ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ 5.… · this neutralization is accomplished by means of a flow of electrons...

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ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ Ενότητα 5: Current electricity Σταυρούλα Ταβουλτζίδου Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών ΤΕ

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Page 1: ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ 5.… · This neutralization is accomplished by means of a flow of electrons through the conductor from the negatively charged body to the positively charged

ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ

Ενότητα 5: Current electricity

Σταυρούλα Ταβουλτζίδου

Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών ΤΕ

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Άδειες Χρήσης

• Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό υπόκειται σε άδειες χρήσης Creative Commons.

• Για εκπαιδευτικό υλικό, όπως εικόνες, που υπόκειται σε άλλου τύπου άδειας

χρήσης, η άδεια χρήσης αναφέρεται ρητώς.

Χρηματοδότηση

• Το παρόν εκπαιδευτικό υλικό έχει αναπτυχθεί στα πλαίσια του εκπαιδευτικού

έργου του διδάσκοντα.

• Το έργο «Ανοικτά Ακαδημαϊκά Μαθήματα στο TEI Δυτικής Μακεδονίας

και στην Ανώτατη Εκκλησιαστική Ακαδημία Θεσσαλονίκης» έχει

χρηματοδοτήσει μόνο τη αναδιαμόρφωση του εκπαιδευτικού υλικού.

• Το έργο υλοποιείται στο πλαίσιο του Επιχειρησιακού Προγράμματος

«Εκπαίδευση και Δια Βίου Μάθηση» και συγχρηματοδοτείται από την

Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινωνικό Ταμείο) και από εθνικούς πόρους.

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Περιεχόμενα

1. Σκοποί ενότητας ................................................................................................ 4

2. Περιεχόμενα ενότητας........................................................................................ 4

3. PART I: WARMING UP ..................................................................................... 4

4. PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION ................................................... 4

5. PART III: USE OF LANGUAGE ......................................................................... 9

6. Glossary .......................................................................................................... 10

7. Βιβλιογραφία ................................................................................................... 11

8. Παράρτημα ...................................................................................................... 11

Περιεχόμενα εικόνων

Εικόνα 1: Match the terms on the left with the statements on the right. ..................... 4

Εικόνα 2: Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right. .................... 6

Περιεχόμενα Πινάκων

Πίνακας 1: Write the derivatives of the following words. ............................................ 7

Πίνακας 2: Glossary. ............................................................................................... 10

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1. Σκοποί ενότητας Εισαγωγή στην ορολογία των μηχανικών στην θεματολογία current electricity.

2. Περιεχόμενα ενότητας PART I: WARMING UP.

PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION.

PART III: USE OF LANGUAGE.

3. PART I: WARMING UP

Match the terms on the left with the statements on the right:

Εικόνα 1: Match the terms on the left with the statements on the right.

Source: Writer (2015).

4. PART II: READING AND COMPREHENSION If two equally and oppositely charged bodies are connected by a metallic conductor

such as a wire, the charges neutralize each other. This neutralization is

accomplished by means of a flow of electrons through the conductor from the

negatively charged body to the positively charged one. (In some branches of

electrical engineering, electric current has been conventionally assumed to flow in

the opposite direction, that is, from positive to negative.) In any continuous system of

conductors, electrons will flow from the point of lowest potential to the point of highest

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potential. A system of this kind is called an electric current. The current flowing in a

circuit is described as direct current (DC) if it flows continuously in one direction and

as alternating current (AC) if it flows alternately in either direction.

Three interdependent quantities determine the flow of direct currents. The first is the

potential difference in the circuit, which is sometimes called the electromotive force

(emf) or voltage. The second is the rate of current flow. This quantity is usually given

in terms of the ampere, which corresponds to a flow of about

6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons per sec past any point of the circuit. The third

quantity is the resistance of the circuit. Under ordinary conditions all substances,

conductors as well as nonconductors, offer some opposition to the flow of an electric

current, and this resistance necessarily limits the current. The unit used for

expressing the quantity of resistance is the ohm (Ω), which is defined as the amount

of resistance that will limit the flow of current to 1 amp, in a circuit with a potential

difference of 1 V. This relationship is known as Ohm's law and is named after the

German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who discovered the law in 1827. Ohm's law

may be stated in the form of the algebraic equation E = I Χ R, in which E is the

electromotive force in volts, I is the current in amperes, and R is the resistance in

ohms. From this equation any of the three quantities for a given circuit can be

calculated if the other two quantities are known. Another formulation of Ohm's law is I

= E/R.

When an electric current flows through a wire, two important effects can be observed:

the temperature of the wire is raised, and a magnet or a compass needle placed near

the wire will be deflected, tending to point in a direction perpendicular to the wire. As

the current flows, the electrons making up the current collide with the atoms of the

conductor and give up energy, which appears in the form of heat. The amount of

energy expended in an electric circuit is expressed in terms of the joule, which is

equivalent to 0.738 ft-lb. Power expended is measured by the watt, which is equal to

1 J/sec. The power in a given circuit can be calculated from the equation P =E Χ I or

P = I2 Χ R. Power may also be expended in producing mechanical work,

electromagnetic radiation such as light or radio waves, and chemical decomposition.

Source: "Electricity" Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corporation.

II.2. SCANNING- CHECKING FACTS AND IDEAS.

Decide if these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Quote from the passage to support

your decisions.

1. If two equally and oppositely charged bodies are connected by a metallic

conductor such as a wire, the charges neutralize each other.

2. The flow of electrons from the point of highest potential to the point of lowest

potential is called an electric current.

3. A DC flows continuously in one direction.

4. An AC flows alternately in either direction.

5. Three interdependent quantities determine the flow of direct currents: the

voltage, the rate of current flow and the resistance.

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6. Three interdependent quantities determine the flow of direct currents: the

voltage, the electromotive force and the resistance.

7. The formula stating Ohm’s law is: E = I x R.

8. Volts, Amperes and Ohms are units we use to measure voltage, current and

resistance respectively.

II.3 MATCHING INFORMATION.

Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right:

Εικόνα 2: Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.

Source: Writer (2015).

II.4 PRACTISING LANGUAGE.

Fill in the missing words choosing from the list given below:

heat, equation, resistance, neutralize, electrons, potential difference, temperature,

deflected, Joule, collide.

1. If two equally and oppositely charged bodies are connected by a metallic

conductor such as a wire, the charges …………….. each other.

2. In any continuous system of conductors, ………… will flow from the point of lowest

potential to the point of highest potential.

3. The ……………………….. is sometimes called the electromotive force or voltage.

4. The unit used for expressing the quantity of ………………… is the ohm (Ω).

5. When an electric current flows through a wire, the ……………. of the wire is

raised, and a magnet or a compass needle placed near the wire will be

……………….

6. As the current flows, the electrons making up the current …………… with

the atoms of the conductor and give up energy, which appears in the form of

………….

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7. The amount of energy expended in an electric circuit is expressed in terms

of the ……………….

1. Ohm's law may be stated in the form of the algebraic ……………E = I Χ R.

II.5. VOCABULARY EXPANSION.

Write the derivatives of the following words:

Πίνακας 1: Write the derivatives of the following words.

Source: Writer (2015).

NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB

neutralize

alternate

electromagnet

decompose

formulate

equate

metal

continuous

negative

decompose

convention

radiate

oppose

II.6.1. PRACTISING GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense for a clause of condition or result.

There are examples of the first, second and zero conditionals.

1. If you .....………….. (go) away, please write to me.

2. If my wife .......... (be) as violent as yours, I………………..........(leave) her.

3. If it .......... (rain) this weekend, we ...........…….. (not be able) to play tennis.

4. If I …........... (see) Peter this afternoon, I ........………… (tell) him the news.

5. I……........ (not like) meat if it ………..........(be) undercooked. I prefer it well

done.

6. Please start your meal. If you .......... (not have) your soup now, it ....…......

(go) cold.

7. I have to work about 80 hours a week. If I .……....…. (not have) more time, I

......……….... (take up) sport like tennis.

8. If he .........……..…. (be) taller, he ..……........... (can) be a policeman, but

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he's too short.

II.6.2: PRACTISING GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES.

Why do you go to these places?

1. You go to a bar if ........................................................................................

2. You go to a department store if ................................................................

3. You go to a take-away shop if ..................................................................

4. You go a supermarket if ...........................….........................................…

5. You go to a doctor if ................................ .............................................…

II.6.3: PRACTISING GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES.

Change each of these probable predictions to a hypothetical prediction, that is, one

that may or may not occur. Use were instead of was in if –clauses.

1. If we heat mercury to 3570 C, it will boil.

2. If the fuel ignites, the engine will start.

3. If it is a clear night, we will see the eclipse.

4. If we insulate the wires, we can use them to carry electric current.

5. If the air temperature drops below 00 C, the rain will turn to snow.

II.6.4: PRACTISING GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES.

Change each of these hypothetical predictions to an impossible prediction, that is,

one that is based on a condition that did not occur.

1. If we moved the clocks back one hour, we would have an extra hour of

daylight in the morning.

2. If they designed the bridge properly, it would not collapse.

3. If scientists didn’t invent the transistor, there wouldn’t be such a rapid growth

of Electronics.

4. If the first telecommunications satellite didn’t launch in 1965, satellite

communications wouldn’t become essential to many fields of technology.

5. If the cost of chip wasn’t so low, electronic technology wouldn’t be part of our

everyday life.

II.6.5: PRACTISING GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES.

Complete the following predictions by filling in the proper form of the verb in

parentheses.

1. The calcium would melt if you ……………………. (heat) it to 8450 C.

2. If we expose an iron bar to air, it………………………… (rust).

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3. If he …………….. (add) water to sugar, It will dissolve.

4. If they give neon a charge, it ………………. (glow).

6. If the volcano had erupted, many people ……………………….. (die).

5. PART III: USE OF LANGUAGE 1. CONDITIONALS.

1.1. Όλοι οι Υποθετικοί λόγοι αποτελούνται από μια δευτερεύουσα Υποθετική

πρόταση (Conditional clause) και μια κύρια πρόταση (Main Clause) που φανερώνει

το αποτέλεσμα (πιθανό ή μη) της υπόθεσης. Στη θέση του if not μπορούμε να

χρησιμοποιήσουμε unless.

1ST CONDITIONAL.

1.2. Το πρώτο είδος υποθετικού λόγου (1st Conditional) περιλαμβάνει 2

περιπτώσεις:

A. If + PRESENT PRESENT.

(Υποθετική πρόταση) (κύρια πρόταση).

π.χ. If you heat ice, it turns to liquid.

H πρώτη περίπτωση του 1st Conditional δηλώνει γενική αλήθεια ή υπόθεση που

βασίζεται σε επιστημονικά δεδομένα. Στη θέση του If μπορεί επίσης να

χρησιμοποιηθεί when.

Β. If + PRESENT WILL + INFINITIVEIMPERATIVEMAY/CAN ETC. + B. INFINITIVE

(Υποθετική πρόταση) (κύρια πρόταση).

π.χ. If you study hard, you will pass your exams. If you fix the machine, turn on the

mains. If you graduate, you may take postgraduate course. H δεύτερη περίπτωση

του 1st Conditional δηλώνει πιθανότητα στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον.

2ND CONDITIONAL.

2.1. To δεύτερο είδος υποθετικού λόγου (2nd Conditional) σχηματίζεται:

If + PastWOULD + INFINITIVE.

(Υποθετική πρόταση) (κύρια πρόταση).

π.χ. If you studied hard, you would pass your exams.

2.2. To δεύτερο είδος υποθετικού λόγου (2nd Conditional) δηλώνει

φανταστική κατάσταση ή κάτι απίθανο να συμβεί στο παρόν ή στο μέλλον.

Χρησιμοποιούμε were αντί για was στο πρώτο και τρίτο πρόσωπο (formal

English).

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π.χ. If I were you, I would not miss lab sessions. 3.1. To τρίτο είδος υποθετικού

λόγου (3rd Conditional) σχηματίζεται:

If + PAST PERFECTWOULD HAVE + P.PARTICIPLE.

(Υποθετική πρόταση) (κύρια πρόταση).

π.χ. If you had studied hard, you would have passed your exams.

3RD CONDITIONAL.

3.2. To τρίτο είδος υποθετικού λόγου (3rd Conditional) εκφράζει το παρελθόν και

δηλώνει απραγματοποίητες καταστάσεις.

6. Glossary Πίνακας 2: Glossary.

Source: Writer (2015).

GLOSSARY

accomplish φέρω σε πέρας / κατορθώνω / πραγματοποιώ

algebraic equation αλγεβρική εξίσωση

alternately εναλλασσόμενα

alternating current (AC) εναλλασσόμενο ρεύμα

assume υποθέτω/θεωρώ (ως δεδομένο)

charge κατηγορώ/επιβαρύνω/χρεώνω/

φορτίζω

charged φορτισμένος

collide συγκρούομαι

compass πυξίδα

compass needle βελόνα πυξίδας

connect συνδέω

conventionally συμβατικά/συνηθισμένα/

παραδοσιακά

correspond συμφωνώ/ταιριάζω/ανταποκρίνομαι

decomposition αποσύνθεση

deflect εκτρέπω (-ομαι)/αποκλίνω

determine καθορίζω/προσδιορίζω

direct current (DC) συνεχές ρεύμα

electromotive force (emf) ηλεκτροκινητική δύναμη

equally ίσα/ εξίσου

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GLOSSARY

equivalent ισοδύναμος/ισότιμος/αντίστοιχος

expend ξοδεύω/αναλίσκω

express εκφράζω

formulation διατύπωση

interdependent αλληλένδετος/αλληλεξαρτώμενος

limit περιορίζω (-ομαι)

necessarily αναγκαία

needle βελόνα

neutralization ουδετεροποίηση/εξουδετέρωση

neutralize ουδετεροποιώ/εξουδετερώνω

observe παρατηρώ

oppositely αντίθετα

opposition αντίθεση

past πέρα/πέρα από

perpendicular κάθετος/κατακόρυφος

potential δυναμικό

quantity ποσότητα

raise σηκώνω/ανυψώνω/ανεβάζω

rate αναλογία/ρυθμός/βαθμός/ταχύτητα

state κατάσταση/δηλώνω/εκθέτω

tend τείνω

unit μονάδα

7. Βιβλιογραφία Ταβουλτζίδου, Σ. (n.d.). Ορολογία για Ηλεκτρολόγους Μηχανικούς.

8. Παράρτημα

Σημείο αναφοράς.

Copyright ΤΕΙ Δυτικής Μακεδονίας, Σταυρούλα Ταβουλτζίδου. «ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ ΙΙΙ».

Κοζάνη 2015. Έκδοση: 1.0. Κοζάνη 2015.

Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης.

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Το παρόν υλικό διατίθεται με τους όρους της άδειας χρήσης Creative Commons

Αναφορά, Μη Εμπορική Χρήση Παρόμοια Διανομή 4.0 [1] ή μεταγενέστερη, Διεθνής

Έκδοση. Εξαιρούνται τα αυτοτελή έργα τρίτων π.χ. φωτογραφίες, διαγράμματα

κ.λ.π., τα οποία εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό και τα οποία αναφέρονται μαζί με τους όρους

χρήσης τους στο «Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων».

[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Ως Μη Εμπορική ορίζεται η χρήση:

που δεν περιλαμβάνει άμεσο ή έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος από την χρήση του

έργου, για το διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο.

που δεν περιλαμβάνει οικονομική συναλλαγή ως προϋπόθεση για τη χρήση ή

πρόσβαση στο έργο.

που δεν προσπορίζει στο διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο έμμεσο

οικονομικό όφελος (π.χ. διαφημίσεις) από την προβολή του έργου σε

διαδικτυακό τόπο.

Ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να παρέχει στον αδειοδόχο ξεχωριστή άδεια να χρησιμοποιεί το

έργο για εμπορική χρήση, εφόσον αυτό του ζητηθεί.

Διατήρηση Σημειωμάτων.

Οποιαδήποτε αναπαραγωγή ή διασκευή του υλικού θα πρέπει να συμπεριλαμβάνει:

το Σημείωμα Αναφοράς.

το Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης.

τη δήλωση Διατήρησης Σημειωμάτων.

το Σημείωμα Χρήσης Έργων Τρίτων (εφόσον υπάρχει).

μαζί με τους συνοδευόμενους υπερσυνδέσμους.