© 2014 by pearson higher education, inc upper saddle river, new jersey 07458 all rights reserved...

© 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

Schmalleger, Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 10e

Chapter 4Policing: Purpose and Organization

1


4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

Explain a typical law enforcement organizational structure.

Identify the 3 major levels of public police in the United States.

Explain the police mission in the United States.

Describe the historical evolution of policing in the United States

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES


CHAPTER OBJECTIVES, continued

4.5 Describe community policing and evidence based policing.

4.6 Define and explain police discretion

Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

4.1 Explain the police mission in the United States.

The Police Mission4.1

Provide the community with

needed enforcement-

related services

Prevent crime

Apprehend

offenders who

participate in crime

Enforce the laws

of the society of which the police are

a part

Basic purposes of policing

Preserve domestic peace and tranquility

The Police Mission

6

• Enforcing the law– Not the only job of the police– Majority of time is spent answering

nonemergency public service calls– Only about 10% to 20% of all calls involve

situations that actually require a law enforcement response

– Police cannot enforce all laws– Police tend to tailor enforcement efforts to

meet the concerns of the populace they serve

4.1

The Police Mission

7

• Apprehending offenders– Many offenders are only caught as the

result of extensive police work involving investigation

4.1

The Police Mission

8

• Preventing crime– Anticipating, recognizing, and appraising a

crime risk and the initiation of action to eliminate or reduce it

– Techniques and programs• Techniques include access control, surveillance,

theft-deterrent devices, CPTED– Prevention programs are organized efforts

that focus resources on reducing a specific form of criminal threat• Target school-based crime, gang activity, drug

abuse, violence, domestic abuse• Neighborhood Watch, Crime Stoppers USA

4.1

The Police Mission

9

• Preserving the peace– Focus on quality-of-life offenses as crime-

reduction and peacekeeping strategy• A minor violation of the law that demoralizes

community residents and businesspeople• Involve acts that create physical disorder or that

reflect social decay– Restore a sense of order, reduce the fear of

crime, and lessen the number of serious crimes that occur

– Broken windows model of policing

4.1

The Police Mission

10

• Providing services– Calls received by 911 operators are

prioritized and then relayed to patrol officers, specialized field units, or other emergency personnel

4.1


4.2Identify the 3 major levels of public police in the United States.

American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local Level

12

• Federal agencies• State agencies• Local agencies

4.2

13

American Policing Today: From the Federal to Local Level4.2

Fusion Centers• New concept in policing• A multiagency law enforcement facility

designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing information in order to develop actionable intelligence


4.3Explain a typical law enforcement organizational structure.

Police Administration

15

4.3

• Police management– The administrative activities of

controlling, directing, and coordinating police personnel, resources, and activities

16

Police Organization and Structure4.3

Line Operations

Field or supervisory activities directly related to daily

police work

Staff OperationsProvide support for

line operations

Police Administration4.3

Span of Control

The number of police

personnel or the number of

units supervised by a

particular officer

Unity of Command

Every individual officer has only one supervisorChain of

CommandThe unbroken

line of authority that extends

through all levels of an

organization, from the highest

to the lowest

Which of the following is a function of centralized state police agencies?

1. Patrol the state highways2. Provide select training for municipal and

county officers3. Maintain a centralized criminal records repository4. All of the above

Which is the term for a multiagency law enforcement facility designed to enhance cooperative efforts through a

coordinated process for collecting, sharing, and analyzing

information?1. Fusion center2. Storefront office3. Evidence-based policing4. Police-community relations

In police organizations, what are the field or supervisory activities

directly related to day-to-day police work?.

1. Staff operations2. Fusion center3. Line operations4. Chain of command


4.4Describe the historical evolution of policing in the United States

Made its appearance

only recently and is still evolving

Secure the homeland

Continues to characterize

much of contemporary policing today

Stresses the service role of police officers

and envisions a partnership between the

police agencies and their

communities

Pride in professional

crime-fighting

Focused most of the

resources on solving

“traditional” crimes

Historical Developments in American Policing4.4The New

Era

2001-Today

The Community Policing

Era

1970s-Today

The Reform

Era

1930-1970s

The Political

Era

1840s-1930

Close ties between police

and public officials

Police tended to serve the interests of

powerful politicians and their cronies

Historical Developments in American Policing4.4

The Watchman Style of Policing

Primarily concerned with order

maintenance

Control illegal and disruptive behavior

Considerable use of

discretion

Characteristic of lower-

class communities

Characteristic of the

political era


The Legalistic Style of Policing

Enforce the letter of the

law

Routinely avoid community

disputes arising from violations of social norms

that do not break the law

Hands-off approach to

behaviors that are simply

bothersome

Characteristic of the

reform era


The Service Style of Policing

Meet the needs of the

communityMore likely to

refer citizens to community

resources than are other types

of agencies

Police see themselves

more as helpers than as soldiers

in a “war on crime”

Common today

Knowledge Check Question!!!4.4

During which policing era did police gain pride in their profession and focus on

“traditional” crime-fighting?1. The new era2. The community era3. The reform era4. The political era


Intelligence-led policing is part of which policing era?

1. The new era2. The community era3. The reform era4. The political era


Which style of policing is marked with a concern for order

maintenance?1. Legalistic style2. Service style3. Watchman style4. Political style


4.5Describe community policing and evidence based policing.

Police-Community Relations (PCR)4.5

An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively

Based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve

Represents a movement away from an exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators and

increasing the level of positive police-citizen interaction

31

Police-Community Relations4.5

Strategic Policing

Problem-SolvingPolicing

CommunityPolicing

Three generic kinds of “corporate strategies” guide American policing

Police-Community Relations

32

4.5• Strategic policing

– Something of a holdover from the reform era– Emphasizes increased capacity to deal with

crimes that are not well controlled by other methods

– Makes use of innovative enforcement techniques


33

4.5• Problem-solving policing

– Crimes are caused by existing social conditions

– Makes use of community resources– Attempts to involve citizens in crime

prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management

– Gives recognition to service style of policing


34

4.5• Community policing

– A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques

– Goes beyond strategic policing and problem-solving policing

– Seeks to actively involve the community in crime control

– Community policing is a two-way street


Police-community relations programs represented a movement away from an

exclusive police emphasis on the apprehension of law violators,

and meant increasing the level of positive police-citizen

interactions.

1. True2. False


Community policing involves which of the following elements?1. Reorientation of patrol activities2. Increased police accountability to

the public3. Decentralization of command4. All of the above are involved in

community policing


4.6Define and explain police discretion

38

The exercise of choice in the decisions to investigate or apprehend, the disposition of suspects, carrying out of official duties, and the application of sanctions

Patrolling officers often

decide against a strict

enforcement of the law,

preferring instead to

handle situations informally

Discretion and the Individual Officer4.6

Police Discreti

on

© 2014 by pearson higher education, inc upper saddle river, new jersey 07458 all rights reserved...

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