What is Matter?What is Matter?

MatterMatter occupies space and has occupies space and has mass.mass.

Two General Properties of MatterTwo General Properties of Matter

MassMass-is a measurement of the-is a measurement of the

quantity of matter in an object.quantity of matter in an object.

WeightWeight-gravitational force -gravitational force exertedexerted

on an objecton an object

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States of MatterStates of Matter

1)1)SolidSolid-has a definite shape and a -has a definite shape and a definite volumedefinite volume

2)2)LiquidLiquid-has a definite volume -has a definite volume and no definite shapeand no definite shape

3)3)GasGas-has no definite shape and -has no definite shape and no definite volumeno definite volume

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States of Matter cont’dStates of Matter cont’d

PlasmaPlasma--most common state ofmost common state of

matter in the universe whichmatter in the universe which

consists of positive and negativeconsists of positive and negative

charged particles found in the Sun.charged particles found in the Sun.

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Kinetic TheoryKinetic Theoryis an explanation of how particlesis an explanation of how particles

behave in matter.behave in matter.

1)1) All matter is composed of small All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules and ions).particles (atoms, molecules and ions).

2)2) These particles are in constant, These particles are in constant, random motion.random motion.

3)3) These particles are colliding with each These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of the container.other and the walls of the container.

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Three Types of MatterThree Types of Matter

a)a) SolidSolid-the particles are packed -the particles are packed together tightly and are constantly together tightly and are constantly vibrating in place. Ex. ice cubevibrating in place. Ex. ice cube

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Three Types of Matter cont’dThree Types of Matter cont’d

b)b)LiquidLiquid-the particles are moving -the particles are moving more freely than the particles in more freely than the particles in a solid. a solid. Particles can move and Particles can move and slide past one another.slide past one another.

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Three Types of Matter cont’dThree Types of Matter cont’d

c)c) GasGas-the particles are far apart or -the particles are far apart or contract to fill the container that contract to fill the container that they are in and particles can move they are in and particles can move past one another past one another

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Properties of MatterProperties of Mattera)a)PhysicalPhysical propertyproperty-characteristic of a -characteristic of a

material that you can observe or material that you can observe or attempt to attempt to observeobserve without changing without changing the identity of the substances that the identity of the substances that makeup the materialmakeup the material

Examples of other physical properties Examples of other physical properties are color, shape, size, boiling point, are color, shape, size, boiling point, density, viscosity, and melting point.density, viscosity, and melting point.

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Properties of Matter cont’dProperties of Matter cont’d

b)b)PhysicalPhysical changechange- a change in size, - a change in size, shape, or state of matter. For shape, or state of matter. For example, if you break a glass, what example, if you break a glass, what physical changesphysical changes are taking place? are taking place?

c)c) Chemical propertyChemical property-- a a characteristic of a substance that characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change. certain chemical change.

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Properties of Matter cont’dProperties of Matter cont’d

c)c) Ex. Flammable-lighter fluids, reaction to Ex. Flammable-lighter fluids, reaction to light-medicines, combustible or burnable-light-medicines, combustible or burnable-woodwood

d)d) Chemical change-Chemical change- a change of one a change of one substance to another substancesubstance to another substance

Examples: burning wood, rust on a bike Examples: burning wood, rust on a bike or car fender, sour milk, the smell of or car fender, sour milk, the smell of rotten eggs, Alka-seltzer and waterrotten eggs, Alka-seltzer and water

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Four Basic Categories of MatterFour Basic Categories of Matter

•Elements [C, O, H, and N] Elements [C, O, H, and N]

•CompoundsCompounds

•MixturesMixtures

•SolutionsSolutions

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ELEMENTSELEMENTS

When only 1 substanceWhen only 1 substance

makes-up an object, itmakes-up an object, it

is a is a pure substancepure substance..

(It is uniform(It is uniform

throughout).throughout).

ElementsElements are pureare pure

substances and theysubstances and they

can not be chemicallycan not be chemically

altered into smalleraltered into smaller

substances. ex. Hesubstances. ex. He

The smallest unit of an The smallest unit of an

element that still element that still

possesses the possesses the

properties of theproperties of the

element is an element is an ATOMATOM..

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COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

Pure substances that contain morePure substances that contain more

than one element are calledthan one element are called

compoundscompounds. For example,. For example,

COCO2,2,BaCl, HBaCl, H2 2 OO2 2 are all compoundsare all compounds

that contain more than one that contain more than one element.element.

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Compounds Compounds cont’dcont’d

SodiumSodium [Na] is a metal [Na] is a metalthat is explosive nearthat is explosive nearwater.water.ChlorineChlorine [Cl] is a green, [Cl] is a green,poisonous gas. poisonous gas.

However, However, these two elements these two elements together are used daily together are used daily

by by us in our food. Ex. The us in our food. Ex. The formula for salt is NaCl.formula for salt is NaCl.

The The properties of properties of the the compound compound are different are different than if the than if the elements elements were were separate.separate.

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Compounds are two chemically Compounds are two chemically bonded elements made up of bonded elements made up of

moleculesmolecules..A A moleculemolecule is two is two

oror

more atomsmore atoms

bonded togetherbonded together

chemically.chemically.

Ex. Water (H-H-O)Ex. Water (H-H-O)

or Salt (Na-Cl).or Salt (Na-Cl).

OH H

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Mixture(s)Mixture(s)

A solid or liquid that consists ofA solid or liquid that consists of

two or more substances mixedtwo or more substances mixed

together, but are not chemicallytogether, but are not chemically

combined or bonded. Examples:combined or bonded. Examples:

concrete, Seawater, a bag full ofconcrete, Seawater, a bag full of

differentdifferent colorscolors marblesmarbles..

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Two Types of MixturesTwo Types of Mixtures

•Heterogeneous MixtureHeterogeneous Mixture:: a mixture that a mixture that does not appear the same throughout. does not appear the same throughout. [the individual substances are visible]. [the individual substances are visible]. Ex. soil, Raisin Bran, Chicken Noodle Ex. soil, Raisin Bran, Chicken Noodle Soup, flat soft drinkSoup, flat soft drink

•Homogeneous MixtureHomogeneous Mixture: : a mixture a mixture that appears uniform throughout. [well that appears uniform throughout. [well mixed]. Ex. an unopened Cold soft mixed]. Ex. an unopened Cold soft drink, vinegar and rubbing alcoholdrink, vinegar and rubbing alcohol

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Homogeneous Mixture: A Special Homogeneous Mixture: A Special TypeType

Solutions:Solutions: one substance one substance dissolved dissolved

into another. These substancesinto another. These substances

cannot be seen and they are toughcannot be seen and they are tough

to separate. Some examples:to separate. Some examples:

Powdered Tea, Lemonade, HotPowdered Tea, Lemonade, Hot

Chocolate, and Gold.Chocolate, and Gold.

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ColloidsColloidsA type of mixture that never settles is aA type of mixture that never settles is a

colloidcolloid. Colloid particles are large, but. Colloid particles are large, but

not heavy enough to settle. Examplesnot heavy enough to settle. Examples

are as follows: milk, fog [water dropletsare as follows: milk, fog [water droplets

suspended in air], and smoke [containssuspended in air], and smoke [contains

solids suspended in air].solids suspended in air].

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Some types of matter have identical properties throughout an object. This is called homogeneous mixture. Examples include water, salt and sugar.

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Other types of matter have different properties at different parts throughout an object. This is example of a heterogeneous mixture. Examples include: granite rock, Snickers, Ocean Water, Salad Dressing, Nestle Crunch.

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DensityDensitythe mass per unit volume of athe mass per unit volume of a

substancesubstance

The density equation is as follows:The density equation is as follows:

D = m ÷ vD = m ÷ v

Density= mass/volumeDensity= mass/volumeThe The densitydensity of a liquid or solid is of a liquid or solid is

usually reported in units of grams perusually reported in units of grams per

cubic centimeter cubic centimeter [g/cm[g/cm33].].

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Density cont’dDensity cont’d

Use this formulaUse this formula

when solving forwhen solving for

massmass: Your final: Your final

answer should beanswer should be

in in gramsgrams..

M = DVM = DV

Use this formulaUse this formula

When solving forWhen solving for

volume:volume: Your Your finalfinal

answer should beanswer should be

in cmin cm3.

V = m/DV = m/D

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Comparison of the density of two Comparison of the density of two objectsobjects

One way to compare the density of twoOne way to compare the density of twoobjects of the same size is to hold one inobjects of the same size is to hold one ineach hand. The each hand. The lighterlighter one is less one is lessdense; and dense; and heavierheavier one is more dense. one is more dense.a)a) Which one is Which one is lessless dense? the brick or dense? the brick or the sponge the sponge b)b) Which one is Which one is moremore dense? the brick or dense? the brick or

the spongethe spongec)c) Which one is Which one is lessless dense? a wood block dense? a wood block

or a steel blockor a steel block

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Comparison of the density of Comparison of the density of two objects cont’dtwo objects cont’d

An object will float if its density is An object will float if its density is lessless

than the density of the fluid it is placedthan the density of the fluid it is placed

in.in.

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Density ProblemsDensity Problems1)1) A piece of tin has a mass of 16.52 g A piece of tin has a mass of 16.52 g

and a volume of 2.26 cmand a volume of 2.26 cm3. What is the density?

2) What is the volume of 325 g of metal with a density of 9.0 g/cm3?

3) What is the mass of an object that has a density of 8 g/cm3 and a volume of 64 cm3?

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Density cont’dDensity cont’d

4)4)A piece of metal has a volume A piece of metal has a volume of 6.7 cmof 6.7 cm3 3 and a mass of 75.7 and a mass of 75.7 g. Find the g. Find the densitydensity..

5)5)The density of a piece of brass The density of a piece of brass is 8.4 g/cmis 8.4 g/cm3. If it mass is 510 g, find its volume.

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ViscosityViscosityViscosityViscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow. is a fluid’s resistance to flow.

For example, when you take syrup out of theFor example, when you take syrup out of the

refrigerator and pour it out, the flow of syrup isrefrigerator and pour it out, the flow of syrup is

slowslow. However, if the syrup is heated, it flows. However, if the syrup is heated, it flows

much much fasterfaster. Then the syrup would have a . Then the syrup would have a lowlow

viscosityviscosity. So cold syrup has a . So cold syrup has a high viscosityhigh viscosity

because it flows because it flows slowlyslowly..

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ViscosityViscosity

List the following items from the List the following items from the leastleast

viscousviscous to the to the most viscousmost viscous::

Water, Jell-O, honey, and syrupWater, Jell-O, honey, and syrup

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BuoyancBuoyancyy

is the ability of is the ability of a fluid—a liquid a fluid—a liquid or gas—to or gas—to exert an exert an upward force upward force on an object on an object immersed in it.immersed in it.

e.g. life boat e.g. life boat and Tug boatand Tug boat

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Buoyancy cont’dBuoyancy cont’d

A ship floats because although it is made of steel, which is more dense than water, it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water. If the weight of the object is less than this displaced quantity, the object floats; if more, it sinks.

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Review for Test

•Physical and Chemical Properties

•Physical and Chemical Changes

•Density

•Viscosity

•Buoyant forces

•Kinetic Theory