ~ ~ o i i n p o r p a M M e , a B n o n n p o r p a M M e readonestudent. K q e M y 3 T 0 ~ P U B ~ A ~ T ? OHU ~ Y A Y T BbInOJlHHTbCH BHOBb U BHOBb n p U

K a X A O M B b l 3 O B e I I O A n p O r p a M M M (T. e. no pa3y H a K a X A O r O C T Y A ~ H T ~ ) ;

OqeBUAHO, q T O T a K O e I IOBeAeHUe n p O r p a M M b 1 6bmo 6 b 1 H e n p a B U J l b H M M

( M O X ~ T ~ O ~ % H C H U T ~ , n o q e ~ y ? ) ' . no a H a J l O r U q H b l M C O O ~ ~ ~ X ~ H U H M

n p e A n o x e H u e close n o M e q e H o B m a ~ ~ o f i n p o r p a M M e nocne uuma while, q e M 0 6 e c n e q u ~ a e . r ~ ~ o n H o K p a T H o e 3 a ~ p b 1 ~ u e @ a h a .

Ecnu 6 b 1 p e q b mna o n o n n p o r p a M M e B B o n a u ~ @ o p ~ a u u u , B M ~ ~ I B ~ -

e ~ o f i K UCnOJIHeHUlO TOJIbKO OAUH pas, UMeJlO 6 b 1 CMbICJl BKJ l l oqUTb

B H e e K a K n p e A n o x e H u R assign u reset, T a K u close - n n R H o p M a n b -

H o r o ~ ~ K ~ ~ I T U R @aiina nocne B c e x onepauuii read'. E u e o a H u h l B a p u -

a H T o M p e u I e H u R H s n R e T c R n e p e j a q a nonnpor a M M e n a p a M e T p a , npen- ! c T a B . i R m u e r o co6oii U M R B H ~ U I H ~ ~ O $ a h a , TO n p u A a c T n o A n p o -

r p a M M e A O ~ O J H U T e J I b H y l o I - U ~ K O C T ~ , A e J l a H ee cnoco6~ofi p a 6 0 ~ a ~ b

C n t o 6 b l ~ BHeUlHUM ( p a f i J I 0 ~ ~ .

B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e ~ ~ @ U K C U ~ O B ~ H pR!l C n e u U a J I b H b l X UMeH,

KOTOPble M O X H O U C n O ~ l b 3 0 B a T b T a K Xe, K a K U M e H a B H e m H U X $ ~ R J I O B .

OAHUM U 3 HUX RBJlHeTCR UMR 'con:' ( A B O ~ T O ~ U ~ o ~ R ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ H o ) , 0603- H a q a t o L U e e KOHCOJlb ( U J U nYJ lbT ) ' ~ ~ ~ B J I ~ H u H ) . B 0 n e p a u ~ 0 ~ ~ 0 f i CUC-

T e M e , y n p a ~ n ~ m q e f i pa6o~oi i IBM PC, UMR Con: OTHOCUTCR K J lOrU-

q e C K O M y Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B Y B B O A a - B b l B O l a , I l p e l C T a B J I R l O U l e M Y ~ 0 6 0 8 KOMn-

n e K C K J a B U a T ) i p a - 3 K P a H KOhl I l b lOTepa . EC,TU B I IPeAu ' lOXeHUU ussign H a MeCTe NMeHU BHeLLIHerO $ a h J I a v K a 3 a T b 'con:', 3 T 0 ~ Y A ~ T 0 3 H a q a T L , q T O AJlR BBOAa U H @ O P M ~ ~ U U MLI H a M e p e H b l U C n O J b 3 O B a T b KOHCOJIb,

a T O q H e e - ee K J l a B U a T y p y . T ~ K U M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ . llORBJlReTCR B 0 3 M O X -

I n0l lb lT~a HeOAHOKpaTHOrO BblnOalHeHNR YKa3aHHblX n p e l ~ l ~ j t i e ~ ~ ! " ~ 6 y u e ~ NMeTb CyUeCTBeHtiO p a 3 ~ b l i 3 @ @ e ~ ~ : nOBTOpHOe 06pauet lne K USSLgrL BL130BeT O U I N ~ K Y , TOrna KaK KaXAOe HOBOe rl'sel 6 y u e ~ npOCT0 IfO3HUIiOHHpOE3Tb @aRn K tlasan)'. - f lpuweu. nep.

" 0 n n p o r p a ~ ~ y M O X H O CAenaTb IfOnHOCTblO ~ B T O H O M ~ I O ~ oTHOCtiTeJbH0 BBOAa H H @ O P M ~ U H N , BK;lIOqNB R Hee ti CaMO 06.bFIBne~~e @aRna ( 3 ~ 0 B 0 3 M O X H O TOnbKO B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e ) . n p n ~ e p o ~ TaKoro peLueHHn CnyXnT npouenypa readdata, pac- cMaTptisaeMan B n . 12.3.5. - f lpuaeu. nep.

M ~ e e ~ c n B Bnay nepenaqa napaMeTpa Tnna s t r ing , ncnonbsyeMoro aaTeM B

npennoxeHnn assign. - f lpuaeu . nep. ' C y u l e c ~ ~ y e ~ TaKme B O ~ M O ~ H O C T ~ nepenaeaTb n o n n p o r p a ~ h t e B KasecTse

napaMeTpa @aitnoeylo nepeMeHHylo, qeM 0 6 e c r 1 e q n e a e ~ c ~ e u e 6 o n b u a n rcl6~0cTb. n o npaennaM n a c ~ a n n @ o p ~ a n b ~ ~ i t napaMeTp Tnna @aitn nonxeH 6MTb C H ~ ~ X ~ H

onecaTeneM var . - f lpuaeu. nep.

HOCTb r u 6 ~ 0 B a P b U P O B a T b UCTOqHUK B X O A H O ~ ~ U H @ O P M ~ U M H , Cq l iTb l -

B ~ H ee nu60 c K J I a B U a T y p b l ( U H T ~ ~ ~ K T U B H ~ I ~ ~ B B O ~ ) , ~ ~ 6 0 , K ~ K 0 6 b 1 4 ~ 0 ,

U 3 B H e U J H e r O @afi;la. H a c ~ p o i i ~ a I l p O r p a M M b l n O J I b 3 0 B a T e J I R H a H y X -

Hblfi UCTOqHUK A a H H b l X OCylUeCTBJlReTCR n p O C T 0 : c o o 6 q e ~ u e ~ efi TOT0

UJIU UHOrO UMeHU B OTBeT H a C O O T D ~ T C T B Y H ) ~ ~ U ~ ~ 3anp0c' . HO 3a ; l eM

B C e 3 T 0 M O X e T ~ O H ~ ~ O ~ U T ~ C R ? n 0 K a I l p O T p a M M a T O n b K O O T J I a X U B a -

eTCR, H a M n O C T a T O q H 0 ~ e 6 0 n b U l U x n 0 p l l U f i BXOnHblX n a H H b I X , U 6 b l n o

661 r O p a 3 A O yn06~ee B B O n U T b UX B UHTepaKTUBHOM P e X U M e . O K O H ~ ~ - TeJ lbHO O T J l a X e H H y D I l p O r p a M M y uenecoo6pa3~efi I l epeKJ lkOqUTb H a

B H ~ U J H U ~ @af i J l AJIR B B O n a U O ~ ~ ~ ~ O T K K ~ ~ H H ~ I X B ~ O J I ~ U U X 0 6 5 e ~ a x . T ~ K , OTBeTHD C o n : U~l14 b :programi .dal ( M J M TO-HM~YJ~ B ;TOM

pone), I l O J I L 3 0 B a T e J l b TOqHO y K a 3 b l B a e T n p 0 r p a M M e U P e X M M , U UCTOq-

HUK B B O n a .

n o n o 6 ~ o TOMY, K a K MbI C q U T b I B a J U U H @ O P M ~ ~ U H ) M3 BHeUI -

H e r o @ a h a , M a T e p u a n , B ~ I B O A M M ~ I ~ ~ n p o r p a ~ ~ o i i , MOXHO T a K x e

n O M e U a T b BO B H ~ U I H H U @afiJl. B qaCTHOCTU, BMeCTO TOTO, q ~ 0 6 b l BCe

BbIXOAHbIe A a H H b I e 0 ~ 0 6 p a X a T b H a 3 K p a H e TO COOTBeTCTBYeT C T a H -

A a p T H O M y @aAny output) , KaKYlCl-TO WX q a C T b M O X H O H a n p a B U T b H a

n e q a T a m u e e ~ C T P O ~ ~ C T B O ( n p u ~ ~ e p ) . Q U ~ U ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ C T P O ~ ~ C T B O , B b I n o n -

H R I O u l e e @YHKUUH) n e q a T u , B Typ60 n a c ~ a ~ l e 0 6 0 3 H a q a e ~ c R UMeHeM

'1st:' (OT list d e v ~ c e - n e q a - r a m q e e ~ C T P O ~ ~ C T B O ) . Hume n p n B o n u T c n

~ e 6 o ~ l b u r o f i n p o r p a ~ ~ ~ b l f i @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T , J ~ M O H C T P M P Y ~ ~ U ~ ~ BbIBOn

H a n p H H T e p .

oar printer : text; . . . assign(printer,'lst:'); rewrite (printer) ; . . . writeln (printer, . . . ) ; ... close (printer)

n e p e ~ e ~ ~ a ~ printer o 6 n ~ ~ n e ~ a s n e c b K a K T ~ K C T O B ~ I ~ @afin, ~ o ~ o p b ~ i i 3 a ~ e ~ ( B n p e n J o x e H u u assign) accouuuposaw c Y C T P O ~ ~ C T -

BOM l ~ t : , T. e. C I l p U H T e p O M . 0 6 p a T M ~ e BHUMaHUC, q T O O I I e p a U U R OTKPb l -

TUR @afiJla AJIR B b I B O n a B b I p a X C H a I l p e n J l O X e H U C M reGLfrite, a H e

reset, K a K 3 T 0 MMeJlO MeCTO n p U BBOJe.

~ P U BbIBOAe H H @ O P M ~ ~ N U H a I l P U H T e P H ~ O ~ X O A U M O Y q U T b I B a T b

O n H y e T 0 O C O ~ ~ H H ~ C T ~ , n p O R B J l R W 4 y I O C R B TOM, q T O CaMblM IlOC.rl€'nHkiM

' ~ O C K O J ~ K ~ CTaHSapfHhle @anJbi ~ N P U ~ N O U l p ~ l n0 YMO.nqaHHK) CBR3aHhl C

JorMqecKuM ~ C T P O U C ~ B O M t o n : . r1oc;le ~ a j t i a q e ~ n n ussigrl (s lut i rnldulu, ' cor~ : ' l ho~cont , 6yner npencraanflrt cpasy T P M @ a i ~ n a - input , oulpur tr .s~~ldrr l ldutu. - npuwcr . nrp.

a n e q a T a m r u u M D n p e n n o x e H u e M n o n x H o 6 b l ~ b writeln, a H e write. Ecnu 06 3TOM H e I ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T U T ~ C R , TO IlOCJIeAHRR CTPOKa n e q a T a e M o r 0

M a T e p u a n a o c T a H e T c R B 6y@epe n p u H T e p a , T. e. 6 y n e ~ n o T e p R H a .

3 a ~ e p r u a m u y m O ? H C T K ~ 6y@epa npoue B c e r o o c y u e c T B n R T b , n e q a T a R

n y c T y m C T P O K ~ n o c p e n c T B o M n p e n n o x e H u R writeln(printer). ~ O H R T H O , q T O BblBOAUTb H a I I P U H T e P DOBCe H e 0 6 ~ 3 a T e J I b ~ 0 BCK)

n O p O X n a e M y K l I l p o T p a ~ ~ o f i U H @ O ~ M ~ ~ U K ) ; KaKUe-TO A a H H b l e M O X e T

n o ~ p e 6 0 ~ a T b c R H a n p a ~ U T b B ~ T a ~ ~ a p T ~ b l f i @ a h output. T ~ X H H ~ ~ C K H ece p e r u a e T c R npoc~o: ecnu B 0 6 p a ~ e H U k l K npouenype write ( m u writeln) n e p B b l M n a p a M e T p o M s a n a ~ o U M R @ ~ H J I O B O ~ ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i , C B R ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ C Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O M kt . ' , T O TCM CEMbI51 B C e BbIDOnI4MbIe 3 H a q e -

HliR 6 y ~ y T H a n p a B J I e H b l Ha n p l i H T e p ; eCJI l i Xe MMR @ a h a OTCYTCTBYeT,

A a H H b l e a B T 0 M a T U q e C K U nORBRTCR H a 3 K p a H e . Boo6ue rOBOPR, BO

BTOPOM C J l y q a e UMR output M O X e T 6 b l ~ b 3 a n U C a H O U B RBHOM B U g e .

H ~ K O H ~ U , nm6ym @ a i i n o ~ y m n e p e M e H H y m MI B c e r n a M o x e T e C B R s a T b

C BHeUIHUM MMeHeM 'con:', . I T 0 T a K X e 0 6 e c n e q u . r B b l B O n H a 3 K P a H

( ~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ KOHCOJIb P a C C M a T p H B a e T C R K a K Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O BBOAa U

BbIBOfla O A H O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O ) . C J I ~ ~ ~ E O ~ H # n p o r p a ~ ~ ~ b l f i @ P ~ ~ M ~ H T UJI-

J IK lCTp l4pyeT B C e P a C C M O T p e H H h l e B b l U e I l pHchfb l . M M ~ H ~ file1 H file.? - nsa T e K c T o B b l x @ a h a , n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q a e ~ h l x n m smona, - accouwupo- B a H b l 3 n e C b C P a 3 J l U q H b l M U @ U ~ U ~ ~ C K H M H Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B ~ M U .

var file1 : text; f ile2 : text; devicename : string[l4]; ...

wr i teln ( ' YKUHT~ m u YCTPO~~CTB~ m s m A a ' ) ; readln (devicename) ; a~sign(fi1el~devicename); rewrite( f ilel) ; a~sign(file2,'con:~); rewrite(file2); writeln(file1, 'Hepad') ; writeln(file2, 'B~opoB') ; writeln (output, "Ppe~liZL') ; writeln ( 'Ye~sepd' ) ' ;

n p e n n o n o x u ~ , TO B 0TBe-i- H a n p u r n a w e H w e < < Y ~ a x u ~ e U M R YCT-

P O ~ ~ C T B ~ AJIR B b I B O n a D I lOJ Ib3OBaTeJ lb H a 6 U p a e T H a K J l a B U a T y p C 1 s t : .

T o r ~ a n e p R o e n p e n n o x e H u e assign c B R x e T B H y T p e H H e e U M R filel c UMeHeM B H e U H e r O @ a h l a 'Ist:', T. e. C I l p U H T e p O M . B T O ~ O ~ assign O T O X n e C T B J I R e T file.? C UMeHeM 'con:', T. e. C KOHCOJIbK). 3 a T e ~

H a q U H a e T C R C O ~ C T B ~ H H O BMBOB. CJ IOBO ' n e p ~ b l f i ' O T n p a B J I R e T C R H a n p k i H T e p (T. C. H a 1st:). 'B~opoli' -- H a 3 K P a H ( c o n : ) , 'Tpe~uii' BblBO-

nMTCR I l p R M O B ~ ~ a ~ n a p ~ ~ b l f i oufput, T. e. T O X ~ H a 3 K P a H .

( ~ ~ M ~ T U M nonymo, TO @aiin output H e H y x n a e T c R B n p e n n o x e H u R x

assign U reset.) ~ O C J I ~ ~ H R R n O p U U R n a H H M X - TeKCT ' ~ e ~ ~ e p ~ b l l ? ' -

n 0 c T y n a e - r T a K x e B @aiin output (no y M o n q a H n t o , n o c K o n b K y B npen- noxesnu writeln n M R @aiina ~ o o 6 q e H e @ u r y p t i p y e ~ ) . H e q ~ o nono6- H o e M O X H O I I p O n e J l b l B a T b U C B X O n H b I M H @ a f i J I a M # .

B H e C K O J l b K U X n 0 C J I e n H H X n p U M e p a X M b l U M e J I U A e J O C B H e W -

H H M U @ a f i J I a M U , a C C O U H U P O B a H H b 1 M H C @ Y H K U U O H ~ J ~ H ~ I M H q a C T R M H

K O M n b t o T e p a ( T ~ K U M U , K a K n p U H T e p , H O H C O J l b Zi T . n . ) , K O T O P b I e B

'\ Typ60 n a c ~ a n e n p U H R T 0 H a 3 b l B a T b AOZU~eCKUMU ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T ~ ~ M U . 3a

\ K a x A M M n o r u q e c K u M ~ C T P O ~ ~ C T B O M s a ~ p e n n e ~ o o n p e n e n e H H o e U M R ,

. U 3 R e C T H O e I I P O r P a M M U C T Y U H C n O J I b 3 y e M O e D.JIR C B R 3 M B a H H R C @ a i i J I 0 -

hii n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i T u n a text. Q o p ~ a n b ~ o n o r n q e c K o e Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O

p a c C M a T p A B a e T C R K a K B H ~ W H U ~ ~ @afi.il - H M e H H O B T a K O M K a q e C T B e er0 U M R y n o ~ p e 6 n ~ e ~ c ~ B npeilnoxeenu assign, o c y u r e c T s n R t o u l e M yno- M R H Y T O e C B R 3 b l B a H U e . I ~ ~ H B ~ A ~ M C n U C O K H e K O T O P M X ~an60nee B a X -

H M X n o r u q e c K n x Y C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ( n c ~ n m q a ~ H e c K o n b K o c ~ ~ L ( u @ H ~ ~ c K ~ x .

I I p H M e H R e M b l X B 0~060 C n O X H b l X C Z I T Y ~ ~ H R X ) :

~ O ~ ~ C T U M , B ~aulefi n p o r p a M M e 0 6 - b R ~ ~ e ~ b l n B a T e K C T O B b l X

@ a h a - file1 n file2. H a 3 ~ a q u ~ b H M ~ e o 6 x o n u ~ b l e n o r u q e c K u e ~ C T -

~ O ~ C T B ~ M O X H O , H a n p H M e p , T a K :

~ O M U M O 3 T 0 r 0 H Y X H O ~ Y A ~ T ewe O T K P b I T b y K a 3 a H H b I e @ a f i n b l : file1 n p e n n o x e H u e M rewrite, a file2 n p e n n o x e a n e M reset.

O T M ~ T U M y ~ ~ i ~ e p ~ a ; l b ~ b l f i X a p a K T e p A B y X H 3 H a 3 B a H H b l X B b l W e

Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B : K O H C O J H U T e p M U H a J I a . 06a O H U O ~ € ! C I I ~ ~ U B ~ K I T K a K B B O A ,

T a K U B b I B O n # H @ O P M ~ ~ ~ N H , n p U q e M B T O M , q T O K a C a e T C R B b l B O A a ,

M e X n y H U M H H e T H N K ~ K O # P a 3 H H U b l . H ~ K O T O P ~ I ~ q a C T H b l e O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H

3 T H X Y C T P O ~ C T B ~ P O R B u T R H 3 T C H B M e X a H U 3 M e B B O A a , 0 q e M 6onee n0A- p o 6 ~ o p a c c ~ a 3 b l e a e ~ c ~ B n p u n o x e H n n IV.

n a c ~ a n e s a @ n ~ c u p o ~ a ~ p ~ n npenonpenene~~blx n M e H , 0603~aqam- U U X C O O T B e T C T B y l o u l H e C T a H n a p T H M e @ a i J I b I . a ~ a T a K H X U M e H H -

input U O U ~ P U ~ - H a M yXe X O p O U l O 3 H a K O M b l . M M R input OTHOCWTCR K C T a H A a P T H O M Y @%any C U C T e M H O r O B B O n a ; e M y C O O T B e T C T B y e T nu60 K O H C O J I b ( c o n : ) , nn6o T e p M U H a J I ( t r m : ) . A J ~ T ~ ~ H ~ T H B ~ p a 3 p e U I a e T C R

A H ~ ~ K T H B O ~ ~ K O M n H J I R T O p a B. Ecnn O H a a K T A B H a TO H M e e T M e C T O

no y ~ o n q a a u m ) , input a c c o u n n p y e T c R c n o r n q e c K n M Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O M

Con:, B I I P O T U B H O M ~ J I y q a e (T. e. K O r A a A H p e K T H B a B H ~ ~ K T U B H ~ )

aafin input c q u T a e T c R C B R ~ ~ H H ~ I M c Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O M t rm: . (Eionee nonpo6~o 0 A U p e K T k i B e B H 0 p a 3 n U q k i R X M e X A y P e X k i M a M H KOHCOJIH

n T e p M u H a n a r o B o p n T c R B n p u n o m e H n n IV) . . Qaiin output T a K x e

C B R 3 b l B a e T C R nu60 C COtl:, n u 6 0 C t rm: , HO, K a K YXe r O B O p U J O C b , n p U

B b I B O n e y K a 3 a H H b l e J O r U q e C K H e ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ B e n y T c e 6 ~ C O B e p U l e H H O

O n H H a K O B O .

K ~ X A O M Y n o r n q e c K o M y ~ C T P O ~ ~ C T B ~ B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e c o n o c T a s n e H

C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ C T ~ H A ~ P T H ~ I ~ @ a h . T ~ K , Y C T P O ~ ~ C T B O Con: U M e e T C T a H -

n a p ~ ~ b l f i @ a h , ~ a 3 b l ~ a e M b l f i Con; trm: - @ a f i J I no H M e H U t rm k i T . A. ( B e c b ~ a B e P O R T H O , q T O B b l yXe H M e J I H cnyqaii B O C n O J I b 3 0 B a T b C R

C T a H n a p T H b l M @ ~ # J ~ o M ls t , q ~ 0 6 b l n O J I y q a T b P e 3 Y J l b T a T b l B a U I U X I l p O r -

P a M M O T n e q a T a H H b I M N H a 6 y ~ a r e . ) npki H C n O J l b 3 O B a H H H nm6oro H 3

C T a H n a P T H b l X @ ~ ~ J I o B C T a H O B R T C R H e H Y X H b l M H n p e n J I O X e H H R assign, reset, rewrite u close. Eionee T O ~ O , y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ n e TUX npennoxe~ni i n p o c T o H e n o n y c K a e T c R . B K a q e c T s e n p n M e p a n p o n e M o H c T p n p y e M

npe&JIOXeHHR B B O n a H B b I B O A a , B K O T O P b l X @ W ~ Y P W P Y K ) T U M e H a A B y X

C T a H A a p T H b I X JOB.

n e p ~ o e npennoxeaue c q n T b l e a e T nea ~ H ~ ~ ~ H Z I R , nocrynamque c KOH- conu; B T o p o e n e q a T a e T ~ T U 3 ~ a q e ~ n ~ H a npnwepe.

n o ~ a , B 0 3 M O X H 0 , H e B n O J I H e O T q e T J I H B O n P O C M a T P H B a e T C R pa3- ~ n u a M e M a y con u con:, 1st u 1st: u T. A. n o c ~ a p a e ~ c ~ B H e C T U B 3 T O T

B O n p O C 6onbme RCHOCTH. ~ O ~ ~ C T H M , K a K H e - T O B b l X O A H b I e A a H H b I e

H ~ O ~ X O A U M O H a n p a B H T b H a I l e q a T a t o q e e ~ C T ~ O R C T B O , T. e. H a n P H H T e P .

O C ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ T ~ 3 T 0 M O X H O A B Y M R cnoc06a~n. n e p ~ b l f i cnoco6 ripen- n o n a r a e T 0 6 - b ~ ~ n e ~ n e n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i filename T n n a text. 3 a ~ e ~ c 3~0 i i n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i B b l n o n H R e T c R ~nnoeoii ~ a 6 o p onepaunii: assign, rewrite, writeln a, H a K o H e u , close (CM. n. 7.4.6).

B O ~ M O X ~ H ki W H O G n O A X O n K Aeny, n o 3 ~ o n ~ t o q u i i O ~ O ~ ~ T H C ~ 6e3 6onbureii q a C T H y K a 3 a H H b l X B b l U l e A ~ ~ C T B H ~ ~ , q T O A O C T W r a e T C R I l P H M b l M

y n o ~ p e 6 j l e ~ u e ~ n M e H u 1st. K ~ K cnenc-rene, o ~ r l a n a e ~ ~ e o 6 x o n n ~ o c ~ b

B @ a h - n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i filename n n p e n n o x e H u R x assign, rewrite u close. B M ~ C T O B C e r O 3 T 0 r 0 A O C T a T O q H O B C O O T B e T C T B Y D U H X n p e n J I 0 -

x e H u R x writeln y ~ a a a ~ b H M R C T a H n a p T H o r o @ a h a 1st. Ka3anocb 6 b 1 ,

npoqe H e npunyruaeurb, n MOXHO nnurb H e n o y M e B a T b , 3 a q e ~ ~ 0 0 6 q e

KOMY-TO M O X e T I ~ O H ~ A O ~ U T ~ C H I I e p ~ b 1 # cnoco6. Hy, BO-IIepBbIX, U 3 - 3 a

6 o n b m e i i ~ H ~ K O C T H : U ~ M ~ I I R R BTOPOG n a p a M e T p assign, n e r K o nepe- K n l o q a T b B H Y T P ~ H H U ~ @ a h ( f i lename) H a TO unu u H o e n o r u q e c K o e

Y C T P O ~ C T B O HJlU B H ~ I H H H ~ ~ @ a h . Bo-BTOP~IX, C a M a KOHUeIIllUR CTaH-

AaPTHbIX JOB ( B U3JlOXeHHOM 3 n e C b B U A ~ ) RBJlReTCR O C O ~ ~ H -

HOCTblo Typ60 ~ ~ c K ~ J I R ; TpaAUUUOHHaR TeXHUKa, OCHOBMBaloUlaRCR

H a u c n o n b s o ~ a ~ u u @aiino~oii n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o B , n p e n J I o x e ~ u H assign, rewrite H T. n., C ~ O C O ~ C T B ~ ~ T 0 6 ~ l e r ~ l e ~ u 1 0 n e p e H o c a n p o r p a M h t H a A p y r U e MaWUHbI U ~ ~ c K ~ J I ~ - K o M ~ u J R T o ~ ~ I ' .

B O ~ H N K ~ ~ T ~ C T ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I # BOnpOC: a IIOtleMy 6b1 U C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H ~ I #

@a#Jl, U COOTBeTCTByloLUee JIOrUqeCKOe y c r p o f i c ~ ~ o H e H a 3 M B a T b

KaKUM-TO OAHUM UMeHeM, C K a M e M , Con: UJIU con? n o t l e ~ y HYXHO

nOJ lb30BaTbCR ABYMR, XOTR BCR p a 3 H U U a 3aKJI Io t l eHa B , ' ~ B O C T G ~ ~ I H ? Y B ~ I , T a K a R A B O ~ C T B ~ H H O C T ~ BCe-TaKU H ~ O ~ X O A U M ~ . Aeno B TOM, qTO

o n e p a q w o H H a R c u c T e M a (DOS) n n R K o M n b l o T e p o B T u n a IBM PC T p e 6 y e ~ 0 6 R 3 a ~ e J l b ~ 0 r 0 IIPUCYTCTBHR ABOeTOqHH B UMeHU J l O r U q e -

c K o r o y c ~ p o # c ~ ~ a . C npyroii C T O P O H ~ I , no n p a B u ~ i a M Typ6o n a c ~ a n ~ y I I 0 T p e 6 J I e H U e 3 T 0 r 0 3 H a K a B UMeHaX I lPOrPaMMHblX O ~ % ~ K T O B H e

AOnyCKaeTCR; H a n p U M e p , Con RBJlReTCR IIpaBUJlbHbIM UMeHeM, a Con: HeT.

var outfile : text; . . . assign(outfile,'b:program7.0ut'); rewrite (outf ile) ; . . . write1.n (outf ile, . . . )

3 n e c b n O K a 3 a H b I OCHORHbIe A ~ # C T B H R , H ~ ~ ~ X O A U M ~ I ~ AJlR BMBOAa

AaHHblX B @ a h J I C MMeHeM progranl7.0uf, ~ ~ C ~ O J I O M ~ H H ~ I U H a AMCKeTe

B HaKOnUTeJ le 6 : . C 0 3 n a H H b l # TaKUM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ @ a h BnOCJIeACTBUU

M O X e T 6 b l T b n p O q U T a H TO# Xe C ~ M O # UJIU K ~ K O # - T O A P Y ~ O ~ ~ n p O r p a M -

MOB. Y ~ 0 6 b 1 A a H H a R I I p O r p a M M a MOrJ la OCYUlCCTBUTb CtlUTblBaHUe

u ~ @ o p ~ a q u u , s a n u c a ~ ~ o i i elo x e B @ a h outfile, HYXHO c H a q a n a

Crporo rosopu, npo6ne~a nepeHoca cosnae~cfl n npeMoxeHHeM assign, ~nellH@HqHtdM AJlfl Typ60 nacrtanfl, XOTfl B 60nblubiHc~~e COBpeMeHHblX AHa,leKTOB n a c ~ a n u cyuecTnyloT ~ J I H ~ K H ~ aHanorn ( ~ a n p n ~ e p , npennoxeHne opor B n a c ~ a n e V A X ) . - I lpuwer. nep.

3 a K P M T b er0 ( ~ O C ~ ~ A C T B O M close), a 3 a T e M OTKPbITb BHOBb ripen-

n o m e H u e M reset ( C M . y n p a n i H e H H e 7.18) I .

t

7.4.1 0. 0 HeTeKCTOBblX aafinax

Bce T e @ a B n ~ , c KOTOPMMU M ~ I u M e n u neno no cux nop, OTHOCUJIUCb K KaTerOpUH T a K Ha3bIBaeMMX TeKCTO8blX @ ~ # J ~ o B .

~au6onee IIPOCTMX n p U J l 0 X e ~ 1 1 8 3TOT TUII @ ~ # J ~ o B OKa3MBaeTCR

BnOJlHe AOCTaTOqHbIM. O A H ~ K O B n a c K a J I e Cyu leCTByeT B03MOXHOCTb

p a 6 0 T a T b U C HeTeKCTO6blAU @ a # J l a ~ U , TaKUMU, H a n p U M e p , KaK @a#JI

B e u l e c T B e H H b I x q u c e n , unu , B o 6 u l e ~ c n y q a e , @atin, conepxauluii - KaKUe-TO CTPYKTYPiIPOBaIiilbIe 06 'beKTbl ( p R n b 1 UJIU 3 a n U C U - 0 HUX

6 y n e ~ p a c c ~ a 3 a ~ o B m a ~ a x 8 u 12). B ) ' ~ ~ ~ x H ~ H u u 12.39 PaCCMaTpU;

. BaeTCR K O H K P ~ T H M ~ I I p U M e p UCnOJlb30BaHUR HeTeKCTOBOrO @a#Jla-. OAHUM U 3 @ Y H A ~ M ~ H T ~ ~ ~ H M X CBO#CTB BCRKOrO @a#Jla R B J ~ R ~ T C R

TO, qTO 3 T a CTPYKTYPa AaHHblX I lpeACTaBJlReT ~060ii COBOKYnHOCTb

0 6 % e K T 0 B 3 OAHOrO H T o r 0 me T u n a . T ~ K , nlo6oA T ~ K C T O B ~ I # @a#n PaCCMaTpUBaeTCR KaK C O C T O H ~ ~ U # U3 3JleMeHTOB T u n a char. COOTB~T- CTBeHHO 3JIeMeHTaMU @a#JIa T u n a file of integer ,%OJIXHbI 6 b l T b TOJIbKO

UeJIMe qUCJla . B n p o q e ~ , I IpaKTNqeCKaR nOJle3HOCTb aUeJlOqUCJleHHbIX>

@ ~ # J I o B HeBeJlUKa, IlOCKOJlbKy, KaK MM MOrJlU Y ~ ~ A N T ~ C R n0 I l p O r p a M -

M e 7, @ a h T u n a text T a K x e M o x e T X p a H u T b u e n b I e q u c n a " .

B 6 0 n b r u u ~ c ~ s e sepcuii n a c ~ a n ~ ( H O H e B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e ) CTaHAapTHbIe I IpOUeAypbl BBOAa-BbIBOAa readln U writeln H e MOrYT

6 b I T b UCIlOJlb30BaHbI AJlR @a8Jl0~ H ~ T ~ K C T O B O # IIpUpOAbl ( T ~ K N X ,

KaK file of integer unu file of record); no c B o e M y N ~ H ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H O M Y

CMbICJIy y K a 3 a H H b I e O n e p a U U U IIpUMeHUMbI J U W b K @afiJla~ T u n a

text. YTO Xe KaCaeTCR HeTeKCTOBbIX @ ~ ~ ~ J I o B , TO BO BCeX AUaJleKTaX

n a c ~ a n ~ n n R u x o 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ u n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ n B e oco6b1e npo- u e n y p M - get u put; n e p B a s l cquTb1Bae.r u s @a@a, a B T o p a R n o M e u l a e T

B H e r 0 O A U H - ~ A U H C T B ~ H H ~ I # 3JIeMeHT AaHHblx3. Cpenki CTaHAaPTHblX

I ~ J I U nepeK.rtloqentiR +aii.na n3 pexttrr~a s a n ~ c ~ B p ~ x u u CqnTbleaHnu nocraroq- H O onHoro resel. Onticat~~an aaropavn cxeMa neiicrs~ii npueeaer K O U I H ~ K ~ , noc- ~ o n b ~ y C B R ~ ~ + a i i , i - n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o A c + H ~ H ~ ~ C K H M + a i i n o ~ ( y c r a ~ o s n e ~ ~ a n assign) npouenypoii close nonHocrblo paspyluaercn. - npuwer. nep.

Q ~ K T H ~ ~ C K H B y ~ a s a ~ ~ o e yupaxHeHne nepeHecem HeKoTopHe eaxsble ceeneHnn o HeTeKcToeux +aAnax, AononHnlouHe MarepHan HacTonuero pasnena. - npuweu. nep. ' Hasbleae~blx 3AeMeHTaMlI HAH KOMnOHeHTaMU + a h a . - n p ~ M P f . nP/'

' nono6noe IlpOTHBOnOCTaBJleHHe BpUn J l H KOPPeKTHO, nOCKOnbKy B TeKCrOBOM +akle COnepXaTCfl BCe-TaKH TOAbKO JlHTepbl (H HHqerO KPOMe JlH~ep); TOT +BKT, qTO

CpeAti H H X MOrYT 6td~b H rpynnbl 3HaK08, COCTaBJlflloUHe qHCJIOBbIe JlHTepanM (H nDeA- nonaraloqne cooTeeTcTeyloutylo nporpaMMHylo r i~~epnpe~aunlo ) , e u e He naeT noeona cqnTaTb T ~ K C T O B M A +aAn axpaHnnnueM qecen,. - npuwer. nep.

Cornac~o cTaHnapTy n a c ~ a n ~ npouenypbl get H put onpeneneeu Ann n l o 6 ~ x @aAnoe, 06ecneqssan nepeHOC 3JleMeH~apHok nOpUHH AaHHtdX (OAHO~ K O M ~ O H ~ H T ~ I ) MeKny C O ~ C T B ~ H H O +a f ino~ (/) H er0 6y+epHoi nepe~eHH0A. 0603Haqae~0~ KaK

npOueA)'p BBOAa-BblBOAa Typ60 nacKanR get H put OTCYTCTBYWT.

B M ~ C T ~ C TeM Typ60 n a c ~ a n b pa3pemae.r npWMeHHTb nPOUeAypb1

readln ki writeln C ~lI06blM~ @afiJIaMn, BKJllOqaR H ~ T ~ K C T O B ~ I ~ ' .

~ P W M ~ H R R CTaHAaPTHyfO (PYHKUHD e0f ( C M . n. 7.3.5)

B npOrpaMMe, C W ~ T M B ~ I O I U ~ ~ ~ AaHHble ij3 BHelllHerO @afiJla2, H ~ O ~ X O -

AWMO Y'IHTblBaTb HeKOTOPhle c ~ ~ Q H @ H ~ ~ ~ c K H ~ O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ peaJIki3a-

unn 3~0 i i ( P ~ H K U H H B Typ6o n a c ~ a n e . n y c ~ h datafile - H M R @aiino- BOG n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i ; Torna eof(datafi1e) aacT ncTnHHoe 3 ~ a r l e ~ n e ( t rue ) B OAHOM n3 A B ~ X cnyqaee: ecnn cnenyrouasl nnTepa B @afine ecTb

Ctrl-2 H n H e C n H AOCTHrHyT ( P H ~ H ~ ~ c K H ~ ~ KOHelI @afiJla. (Ctrl-2 - 3T0

y n p a B ~ R K ) ~ n f i CHMBOJI, ~~n0~b3yeMMfi B IBM PC K a K CkirHan 06 OKoHrlaHnn @ a h a . Onsnqec~nii ~ o ~ e q B C R K O ~ O @ a h a onepauuoHHaR C N C T e M a aBTOMaTHrleCKH nOMerlaeT HeKOTOPblM CneltWaJIbHblM o 6 p a 3 o ~ ~

OAHaKO npH XeJIaHHH Bbl MOXeTe C a M H BCTaBHTb KOA Ctrl-Z" B n r o 6 0 ~

MecTe @ai%na). Ecnn cnenyroqeii n n ~ e p o i i @ a h a R B n R e T c u npo6en ( n n n x ~ o 3 ~ p a - r

KapeTKHW HJIn ~oo6ule BCe qTO YrOAHO, OTnWqHOe OT Ct r l -Z) , TO 3Ha-

qeHneM eof(datafi le) 6 y n e ~ false, name ecnn 3a ~ T H M n p c 6 e n o ~ 60nbUIe HeT H W K a K H X COAePXaTeJIbHblX AaHHblX.

P~CCMOTPHM nPHMeP, B KOTOPOM nPOH3BOAHTCR UHKJHrleCKOe

cqnTmsaHne n 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ a u e m x qncen, s a n n c a ~ ~ b ~ x B @afine datafile.

var x : integer; datafile : text;

. . . while not eof(datafi1e) do

begin read (dataf ile,x) ; ( 0 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i x )

end

f . ^ T a ~ . HanpuMep, onepallrin ge l ( input ) (unn npocro g e l ) 0craenne.r B n e p e ~ c ~ ~ ~ ~ o k

i n p u t A 3HaqeHHe T ~ K ~ L U C ~ .lMTepbl, C ' I M T B H H O ~ U3 <'T.DH,'IBPTHOTO (TCKCTOBOTO) @afina input. - n p u ~ e r . nep.

I BO~MOXWO, aBTOpbl H M e n U B B H n y npOUenypbl read U write, neficTBnTenb~0

IlpHMeHNMMe K fl106bl~ @~U.IBM. O ~ H ~ K O readln U writeln nOnyCKaloTCH TOJbKO

Ann $ahnoti c noc~poqnofi opra~u3auneR, T. e . T ~ K C T O R ~ I X . - RPUYPY. nep. 3necb U ilaJlee HMeloTCfl B BHny TOnbKO TeKCTOBble @aRnbl. - Rpuweu. nep. Konoeym K O M ~ N H B U U K ) Ctrl-Z. He UMelOlUylo C O ~ C T B ~ H H O T O 3HaKOBOrO npen-

cTasneHnfl (CM. npnnoxeHHe 111). B nporpaMMe Ha Typ6o n a c ~ a n e MOXHO ~ 3 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ 5

HeCKOnbKHMN C I I O C O ~ ~ M H : K a K c h r ( 2 6 ) . nu60 #Y6. .in60 # $ 1 A , JWGO . Z. - R P U M ~ I I . nep.

3HalreHHR H3 datafile yme o 6 p a 6 o ~ a ~ ~ , ki OCTanCR AHUb OAUH np0-

6en - IlOCJleAHRR cue He CqHTaHHaR JlUTepa. B 3TOT MOMeHT

eof (datafi le) aaeT false; M ~ I CHOBa BxoAnM B Ten0 unKna while n npononmaeM n p o c d a ~ p n s a ~ b @fin (nbl-rancb n3sneqb ti3 Hero orlepen- Hoe UenorlncneHHoe s ~ a q e ~ n e ) , noKa He AocTnrHeM ero @u3nqec~oro

KoHua. Ecnn s npouecce noucKa BMecro qncnosoro nnrepana scrpe- TWTCR KOA Ctrl-2, TO npe>ttHee 3Ha.leHUe x He H ~ M ~ H W T C R , a CJleAYlOUaR

npoaepKa ycnoenn eof(datafi1e) aacT H C T U H H ~ I ~ ~ pe3y.lb~a~. T ~ K H M 06pa30~ , B p a c c u a ~ p n s a e ~ o i i CnTyaUnn nepeMeHHaR x CoXpaHUT cBoe cTapoe 3 ~ a r l e ~ n e ' , KoTopoe n 6 y n e ~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ o BO ~ ~ o p o i i pas.

KaK me n36ema~b n o a ~ o p ~ o i i 06pa6or~u nocnenHero qncna?

C ~ ~ ~ C T B Y ~ T OqeHb IlpOCTOe peUIeHHe. TOT, KT0 6yAeT CO3AaBaTb

B H ~ U I H H ~ ~ @aHn, &OAXeH ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T H T ~ C R , q~06bl 38 3HaqeHMeM, 3aBep-

UJaDUHM ~ a 6 0 p qHCJlOBbIX AaHHbIX, He OCTaBad7OCh H H K a K H X ~36b1~0rl-

HblX npo6eno~ ( H J H nyCTblX CTPOK, a B HeKOTOPblX CnyqaRX - U KOAOB

BO3BpaTa KapeTKH (CR) - CM. ynpaXHeHHe 7.27). 1 1 ~ ~ B M n O n H e H H n

yKa3aHHofi PeKOMeHAauHU @ Y H K ~ H R e0f 6yAeT CTaHOBHTbCR HCTHH!-IO~~

B ca~bl f i ~ O A X O A R L U H ~ ~ MOMeHT -- KOTLla, 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ fl@CJleAtIee Crlli-

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CnOCJleflHerO qHCJla>> MOXHO BOCnOJb3OBaTbCR nneeii CTPYKTYPHOTO

unKna c ynpexaarounM BaoaoM ( C M . n. 3.3.9). npouecc HaqnHaeTcR

CquTMsaHneM n3 @aH.~a caMoro nepBoro 3 ~ a r l e ~ t i ~ , nocne qero ocy- q e c T s n R e T c R ( B 3 a r o n o ~ ~ e while) npoBepKa HCTMHHOCTA eof. 3 a ~ e ~ BBeaeHHOe 3HnqeHne 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b l ~ a e ~ ~ R , a C.IHTbIBaHl!e C.7eAyloUlerO

npON3BOllUTCR yme B KOHXe Tena UHKna. Ta~nhr o6pasohr, 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ a ~

nocneAHee qucs~o n BblnonHnB 3a~ep~uamulee read(datafi le,x), M M

TeM CaMbIM nPOABNHeMCR @afin)' K er0 ( P H ~ I ~ ~ ~ c K o M ~ KOHUY;

cnenvrouaR 3a ~ T W M npoBepKa eof (dataf i le) aacT true, n unKn 6yAeT cBoeepeMenHo npeKparueH ( ~ e x ~ n q e c ~ y r o pa3pa601,~y onncaHHoro MeTOAa OCTaBHM A0 YflpaXHetiHrl 7.28).

H O A O ~ H O TOMY K a K @YHKUHR e0f n03BOJReT O ~ H ~ P Y X H B ~ T ~

uoHeu @ a h a , npyraR cTaHaapTHaR @ ~ H K U H R n a c ~ a n ~ - eoln (OT end of line - KoHeq CTPOKH) - n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ a anst 0 6 ~ a p y m e ~ n ~ KoHua

I B n e f i c ~ ~ n ~ e n b u o c ~ u neno O ~ C T O N T nHaqe. 3 ~ c n e p u ~ e u ~ a n b u a n npoBeptia (Ha IBM PC) onncan~ofi a B T O p a M B C H T Y a l l U U nOKa3MB2eT, qTO IlOnMTKa CqHTaTb YuCnO-

eoe s ~ a s e ~ u e n3 norm npo6enoe, npenurec~~ylomux $ N ~ H ~ ~ C K O M Y (unu nornqecKoMy,

0 6 0 3 H a q e n ~ o ~ y KonoM Ctrl-Z) KOHUY + a h a , ocTasnneT B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o f i x Hynb, HO

He npewtsee ee s ~ a q e ~ ~ r e ; nocne 3~0i-o eof nae+ U H C T U H Y ~ . K CoxaneHum, TOYHMX y~a3aHnfi H a 3TOT CqeT B O @ N U N ~ ~ ~ H O M PyKOBOnCTBe no Typ60 nacltanlo HeT. - n p u ~ e r . nep.

6b1no 6b1 HeB03MOXHO kiCIlOJlb30BaTb Tuesday B KaqeCTBe HHfleKCHOrO

3HaqeHWR B 4WKJle for H J U IIPWMeHRTb Te CTaHnaPTHble @ Y H K U H H ,

K PaCCMOTPeHWlO KOTOPbIX Mbl cefiqac ki I t p U C T y n H M .

C KaXAbIM 3,'leMeHTOM nePeLIllCJleHkiR BCer;la CBR3aHO

HeKoTopoe UenoswcneHHoe s ~ a q e ~ n e . Onpenenn~b ero MOXHO npn n O M O U U ~MeloUeficR B nac~aJIe C T ~ H ~ ~ P T H O ~ ~ @ Y H K U U H , Ha3bIBaeMofi

ord (OT ordinal value - IIOpRnKOBOe 3HaqeHHe). ~ Y C T ~ X - 3JeMeHT

B Tune nepequcneHwR y. Torna ord(x) nacT nosnunlo ( n o p ~ n ~ o ~ ~ i i H O M ~ ~ ) X B ~ ~ ~ O B O M THne y. Heo6xonn~o JHWb YTOqHNTb, qTO H Y M e - paam Bcerna HaquHaeTcR c 0, a H e 1 .

Ecnw BePHYTbCR K HaUIeMy IIpUMepy C n H R M H HeAenH, TO n0Jy-

qnM, qTO ord(Monday) = 0, ItOTOMy TO Monday 3 a n n c a ~ nepBblM

B cnncKe 3neMeHToB nepeswcneHnR. A ~ a n o r n q ~ o ord(Friday) = 4, a ord(Sunday) = 6. BHRCHHT~, COnepxuTcR nu s ~ a s e ~ n e Wednes- day B n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i today, MOXHO ABYMR cnoc06a~n :

x if today = Wednesday then ...

if ord(today) = 2 then ...

type days = ( Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday, Thursday,Friday,Saturday, Sunday ) ;

weekend = (Saturday,Sunday) ; ( TaKneJIb3fl )

~ ~ O ~ ~ C T U M Ha M H H Y T Y , qTO W M e H a M Saturday A Sunday pa3pe-

uraeTcR npncyTcTBosaTb B cnwcKax o6owx nepesncne~nii - days ki weekend. K ~ K Torna 6 b 1 ~ b CO 3HaqeHkieM ~YHKII ,HH ord nnR KaKOrO- H M ~ Y A ~ H3 YKa3aHHblX ~ J ~ ~ M ~ H T o B ? q e ~ y , HanpUMep, 661~10 661 paBH0

ord(Sunday)? Mcxon~ n3 KaKoro Tnna - days nnn weekend - npwurnocb 6b1 OnpeAenRTb n03n~w10 3 n e ~ e ~ ~ a Sunday? Bo u 3 6 e x a ~ n e

nono6sblx ~ e n o p a s y ~ e ~ n i i B n a c ~ a n e u ycTaHoBneHo npaBnno, cor-

7 THn nepeqncneHnR, nporpaMMncT He nMeeT npaBa ncnonb30aa~b B

\ H e M NMeHa, yXe Y ~ M R H Y T ~ I ~ B KaKOM-TO APYrOM Tune ( C OnHNhl

! NcKnloqeHueM, o KOTOPOM BcKope 6 y n e ~ c ~ a 3 a ~ o ) . H a n p n ~ e p , cneny- IOUeC OnPeAe~leHHe TMna He3aKOHH0, IlOCKOJlbKy JlMTepbI 'a' H 'b' yXe

RBnRloTcR sneh:eH7raMn Trtna char ' .

type repeats = (rar,rb'); ( T ~ K ~ o x e nenaafl )

k i c ~ n m q e ~ n e , 0 KOTOPOM TOJlbKO UTO j'nOMHHaJlOCb, COCTOHT B TOM, qTO

ecerna M O X H O onpeaennTb Tun, n p e n c ~ a ~ n ~ l o m n i i co6oB o~pe3011

HeKoToporo Tnna nepe.rncnenusr. B n o n ~ e nonycTnMo, Hanpntdep, cne- nymutee onpeneneHne Tnna weekend ( ~ b r x o n ~ b ~ e A H A ) :

type days = ( Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday, Thursday,Friday,Saturday, Sunday ) ;

weekend = Saturday. .Sunday ; ( A BOT T a K M O X H O )

I I o n q e p ~ ~ e n i , TO ~ n n weekend onpeneneH K a K O T ~ ~ ~ O K , HO H e nepe- .IHCJIeHFie. Ecnu M ~ I ~ e n e p b ~ O U H T ~ ~ ~ C ~ ~ M C R 3Haqe~kiehI ord(Sunday),

; 3T0 ~ Y A ~ T 03HaLlaTb, qTO MMeerCR B BWAY Sunday n3 days, IlOCKOJlbKy

,'; weekend - He nepeqncne~ue'. C n e n o ~ a ~ e n b ~ o , ord(3unday) paB- .f; HO 6, n6o TaKOB ~ O ~ R ~ K O B ~ I # H O M e p Sunday B 6 a 3 0 ~ 0 ~ TUne days3. g B a x ~ o noMHnTb o TOM, TO B n a c ~ a n e He p a 3 p e m a e ~ c ~ H n BBO-

+ BHTb, HW neqaTaTb 3HaqeHMR, OTHOCRWHeCR K TMnaM IlepeqHCneHHR. $2

n0qeMy yCTaHOBJeH0 T2KOe o ~ ~ ~ H W I ~ H H ~ ? C ~ N T ~ ~ T C R , qTO 3neMeHT

IIepeqMCJleHVR npenCTaBJlR?T C Q ~ O K ? He 6onee qeM BHyTpeHHee H M R ,

3 memutee cMbIcn B paMKax nporpaMMbr, HO He BHe ee. M ecnn TaKoe H M R BCe-TaKM HYXHO CTneqaTaTb, hah: IlpHAerCR OPTaHM30BaTb

COOTBeTCTByloIUef? IIpe06pa30BaH~e, H ~ ~ O ~ O ~ U C OCyu~eCTBJIReMOrO

@ Y H K U H ~ ~ ~ tran!ilat€ 113 npOTp3MMbl 7.

' n p ~ ~ e p H e K O p p e K T e H no npyroR f l p U c I H H e . K ~ K 06 3TOM yxe r O B O p H J O C b ,

3 n e M e H T a M N f l e p e ' 4 H C f l e H N R LIOJ lXHbl 6 h i T b n p 2 B h l . l h H b i r " R S l e H a , a B n B C e H e T e K C T O B b l e

n H T e o a n s 1 . - flpuneu. nep. 2 B 3~0fi MOTHBUPOBKC e C T b ~ e 6 0 n b u o f i ~ o r u q e c ~ n h N 3 b f l H , I I O C K O n b K y ( P Y H K U B ~ ~

ord C O a H H a l t O B b l M y C n C X G M ~ ~ o ~ c ~ ~ ~ N . I I D ~ ~ : ' B H e 7'3,IbKO n e p e q n c n e H l I R , HO ~oo6me , n n 6 b ! e r (OPRnKOP.bIO T H n b l . B TOM '4LiC;le o n p e n e n e ~ ~ b l e K a K O T P e 3 K r l (n . 7.5.7). --

npuneu. nep. ' I l ~ r l b l T a ~ b l ~ r l . l a r b 37011). Q ~ K T ~ 60-lee f l p O C T O e 0 6 % R C l t e H R e . ~ O C K O ~ I ~ K ~

Sunday R B A R e T C R KOMCT~MTOL?, TO w e ee ceohcrsa ( B TOM quc.ve ~ O C T O R H H ~ I ~ nopgn- K O D ~ I ~ ~ o b r e p ) y c T a H o s n e H b 1 pa3 u H a R c e r a a s ~ I O M ~ I I T ee ncpaoro ~ ( n o R B n e k i n f l H a c s e n - n p n onpeneneaun T u n a days. - fipcl.rreu. nep. .

339

Typ6o n a c ~ a n b ( H O H e C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H M A nac~anb! ) npeno- CTaBnReT npOrpaMMHCTy y ~ 0 6 t 1 ~ i i MeXaHH3M MeXTHnOBblX npeo6pa- ~ O B ~ H H G , no3~on~lomuA no 3 ~ a . r e ~ u r o u3 O A H O ~ O T u n a nepequcneHuR

nonyquTb s ~ a q e ~ u e , npuHannexamee coBceM npyroMy nepequcneHuro.

n p e o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ u e , o KOTOPOM 3 ~ e c b n o A ~ e ~ pew, HasbInaeTcR pewnu- sayueli (retyping). B ~ ~ A C T B U T ~ ~ ~ H O C T N p e ~ u n u 3 a u n ~ npuMeHuMa He TOnbKO K nepe . lUCneHURM, HO U mo6qe K n robbl~ IlOpRAKOBhIM

TUnaM.

P ~ c c M ~ T ~ H B ~ ~ M ~ I ~ ~ M ~ T O A npeo6pa30sa~u~ O C H O B ~ I B ~ ~ T C R Ha YCTa-

H O B n e H U U COOTBeTCTBUR MeXAy A B y M R 3neMeHTaMU, 06nanalomu~u

OAHHM H TeM Xe IIOPRAKOBMM 3HaqeHHeM. ~ P O ~ ~ M O H C T P H P Y ~ M er0

neiic~sue Ha KoHKpeTHblx npmepax, s a n a ~ m ~ c b cnenylomuMu 06354~-

n e H H R M H :

tYPe weekday =

( ~ o ~ e n e ~ r s ~ ~ ~ . B ~ o p ~ ~ ~ , C p e n a , Y e ~ ~ e p r , n ~ ~ ~ ) (~onday,~uesday,~ednesday,T.hursday,Friday);

pigment = ( wpac~anR,aeneHarR,~e~r~~fi,rrypnyp&,opa~xe~anR,po30~anR ) (red,green,yellow,purple,orange,pink);

fruits = ( ~ o x o , r p y r u a , 6 c u r a ~ , m a ~ ~ a ~ a p u ~ , r p e ~ ~ ) (apple,pear,banana,plum,tangerine,grapefruit);

var day : weekday; color : pigment; snack : fruits; number : integer;

H a q ~ e ~ C npe06pa30Ba~~R MeXAy TUnOM integer U HeKOTOPblM TunoM nepequcneHuR. n p e n n o n o m n ~ , TO qucno 1 H a M HYXHO npe- BPaTHTb B KaKOe-TO 3HaqeHUe T u n a f rui ts ( @ P Y K T ~ I ) . 'IToBM OCYUeCT-

BUT^ xenaeMylo pe~unu3auuro, AocTaToqHo U M R pe3ynb~upyiomero

T u n a AaHHblX ( B AaHHOM CJIyqae f ru i ts ) UCnOnb30BaTb K a K HeKyD

@YHKUUKI, a caMo npeo6pa3ye~oe 3 ~ a q e ~ u e nepenaTb 3~oA @ ~ H K U N U

B KaqecTBe apryMeHTa. T ~ K H M 06pa30~ , uHTepeCyromee Hac npeo6- pa30sa~ue CBOAHTCR K BblnonHeHuro cnenyromero npennoMeHnR:

snack := fruits(1)

~ ~ O U ~ C C peTUllU3auHU HaqUHaeTCR C BblqUCneHUR ord ( 1 ) , qTO AaeT 1 '.

' @YHKUHR o l d , U p I I M e H e H H a f l K n lo6o~y t ( e J l O q H C n e H H 0 M y 0 6 ' b e K ~ y ( T H I I ~ integer H n H O r p a H H ' l e H H O r O H a O T P ~ ~ K ~ ) , B O 3 B p a U a e T T p H B H a n b ~ b l k p e 3 y n b T a T , n 0 ~ ~ 0 p f l l o U H i i 3 ~ a s e t l n e a p r y M e H T a . - n p u ~ e r . nep.

.&$% .. pz, ,?,: d 3 a ~ e ~ n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i snack ~ a s ~ a q a e ~ c ~ TOT 3 n e ~ e ~ ~ ~ n n a f rui ts,

t '

,? .<, 'c. IlOpRAKOBblM 3HalleHHeM ( H O M ~ P O M ) KOTOPOrO CnyXHT e A H H H U a , T. e. . B naHHoM cnyqae s ~ a l l e ~ u e ~ snack cTaHeT pear ( rpyua j . C TOG x e !; JlerKOCl'bH) Mbl ~ 0 r n b 6~ npOH3BeCTH U O & ~ ~ T H O ~ npeEipaUeHHe,

npeoSpasonae, HanpuMep, 3neMeH-r tangerine ( ~ a ~ n a p u ~ ) Torn we : T u n a f rui ts B sKn!isane:ITaoe ueno l~wcne~~oe aHalrewie:

c.: 'f ~ n m S e r := integer(tangerine)

B A ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J I ~ H O C T U n0~a3aHHblA IlpHMep peTHnU3a4UU IlpHBO~UT

B TOqhOS'CW K TaKOMY H(e pej)JiLTaTy, 410 H I l P ~ M U e UCIlOJlb30BaHUe

@j!r.ulili crd (no t leb~y?) .

,, .,,, , , . b I ' ~ ~ 3 C ~ 3 3 0 9 3 ~ U e A!;anar::.::~s::,l oGpa3orn MG;I:;~D ons'.wnn-n*l-

. on:loro nepc.r:~cs,c~~::~ B npyroe. llonz:~acmcn, !lanplirlep. 3llaTlel1tic

plum ( c ~ u B ~ ) , OTHOCRUleeCR K THny f rui ts, IIpeBpaTHTb B 3HareHHe

Tuna weekday ( n e ~ b ~ e n e n u ) , H ~ ~ H ~ U B ero n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i duy. $4 ;# 3 ,.

day : = weekday (plum)

u.. :'.i

M CllOB3 a3a KYnliCaMN> MeXaHI13Ma npe05p330~3~! i~ B03HHKHYT

nOp5!Ax03b!e 3HaqeH)iFI COOTBCTCTBYt0UlTX 3.qeh!flHT0B. B~rrncne~t ie

ord(p1um) nacT qticno 3; cnenoBaTenbao, plum npeo6pa3ye~c~ B

TOT 3neMeHT T u n a weekday, ~ o ~ o p b l i i o 6 n a ~ a e ~ TeM Xe IlOPRAKOBblM

HOMePOM 3. Kopoqe rOBOpR, plum IlpeBpaTHTCR B Thursduy, Iloc- KonbKy 3 = ord(Thursday).

P~CCMOTPNM eUe OAHH nPHMeP, B KOTOPOM ~ Y A P T 6onbme npaK- TulIccKoro cMb!cna. l l p e ~ n o n o x u ~ , '1~9 H B M I I ~ X H O , pacnonararr s ~ a q e ~ ~ i e ~ banana ( 6 a ~ a ~ ) , nonyllwTb 3 n e ? . r e ~ ~ Tuna pigment (OK-

p a c ~ a ) , noMecTuB p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ B nepeMeHHyro color ( U B ~ T ) . Tenepb

M M MoxeM BnonHe yBepeHHo 3anuca~b

& color := pigment (banana)

Kal<oe x e s ~ a q c ~ u e n p u o 6 p e ~ e ~ color? Oqtaun:io, 3 ~ 0 6 y n e ~ yellorcr (men~blii) - senb ord(banana) = 2 11 ord(yel1ow) - 2. (BHHMB- ~ e n b ~ b l h qUTaTenb, B03MOXH0, YCneJI 3aMeTHTb, qTO 3JIeMeHTbl TIlnOB

pigment u f ru i ts 6b1nu cneuuanbHo n o n o 6 p a ~ ~ TaK, llT06bl pe~un113a-

U U R nO3BOnRJIa IIOJIyqaTb UBeT KaXAOrO U3 IlepeqHCJl€HHblX @C)YI(TOB.) OqeHb B a M H O YRCHUTb, qTO npti6era~b K PelHIlH3auAH CTOHT

numb B O ~ p e A e n e H H M X C H T Y R u U R X . H ~ C M O T ~ R Ha TO qT0 @ O ~ V B . ~ I ~ H O

Typ6o n a c ~ a n b paapemael. npe06pa3oaa:l)i~1 hlcxny nsBbl?,1!1 nopan- KOBblMli TUnaMH, n P O r P a M M H C T Y DCe-Ta!Cl CnCA)'eT nPORBJ!RTh pa3YM-

HYH) P ~ ~ ~ O P ~ H B O C T ~ . K ~ K M b l TOnbKO qTO BHAenH, npeo6pa30sa~ne

Mexny TunaMu pigment u f ru i ts 6b1no O ~ O C H O B ~ H O 6 n a r o n a p ~ npo- A Y M ~ H H O ~ ~ YIlOpFIAOqeHHOCTH H X 3neMeH A ub. 140 MOLKeT nW HMeTb

~ a ~ o e - n u 6 0 nprrKnanHoe s ~ a q e ~ t i e accouuautin Mexny q e ~ s e p r o ~ u

34 1

7.5.6. CTaHnapTHble @ ~ H K ~ ~ H H pred ti SUCC

K p o ~ e @ Y H K U U N ord, B I l a c ~ a n e uMeloTcR e q e m e cTaH- AapTHbre @ Y H K ~ U U , oqeHb qacTo npusneKaeMbre K p a 6 o ~ e c nepequc-

J e H U R M U . MX U M e H a - pred (OT predecessor - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L L I ~ c T B ~ H H u K )

M S U C C (OT SUCeSSOr - I ~ ~ ~ ~ M H u K ) . @YHKUUIO SUCC Mbl yXe n p U M e H R n U

B npOrpaMMe 7, K O r A a C ~ ~ B H U B ~ J I M c~apbll? U H O B ~ I ~ ~ C T ~ T Y C ~ I CTYAeHTa.

Boo6me, ecnu x - z ~ n e ~ e ~ ~ HeKoToporo nepequcneHuR, s a n a ~ ~ o r o B

T u n e y, TO S U C C ( X ) n a e ~ ~ J I ~ M ~ H T , ~ e n o c p e ~ c ~ ~ e ~ ~ o c . ~ e n y ~ q u i ' i 3a x B

6 a 3 0 ~ 0 ~ Tune y. A ~ a n o r u q ~ o pred(x) AaeT sneMeHT, npenmecTBym- ~ M f i X. AJIR UJIJIK)CTpaUUM C H O B a B O C I I O J T ~ ~ Y ~ M C R IlPUMePOM C AHRMM

Henen M .

today := Tuesday; tomorrow := succ(today); yesterday := pred(Tuesday)

Ilepaoe ~ a s ~ a q e ~ u e ycTaHasnHaaeT B today s ~ a q e ~ u e Tues- day. 3 a ~ e ~ nepeMeHHaR t o m o r r 0 ~ CTaHOBUTCR paBH0fi 3neMeHTy,

cnenymqeMy 3a Tuesday, T. e. Wednesday. HaKo~eu, yesterday no- njJqaeT 3HaqeHUe Monday, IIOTOMy qTO U M e H H O OH0 RBJIReTCR npeA- LLIeCTBeHHUKOM Tuesday B 6 a 3 0 ~ 0 ~ Tune weekday.

A qeMy 6 y n e ~ paBH0 pred(Monday) unu succ(Sunday)? O T B ~ T OqeBUAeH: U TO U Apyroe nuLLIeHo CMblCJIa, nOCKOnbKy y Monday HeT n p e A l U e C T B e H H U K a , paBH0 K a K y Sunday HeT IlpeeMHUKa. HO qTO Xe

BCe-TaKM I I ~ o u ~ o ~ ~ A ~ T , e C J U nono6abrii BOnpOC IIOCTaBUT n p o r p a ~ ~ a ? ~ O B O P R @op~aJIbHo, OTBeT 6 y n e ~ H ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ J I ~ H H ~ I M ~ . Ecnu B a M nm6o- nblTH0 Y3HaTb, K a K B A ~ ~ ~ C T B U T ~ J I ~ H O C T U nOBeAeT c e 6 ~ KOMnUJIRTOP,

npenJIO>KUTe eMy H ~ C J O X H ~ I ~ ~ I l p 0 ~ 0 u ~ p y l o ~ ~ f i npUMep U nOCMOTpUTe, TO nonyquTcR (CM. TaKxe ynpaxHeHue 7.1 1 ) .

7.5.7. K0nbl ASCII ti CTaHnapTHaR @ Y H K ~ ~ U R chr

@ Y H K U U U ord, pred u succ, o ~OTopblX rOBOpujlOCb BblUIe,

Ha C a M O M AeJe n P U M e H M M b 1 K J I I O ~ ~ I M CKaJIRPHblM T U n a M A a H H b l X ,

' H ~ O ~ X O ~ N M ~ ~ M Y C n O B k i e M O C M ~ ~ C ~ ~ H H O ~ ~ p e T t i n E i 3 a u H H R B J H e T C R < < p a B H O M O w -

HOCTb>> T N n O B ; T a K , H a n P H M e P , f lO l lb lTKa n p e 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a H H f I weekday(grapefrui l ) B b l 3 0 B e T

o l u k 1 6 ~ y ( n o v e ~ y ? ) . - f7pu.lrefc. nep. n p n B K J I ~ O V ~ H H O ~ A H p e K T N B e K O M f l N J l R T O p a R nto6oe H e K O p p e K T H O e o 6 p a m e ~ n e

K pred H succ B ~ I ~ O B ~ T 0 m ~ 6 K y . - f lpulcer. nep.

0 6 n a n a m u u ~ YnOPRAOqeHHblM MHOXeCTBOM 3~aqeHufi. TO >Ke 3T0 3a

UyIIOpRAOqeHHble CKaJlRpHble T U ~ M D ? MX OTJlUqaeT 0 6 q a ~ o c 0 6 e ~ -

HOCTb: 6yKBaJIbH0 no QCeM 3HaqeHURM Tuna MOXHO < < ~ P o ~ T u > , nOCj le - AOBaTeJlbHO nepeXOAR OT OAHOrO 3JleMeHTa K A ~ Y ~ O M Y ' . H a n p u ~ e p , uenbre qucna2 unu nuTepbl Bcerna MOXHO xnepe6pa~b nourTyqHo,,

HO BOT CAeJIaTb TO Xe C a M O e C BeqeCTBeHHblMH '4kiCJlaMH HeB03MOXHO.

( K o H ~ ~ H o , BeUeCTBeHHMe qUCJla TOXe RBnRIOTCR C K ~ ~ R ~ ~ M H ~ , HO, yBb1, He o 6 ~ 1 a ~ a l o u l u ~ u C B O ~ C T B O M )'nOPRAOqeHHOCTU. B rnaBaX 8, 1 1 . 12 U 13 M b l n03HaKOMMMCR M C HeCKaJIRPHblMU 0 6 ' b e ~ ~ a ~ u . )

TO KaCaeTCR YnOMRHyTblX T ex H K U U ~ ~ , TO 6 ~ ~ 0 661 rnyno P ( OY nPUMeHRTb U X K UeJIbIM qUCJlaM n o q e ~ y ? ) , HO 3aTO BMpaXeHHR BUAa S U C C ( ' ~ ' ) UAU pred('kf) UMeloT AOCTaTOqHO my60~uf i CMMcn: 3 ~ a q e ~ u e ~ succ('a') RBnReTcR nuTepa 'b', a pred('kf) ecTb 'j'. 3 ~ o

.TaK, nOCKOJIbKy char npUHaAJleXUT KnaCCy IlOpRflKOBblX TUnOB. no ~ o i i x e npuquHe nepeMeHHylo ch Tuna char MOXHO U C ~ I O J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~

I B KaqecTBe uHneKca, ynpa~n~ lo rue ro unKJoM for ( ~ o r ~ a K a K nepeMes- H a R Tuna string B Y K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ POnU BMCTYnaTb He M O X ~ T ) . B n o n ~ e peanucTuqeH, HanpuMep, ~ a ~ o f i s a r o n o ~ o ~ uuKna:

$ tor ch := # d l to # k l do

Kaxnoii JlUTepe COnOCTaBJIReTCR H ~ K O T O P M ~ ~ ~ U C J I O B O ~ ~ 3KBUBa-

nem, cnyxamuii ee- BHyTpuMawuHHMM npencTaBneHueM u ~ a s ~ s a e - ' ~ b ~ i i K O ~ O M ASCII3 (non~blfi nepeqeHb KOAOB ASCII npuseneH B

npnnoxeHuu 111). n y c ~ b ch 6 y n e ~ n o - n p e x ~ e ~ y n u ~ e p ~ o f i nepemeH- ., HOG. Torna ord(ch) AaCT ee n03UUUlo ( I ~ O P R A K O B ~ I ~ ~ H O M ~ ~ ) B H Y T p U

' 6a30~oro Tuna char; TO qucnoBoe npeAcTaBneHue u 6 y n e ~ KonoM ASCII A n R A ~ H H o ~ ~ J U T e p M . H a n p u ~ e p , ord('a') = 97. O T M ~ T U M ,

TO ord ('A') = 65, T. e. nponucHMe ki CTpOYHMe ~ Y K B M KOAUPYIOTCR

: n o - p a s ~ o ~ y , npuqeM B T ~ ~ J I U U ~ ASCII Bce s a r n a ~ ~ ~ e 6yKBbl pacno- ; ~ ~ ~ ~ I O T C R n0A MeHblUUMU KOAOBblMU HOMepaMU.

M BOT Tenepb Mbl U M e e M B03MOXHOCTb ll03HaKOMUTb B a C C e q e : O A H O ~ ~ C T ~ H A ~ ~ T H O ~ ~ @ Y H K U U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c K ~ J I R , Ha3hlBae~ofi chr. OH^ j n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a q e ~ a ~ n ~ n p e o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ u ~ uenoii BenuquHbl B sKsuBaneHT- HYIo eii JIUTepHylo. B qaCTHOCTU, eCnU int eCTb UeJrOe qUCn0, P a B H O e nOPRAKOBOMY 3HaqeHUlo J IUTepM Ch, TO HMeeT MeCTO paBeHCTB0 Ch = = chr(int). H a n p u ~ e p , 'a' = chr (97), noToMy TO ord ('a') = 97'.

' T E i n b I , 06~ianato1~ee Y K a 3 a H H M M C B O ~ ~ C T B O M , H a 3 M B a t o T ~ O P R ~ K O B ~ L M U NJlH d l l ~ K - lpeTltbLmu. - f lpulcer. nep.

M M ~ ~ ~ T C R B BHAY U M a U I N H H b I e D L leJ lMe V H C J l a , M H O X e C T B O 3 ~ F i q e ~ H f i KOTOPMX

. o r p a ~ n v e ~ o . - f lpuwer. nep. W ~ a n ~ p o ~ B n a c ~ a n e H ~ ~ M B ~ ~ T C R O ~ X ~ K T , n~etowni i n p o c T o e ( H e c o c ~ a e ~ o e )

B n a q e ~ n e . - f l p u ~ e r . nep. f l o e o n b ~ o q a c T o u e n o v u c n e H H y t o onepaunto u e n n H n q H o r o n p n p a w e H n R s m p a -

a r o T B Brine i : = succ(i). - f lpuwer. nep. ' A M ~ ~ H K ~ H C K H ~ C ~ a H A a p ~ H b l f i KOA n J l R o 6 ~ e ~ a H H @ o ~ M ~ u H ~ ~ ~ . - flpu.Afer. nep. " @ Y H K L L M N ord I4 chr RB.1HK)TCR B 3 a H M H O O ~ P ~ T H ~ ~ M N , q T O B M p a X a e T C A COOTHO-

e H U R M N ch = c h r ( o r d ( c h ) ) n int = o r d ( c h r ( i n l ) ) . - f lpumer. nep.

343

Uenoqucne~trbrfi napaMeTp, n e p e ~ a ~ a e ~ b 1 2 I $ ~ H K U N H chr, AonxeH HaxoAuTbcR B a u a n a 3 o ~ e 3 ~ a q e ~ n 2 OT 0 AO 255, u60 TaKosbl npezenbr

U3MeHeHWR nOPRAKOBbIX H O M e p O B B T N n e char ' . @ Y H K U U R chr ~ Y A ~ T ncnonb30sa~a HaMn B nporpaMMe 12 n p u nocTpoeHuu I $ o p ~ a ~ a n e q a ~ ~ o 2 CTPOKU.

1. K p o ~ e B B O n a A a H H b l X B H t I T e P a K T U B l I O M P e X H h I e , n p O r p a M h l a M O X e T

C q U T b l B a T b NX H 3 B H r U l H e r O @ a h l a . B~opoii M e T O n 06na~ae. r T e M n p e H M y l I l e C T B O X .

q T O n 0 3 B O J l f l e T 0 6 p a 6 a ~ b l s a ~ b O r P O M H b l e M a C C N B b l A a H H b l X 3 H a q H T e . ' l b H O 6 t , r c , r p e e ti

nerqe, q e M npti U H T e P a K T N B H O M B B O n e . ~ P N ?TOM, O n H a K O . n p N X O n H T C R X e p T B O B a T b H e -

~ o ~ o p o i i no~epefi ~ H ~ K O C T N , n o c K o n b K y n a H H b r e s l i e m s e r o + a i l . i l a n o a r o T a s i i w e a m T c R

A 0 @ ~ K T U ~ ~ C K O ~ O B b l ~ O J H C H N f l n p O r p a M M b l ti. C i l C ! X O B a T e J b H O , )iXe H e MOT)'T 6 b l 7 b

M O ~ U $ H U U ~ O B ~ H ~ I R 3 a B H C H M O C T H GT T C K Y U H Y p e 3 ) ' J b T a T O B . 11O.flyqaeMblY R XO.IC

~ b l q t i ~ ~ l e ~ H 8 .

2. Q ) H ~ H ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ e u ~ n i i @ a k n p a c n o . l a r a e . r c f l t i a o n p e n e n e H b r o h i 3 a n o ~ n ~ a m m e w ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ ( ~ a n p ~ ~ e p , H a p H C K e T e , B C T ~ B ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ B K O H K P C T H M U ~ N C K O B ~ ~ ~ H a K O I I H -

Tent .) . Ecnn B n p o r p a M M e u c n o n b 3 y e ~ c ~ e ~ e l u ~ u i i @aha , K o M n u j l f l T o p I l a c ~ a n f i

A O n X e H n O n y q k l T b H e K O T O P Y t o f i O n 0 n H H T e ~ l b H Y K ) N H @ O P M ~ U U H ) 0 H e M . n p e ~ f i e BCeIXj

n p o r p a M M u c T nonxes 0 6 a ~ n e ~ b @ a i i n o e y m n e p e M e H H y r o , K o T o p a f l 6 y n e ~ n p e n c ~ a a i f l r b

@aiin BHYTPN n p o r p a M M b l . B K a q e c T e T u n a @ a B n - n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i y ~ a 3 b l e a e ~ c ~ c T a H n a p r -

H o e HMfl text, 3 K B H B a n e H T H O e file of char. K p o ~ e T o r o , H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M U C O O ~ U U T ~ KOM-

nunmopy o M e C T O H a X O X f l e H H H enemsero @ a h a , TO B b l p a x a e T c f l B n M e H u ~ u e u ~ e r ~ @ a h a , non KOTOPNM OH 3 a p e r u c ~ p n p o ~ a ~ B H e n p o r p a M M N . H a n p w ~ e p , u B H e l u u e e , >

N M R b:progrum7.dat o j H a q a e T , TO B I I C U I H N ~ ~ @ a k l program7.dar p a s ~ e m e e H a

B N C K e T e B i i a ~ o n t i ~ e n e b: . 3. Ann Y C T a H O B J I e l i H f l CBfl3W M e X n y @ ~ ~ I O B O U ~ ~ ~ C M C H H O ~ ~ U U B H e l l l H N M b

N M e H e M @ a h a B Typ60 n a c ~ a n e n p e M e H f l e T c f l n p e n n o x e H u e assign. nocne ero s b r n o n u e u t i f l @ a i i n ~ e o G x o n e ~ o O T K P M T ~ n o c p e n c T B o M n p e n n o m e u n R reset ( n n n s e o i l i

u ~ @ o p ~ a u n n ) H.IH rewrite ( n n ~ s b i e o n a ) . O 6 p a m e ~ n e C O ~ C T B ~ H H O K c o n e p x n M o h c ?

@ a h a o c y m e c r e n f l e T c R npennoxeuamn read n n n readln ( c q n ~ b r e a ~ u e n a ~ ~ b r x ) u l n wr i te nnn wr i tc ln (sanncb B @ a i r n ) ; n e p e w M n a p a M e T p o M Y K ~ ~ ~ H H ~ I X npoueny:' s e o n a - e b a e o n a A o n x H o 6 b 1 ~ b N M R @ a k n o e o R n e p e ~ e ~ ~ o i i . n p e K p a u e H u n n a n b ~ e i -

u u x neiic~suit c @ a f i n o ~ ero c n e n y e T 3 a ~ p b l ~ b n p e n n o x c H u e M close. n e p e . ~ k i c J I e H H b l e B M W e O n e p a u H H B b l n 0 n H f l H ) T C f l K O M n H n f l T O P O M a B T O M a T H q e C K N U

c . l y q a e ~ c n o n b ~ o s a ~ ~ f l c ~ a ~ n a p ~ ~ b ~ x aafinoe input u output ( H a IBM PC H M COOT-

a e T C T B y m T K J I a B H a T y p a U 3 K p a l l ) .

4. C:neny~>mnii @ p a r ~ e ~ - ~ n o ~ a 3 ~ n a e i B o d ~ u u u qeprax. K a K O G ~ R R . ~ ~ R T ~ > n n c n o . l t : -

A o o a T I , e x o ~ ~ o r i @ a h duta/ l lc a c c o u ~ : ~ : p o e a t i t ~ b i r i c @ H ~ H L I C C K I ~ M g a t i . 1 0 ~ h:progrun17 du1.

I TO Y T B e p X A e H H e H a X O A N T C f l B K a X Y U e M C A n p O T H B O P e q H H CO C T a H A a p T H O ' l

~a6naqeii ASCII ( C M n p u n o x e s l i e I I I ) , conepxan~efi . ~ n m b K o n b i c H o M e p a M t i OT 1' no 127 B ~ ~ ~ C T B H T ~ . ' ~ ~ H O C T H A e n O O ~ C T O N T T B K , q T O T H n char p e a n U 3 y e T C F l H a M H O ) h e c l Y t

~ - ~ H T H H X ~ B O H ~ H H X KOAOB, n p n q e M nepsan ( ~ n a n r n a s ) nonoarisa TO TO M u o x e c T n n

< n O K p b l H a e T C f l > ( 7 - ~ A T H ~ I M A ) K O A a M H ASCII, T o r n 2 3 K a K B T O P a f l nOJ lORWUa (OT

no 2 5 5 ) n p e n c T a s n s e T n n T e p b r n3 H e c T a H n a p T H o r o p a c t u n p e H i i R K O ~ O B O R cncTeh!" l

ASCII ( ~ a ~ u e , ~ a n p n b r e p . K a K 6 y K B b i p y c c K o r o a . n $ a ~ ~ ~ a ) - R p u ~ e y nep.

var datafile : text; . . . assign(datafile,'b:program7.dat'); reset (dataf ilq ;

. . . close (data file) ;

5. M M R B H e t u u e r o @ a h a M o x e T 6 b l T b C q u T a H o B n e p e M e H H y m T u n a string; T e M

C a M b l M n P O r P a M M H C T n O . 1 V q a e T B 0 3 M O X H O C T b r u 6 ~ 0 B a P b U P O B a T b N M e H a @ a h n o s , , n O A J l e X a U U X o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ e B q a C T H O C T H , y K a 3 a H U e M H M e H H 'con.' n O J l b 3 0 B d T e J l b U H T e p

' n p e T H p y e T ~ ~ 0 ~ 1 B H ~ U I I I U ~ @afin h a K C T a H A a p T H b l H C t i C T e M H O r O B B O A d

6 B H e U l H k i f i @a id M O X H O n p U M C H f l T b H e T O J I ~ K O AJ l f l B B O J a , HO U R n R B b l B o n a # 4

~ ~ + o p ~ a u n n H u x e n o ~ a 3 a ~ T H ~ O B O ~ ~ a 6 0 p n e i i c ~ s t i k , ~ G e c n e ~ u e a m m n x B b l B O n I H a l l t !qdTdWLUeV ) l J p C J l l L i t 3 o II.III I I P N H T C P ( N V H @dH. ld '151 ' ) t I , var printer : text; . . .

assign{printer,'lst:'); rewrite (printer) ; ... writeln(printer, ...) ; . . . close (printer) ;

7. 4 ~ 0 6 b 1 H a n ~ a B l i T b B b l ~ ~ A ~ b l e L l a H H b i e n p 0 r p a M M b l n p f l M 0 H a ~ K P ~ H , A O C T a T O q H O B

W C T B e H M e H N B H C U I H C r O $ a h a y K a 3 a T b 'con:' TO 0 3 H a q a e T < K O H C O n b B K O M n b m -

c ~ . ? a s u a ~ y p a - ~ K P ~ H ) . Ecnu ~ e o 6 x o n u ~ o . ~y x e u u @ o p ~ a i ~ u m XHO 3 a n n c a ~ b ti ~a A W C K ~ T Y , y K a s a a N M H C o o T B e T c T n y i o u e r o B H e r n H e r o @aAna.

Y M o n q a H u r o ( ~ o r n a H U o K a K u x B H e m H n x @aHnax H e T p e w ) a M x o n e M e n a e e H e

a ~ ~ a p ~ ~ b l f i @atin c u c T e M H o r o s b l a o n a , T. e. ~a ~ K P ~ H .

c n o ~ f l T u e b 1 noruqec~oro y c ~ p o i i c ~ s a ( K ~ K O B H M N F I B ~ R I O T C R , H a n p u M r p ,

Typ60 n a c ~ a n e n p e A y C M O T p e H p f l n C T a H n a p T t I b l X @ a f i n o B , O n H 0 3 H a q H O

e M H U n U NHblMU J l O r t i q e C K H M H Y C T P O ~ C T B ~ M N . H a n p n ~ e p , ~ T a H a a p ~ H b l i i

n p f l M o e o T H o t u e H n e K n e q a T a r o m e M y ~ C T P O ~ C T B Y 1st: (ua IBM PC ero H T ~ P O M ) . M M ~ H ~ C T a H l a p T t l M X @ ~ ~ . T o B M O X H O n p f l M 0 y K a 3 b l B a T b B

B B O R a - B b I B O n a , H e npn6eraa K 0 6 h f l B n e ~ U f l ~ @afinoeblx I I e p e M e H H b l X H

pen~~orne~ui i assign, reset n T. n . XOTH n P O r p a M M H p O B a T b ~ ~ o n - ~ b ~ s o a

l e M c T a 1 r n a p T H b r x @aRnoe npowe, y n o ~ p e 6 ~ ~ e 1 1 u c @ a i i n o n b l x n e p e M e H -

A e ~ l Z t T b n p o r p a M M y 6o~ree r n 6 ~ o i i .

P T H a f l $!IYHKUNR e0f (OT end of f i le - K O H e U $ ; l f ina ) H a X O A U T I l l U p O K O e

I R o 6 t r a p y x e ~ ~ ~ 1 K o H u a B n o c n e n o B a T e n b H o c T n s e o n u M b r x n a H H b l x .

ii, memmee B u n eof(fi1ename). ~ o s e p a u a e ~ s ~ a q e ~ u e true, ecnn B

M n A o c r u r H y r K O H e U ; p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ false 0 3 ~ a q a e ~ . TO B @aiine eue T O p b l e MOrYT 6 b l T b C q N T a H b l . C Y U I ~ C T B Y ~ T T a K X e @YHKUNFI eoln U C I ~ O h f l J . IIO3BO.IHKiIIILIH 0 6 ~ a l ) ) k l l B i l l b K 0 ) l t ' l l CTPOKN I l a H H b l \ .

i r e H u n n 0 3 ~ 0 n n e ~ K a x n o e A o n y c T u M o e B H e M s~aqerrue 0 6 0 s ~ a q ~ ~ b

345

0 6 n a p y x n ~ a l o ~ 6onbme cxoncTsa c uenblhtu qwcnaMn, .reM co cTpnHraMn. B qacrtlocrn, nepeMeHnafl Tnna nepeqncneHnn MoxeT 6blTb nHneKcoM qnKna for.

11. C O O T B ~ T C T B Y ~ ~ U I H ~ " ~ nPHMeP nPNBOnHTCfl HNXe. noKa3aH0 OnpeileneHHe rHna nepeqncneHnR colors ( u s e ~ a ) , 06aflene~ne neyx nepeMeHHblx Tnna colors n unKn for, B KOTOPOM onna n3 ~ T K X nepeMeHHblx ncnonbsye~c~ B KaqecTse nHneKca.

colors = ( t c p a c ~ , o p r u ~ l l t e ~ h l f i , x e n ~ ~ , a e n e ~ , ~ ~ ~ f i , r : d , ~ ~ o n e ~ o ~ b ~ ~ ) [red,oranqe,yellowlgreenlbluelindigolviolet); . -

var khirtlpants : colors; ( p y 6 a m ~ a ~ 1 u ~ w ) . . . for shirt := red to violet do

Teno w m a

15 @YHKUHH ord MOXeT uo6cnyxn~a~br , nlo6ofi nopfln~osblfi THn. B TOM qncne THn char (JlltTepHblk) ~ Y C T ~ C eCTb nnTepHafl nepeMeHHafl. Torna pe3ynbTaTOM BblpaxeHnfl ord(c) 6 y n e ~ uenoqscneHHoe npencTasneHne nnTepbl c, @ ~ K T N ~ ~ C K H

rrensllouieecn ee KonoM B pncTeMe ASCII BcflKafl nnTepa. 6ynb TO nponncHan nnn crpowasl 6 y ~ e a , un@pa, d ~ a ~ npennHaHnsl n T n . nMeeT ennncTseHHoe, npncyqee TOnbKO el"i 3HaqeHHe B KOne ASCII T ~ K , ord('a') paBH0 97, nOTOMy qTO B ~ a 6 n n u e ASCII nnTepa 'a' s a ~ n ~ a e ~ nosnunlo c ~ o ~ e p o ~ 97; HO BOT 3naqenne ord('A') p a ~ n o 65. nn f l <<nepexona>> OT uenoro ~ H ~ ~ ~ H H F I K nnTepHoMy npencraBneHnlo cnyxnT cTannapT- Hafl @ y e ~ u e f l chr Ecnn x ecTb uenoe B nnanasose OT 0 no 255, TO chr(x) Bosspaqaer NeKylo JlHTepy y, TaKylo, qTO 0rd(y) eCTb X H a n p n ~ e p , chr(97) = 'A'

12. B n a c ~ a n e npeJlyCMOTpeH pfln CTatlnapTHblX @ y ~ ~ q n B , 06nerqaloqnx o6pa- ~ O T K Y 3neMeHTOB nepeqncnenui. 0n~or"i H 3 ~an6onee nOJC3HblX flBJlfleTCfl @ Y H K U W R

ord, onpenenfllouasl nosnunlo ( n o p s l n ~ o ~ ~ i ~ o ~ e p ) s n e ~ e l i ~ a B ero 6 a 3 0 ~ 0 ~ nine C u u ~ a e ~ c f l , TO HyMepaqns 3 ~ a q e ~ u B n Tune nepeqncneHnn uaqnHaeTcn c 0. Ase npyrne @ y n ~ u n n - succ (OT successor - n p e e ~ ~ n ~ ) n pred (OT predecessor - npen- ~ ~ C T B ~ H H H K ) - naloT sneMenT, p a c n o n o x e ~ ~ ~ i ( B nopfln~e nepeqwcne~nn) COOTBeTCT- BeHHO flOCJle UnU nepeJl BaMHblM 3neMeHTOM. P ~ C C M O T ~ H M HeCKOnbKO npHMepOB, fleMOHCTpPipyIO~HX npHMeHeHKe YnOMflHYTblX @ Y H K U H ~ ~ K 3JleMeHTaM THna colors. onpenenenHoro B n. I I.

ord(red) = 0 succ (blue) = indigo ord(orange) = 1 pred (orange) = red ord(green) = 3 pred(succ(yel1ow)) = yellow ord(vio1et) = 6 ord (pred (orange) ) = 0

13 3~aqenne , onpenenfleMoe B HeKoTopoM Tnne nepeqncneHnfl, He MoxeT npn- n a n n e x a n nnKaKoMy npyroMy ( p a ~ e e o n p e n e n e ~ ~ o ~ y ) ~ u n y . Bmloqafl npenonpe- neaeasble T N ~ M , TaKne, KaK integer nnn char'. T a ~ o e orpatinqeeue rapaHTnpyeT OAH03Ha'LHOCTb COOTBeTCTBHfl MeXny 3.TeMCHTOM Ile~eqUGleHHfl II er0 nOpflJKODblM HOMePOM. ~ P H 3TOM HBqTO He MelllaeT OflPe&e~lflTb THnbl, flBnflIOI4UeCfl OTPe3KaM1I HeKOTOpOrO 6asos01.o IlejWuHCJleHHfl. E u e OnHNM OrPaHNqHbaWUHM O ~ C T O R T ~ . I ~ C T B O M

flBJlfleTCH TOT @BKT, qTO 3neMeHT nepeqHCneHHrl Henb3R HanpflMylo CqHTaTb N 3 @aha2 NnH OTneqaTaTb.

14. Typ6o n a c ~ a n b (B oTnnqne OT cTaHnapTHoro n a c ~ a n ~ ) pacn0narae.r yntv KanbHblM MeXaHH3MOM. Ha3blBaeMblM p e ~ ~ n U 3 U 4 ~ e i . C y ~ b er0 COCTOHT B.TOM, q T U

3JleMeHT OAHOrO nOpflnKOBOr0 Tnna . MOXeT 6blTb n p e o 6 p a 3 0 ~ a ~ B 3,leMeHT npyroro ( H O Toxe nopxii~osoro) Tnna; npn rlLr! c ~ m b Mexay , ~ B Y M R P ~ ~ H O T U I I - H b l M N 3-TeMeH'TaMU YCTaHilUNBaeTCfl fl0 COBnaneHHlu U X flOpflnKOBblX HOMepOB. .7~60ir N 3 ABYX THnOB - rlcxoiinblA 41 P ~ ~ Y ~ ~ T H P Y ~ ~ I ~ I ~ I ? - HOXeT G M T ~ KaK STal1,iCIpTHblSI (integer, char H T. A , ) , TaK n OnpeneneHnblM I1porpaMMncToM. n o ~ a x e ~ , HanpuMep. KaK n e p e ~ e ~ ~ y l o numb Tnna integer npeBpaTUTb B 3~leMeHT Tnna colors (ws n. I I )

shirt := colors(numb)

A ~ ~ ~ C T U M , nurnb conepxor~ s ~ a q e ~ n e 3. Torna B shir! 6 ) ' l e ~ noMeueH 3 n e ~ e ~ ~ ~ n n a colors C llOpflnKOBblM HOMePOM 3, T. e. green.

I Mnn boolean. - npure r . nep.

7.1. ( a ) n o ~ a x n ~ e , TO HaneqaTaeT cnenyloqan nporpaMMa. npenno- naraercfl. TO @ar(,i b:slore. dar c o j e p x n ~ r a ~ n e 3 ~ a q e ~ n f l : 12 3 14 0 I 1 2 O 9 ax^ nan napa qncen s a ~ n ~ a e ~ O T J C . ~ L H ~ I O crpoey).

(6) n o q e ~ y nepBblr( ~ J ~ M ~ H T B nocnenseh nape paeeH Hynlo?

program test; ( 0 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a *aha s u y n o ~ ) var purchases : text;

price,quant,total : integer;

assign(purchasesltb:store.datt);

'cyluara = total) ; readln(purchases,price,quant)

end; ( while ) close(purchases)

end. ( test )

7.2. B H ~ C H T ~ B nporpaMMy test (n3 npenblnyqero y n p a x ~ e ~ n f l ) cnenyloqne

0 B O C ~ O J I ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~ C ~ CTaH-

eHnTb Ha readln, Hnqero npn TOM He

NCXOnHblX naHHblX, M O X H O nH B npOr- eCT0 read? O T B ~ T 0 6 0 c ~ y R ~ e .

347