ˆ* ˆ˛(./&+ %ˆ · 2016-08-02 · 1. no control over catchment outside wellhead...

Consultation process – Examples 1

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Understanding development settings The identification of key stakeholders in both Bishkek and Narayanganj was much facilitated by a clear understanding of each city’s groundwater development setting and urban water infrastructure. These were derived from the Urban Groundwater Profile exercise were quite different in each city and it is instructive to contrast them:

Groundwater development setting of Narayanganj: Groundwater provides more than 90% of drinking water supplies in the study area and there is a similar high dependence for industrial and commercial needs. Large-scale groundwater abstraction for public supply and industrial use is mainly from the lower aquifer, and located mainly within the urban area of Narayanganj. Broadly similar designs are employed for public supply and private industrial/commercial use wells alike, so the deeper aquifer horizons are not reserved for potable use. The piped water supply does not extend beyond central Narayanganj, and the per capita supply from the water utility to the urban part of the project area is estimated to average less than 45 l/p/d. Actual per capita usage is therefore almost certain to be widely supplemented with private supplies from either the shallow or (less frequently) the deep aquifer.

While the groundwater productivity in the shallow aquifer is considered too low for large abstractions, it is tapped by numerous narrow diameter boreholes equipped with hand pumps for drinking water and domestic supply purposes. These are locally known as No.6 pumps. The operation of all such bore holes is the responsibility of local user(s) who could comprise just one family or a whole community. The total volume abstracted is unknown but there seems little doubt that the upper aquifer is the primary source of potable supply for the rural and periurban population of the project area as well as a supplement for urban households.

The resultant supply network is therefore diffuse, with piped water-supply coverage within much of urban Narayanganj but numerous handpump-equipped shallow boreholes in rural and periurban districts. A large number of private and industrial wells exist. There is a register but no published estimates exist of abstraction from the lower/main aquifer, and it is very likely that there exist many more unlicensed industrial wells.

There is no modern waste water and sewerage disposal system in the study area and dispersed on-site sanitation is widespread in urban, periurban and rural areas alike. Opportunistic use is made of the storm drainage system in central Narayanganj, mainly for sullage but illegal foul-water connections are said to be common. There is no wastewater treatment plant in the study area. Inadequate drainage results in frequent waterlogging of many parts of the town and this has become a problem.

Groundwater development setting, Bishkek: There is a very extensive piped water infrastructure (pressurised hot water as well as drinking water mains, plus piped sewerage), but widespread on-site sanitation is practised in single/two-story residential areas. Significant amenity irrigation of communal parts of residential areas occurs, using both canalised surface water and pumped groundwater. A highly productive but very localised periurban valley-fill well field located 8 km south of the urban area provides about two-thirds of the city’s water demand, the balance coming from boreholes of various depths distributed throughout the city. These urban wells are screened extensively in the middle aquifer (typically >120 m intake depth), but the lower part of the upper aquifer (40 m-120 m) is also widely tapped.

The majority of abstraction boreholes are operated by the municipal water supply agency, who may provide water for both domestic and industrial processes, and there are also three separate reticulated systems for domestic water. One supplies cold water (domestic potable use), one supplies hot water taps (domestic non-potable use) and one supplies hot water for radiators (non-potable district heating use), the last of which appears to be a closed (non-consumptive) system


which is operated only during the winter. All come under the description ‘public water supply’. The private urban water use categories are less important both in number and volume of water pumped; a small number of factories have private wells, for potable or non-sensitive water supplies and there are also small numbers of private domestic and public municipal irrigation wells. Owner-operated supplies for commercial premises, hospitals and large state administrative buildings appear to be insignificant.

The wastewater disposal system comprises a piped sewerage element, to which industrial, commercial, apartment and public buildings together with some low-rise residential housing are connected, and a dispersed on-site sanitation element in many low-rise residential areas. The relative importance and geographical extent of the latter is not well documented, but may be significant. A wastewater treatment plant receiving domestic and industrial sewered effluent is located on the northern fringes of the city.

City stakeholder features: Thus in Narayanganj:

• Industrial users are important and influential stakeholders, meriting extra effort in consultation;

• There is overlap between rural and urban water supply agencies, especially in the periurban area;

• Users of the shallow aquifer, which still serves as a resource as well as a receptor will be difficult to represent.

• Apart from the water utility (debatable status), no primary stakeholder groups were identified;

The participation matrix in Narayanganj, indicated:

• The pivotal role of the urban water utility WASA and the rural water supply agency DPHE in partnering change,

• The essentially passive role of the Trade associations, who strive principally to safeguard their members’ interests, and

• The potentially negative role of organisations like RAJUK and the Dept of Environment who need to partner implementation of planning or regulatory measures but see little benefit and potential opposition in a control programme.

While in Bishkek:

• State sector agencies remain the predominant stakeholder group members;

• Apart from the utility (debatable status) only secondary stakeholders could be engaged;

• A post-independence depression in industrial activity offers opportunities for context-sensitive planning intervention to support a sound basic infrastructure;

Even though the upper aquifer is not widely used for potable supply, likely high vertical permeabilities, especially in the southern half of the city will favour rapid vertical movement of pollutants towards much deeper aquifers remote from the land surface.


Stakeholder Mobilisation Stakeholders are likely to have very different and possibly conflicting interests in the urban subsurface, stemming from its simultaneous use for the provision of water supply, the elimination of wastewater and the location of engineering infrastucture and buildings (Foster et al, op cit). Once identified, stakeholders were engaged through the medium of a periodic bilingual newsletter (Russian/English, Bangla/English). The aim of this device was

(i) To help establish dialogue

(ii) To set out the key issues and keep stakeholders informed of progress.

In both case-study cities, a one-day workshop was held near the end of the series of newsletters. The final issue recorded the results of the dialogue during the seminar sessions at the workshop. Thus while the technical reports (Morris et al, 2000 and O’Dochartaigh et al, 2000) document the project teams’ conduct of Stage 2 (Situation Analysis) of the groundwater management strategy, the newsletters are the project’s record of tackling Stage 3 (Strategy Definition) of the process. The newsletters trace the course of problem analysis and identification of management targets leading to the development of policy options. Together, the Groundwater Resources Protection/Planning Map (GRPM), and the policy options tables comprise the two parts of a draft Action Plan in each city About half a dozen bilingual newsletters were issued over an 18-month period leading up to a stakeholder workshop in each city. The newsletters were kept short and focused, each edition communicating one aspect of the policy consultation process in a logical sequence leading through:

• Problem recognition;

• Identification of future threats and consequences;

• Setting of remedial/preventive objectives and targets.

• Policy formulation. This process of ‘unpacking’ urban water infrastructure problems and issues gave stakeholders the opportunity to appreciate the diversity of subsurface use and the standpoint of other user groups. The simple analytical tools used are shown for the Narayanaganj case study in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Developing policy background to inform stakeholder consultation process


Thus different editions:

• Communicated a synopsis of results from the first part of the project, including the ‘hot-spot’ (potentially contaminating industries on vulnerable aquifer) map;

• Presented Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analyses of different facets of the city water infrastructure (public and private water supply, wastewater and solid waste disposal, management and regulatory control, planning). This analysis method was employed as it lends itself to brevity in presentation and is likely to be already familiar to some stakeholders from its wide use as a commercial business/market analysis tool (see Figure 3 and an extract in Table 1);

• Provided Problems-Consequences-Targets-Requirements (PCTR) tables for water supply and wastewater/solid waste management. This analysis was intended to bring together public and private uses in such a way as to show the commonality of issues, the resolution of most of which would at some point require either the active participation (or at least the absence of opposition) of private sector users and powerful state industry interests e.g. energy in Bishkek;

• Suggested a range of policy options based on broad strategic objectives (maintaining groundwater supply, safeguarding water quality, sanitary elimination of urban wastewater/solid waste). These were ranked in terms of degree of intervention needed to put the policy into effect (Weak to Moderate to Strong), with an implied link to relative efficacy (Table 2

• Reported the results of the stakeholder workshop, at which each stage of the policy consultation process was revisited and reopened for modification by consensus and where the policy options were debated, revised and/or added to.

Newsletter sets from both cities are provided for reference.


English version

English verEnglish version

Russian example from Bishkek

BBangla example from Narayanganj

Figure 2 Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis for groundwater-dependent city (see also tables in newsletters)

Con

sulta

tion

proc

ess

– E

xam

ples

7

Tab

le 1

E

xam

ple

from

Bish

kek

of S

WO

T a

naly

sis o

f one

sect

or o

f city

’s w

ater

infr

astr

uctu

re

WA

TER

-SU

PPLY

INFR

AST

RU

CTU

RE-

PER

IUR

BA

N (O

RTO

ALY

SH) W

ELLF

IELD

ST

REN

GTH

S W

EAK

NES

SES

1.

Loca

ted

up g

roun

dwat

er g

radi

ent o

utsi

de c

ity a

nd a

t top

ogra

phic

ally

hi

gher

ele

vatio

n.

2.

Hig

h pr

oduc

tivity

in sm

all a

rea

due

to v

ery

high

per

mea

bilit

y, h

igh

spec

ific

yiel

d an

d riv

er-a

quife

r lea

kage

. 3.

Sm

all i

nter

fere

nce

effe

cts b

etw

een

wel

ls d

ue to

hig

h pe

rmea

bilit

y. P

erm

its

smal

l, co

mpa

ct w

ellfi

eld

whi

ch si

mpl

ifies

dis

tribu

tion

and

treat

men

t in

fras

truct

ure

4.

Wel

lhea

d pr

otec

tion/

sant

ary

cont

rol

area

und

er c

ontro

l of u

tility

. 5.

W

ellfi

eld

catc

hmen

t are

as st

ill p

redo

min

antly

rura

l with

few

road

s.

6.

Aqu

ifer b

asel

ine

wat

er q

ualit

y lik

ely

to b

e hi

gh: s

igni

fican

t qua

lity

dero

gatio

n to

lera

ble.

1.

No

cont

rol o

ver c

atch

men

t out

side

wel

lhea

d pr

otec

tion/

sani

tary

con

trol z

ones

, de

spite

exi

sten

ce o

f con

trol d

irect

ives

. 2.

W

ellfi

eld

is su

scep

tible

to v

ario

us p

ollu

tion

thre

ats:

aqu

ifer i

s hig

h vu

lner

abili

ty z

one,

adj

acen

t to

area

of e

xtre

me

vuln

erab

ility

(los

ing

reac

h of

A

la A

rcha

rive

r).

3.

Wel

l cat

chm

ents

like

ly to

incl

ude

sign

ifica

nt ri

ver l

eaka

ge e

lem

ent;

this

cou

ld

act a

s sho

rt-cu

t for

pol

luta

nts i

n su

rfac

e w

ater

to p

enet

rate

dow

n to

bor

ehol

e in

take

leve

ls.

4.

Wel

lfiel

d co

mpo

site

cat

chm

ent n

ot c

omm

only

kno

wn;

tim

e of

trav

el z

ones

no

t def

ined

.

5.

No

coor

dina

tion

of e

ither

qua

ntity

or q

ualit

y su

rvei

llanc

e m

onito

ring

of

pied

mon

t rec

harg

e zo

ne

OPP

OR

TUN

ITIE

S TH

REA

TS

1.

Are

a of

wel

lfiel

d is

com

pact

and

ther

efor

e ea

sy to

def

ine

for r

egul

ator

y pr

otec

tion

purp

oses

. 2.

W

ellfi

eld

join

t cat

chm

ent w

ould

be

rela

tivel

y ea

sy to

def

ine

by e

xist

ing

grou

ndw

ater

mod

ellin

g te

chni

ques

. 3.

Sc

ope

for p

rogr

essi

vely

stric

ter c

ontro

l mea

sure

s usi

ng ti

me-

of-tr

avel

zo

nes d

efin

ed b

y st

anda

rd m

odel

ling

tech

niqu

es.

4.

Prox

imity

to N

atio

nal P

ark

area

cou

ld m

ake

regu

latio

n of

pot

entia

lly

pollu

ting

activ

ities

eas

ier f

or p

ublic

to a

ccep

t. 5.

St

akeh

olde

r/pub

lic u

nder

stand

ing

of w

ater

supp

ly p

rote

ctio

n is

sues

cou

ld

be im

prov

ed b

y ea

sier

acc

ess t

o ke

y ur

ban

wat

er tr

ends

e.g

. by

mea

ns o

f a

publ

ic in

form

atio

n W

ebsit

e

1.

Ris

k of

mic

robi

al p

ollu

tion

from

on-

site

sani

tatio

n of

sum

mer

hou

se c

o-op

erat

ives

, eith

er v

ia ri

ver l

eaka

ge o

r dire

ct to

aqu

ifer:

mod

erat

e pr

obab

ility

ha

zard

whi

ch c

ould

, how

ever

, be

man

aged

by

treat

men

t (ra

w w

ater

di

sinf

ectio

n).

2.

Susc

eptib

le to

pol

lutio

n in

cide

nts e

g sp

illag

e fr

om tr

affic

acc

iden

ts: l

ow

prob

abili

ty h

azar

d bu

t with

pot

entia

lly se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s. 3.

M

ajor

pol

lutio

n in

cide

nt a

ffec

ting

wel

lfiel

d w

ould

thre

aten

70%

of c

ity’s

w

ater

supp

ly, o

nly

part

of w

hich

cou

ld b

e of

fset

by

use

of re

serv

e w

ells

in

city

. 4.

A

djac

ent s

ensi

tive

cent

ral g

over

nmen

t fac

ilitie

s may

incr

ease

risk

of t

erro

rist

atta

cks o

n in

fras

truct

ure

due

to p

roxi

mity

. 5.

H

azar

d of

wat

er q

ualit

y de

terio

ratio

n du

e to

use

of a

groc

hem

ical

s for

liv

esto

ck p

est c

ontro

l and

in c

ultiv

ated

are

a, a

nd in

crea

sing

den

sity

of

dom

estic

pro

perti

es in

cat

chm

ent

6.

R

isk

of fl

ood/

mud

flow

dam

age

to w

ellfi

eld

inst

alla

tions

due

to p

roxi

mity

of

wel

lfiel

d to

axi

s of n

arro

w v

alle

y.

Con

sulta

tion

proc

ess

– E

xam

ples

8

Tab

le 2

E

xam

ple

from

Bis

hkek

of p

olic

y op

tions

dev

elop

ed b

y st

akeh

olde

r co

nsul

tatio

n fo

r aq

uife

r A

ctio

n Pl

an (w

ater

supp

ly m

atri

x)

Exam

ples

of p

olic

y m

easu

res t

o ac

hiev

e ta

rget

s D

egre

e of

inte

rven

tion

Wea

k M

oder

ate

Stro

ng

Obj

ectiv

es

Urb

an w

ater

man

agem

ent p

olic

ies

Po

licie

s in

left-

hand

col

umn

plus

: 1.

Mon

itor g

roun

dwat

er le

vels

and

us

e re

sults

to m

anag

e ur

ban

aqui

fer

Inst

all/o

pera

te a

wat

er le

vel m

onito

ring

syst

em to

id

entif

y tre

nds i

n w

ater

leve

l of a

ll ut

ilise

d aq

uife

rs

Use

resu

lts in

dire

ctin

g/co

ntro

lling

abs

tract

ion

patte

rns e

.g. t

o co

nser

ve O

rtoA

lysh

for p

otab

le su

pply

and

pro

mot

e us

e of

ur

ban

wel

ls fo

r dis

trict

hea

ting

wat

er su

pply

and

indu

stria

l non

-po

tabl

e us

e 2.

Incr

ease

und

erst

andi

ng o

f aqu

ifer

reso

urce

so a

s to

deve

lop

it in

a

sust

aina

ble

way

Estim

ate

wat

er b

alan

ce a

nd, i

f res

ults

mer

it co

ncer

n,

deve

lop

digi

tal g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow m

odel

U

se m

odel

and

mon

itorin

g da

ta to

ass

ess a

quife

r se

nsiti

vity

to c

hang

es in

rech

arge

and

abs

tract

ion

patte

rn/m

agni

tude

Und

erta

ke c

ompr

ehen

sive

‘Mas

ter P

lan’

-type

wat

er re

sour

ce

stud

y, a

ctiv

ely

empl

oyin

g di

gita

l gro

undw

ater

flow

mod

el a

s aq

uife

r man

agem

ent t

ool e

.g. t

o m

anag

e aq

uife

r ups

tream

of

key

wel

lfiel

ds

3. M

anag

e fu

ture

com

petit

ion

for

scar

ce a

quife

r re

sour

ce

Enfo

rce

wel

l spa

cing

crit

eria

to m

inim

ise

inte

rfer

ence

ef

fect

s bet

wee

n ne

ighb

ourin

g de

ep w

ells

on

all n

ew

wel

ls

Lice

nse

drill

ing

com

pani

es to

regu

late

rate

of w

ell

cons

truct

ion

and

enfo

rce

min

imum

con

stru

ctio

n st

anda

rds

Exte

nd w

ell-s

paci

ng c

riter

ia to

exi

stin

g w

ells

to m

aint

ain

wel

lfiel

d ta

rget

leve

ls

4. U

se d

eman

d m

anag

emen

t to

relie

ve p

ress

ure

to fi

nd n

ew s

uppl

ies

Initi

ate

wat

er e

cono

my

mea

sure

s suc

h as

free

sim

ple

plum

bing

repa

irs

Run

pub

lic in

form

atio

n ca

mpa

igns

to u

se w

ater

wis

ely

Inst

all w

ater

met

erin

g to

enc

oura

ge w

ater

con

serv

atio

n an

d pr

ovid

e m

eans

to ra

ise

extra

reve

nue

from

larg

e or

pro

fliga

te

user

s A

men

d bu

ildin

g re

gula

tions

to in

clud

e w

ater

con

serv

atio

n te

chno

logi

es, s

ubsi

dise

wat

er-e

ffic

ient

tech

nolo

gies

/app

lianc

es

Mai

ntai

n gr

ound

wat

er

supp

lies

5. V

alue

gro

undw

ater

real

istic

ally

to

aid

man

agem

ent o

f fin

ite n

atur

al

reso

urce

Intro

duce

pric

ing

polic

ies f

or p

ublic

wat

er su

pply

to a

t le

ast r

ecov

er c

ost o

f pro

vidi

ng p

rese

nt su

pply

Dev

ise

fair

and

trans

pare

nt w

ater

cha

rgin

g sy

stem

to fu

nd

futu

re a

dditi

onal

trea

tmen

t req

uire

men

ts a

nd e

xpan

ded

capa

city

(i.

e. lo

ng-r

un m

argi

nal c

osts

) Im

plem

ent c

olle

ctio

n m

easu

res t

o en

hanc

e re

cove

ry o

f cos

ts o

f su

pply

e.g

. priv

atis

atio

n of

met

er re

adin

g/bi

ll co

llect

ion

6.

Mon

itor g

roun

dwat

er q

ualit

y an

d us

e re

sults

to m

anag

e ur

ban

aqui

fer

Inst

all/m

aint

ain

a w

ater

qua

lity

mon

itorin

g sy

stem

and

us

e su

rvei

llanc

e re

sults

to a

sses

s tre

nds i

n w

ater

qua

lity,

at

key

loca

tions

in b

oth

uppe

r and

mid

dle

aqui

fer.

Use

resu

lts in

dire

ctin

g/co

ntro

lling

abs

tract

ion

Safe

guar

d w

ater

qua

lity

7. In

crea

se u

nder

stan

ding

of a

quife

r re

sour

ce so

as t

o de

velo

p it

in a

su

stai

nabl

e w

ay

Use

cap

ture

zon

e de

linea

tion

met

hods

to p

rovi

de

prot

ectio

n zo

nes f

or p

otab

le su

pply

wel

l cat

chm

ents

Use

aqu

ifer m

anag

emen

t mod

el a

nd m

onito

ring

data

to p

redi

ct

qual

ity im

pact

s and

tim

esca

les

Con

sulta

tion

proc

ess

– E

xam

ples

9

Exam

ples

of p

olic

y m

easu

res t

o ac

hiev

e ta

rget

s D

egre

e of

inte

rven

tion

Wea

k M

oder

ate

Stro

ng

Obj

ectiv

es

Urb

an w

ater

man

agem

ent p

olic

ies

Po

licie

s in

left-

hand

col

umn

plus

: 8.

Con

trol c

onta

min

ant l

oad

on

aqui

fer o

utcr

op

Am

end

tow

n pl

anni

ng z

onin

g sy

stem

to in

clud

e aq

uife

r vu

lner

abili

ty c

riter

ia

Cla

ssify

indu

stria

l/mun

icip

al a

ctiv

ities

into

haz

ard

clas

ses a

nd z

one

new

site

s in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith

vuln

erab

ility

crit

eria

Es

tabl

ish

volu

ntar

y (n

on-s

tatu

tory

) con

trols

on

land

us

e/ac

tiviti

es u

sing

vul

nera

bilit

y zo

ning

, bac

ked

by

info

rmat

ion

diss

emin

atio

n on

mai

n su

pply

thre

ats

Ass

ess l

and

use/

activ

ities

on

prot

ectio

n zo

nes o

f key

w

ells

to id

entif

y lik

ely

natu

re, m

agni

tude

and

pro

xim

ity

of c

onta

min

ants

whi

ch w

ould

thre

aten

pub

lic h

ealth

Enfo

rce

stat

utor

y co

ntro

ls o

n la

nd u

se/a

ctiv

ities

with

in w

ell

prot

ectio

n zo

nes e

.g. p

rohi

bit a

ll on

-site

sani

tatio

n/ag

ricul

tura

l fa

ecal

was

te d

ispo

sal w

ithin

100

-day

tim

e-of

-trav

el z

one

arou

nd p

otab

le su

pply

wel

ls.

Res

trict

all

furth

er h

ousi

ng, i

ndus

trial

, re

sort

cons

truct

ion

in

Orto

-Aly

sh v

alle

y by

out

right

pro

hibi

tion

or b

y bu

ildin

g co

ntro

ls

Segr

egat

e ef

fluen

t-pro

duci

ng a

nd e

fflu

ent-n

eutra

l ind

ustri

es, s

o th

at z

onin

g co

ntro

ls o

nly

appl

y to

indu

stria

l act

iviti

es m

ost

likel

y to

adv

erse

ly a

ffec

t und

erly

ing

grou

ndw

ater

e.g

. by

dire

ctin

g ne

w e

fflu

ent-p

rodu

cing

indu

strie

s, w

here

pos

sibl

e, to

no

rther

n pa

rt of

the

city

and

dis

cour

agin

g ex

pans

ion

of c

ity to

so

uth-

wes

t, so

uth

and

sout

h-ea

st w

here

aqu

ifer i

s of m

ediu

m to

hi

gh v

ulne

rabi

lity

Res

trict

furth

er d

evel

opm

ent o

f fue

l fill

ing

gaso

line

stat

ions

so

uth

of c

ity c

entre

, and

ens

ure

mod

ern

cons

truct

ion

and

pollu

tion

cont

rol m

etho

ds a

re sp

ecifi

ed o

n al

l new

stat

ions

e.g

. do

uble

-ski

n ta

nks,

inte

rcep

tor d

rain

s, co

nsum

ptio

n m

eter

ing

to

chec

k fo

r lea

ks

9. C

ontro

l rat

e an

d qu

ality

of n

ew

wel

l con

stru

ctio

n In

trodu

ce a

war

enes

s pro

gram

me

on w

ellh

ead

prev

entiv

e m

aint

enan

ce a

nd p

rope

r aba

ndon

men

t pr

oced

ures

to e

limin

ate

shal

low

aqu

ifer p

ollu

tion

due

to

poor

wel

l con

stru

ctio

n/ o

pera

tion

Ensu

re c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith w

ell c

onst

ruct

ion

guid

elin

es fo

r all

new

wel

ls, p

rivat

e or

pub

lic

Prov

ide

and

asse

ss tr

aini

ng/q

ualit

y as

sura

nce

of d

rillin

g te

ams

10. S

egre

gate

wat

er u

se to

con

serv

e re

sour

ce

Impr

ove

publ

ic in

form

atio

n on

val

ue o

f dee

p aq

uife

r for

dr

inki

ng w

ater

supp

ly a

nd n

eed

for i

ts c

onse

rvat

ion

thro

ugh

pollu

tion

cont

rol a

nd d

eman

d m

anag

emen

t Es

tabl

ish

volu

ntar

y co

ntro

ls w

ith re

com

men

ded

wel

l/scr

een

dept

hs fo

r new

wel

ls w

ithin

pro

tect

ion

zone

s

Res

erve

goo

d-qu

ality

wat

er fo

r pot

able

/sen

sitiv

e us

e an

d en

cour

age

use

of sh

allo

w (p

oore

r-qu

ality

) gro

undw

ater

for n

on-

sens

itive

pur

pose

s e.g

. lic

ensi

ng a

nd c

harg

ing

for d

iffer

ent u

ses.

Enfo

rce

segr

egat

ion

of u

se b

y st

atut

ory

cont

rol e

.g. p

erm

its

base

d on

end

-wat

er u

se a

s wel

l as v

olum

e or

quo

ta sy

stem

to

dire

ct n

ew w

ells

not

requ

iring

pot

able

qua

lity

tow

ards

shal

low

aq

uife

r 11

. Sup

port

inte

grat

ed p

ollu

tion

cont

rol f

or a

ll ex

istin

g in

dust

ries

Use

haz

ard

+ vu

lner

abili

ty c

lass

ifica

tions

to id

entif

y in

dust

ries p

osin

g th

reat

to g

roun

dwat

er

Prio

ritis

e in

dust

ries p

osin

g m

ain

thre

at fo

r int

egra

ted

pollu

tion

cont

rol m

easu

res o

r rel

ocat

ion

Safe

guar

d w

ater

qua

lity

12. I

mpl

emen

t exi

stin

g la

ws a

nd

regu

latio

ns to

ach

ieve

nat

iona

l pol

icy

goal

s

No

less

er-s

cale

inte

rven

tion

effe

ctiv

e, se

e rig

ht-h

and

colu

mn

Cen

tral g

over

nmen

t (ex

ecut

ive

and

legi

slat

ure)

to e

xplic

itly

supp

ort m

unic

ipal

and

util

ity e

ffor

ts to

enf

orce

exi

stin

g po

llutio

n an

d ab

stra

ctio

n co

ntro

l reg

ulat

ions

Con

sulta

tion

proc

ess

– E

xam

ples

10

ˆ* ˆ˛(./&+ %ˆ · 2016-08-02 · 1. no control over catchment outside wellhead...

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