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Mathematics Education

Constructivism

Instruction

Individual learning

Behaviorism

Stimulus

Reinforcement

Standards

Estimation

Number Sense

Spatial Sense

Pattern and Relationship

Mathematical Structure

Body of knowledge

Responsibility

Career

Professional Standards

Mathematical Pedagogy

Our task is to determine which

method will be best to the

mathematical teaching of each

student and most effecting

Constructivism Say that children learn effectively through interactions with experiences in their natural environment .

Steffe and Killion (1986) say : mathematics teaching consist primerly of mathematical interactions between a teacher and children

this theory does not focus on

the action of the teacher or

the learner but on the

interactions between the two .

Constructivism focuses on

student – centered instruction .

The student plays a major role in

the decision-making process as

what , when and how learning is

to occur .

Behaviorism

connections describe the link

between stimuli and responses

that can be initiated through

reinforcement or repeated use of

the stimuli .

Behaviorism has been the dominant

strategy for teaching mathematics in

the U.S.A for many years and it

treats mathematics as a collection of

skills , learn all the skill and learn

Mathematics .

Behaviorism and Constructivism generate a

question about which is best way to teach

mathematics : give the student the

information or encourage them to use the

various curriculum materials and teacher

support to actively discover the information in

context through learning activity ? this mean

, what the best way direct or indirect

instruction ?

Although there are theories discuss the

learning but often of them are created out

of observation , the real world of the

classroom often does not resemble the

theory environment and put the theory to

practice is not simple .

The standardsSome member of the mathematics

community realized in the mid-1980s that “

business as usual “ would not be effective

for future mathematics teaching and

learning .

NCTM took the lead and published

Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for

School Mathematics in 1989 .

The Standards focus on five general goals are:

1) Learn to value mathematics .

2) Develop confidence in their ability to use

mathematics .

3) Become problem solvers , not answer finders .

4) Learn to communicate mathematically.

5) Know how to reason mathematically

The additional standards for grades k-4:

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Number sense and numeration .

Estimation .

Concepts of whole number operations

Whole-number computation .

Geometry and spatial sense .

Measurement .

Statistics and probability

Fractions and decimals