2013.pdf · 2015-04-15

Aerodynamics 5

Control Engineering, Sensors and Instrumentation 37

Engineering Science 63

Fluid Mechanics 91

Materials Testing and Properties 155

Renewable Energy 185

Statics Fundamentals 191

Structures 199

Theory of Machines 227

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 245

VDAS and Other Supporting Products 291

Contacting TecQuipment Customer Care 296

Keyword Index 299

Product List 303

Page Section

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

The Product Ranges

Index

Using this catalogue 2

Innovating to support the engineers of tomorrow 3

Testimonials 4

Introduction

Product Catalogue 2013

Technical teaching equipment for engineering

To go to the sections please click on the headings below

For easy navigation, the referenced page numbers throughout this catalogue are clickable links. You can also use the bookmarks to find the section you are looking for.

If you experience problems using the links, open the PDF files from Windows Explorer.Cant find a product easily or dont know what section it is in? Go to the Product List to find the right page.

www.tecquipment.com

http://www.tecquipment.com

Using this catalogue

These headings are designed to make iteasy for you to select all the necessaryproducts for your teaching needs2

We have specially designed each page in this catalogue to help you find the information you need quickly and easily. The different areas are explained below.

We have added bookmarks to navigate to the different sections and subject areas and also made all referencedpage numbers into clickable links for easy navigation.

Product title Product order code orreference number

Subject area

Productrange

Productimage

Works withour VersatileDataAcquisitionSystem

Short productdescription

Detailedproductdescription

Overviewof themainfeaturesandbenefits

Sectionnumber

Bookmarks forsections andsubject areas

Page numbersare clickable

links

Experiments:

Experiments and teaching subjects possible with theequipment

Essential Ancillaries:

Essential items need to use the equipment

Recommended Ancillaries:

Additional items to enhance or extend the equipmentsrange of experiments

Ancillary for:

The equipment for which this is an additional essentialor recommended item

Essential Base Unit:

Part of a modular system, the necessary base unitrequired to work with the equipment to make acomplete system

Available Experiment Modules:

Experiments available which work with the base unit toform a modular teaching system

Alternative Products:

Alternative, matching or similar TecQuipment products

Capturing the imagination

Since its foundation over 50 years ago, TecQuipmenthas always been an engineering and manufacturingcompany. As such, we value the skills and knowledgethat well trained and qualified engineers bring to ourbusiness.

Looking forward, it is vitally important for us and anyother manufacturing industry to have a steady supplyof young, talented engineers and technologists tomake the products and services of the future.

It is vital therefore to capture the imaginations oftomorrows engineers today as early as possible through exciting learning experiences and hands-on work, as well as independent study.

Innovating to support the engineersof tomorrow

3

Hands-on learning experiences

TecQuipment has provided hands-on learningexperiences to you, our customers, for many years withour comprehensive range of technical teachingproducts. These continue to change to suit therequirements of the modern teaching environment andthe expectations of industry. This year we have addedmore products to our Fluid Mechanics, Strength ofMaterials and Thermodynamics ranges.

A brand new range!

Following feedback from our valued customers weembarked on a project to provide equipment andlearning resources to capture the imagination of youngengineers at the earliest possible stage. The outcome ofthis project is our new Engineering Science range.This efficient student-oriented range of products,complete with comprehensive learning materials, laysthe foundations of all mechanical-based engineeringcurriculum and programmes.

You will find details of this new and exciting range ofproducts on page 63.

We would like to take this opportunity to thankyou for your interest in our 2013 catalogue andTecQuipment products.

Thank you!

Andrew DarbyEngineering Manager

Forces Kit (ES2)

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We believe that your visit to make our wind tunnelready to train our students and staff was a greatsuccess and we thank you for the great effort youdid for us. It was very effective and useful work thatraised the spirits of all the Aeronautical EngineeringDepartment staff as well as the CollegeAdministration.

Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim AhmedDean College of Engineering

Sudan University of Science and Technology

We have been using the TecQuipment Structuresand Fluids apparatus for two years, and they haveformed an essential part of our MechanicalEngineering courses. The equipment clearlydemonstrates the fundamental principles ofstructures and fluid mechanics laws, andTecQuipments attention to laboratory safety givesus the confidence to let our students work with theequipment freely.

TecQuipment has given us the highest level ofservice, and their local agent means that help isalways available. We are pleased to be workingwith such a high-quality company and are proudto offer this equipment as part of our teachingcourses.

Eng Mohannad A NassarPalestine Polytechnic University

Here at the University of Northampton we havebeen making investments in TecQuipmentlaboratory equipment to support new courses. Weare extremely satisfied with the TecQuipmentFluids and Thermodynamics equipment: it is wellpresented, works well, and the students are able tooperate it easily. The best feature is that the userguides are of a very high quality, with excellenttheory sections and experiment guides, making thesetting up of teaching courses completelystraightforward. The support from TecQuipmentintroducing the equipment and installing it hasbeen excellent too.

Richard Albany-Ward Engineering Technician

School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Northampton

Our students are comfortable while using productsfrom TecQuipment in labs. Highly innovativeproducts by TecQuipment Ltd for engineeringeducation are ideal for engineering and technicaleducation at all levels. Our students are regularlyusing this equipment for masters and doctoralresearch. The products are user-friendly and needminimum after-sales service.

Prof R D MisalDefence Institute of Advanced Technology

Girinagar, Pune, India

I am very pleased to find the highly innovative and professional approach of TecQuipment Ltd in designing andmanufacturing a variety of equipment for engineering and technical education at all levels. I had an occasion toexperience their way of working during my days at Naval College of Engineering INS Shivaji, Lonavla. Suchequipment is very useful to develop conceptual part and skills in students. I also appreciate their serviceproviders efficiency and prompt response to any of our queries. I sincerely hope and wish that TecQuipment willcontinue to provide their excellent products in other areas of engineering and technology also.

Dr Ing V P SinghPrincipal

Shri Vaishanv Institute Of Technology and Science , Indore, India

Testimonials

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Aerodynamics

Subsonic Wind Tunnels 7Subsonic Wind Tunnel Experiment Models 18Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instruments and 20Accessories

Special Purpose Wind Tunnels 27Supersonic Nozzle 30Supersonic Wind Tunnels 32

Subsonic Wind Tunnels 7Subsonic Wind Tunnel Experiment Models 18Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instruments and 20Accessories

Special Purpose Wind Tunnels 27Supersonic Nozzle 30Supersonic Wind Tunnels 32

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Aerodynamics

Designed for education and training

TecQuipment specially designed the Aerodynamics range of products for teaching. Weplaced emphasis on ease of use, reliability and safety. Whether used by lecturers todemonstrate basic principles or advanced ideas, or by students for project work, theequipment gives valuable hands-on experience. This experience is not always possible orpractical with large-scale industrial or complex research facilities.

First principles

At introductory level, the range includes our Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10). This is astandard unit with eight interchangeable experiments, each one designed specifically toteach an important first principle, such as Bernoullis equation or boundary layer.

Wind tunnels

The quality and features of our wind tunnels make them ideal for education, for exampleour comprehensive Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100). This is a compact, realistic and high-quality wind tunnel with a wide range of standard instrumentation and models. Tomaximise flexibility, the engineers at TecQuipment can put together packages of modelsand instrumentation to meet all your budgetary and laboratory needs. The wind tunnel canalso be used for student project work and research.

Included in the range are two supersonic wind tunnels (AF300 and AF302), which have fullvisualisation equipment and instrumentation. One tunnel has cost-effective and intermittentoperation, the other operates continuously. The Nozzle Flow Apparatus (AF27) introducesstudents to supersonic flow.

Enhancing learning putting theory into practice

Other equipment in the range includes the unique and very tactile Flight DemonstrationWind Tunnel (AF41). This allows students to fly an aircraft manually using a controlcolumn and throttle, arranged typically as found in a light aircraft.

In addition, our Flow Visualisation Wind Tunnel (AF80) allows students to see the flow ofair, bringing textbook diagrams to life.

Our Fluid Mechanics range (Section 4) includes TecQuipments Modular Fluid Power (MFP)units. These allow demonstrations and studies of the performance of different types of realworld air machines (fans and compressors).

Automatic data acquisition

The subsonic and supersonic wind tunnels work with TecQuipments unique Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS). VDAS allows our equipment to connect to a computer toprovide accurate real-time data capture. Raw data can be transformed instantly intosophisticated graphs and tables using the VDAS software and easily exported to otherprograms. There are other solutions on the market, but none which offer the sameconvenience, functionality or wide range of features.

Look out for the VDAS logo on our product literature:

For more information visit our website at www.tecquipment.com.


Subsonic Wind Tunnels

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The AF10 is a small-scale wind tunnel with an electric fanand adjustable air flow control. It is the essential base unit foreight different experiment modules that demonstrate keyprinciples and phenomena of air flow.

The unit consists of a sturdy steel framework on which ismounted a fan which supplies air via a flow-control valve toa specially designed plenum chamber and aerodynamicallyshaped contraction.

Each of the experiment modules fits either to the plenumchamber or to the contraction. The air then exits theexperiment module through the bench top and emerges atan exhaust at the rear of the unit. When smoke is used inexperiments for visualisation purposes users can fit flexibleducting to the exhaust to direct waste smoke safely away.

Toggle clamps hold the experiment modules, reducing theneed for tools. Pressure measurement connections usereliable quick-release couplings. Both of these features makethe changeover from one experiment to another simpleand quick.

A mobile bench providing the base unit for awide range of air flow experiment modules

The base unit for a comprehensive system forteaching aerodynamic principles

Works with eight different interchangeableexperiment modules each designed toconvincingly demonstrate a particular air flowprinciple or phenomena

Easy set-up, all the experiment modules canbe fitted and removed in minutes

Simple and safe to use allowing students togain hands-on practical experience withminimal supervision

Compact, mobile and simple to install

Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10)

The bench format of the equipment makes it compact, easyto move and store. The unit also has handy shelves andstorage space, which is ideal to store experiment moduleswhen they are not in use.

The minimum requirement is the AF10 and one of theexperiment modules, plus the AF10a manometer asrequired. Other experiments can be purchased at a later dateallowing a complete system to be built up as time andbudgets allow.

Experiments:

Supports a wide variety of subsonic aerodynamicsexperiments see separate experiment modules for details.

Shown fitted with one of theavailable experiment modules(AF12) and Multi-tubeManometer (AF10a)

Continued on next page


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Bernoullis Equation (AF11)

This experiment module illustrates Bernoullis equation asapplied to a convergent-divergent duct. A Pitot static tubemeasures both the total pressure and the static pressureindependently. The tube traverses along the axis of the ductand connects to the AF10a manometer (ancillary) via flexibletubes fitted with quick-release couplings.

A clear scale printed on the duct helps to show the probeposition. Students confirm the constant total pressure whileobserving the rise and fall of the static pressure. Theycompare the velocity-area ratio as calculated from Bernoullisequation to the experimental results.

Allows students to measure the pressuredistribution in a convergent-divergent duct

One of a series of eight experiment modulesthat fits to the Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10)

Quickly and simply illustrates Bernoullisequation for air, and its limitations due toboundary layer effects

Toggle clamp connections to the ModularAir Flow Bench contraction for quick andeasy fitment

Quick-release couplings for rapid and reliablepressure connections to the AF10aManometer

Transparent front to the duct so that theprofile of the test nozzle and the position ofthe Pitot static tube can be seen clearly

Experiments:

Confirmation of Bernoullis equation

The use of a Pitot static tube and water manometer

Essential Base Unit: Page

Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10) 7

Essential Ancillary: Page

Multi-tube Manometer (AF10a) 15

Alternative Product: Page

Venture Meter (H5) 98

Available Experiment Modules: Page

Bernoullis Equation (AF11) 8

Drag Force (AF12) 9

Round Turbulent Jet (AF13) 10

Boundary Layer (AF14) 11

Flow Around a Bend (AF15) 12

Jet Attachment (AF16) 12

Flow Visualisation (AF17) 13

Tapped Aerofoil (AF18) 14

Recommended Ancillary: Page


Alternative Products: Page

Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100) 16

Flight Demonstration Wind Tunnel (AF41) 27

Flow Visualisation Wind Tunnel (AF80) 29

Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10)Continued from previous page


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Drag Force (AF12)

This simple yet comprehensive experiment module consistsof a duct with transparent front and rear. The front has scalesprinted on it to position the various parts during theexperiments. A Pitot tube and simple mass balance areattached to the outside of the duct for wake traverse anddirect drag measurements respectively.

It comes with three models all of the same frontal area:

A cylinder with a protractor, and a pressure tapping in itsouter wall

A flat plate

A symmetrical aerofoil shape with a NACA profile

Allows students to investigate the directand indirect measurement of drag onvarious shapes


Compares drag for a cylinder calculatedfrom a measured pressure distribution, and awake traverse against that measured directlyfor a cylinder

Allows comparisons of drag force between acylinder, flat plate and aerofoil


Quick-release couplings for rapid and reliablepressure measurement connections to theAF10a Manometer

Test duct has transparent sides with clearlyprinted scales allows students to see theexperiment and accurately position themodels and the Pitot tube

All the models fit in the arms of the mass balance for thewake traverse and direct measurement experiments. Forcylinder pressure distribution experiments, the arms of themass balance can be rotated clear of the duct and thecylinder model fitted between the duct walls directly.

Both the Pitot tube and the cylinder tapping connect to theAF10a manometer (ancillary) via flexible tubes fitted withquick-release couplings.

Experiments:

Determination of the drag coefficient by measurement ofthe pressure distribution around the cylinder.

Determination of the drag coefficient by wake traverse.

Determination of the drag coefficient around the cylinderby direct measurement and comparison to resultsobtained by pressure distribution and wake traverse.

Direct measurement and comparison of drag coefficientbetween a cylinder, flat plate and aerofoil.






Cylinder Model with Pressure Tapping (AF101) 18

150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils (AF104) 19

100 mm Diameter Flat Plate (AF105) 19

Three-dimensional Drag Models (AF109) 19

Always here to HELP YOU

Whether you have a technical enquiry, need spareparts or support material you can contact ourCustomer Care team at:[email protected]


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Round Turbulent Jet (AF13)

This module consists of a tube with a specially designedrounded entry. The tube is mounted in a stiff plate with therounded entry on one side and the exit on the other.

To set the experiment up the contraction is unclipped from theAir Flow Bench (AF10) and set aside. The whole plate is thenmounted onto the plenum chamber directly so that air entersthe rounded entry of the tube and leaves the end in a jet. Thetotal pressure in the jet is measured by a Pitot tube held by atraversing mechanism. The mechanism allows the Pitot tube tomove radially across the jet and axially along it. The Pitot tubeis connected to the AF10a manometer (ancillary) via a flexibletube fitted with a quick-release coupling.

Allows students to investigate a jet of air asit emerges from the end of a tube


Allows a number of tests on the velocity of asubmerged jet emerging from the end of atube

The tube has a carefully designed inlet forbest results

Toggle clamp connections to the ModularAir Flow Bench plenum chamber for quickand easy fitment

Quick-release coupling fitted to the Pitottube to allow rapid and reliable connectionto the AF10a Manometer

Experiments:

Decay of the centre-line velocity.

Velocity profile at various distances along the jet and thedevelopment of the spread of the jet.

Analysis of the velocity profiles to show how the mass fluxin the jet increases, the kinetic energy flux decreases andthe momentum flux remains constant along the jet length.





CHECKED andRECHECKED for quality

100% of all of the products we manufacture andprocesses we use are checked, tested and audited toensure they are of the highest quality.


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Boundary Layer (AF14)

This module consists of a duct in which there is situated aflat plate. The flat plate is rough on one side and smooth onthe other, providing different surface conditions for theformation of a boundary layer. To extend the experiments,removable duct liners can be added or removed to changethe pressure gradient in the direction of flow.

Allows students to investigate the phenomenaof the boundary layer on a flat plate


Allows a number of tests on laminar andturbulent boundary layers, with rough andsmooth surfaces with different pressuregradients

Boundary layer velocity profile is measuredwith a Pitot tube with a fine micrometeradjustment for best results


Quick-release coupling fitted to the Pitottube to allow rapid and reliable connectionto the AF10a Manometer

Test section has a transparent front students can see the experiment and theposition of the Pitot tube clearly

The total pressure (and thus velocity) at various distancesfrom the plate surface is measured by a flattened Pitot tubewhich is positioned by a micrometer. The pitot tubeconnects to the AF10a manometer (ancillary) via a flexibletube fitted with a quick-release coupling.

Experiments:

Measurement of the velocity profile in laminar andturbulent boundary layers.

Measurement of the velocity profile in the boundary layerformed over both rough and smooth plates.

Measurement of the velocity profile in the boundary layerat various distances from the leading edge of the plate.

Effect of the pressure gradient on the boundary layervelocity profile.






Flat Plate Boundary Layer Model (AF106) 19

STANDARD FEATURES for all our products are: Supplied with comprehensive user guide Two-year warranty Manufactured in accordance with the latest European Union directives


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Flow Around a Bend (AF15)

This module consists of a smooth rectangular bend with tenstatic tapping points on both the inner and outer curvedwalls, plus a further nine along the radius. Each one of thetapping points has a flexible tube with quick-releaseconnector for connection to the AF10a Multi-tubeManometer (ancillary).

Allows students to measure the pressuredistribution in a smooth rectangular bend


Shows the pressure distribution in a smoothrectangular bend as an example of internalflow problems


Quick-release couplings for rapid and reliablepressure measurement connections to theAF10a Manometer

Highly visual plot of the pressure profile onthe manometer

When air passes through the bend it creates areas of high andlow pressure. The resulting pressure plots on the multi-tubemanometer are highly visual which enhances studentsunderstanding. The readings allow the students to plot thepressure profile and calculate a value for the loss coefficient K.

Experiments:

Pressure distribution along the curved inner and outerwalls.

Radial pressure distribution and comparison with thatpredicted assuming free vortex velocity distribution.

Calculation of loss coefficient (K).





Jet Attachment (AF16)

This module consists of an aerodynamically shaped nozzlefrom which a jet of air emerges. This flows against a wall towhich it attaches. The wall may be rotated to show thedeflection of the jet through large angles due to the Coandaeffect. A second wall may be introduced at the other side ofthe jet, which may be switched from one side to the other,as is done in a fluidic flip-flop type switch. The effect ofsealing the walls and adding a central splitter to the deviceare also investigated.

Experiments:

Demonstration of the Coanda effect

Demonstration of the fluidic flip-flop



Allows students to investigate the Coandaeffect and a fluidic flip-flop


Shows an example of how the phenomenaof fluid mechanics can be exploited toperform a useful task a fluidic flip-flop


Transparent fronted test duct with clearlyprinted scales allows the experiment to beclearly seen and components accuratelypositioned

Effectively demonstrates the Coanda effect


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Flow Visualisation (AF17)

This module consists of a specially shaped duct which has alarge working section with transparent window. The inlet ofthe duct is attached to the Air Flow Bench plenum chamberusing quick-release clamps; the outlet is located into thebench exhaust. The duct has a rake of tubes from whichfilaments of smoke emerge and flow around two-dimensionalmodels held in the working section. The smoke filaments canbe made to visually show areas of steady and unsteady flow,thickening boundary layers, and separation. The rake isadjustable so that filaments can be made to contact themodel surface at specific points of interest, if desired.

The models are quickly and simply mounted, allowing theunit to be used for student project work.

Allows students to see the air flows aroundvarious shapes by using smoke filaments


Highly visual and motivating for students brings fluid mechanics to life

Toggle clamp connections to the ModularAir Flow Bench plenum chamber for quickand easy fitment

Includes a set of different shaped two-dimensional models

Transparent fronted test duct, with clearlyprinted angular scale, allows the models tobe clearly seen and accurately positioned

Comes complete with ducting to allow thesmoke to be easily and safely drawn away bythe Modular Air Flow Bench

The unit produces considerable amounts of smoke which issafe and non-toxic, but to avoid the air in the laboratorybecoming saturated, the unit includes a length of flexibletubing that connects the Air Flow Bench exhaust to either asuitable opening to atmosphere, or to an existing fanextraction system.

Note: The smoke generator uses compressed carbondioxide. Due to transport regulations the unit is shipped withan empty gas bottle that requires filling before use.

Experiments:

Demonstration of the flow patterns round a cylinder, flatplate, aerofoil and a sharp-edged orifice/slit.





ACCURACY, RELIABILITYand QUALITY timeafter time

Our modern, in-house production facility ensures all theparts are made to the very highest quality.


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Tapped Aerofoil (AF18)

This module consists of a duct with transparent front andrear, between which is mounted a symmetrical aerofoil with aNACA profile. The aerofoil has 12 tapping points at variouschordwise positions on its surface, allowing the pressure to bemeasured at that point. The tapping points are permanentlyconnected to a manifold mounted on the duct showing thetapping position and number for easy reference.

The experiment mounts on the Air Flow Bench contractionusing toggle clamps. Each one of the tappings connects tothe AF10a manometer (ancillary) via flexible tubes fitted withquick-release couplings. The aerofoil may be accuratelyrotated to various angles of incidence (attack) to the airusing the control and printed scale on the front of the duct.

Allows students to investigate the pressuredistribution around a two-dimensionalaerofoil


Provides both a visual and analyticalexperience for students as the manometerreadings clearly show both the pattern andmagnitude of the pressure distribution

Serves as a useful companion experiment tothe Drag Force Apparatus (AF12)


Experiments:

The visualisation and measurement of the pressuredistribution around an aerofoil section.

Lift characteristics and stall angle of an aerofoil.






150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoil with 18Tappings (AF102)

Quick-release couplings and clear printedschematic for rapid and reliable pressuremeasurement connections to the AF10aManometer

Transparent front and rear to the test ductwith a printed scale allows the experiment tobe clearly seen and allows the aerofoil angleto be accurately set

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTThe information contained in this publication has been carefully prepared and is correct at the time of printing.TecQuipment, however, operates a continual product improvement process and therefore reserves the right tomodify and update equipment to ensure it continues to meet your needs.

For the latest information on all our products please visit our website at:

www.tecquipment.com



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Multi-tube Manometer (AF10a)

The multi-tube manometer is an ancillary to the AF10 basemodule and its experiment modules. It fits on or near to theAF10 and connects to pressure tappings on the optionalexperiment modules. Some experiment modules may onlyhave two or three pressure tappings but others use up to 12tappings. This makes the multi-tube manometer essential tosee all the pressures at the same time.

The manometer uses clean water as a working fluid for safetyand convenience. TecQuipment supplies coloured non-toxicdye to add to the water so students can see the water levelsmore clearly.

A small reservoir to the side of the manometer tubes holdsthe water. Students can adjust the reservoir height tochange the datum of the water levels in the manometers.Adjustable feet allow students to accurately level themanometer before use.

A multi-tube inclinable manometer for usewith the Modular Air Flow Bench

For measuring multiple air pressures on theoptional modules of the Modular Air FlowBench

Uses water for safety and simplicity

Inclinable for increased sensitivity

Adjustable height datum and levelling feet

Quick-release couplings for ease of use

Includes non-toxic coloured dye to see waterlevels clearly

Thumbscrew fixings allow the user to incline the manometertubes from fully vertical to 80 degrees. This changes themagnification (sensitivity) of the manometer for reading verysmall changes in pressure. The user guide gives details of themagnification factors for different angles. A set of markingsto the side of the manometer shows angles in five and ten-degree divisions.

Ancillary for: Page


Bernoullis Equation (AF11) 8

Drag Force (AF12) 9

Round Turbulent Jet (AF13) 10

Boundary Layer (AF14) 11

Flow Around a Bend (AF15) 12

Tapped Aerofoil (AF18) 14

Using the very latestDESIGN TECHNOLOGY

Our new in-house 3D CAD system allows our engineersto turn concepts into high-quality designs quickly andaccurately.


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Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Saves time and money compared to full-scale wind tunnels or airborne laboratories

Operates at meaningful Reynolds numbers

Compact, open-circuit suction design

Wide variety of experiments in aerodynamics

Comprehensive selection of optionalinstrumentation, models and ancillaries

High levels of safety

Controls and instrumentation convenientlymount on a separate, free-standing frame

Works with TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) to allowaccurate real-time data capture, monitoringand display on a computer

A compact, practical open-circuit suction wind tunnel forstudying aerodynamics. The wind tunnel saves time andmoney compared with full-scale wind tunnels or airbornelaboratories, and it offers a wide variety of experiments.

The wind tunnel gives accurate results and is suitable forundergraduate study and research projects. TecQuipmentoffers a comprehensive range of optional models andinstrumentation, including a computer-based dataacquisition system.

Air enters the tunnel through an aerodynamically designedeffuser (cone) that accelerates the air linearly. It then entersthe working section and passes through a grill before

Open-circuit subsonic wind tunnel for a widerange of investigations into aerodynamics

Screenshot of the optional

VDAS software

moving through a diffuser and then to a variable-speed axialfan. The grill protects the fan from damage by loose objects.The air leaves the fan, passes through a silencer unit andthen back out to atmosphere.

A separate control and instrumentation unit controls thespeed of the axial fan (and the air velocity in the workingsection). The control and instrumentation unit also includesmanometers and electrical outlets to supply electrical powerto other optional instruments.

The working section of the tunnel is a square section with aclear roof, sides and floor. The sides are removable. The floorand each side panel has a special position to support theoptional wind tunnel models. Supplied with the wind tunnelare a protractor and a model holder to support andaccurately adjust the angle of any models fitted.

A Pitot-static tube and a traversing Pitot tube fit on theworking section, upstream and downstream of any models.They connect to the manometers of the instrumentation unit(or other optional instruments) to show pressure.

A metal frame supports the wind tunnel. The frame includeslockable castors for convenient mobility.

Electronic sensors on the optional wind tunnelinstrumentation can connect to TecQuipments VersatileData Acquisition System (VDAS, not included). VDASallows accurate real-time data capture, monitoring, display,calculation and charting of all relevant parameters on asuitable computer (computer not included).

Works with


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Experiments:

A wide variety of subsonic aerodynamics experiments (someneed ancillaries), including:

Flow past bluff and streamlined bodies with pressure andvelocity observations in the wake

Investigations into boundary layer development

Influence of aspect ratio on aerofoil performance

Performance of an aerofoil with flap, influence of flapangle on lift, drag and stall

Pressure distribution around a cylinder under sub andsuper-critical flow conditions

Study of characteristics of models involving basicmeasurement of lift and drag forces

Study of the characteristics of three-dimensional aerofoilsinvolving measurement of lift, drag and pitching moment

Study of the pressure distribution around an aerofoilmodel to derive the lift and comparison with directmeasurements of lift

Drag force on a bluff body normal to an air flow

Flow visualisation


Modular Air Flow Bench (AF10) 7 Flight Demonstration Wind Tunnel (AF41) 27 Flow Visualisation Wind Tunnel (AF80) 29 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Intermittent (AF300) 32 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Continuous (AF302) 35

Models Minimum Instrumentation for data acquisition

Cylinder Model with Pressure Tapping (AF101) 150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils (AF104) 100 mm Diameter Flat Plate (AF105) Three-Dimensional Drag Models (AF109)

Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) x 2 Pitot-Static Traverse (300 mm) (AFA7) and either Basic Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2) or Three-Component Balance (AFA3) with Angle Feedback

Unit (AFA4)

150 mm Chord NAC0012 Aerofoil with Tappings (AF102) Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) x 2 Pitot-Static Traverse (300 mm) (AFA7) 32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6)

150 mm Chord NACA2412 Aerofoil with Variable Flap (AF103) Aircraft Model Low Wing (AF107) Aircraft Model High Wing (AF108)

Pitot-Static Traverse (300 mm) (AFA7) Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) Three-Component Balance (AFA3) with Angle Feedback

Unit (AFA4)

Flat Plate Boundary Layer Model (AF106) Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) 32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6)

Instruments needed which work with VDAS for data acquisition:Note: You also need the frame-mounting VDAS-F interface unit (which includes the VDAS software).

Models Minimum Instrumentation

Cylinder Model with Pressure Tapping (AF101) 150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils (AF104) 100 mm Diameter Flat Plate (AF105) Three-Dimensional Drag Models (AF109)

Basic Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2) or Three-Component Balance (AFA3)

150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoil with Tappings (AF102) Flat Plate Boundary Layer Model (AF106)

Multi-Tube Manometer (AFA1)

150 mm Chord NACA2412 Aerofoil with Variable Flap (AF103) Aircraft Model Low Wing (AF107) Aircraft Model High Wing (AF108)

Three-Component Balance (AFA3)

Minimum instruments needed for experiments with the optional models (if you do not need automatic data acquisition):

Available Experiment Models: Page

TecQuipment makes many ancillaries for the wind tunnel.These include optional models, instruments and extra ordifferent instruments that you need to work with VDAS fordata acquisition.

Refer to the tables below for full details of which instrumentsyou need to do tests with the models.

Cylinder Model with Pressure Tapping (AF101) 18 150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoil with 18

Tappings (AF102) 150 mm Chord NACA2412 Aerofoil with Variable 18

Flap (AF103) 150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils (AF104) 19 100 mm Diameter Flat Plate (AF105) 19 Flat Boundary Layer Model (AF106) 19 Aircraft Model Low Wing (AF107) 19 Aircraft Model High Wing (AF108) 19 Three-Dimensional Drag Models (AF109) 19

Recommended Ancillaries: Page

Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS-F) 292 Multi-Tube Manometer (AFA1) 20 Basic Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2) 21 Three-Component Balance (AFA3) 22 Angle Feedback Unit (AFA4) 23 Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) 23 32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6) 24 Pitot-Static Traverse (300 mm) (AFA7) 25 Smoke Generator (AFA10) 20

Subsonic Wind Tunnel Experiment Models

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Subsonic Wind Tunnel Models (AF101AF109)

Cylinder, aerofoils, aircraft models, drag models, flat plate and flat plate boundary layer models foruse with TecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Allow realistic and accurate experiments and demonstrations

Simple and quick set-up and use

Some models include pressure tappings for pressure distribution experiments

All models work with the other optional instruments for the Subsonic Wind Tunnel

High-quality surface-finish on all models for accurate results

Cylinder Model with Pressure Tapping(AF101)

A cylinder modelthat spans the fullwidth of theworking section ofthe Subsonic WindTunnel (AF100). Aholder (includedwith the windtunnel) supportsthe model in thetunnel. Also, theoptional Three-Component Balance (AFA3, availableseparately) or the Single-Component Lift and Drag Balance(AFA2, available separately) will support the model.

The model includes a single pressure tapping so, by rotatingthe model, students can find the pressure distributionaround the cylinder. TecQuipment offers several suitablepressure-measuring instruments (available separately).

Using a Pitot tube, students can traverse the model wake tofind the downstream pressure distribution and find the dragon the model. They can compare this to directmeasurements, obtained using a balance.

TecQuipments Smoke Generator (AFA10, not included)increases the educational value of the experiments byshowing the flow of air around the model.

150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoil withTappings (AF102)

A selection of optional models for usewith TecQuipments Subsonic WindTunnel (AF100)

The aerofoil has 20 static pressure tappings along its chordon the upper and lower surfaces. They each connect totubes that pass through the aerofoil and then out to clear,numbered, flexible tubes. Students can connect the tubes toother optional pressure-measurement instruments. They canthen measure the pressure distribution around the aerofoil,from which they can find the lift.

Using a Pitot tube, students can traverse the aerofoil wake tofind the downstream pressure distribution and find the dragon the aerofoil.

Students can compare these values of lift and drag withdirect measurements found from a balance. They can alsocompare them with the results from another aerofoil withthe same profile, such as the AF104 (see opposite page).Varying the angle of attack of the aerofoil with respect to theair stream allows students to find the changes to thepressure distribution. It also allows investigations into thecritical conditions at stall.


150 mm Chord NACA2412 Aerofoil withVariable Flap (AF103)

An unsymmetrical section(cambered) aerofoil withadjustable flap. Theadjustable flap allowsstudents to study theeffects of controlsurfaces such as flaps,ailerons, elevator orrudder. Students canalso examine thedifference betweenunsymmetrical and symmetrical aerofoils, by comparing theresults to the AF104 symmetrical aerofoils. The Three-Component Balance (AFA3, available separately) can holdthe aerofoil to measure lift, drag and pitching moment.

Using a Pitot tube, students can traverse the aerofoil wake tofind the downstream pressure distribution and find the drag

Subsonic Wind Tunnel Experiment Models

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on the aerofoil. They can compare these results with thedirect measurements from a balance.


150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoils (AF104)

A set of two aerofoils. One aerofoil has a span that extendsthe full width of the working section of the Subsonic WindTunnel (AF100). This model has the characteristics of a two-dimensional aerofoil. The other aerofoil has a span thatextends for half of the working section of the wind tunnel.This model has the characteristics of a three-dimensionalaerofoil. Comparing the measured lift and drag of the twoaerofoils shows the differences between two-dimensionaland three-dimensional aerofoils.

Using a Pitot tube, students can traverse the aerofoil wake ofthe full-width aerofoil. This gives them the downstreampressure distribution to find the drag on the aerofoil. Theycan compare their results to direct measurements from abalance (available separately).

Students can compare the results from the full-width aerofoilwith the tapped aerofoil model (AF102, available separately)as it has the same (NACA0012) section.


100 mm Diameter Flat Plate (AF105)

This model shows the flow around a bluff body mountednormal to the air flow direction, and the drag force exertedon it.

A holder (included with the AF100 wind tunnel) supports themodel in the tunnel. Alternatively, either the optional Three-Component Balance (AFA3, available separately) or theSingle-Component Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2, availableseparately) can hold the model and measure the drag.


Flat Plate Boundary Layer Model (AF106)

Shows boundary layer development and separation.

The model is a flat plate that spans the full width of theAF100 wind tunnel working section. It has aerodynamicallyshaped blocks mounted across the plate at differentdistances from the leading edge. Each block has five tappingpoints at different heights along its leading edge. Eachtapping connects to flexible, numbered tubing that routesoutside the wind tunnel. Students can connect the tubes toother optional pressure-measurement instruments.

The tapping points allow students to measure the stagnationpressure. They use this to find the velocity at differentheights from the surface and at different distances from theleading edge. This allows students to find the growth of theboundary layer along the plate.

On the trailing edge of the plate is a hinged flap. Studentscan adjust the angles of both the plate and the flapindependently. This lets them create different arrangementsto control pressure distribution and the boundary layer.

The surface of the plate has small tufts to help students seethe air flow around the surface of the plate.

Aircraft Model LowWing (AF107) Aircraft Model HighWing (AF108)

Model aircraft with NACAprofile wings. One has a lowwing position (bottom of thefuselage), the other has a highwing position (above thefuselage). These models aregood for experiments with lift,drag and pitching moment offixed wing aircraft.

Three-dimensional Drag Models (AF109)

A set of different shaped models with identical frontal area toallow students to compare the different coefficient of dragfor each shape. Includes a dummy stem for tests to cancelout the drag due to each models support arm.

Note: You also need the optional two or three componentbalance (AFA2 or AFA3) for direct readings of drag.

Subsonic Wind Tunnel Instruments and Accessories

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Thirty-six tube tilting manometer formeasuring pressure taken from monitoringpoints on models in subsonic wind tunnels

Uses water as manometer fluid withcolouring for ease of visibility

Easy-to-read scale common to eachmanometer tube

Preset incline levels for consistency andaccuracy up to five times magnification

Pressure reading level preset by adjustablefluid reservoir includes fine-adjustmenthand-wheel

Adjustable feet for precise set up

A 36-tube tilting manometer formeasuring pressure

A smoke generator and probe that allows students to see airflow in subsonic wind tunnels and other low flow rate airflow products.

It is a control unit that pumps oil to the tip of a probe. Alow-voltage electrical coil at the probe tip heats the oil toproduce a fine smoke trail. The smoke moves into the airstream smoothly and steadily. Students can adjust the

Produces a fine trace of smoke to allowstudents to see air flow in subsonic windtunnels and other air flow products

controls of the control unit to change the smoke strength tosuit the air flow conditions.

The apparatus includes an integral reservoir bottle. Low oilconsumption allows approximately six hours of use on onefilling of the bottle.

Supplied with instructions, smoke probe, spare heater tipand oil.

Ancillary for: Page






Produces a smooth, fine trace of smoke

Probe shaped to minimise wake generation

Low oil consumption

Fully adjustable smoke strength

Supplied with smoke oil and spare heater tip

Smoke Generator (AFA10)

A 36-tube tilting manometer for measuring pressure onmodels in subsonic wind tunnels and fan test sets, includingTecQuipments AF100 series. A backboard with graduatedscale holds each manometer tube. For safety andconvenience, the manometer uses water as the manometerfluid. This is via an adjustable reservoir with fine-adjust hand-

wheel held at the side of the equipment. Water colouring isincluded to aid visibility.

The top of each manometer tube has a connection piece fortubing to connect to pressure tappings on the equipmentbeing monitored. The whole manometer tube assembly ismounted on a swivel. This allows it to be tilted in presetincrements to increase the sensitivity of measurement.Adjustable feet enable the whole apparatus to be preciselylevelled before use. The manometer is supplied withoperating instructions, a filling funnel and a spirit level.

Ancillary for: Page


NACA0012 Aerofoil with Tappings (AF102) 18

Boundary Layer Model (AF106) 19


Differential Pressure Transducer (AFA5) 23

32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6) 24


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Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Single-component balance to measure liftand drag forces on models mounted in thetunnel

Transmits the force on the model directly toa strain gauged load cell with digital display

Fully compatible with TecQuipmentsVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS) toenable accurate real-time data capture,monitoring and display on a computer

Includes power supply

A single-component balance which measures the lift anddrag forces on models mounted in TecQuipments SubsonicWind Tunnel (AF100).

The balance mechanism enables test models with a rigidsupport arm to be mounted and held securely in position inthe working section of the wind tunnel. The arm transmitsthe force on the test model directly to a strain gauged loadcell. The load cell connects to a readout unit with a digitaldisplay, which is powered by a desktop power supply(included).

In addition, the equipment is fully compatible withTecQuipments optional Versatile Data Acquisition System(VDAS) and can quickly and conveniently connect to aframe-mounting interface unit (VDAS-F, available separately).Using VDAS enables accurate real-time data capture,monitoring, display, calculation and charting of all relevantparameters on a suitable computer (computer not included).

To measure the lift and drag forces on models (aerofoils forexample, available separately), the balance mounts on theside of the working section of the wind tunnel. The dragforce is measured first, then students rotate the balancemechanism through 90 degrees and repeat the test to

Measures lift and drag forces on modelsmounted in TecQuipments SubsonicWind Tunnel (AF100)

Basic Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2)

measure the lift force. When mounted in the base of thewind tunnel working section, the balance measures the dragforce only. This is useful for a variety of investigations such aswind loadings on tall buildings. It can also be used tomeasure drag forces on model vehicles enabling students todetermine and compare coefficients of drag.

Note: For experiments requiring measurement of pitchingmoment as well as drag and lift forces, a three-componentbalance, such as TecQuipments AFA3, is required.

Ancillary for: Page







Three-Component Balance (AFA3) 22

Base mounted with modelcar to measure drag

Shown fitted with theprotractor from the AF100Wind Tunnel

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Three-Component Balance (AFA3)

Optional ancillary to TecQuipmentsmodular Subsonic Wind Tunnel(AF100)

Provides a convenient supportsystem for models to measure thelift, drag and pitching moment

Fully compatible withTecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) toenable accurate real-time datacapture, monitoring and display ona computer

Digital display shows lift, drag and pitchingmoment directly

Allows full adjustment of angle of incidenceof the model to direction of air flow

The Three-Component Balance fits onto the working sectionof TecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100). It may alsobe used with other subsonic wind tunnels of similar design.

The Three-Component Balance provides an easy-to-usesupport system for wind tunnel models. It measures lift, dragand pitching moment exerted on the model.

The balance attaches to the vertical wall of the wind tunnelworking section. It is designed for air flows from right to leftwhen the balance is viewed from the front.

The balance comprises a mounting plate secured to the windtunnel working section. A triangular force plate is held on themounting plate by a mechanism that constrains it to move ina plane parallel to the mounting plate only, while leaving itfree to rotate about a horizontal axis. This arrangementprovides the necessary three degrees of freedom.

Models for use with the balance are available fromTecQuipment. Other models used with the equipment willneed a mounting stem. The forces acting on the model aretransmitted by cables to three strain gauged load cells. Theoutput from each load cell is taken via an amplifier to amicroprocessor-controlled display module. The displaymodule mounts onto the wind tunnel control andinstrumentation frame and includes a digital display to showthe lift, drag and pitching moment directly.

The equipment is fully compatible with TecQuipmentsoptional Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS) and canquickly and conveniently connect to a frame-mountinginterface unit (VDAS-F, available separately). Using VDASenables accurate real-time data capture, monitoring, display,calculation and charting of all relevant parameters on asuitable computer (computer not included).

Measures lift, drag and pitchingmoment of models in TecQuipmentsSubsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

The model support of the balance can be rotated by 360degrees. This allows adjustment of the angle of incidence ofthe model to the direction of air flow. The model support islocked in the required position by a simple clamp afteradjustment.

The Angle Feedback Unit (AFA4, available separately) fitsonto the Three-Component Balance and transmits therotational angle of the test model back to the automatic dataacquisition unit.


Balance Angle Feedback Unit (AFA4) 23

Ancillary for: Page



150 mm Chord NACA2412 Aerofoil with Variable 18Flap (AF103)



Aircraft Model Low Wing (AF107) 19

Aircraft Model High Wing (AF108) 19



Basic Lift and Drag Balance (AFA2) 21

Works with

Three-Component Balance shown with theAngle Feedback Unit (AFA4)


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Differential PressureTransducer (AFA5)

Optional ancillary to TecQuipments modularSubsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Measures and displays differential pressuresfrom models, Pitot-static tubes and otherdevices

Quicker, easier and more versatile than usingliquid manometers

Integral LCD allows direct pressuremeasurement

Measures differential pressures or pressurewith respect to atmosphere


The Differential Pressure Transducer and readout is an optionalancillary to TecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100). Itmeasures and displays pressures in Pitot-static tubes and otherpressure-sensing devices fitted to a wind tunnel, with respectto the atmosphere or differential pressures.

The control and instrumentation panel of the AF100 windtunnel includes a location for mounting up to twoDifferential Pressure Transducer modules. It ismicroprocessor-controlled and contains a calibrated pressure

Microprocessor-controlled pressuremeasurement and display unit for use withTecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100) transducer. The unit has an integral liquid crystal display that

allows the user to read pressure directly.

The signals of the pressure sensors may be output toTecQuipments optional Versatile Data Acquisition System(VDAS). Using VDAS enables accurate real-time datacapture, monitoring, display, calculation and charting of allrelevant parameters on a suitable computer (computernot included).

When the Differential Pressure Transducer is used with theautomatic data acquisition unit it provides a significantadvantage over conventional instruments such asmanometers. Many readings can be taken and the user mayuse a suitable spreadsheet software package to obtain amore accurate overview of pressure distributions.

Ancillary for: Page



150 mm Chord NACA0012 Aerofoil with Tappings 18(AF102)







Three-Dimensional Drag Models (AF109) 19


Multi-Tube Manometer (AFA1) 20

32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6) 24

Works withBalance Angle FeedbackUnit (AFA4)

The Balance Angle Feedback Unit is an optional ancillary foruse with TecQuipments Three-Component Balance (AFA3)to measure the angular position of models mounted on thebalance in TecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100).The Balance Angle Feedback Unit mounts on the Three-Component Balance attached to the wind tunnel. It thentransmits the rotational angle of the model to

Measures angular positions of modelsmounted on TecQuipments Three-Component Balance (AFA3) with theVersatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS)

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TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS-F,not included). The angle of themodel can then be logged ona suitable computer (computernot included) along with othercaptured experimental data.

Note: The Balance Angle Feedback Unit can only be usedwith the Three-Component Balance (AFA3) and the VersatileData Acquisition System (VDAS). The unit is supplied withan input board for VDAS.

Ancillary for: Page

Three-Component Balance (AFA3) 22


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32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6)

Optional ancillary to TecQuipments modularSubsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Measures and displays up to 32 differentialpressures from models, Pitot-static tubes andother devices

Quicker, easier and more versatile than usingliquid manometers

Integral LCD allows direct pressuremeasurement

Measures pressures with respect toatmosphere


1The 32-Way Pressure Display Unit is an optional ancillary toTecQuipments modular Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100). Itmeasures and displays up to 32 different pressures frommodels, Pitot-static tubes and other measuring instrumentsfitted to a wind tunnel. It is ideally suited in applicationswhere multiple pressure measurements are required, forexample in boundary layer and tapped aerofoil modelinvestigations.

The unit mounts onto the control and instrumentation frameof the AF100 wind tunnel. The microprocessor-controlledunit contains 32 calibrated pressure transducers. Inputconnection to each of the pressure transducers is via quick-release pressure inputs mounted on the front panel of theunit. This allows easy and quick connection between the unitand an experiment mounted in a wind tunnel. All pressuresare measured with respect to atmosphere.

The unit has an integral liquid crystal display with a scrollswitch that allows all 32 channels to be viewed in groups offour at any time.

The conditioned outputs of the pressure sensors, and any otherconnected compatible electronic instruments, may be outputto TecQuipments optional Versatile Data Acquisition System(VDAS) to allow computer-based data acquisition and display.

Microprocessor-controlled 32-way pressuremeasurement and display unit for use withTecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Using VDAS enables accurate real-time data capture,monitoring, display, calculation and charting of all relevantparameters on a suitable computer (computer not included).

When the 32-Way Pressure Display Unit is used with VDASit allows laboratory time to be used more efficiently becausedata can be captured and processed much more quicklythan when using manual techniques. The facility in thesoftware to average data to remove the fluctuations inherentin wind tunnel measurements, enhances the quality of theresults by making their interpretation much easier. Thisoption provides significant experimental advantages overconventional instruments such as manometers.

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Multi-Tube Manometer (AFA1) 20

Differential Pressure Unit (AFA5) 23

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Pitot-Static Traverse (300 mm)(AFA7)

Optional ancillary to TecQuipmentsSubsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Mounts either upstream or downstream of atest model to measure pressures across thewake of a model

Accurate digital display of position

Zero facility allows the starting point of anexperiment to be set in any position

Works with TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) to give accuratereal-time data capture, monitoring anddisplay on a computer

The Pitot-Static Traverse is an ancillary to TecQuipmentsmodular Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100).

It is a Pitot-static tube which mounts in the working sectionof the wind tunnel, either upstream or downstream of theposition of the test model. This allows students to do waketraverses, downstream of a model. The vertical position ofthe tube, which is adjustable, is displayed on a digitalindicator.

The digital indicator position can be set to zero in anyposition. This allows the datum or starting point of anexperiment to be defined by the user.

To display differential pressure, the Pitot-static tube connectsto a manometer supplied with the wind tunnel. Alternatively,pressures can be measured using one or more of thefollowing optional instruments:


Differential Pressure Unit (AFA5)

32-Way Pressure Display Unit (AFA6)

The pressure signals from the Pitot-Static Traverse may beoutput to TecQuipments optional Versatile Data AcquisitionSystem (VDAS) to allow computer-based data acquisition

A traversing Pitot-static tube with electronicposition measurement for use withTecQuipments Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

Works with

and display. Using VDAS enables accurate real-time datacapture, monitoring, display, calculation and charting of allrelevant parameters on a suitable computer (computer notincluded). For pressure measurement this will require theoptional Differential Pressure Unit (AFA5) or 32-Way PressureDisplay Unit (AFA6).

Ancillary for: Page









Three-Dimensional Drag Models (AF109) 19

Flight Demonstration Wind Tunnel (AF41)

Special Purpose Wind Tunnels

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Gives students a safe, realistic introductionto the controls of a light aircraft

Aircraft able to move vertically and pitchabout the quarter chord point independently

Simulates take-off, level flight, cruise andlanding

Demonstrations include aerofoil lift, stall,longitudinal stability and transient motion

Includes electronic display of air speed,attitude, altitude, pressure and lift

Tufts on the wing clearly demonstrate thephenomenon of separation and stall

Brightly illuminated working section

Adjustable centre of gravity of the model

Optional smoke generator and chartrecorder (available separately)

For classroom demonstrations and student investigationsinto the behaviour of fixed-wing aircraft and wingperformance during take-off, flight and landing.

The apparatus is an open-circuit wind tunnel with a modelaircraft suspended in the working section. The model issupported by linkages that allow it to move vertically and topitch about the quarter chord point independently.

The working section is brightly illuminated and the aircraftmodel is clearly visible through a large transparent window.The operator flies the aircraft manually using a controlcolumn and throttle. These are positioned directly in front ofthe window and are arranged typically as found in a lightaircraft, providing realistic simulation of flight and the effectof the control surfaces.

To fly the aircraft, the operator pushes the throttle leverforward to increase the tunnel air speed. When the air speedreaches a certain level the aircraft may be made to take-offby drawing the control column slowly back. A digital displayshows air velocity (pressure) in the working section, attitude,altitude or lift force on the aircraft.

Continued on next page

Flight Demonstration Wind Tunnel (AF41)

A model aircraft suspended in an open-circuitwind tunnel. Includes realistic flight controls toteach a variety of principles of aircraft flight.


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1Air enters the working section through a flow straightener.The throttle controls the air speed in the tunnel byregulating an axial flow fan downstream of the workingsection. The change in air speed in the wind tunnel simulatesthe effect of increasing the change in air speed of a realaircraft due to a change in thrust from the propeller.

The control column is linked to the all-flying tail plane ofthe aircraft. Pushing the column forward or pulling it backchanges the angle of the whole tail plane. A scale on thecontrol column indicates the tail plane angle. The controlcolumn differs from that of a normal aircraft in that it has nolateral control of the aircraft: it has no rudder on thetailplane and may only move up or down.

A locking control under the control column can lock theangle of the tail plane to any setting.

Small tufts cover the port wing of the aircraft. These showthe direction and quality of air flow over the wing surface, toshow separation and stall. Using the optional SmokeGenerator (AFA10, available separately) enhances flowvisualisation.

An adjustable weight allows the student to set the centre ofgravity of the model to different positions from fore to aft ofthe quarter chord point. A scale below the weight indicatesthe position. This enables students to derive the trim curvesand identify the neutral point.

To find the lift characteristic of the aerofoil, students link theaircraft to a load cell and vary the angle of attack.

Experiments:

A variety of practical demonstrations, hands-on flightsimulations, and student investigations into the behaviour offixed-wing aircraft and wing performance, including:

Practical investigation of longitudinal stability and controlof the aircraft to demonstrate behaviour during take-off,level flight and landing.

Determination of the effect of speed on attitude for levelflight and stall.

Measurement of the lift curve for the wing up to andbeyond stall.

Students can adjust the centre of gravity of the model toalter its trim. They can then plot trim curves anddetermine the neutral point.

With Two-Pen Chart Recorder (AF41a, availableseparately):

Demonstration of phugoid motion in terms of altitude.

Short period oscillation due to sudden disturbance can beshown by the change of incidence.

With Smoke Generator (AFA10, availableseparately):

Visualisation of flow patterns past the aircrafts aerofoiland tail plane.

Recommended Ancillaries: Page

Two-Pen Chart Recorder (AF41a)

Smoke Generator (AFA10) 20





Flight Demonstration Wind Tunnel (AF41)Continued from previous page

For moreinformationask for ourDATASHEETS

T +44 115 972 2611F +44 115 973 1520W www.tecquipment.comE [email protected]


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High-quality, vertical windtunnel that helps studentsunderstand air flow arounddifferent shaped objects

Ideal for small group experimentsor classroom demonstrations

Includes smoke generator and lightingto show flow clearly

Variable air speed

Optional model sets with wide selectionof models available separately

A vertical, suction-type wind tunnel with smoke visualisation.Allows demonstrations and student investigations into theflow of air around a wide variety of different shaped models.

Ideal for small group experiments or classroomdemonstrations, the apparatus is floor standing. A variable-speed fan mounted on top of the wind tunnel produces the airflow through the working section. Air flow is vertically upwards.

A smoke generator connects to a comb mounted in the windtunnel below the working section. Students can move thecomb from side to side to aid investigations into theaerodynamic properties of a test model. Smoke is producedby the vapourisation of a high-quality food-grade oil. A filterhelps provide uniform air flow. The smoke is non toxic.

The front wall of the working section of the wind tunnel istransparent and removable. This enables users to easily andquickly attach the optional models to the back of theworking section. It also allows a clear view of the smoketrails. Test model sets for the wind tunnel are availableseparately (AF80a and AF80b). Lamps illuminate theworking section from both sides to improve the visibility ofthe smoke.

The wind tunnel is held on a metal frame fitted with castorsfor mobility. A control unit on the frame contains thecontrols for the fan speed.

Experiments:

When used with the optional models, the visualisation anddemonstration of:

Boundary layers

Separation

Rotational flow

Essential Ancillary:

Model Set (AF80a), including:

Aerofoil Circular cylinder Sphere Slotted orifice Disc Circular orifice Hemisphere Wing tip ISA nozzle Model car and truck

Recommended Ancillary:

Additional Model Set (AF80b), including:

Bend Cascade corner Plain corner Heat exchanger tube bank





Uses smoke trails to showair flow around differentshaped models

Flow Visualisation WindTunnel (AF80)

Photograph of the smoketrails around a hemisphere

Supersonic Nozzle

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Nozzle Flow Apparatus (AF27)

Floor-standing apparatus that demonstratesthe thermodynamics and fluid mechanics ofthe adiabatic expansion of air throughsubsonic and supersonic nozzles

Connects to suitable laboratory compressedair supply or TecQuipments optionalCompressor (AF27a)

Includes three interchangeable, profiled andpolished brass nozzles - convergent,convergent-divergent and convergent-parallel

Built-in instrument frame and worktop

Electronic instruments measure and displaymultiple pressures and temperatures at thesame time, for ease of use and forconnection to TecQuipments VDAS

Works with TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) for instantrecording of multiple readings andautomatic calculations

The apparatus connects to TecQuipments optionalCompressor (AF27a) or a suitable laboratory supply of dry,clean compressed air.

It demonstrates the thermodynamic and fluid properties ofthe adiabatic expansion of subsonic and supersonic air flowthrough nozzles.

Its floor-standing frame holds:

a pressure chest with a removable lid and nozzle traversemechanism;

a useful worktop;

a pressure regulator to maintain the inlet/upstreampressure, with an analogue reference pressure gauge;

three interchangeable, profiled and polished brassnozzles with mimics that fit on the traverse mechanism;

an instrument frame with digital pressure andtemperature displays

Students fit a nozzle into the chest (you test one nozzle at atime). Compressed air passes through the pressure regulatorand an isolating valve. It then enters the pressure chest andpasses vertically down through the nozzle, then through aprecision downstream valve. The airflow then settles as itpasses along a horizontal pipe, through an orifice and out toatmosphere.

Works with

Screenshot of the VDAS software

Demonstrates the thermodynamics and fluidmechanics of the adiabatic expansion of airthrough subsonicand supersonicnozzles

Supersonic Nozzle

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The temperature and pressure displays accurately measuretemperatures and pressures at key points around theapparatus, including the pressures around the orifice whichstudents use to determine overall mass flow.

For ease of visibility and for good engineering practice, theanalogue gauge also shows pressure in the chest.

A stainless-steel probe on a manually adjustable, verticaltraverse measures the pressure distribution along the axis ofthe nozzle. A digital indicator measures the probe position inthe nozzle. The traverse mechanism includes a pointer and amounting for a mimic of each nozzle. The pointer movesalong the mimic to help students visualize the position of theprobe.

The instrument frame has extra space for the optionalVDAS interface unit.

VDAS allows accurate real-time data capture, monitoring,display, calculation and charting of all the importantreadings on a suitable computer (computer not included).

Experiments:

The relationship between pressure ratio and flow forconvergent and convergent/divergent Laval nozzles

The pressure profile in convergent/divergent nozzles atvarious pressure ratios

Investigation of expansion with friction in a parallelpassage at high subsonic velocities

Boundary layer growth under subsonic and supersonicconditions

The phenomenon of choked flow corresponding to sonicvelocity at a nozzle throat

Essential Ancillary:

Compressor (AF27a)


Versatile Data Acquisition System 292Frame-mounted version (VDAS-F)


Supersonic Wind Tunnel Intermittent (AF300) 32

Supersonic Wind Tunnel Continuous (AF302) 35

TecQuipment Document Packs making it clear for the customer

We send document packs with all TecQuipment manufactured products.

Document packs contain:

a packing contents list (PCL) to show you what partswe pack with the product;

a test certificate to show you that weve thoroughlytested the product before we send it to you;

user guides* and safety information to show youhow to use the product safely and learn how it works.

Some packs also include compact discs (CD-ROMs) with TecQuipment software (for example, VDAS).

At TecQuipment we continually improve our user guides so they include pictures of the products, cleardiagrams and plain English text. This helps you to understand the product more clearly. Where necessary,the guides include theory, suggested experiments and typical results to help students understand what theproduct teaches.

*Some products may not need user guides, as their details are already shown in their parent product, for example the optional

pumps on the MFP103.

Supersonic Wind Tunnels

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Intermittent Supersonic Wind Tunnel (AF300)

Laboratory-scale wind tunnel for subsonicand supersonic tests, up to Mach 1.8

Compact design does not need largelaboratory space

Supplied with aerodynamic models forsupersonic tests includes model angle-feedback encoder

Works with TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) for instantrecording of multiple readings andautomatic calculations

Electronic instruments measure and displaymultiple pressures at the same time, for easeof use and for connection to VDAS

Supplied with set of different liners forcontrolled subsonic and supersonic air flow

Induction flow for better air flow andaccurate results

An intermittent operation, induction-type supersonic windtunnel for investigations into subsonic and supersonic flow.This includes tests on the flow around two-dimensionalmodels at subsonic and supersonic air speeds.

A compressed air supply (AF300b, available separately)induces a flow in the working section of the wind tunnel.This gives a less turbulent and more stable flow for accurateresults and comparison with theory. The optionalcompressed air supply includes filters and air dryers to give adust-free and dry air source needed for good results.

Students use a delivery valve to allow compressed air toenter the wind tunnel. The wind tunnel includes two

Investigates subsonic and supersonicair flow, including flow around two-dimensional models

Screenshot of the optional

VDAS software

Shown withthe optionalSchlierenApparatus(AF300a)

Works with


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analogue pressure gauges. One measures the compressed airpressure available from the supply (for reference); the othermeasures the pressure delivered to the wind tunnel andincludes an electronic transducer that connects toTecQuipments Versatile Data Acquisition System (VDAS) torecord the pressure.

The working section of the wind tunnel is a convergent-divergent nozzle with a removable top part (liner). Theshape of the liner controls the maximum air velocity at thedivergent part of the working section. Included are threedifferent liners.

High optical-quality glass windows (portals) are at each sideof the divergent part of the working section. The portalsallow students to use the optional Schlieren Apparatus(AF300a, available separately). This allows display andrecording of images of pressure waves around two-dimensional models.

Included is a set of two-dimensional models. These mountbetween the portals inside the working section. Students canadjust the angle of the models. An encoder electronicallymeasures the model angle.

Spaced at precise intervals along the working section of thewind tunnel are pressure tappings. Two extra tappingsconnect to one of the models when in use. A 32-waypressure display (included) connects to all the pressuretappings. It displays the pressures and transmits them toVDAS for instant recording and calculations of pressureratios and Mach numbers.

Included is a bench-mounting instrument frame that holdsand provides power for the electronic instruments and theVDAS interface unit. The instrument frame connects to asuitable electrical supply.

VDAS allows accurate real-time data capture, monitoring,display, calculation and charting of all the importantreadings on a suitable computer (computer not included).

Experiments:

Pressure distribution along a convergent/divergent(Laval) nozzle with subsonic and supersonic air flow

Comparison of theoretical and actual pressure distribution

Comparison of actual and theoretical area ratio of anozzle at supersonic air velocities (Mach numbers)

Pressures around a two-dimensional model in subsonicand supersonic flow conditions, at different angles ofincidence

Lift coefficient for aerodynamic models in supersonic flow

Shock waves and expansion patterns around a two-dimensional model in supersonic flow conditions (whenused with the optional Schlieren Apparatus).

Essential Ancillaries: Page

Air Compressor Receiver and Dryer (AF300b)

Versatile Data Acquisition System 292Frame-mounted version (VDAS-F)


Schlieren Apparatus (AF300a) 34



Nozzle Flow Apparatus (AF27) 30

Continuous Supersonic Wind Tunnel (AF302) 35

Capture the power of VDASthe versatile data acquisition system from TecQuipmentOur Versatile Data Acquisition System is a highly effective way of collecting and using data from experimentsusing TecQuipment educational teaching products.

LOOK AT THE BENEFITS...

VERSATILE can be used across a wide range of TecQuipment products

DATA transforms raw data instantly which easily exports or creates sophisticated graphs and tables

ACQUISITION USB connectivity, multiple-source real-time data capture

SYSTEM an expandable modular approach providing easy-to-use digital plug-and-play technology

VDAS is the most up-to-date, effective data acquisition system currently available for education. There are othersolutions on the market, but none which offer the convenience, functionality or wide range of features andbenefits of TecQuipments Versatile Data Acquisition System.

Visit our website at www.tecquipment.com for more information

Capture the power of VDASthe versatile data acquisition system from TecQuipmentOur Versatile Data Acquisition System is a highly effective way of collecting and using data fromexperiments using TecQuipment educational teaching products.

LOOK AT THE BENEFITS...

VERSATILE can be used across a wide range of TecQuipment products

DATA transforms raw data instantly which easily exports or creates sophisticated graphs and tables

ACQUISITION USB connectivity, multiple-source real-time data capture

SYSTEM an expandable modular approach providing easy-to-use digital plug-and-play technology

VDAS is the most up-to-date, effective data acquisition system currently available for education. Thereare other solutions on the market, but none which offer the convenience, functionality or wide range offeatures and benefits of TecQuipments Versatile Data Acquisition System.

Visit our website at www.tecquipment.com for more information


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Schlieren Apparatus (AF300a)

Monochrome Schlieren apparatuswith a high-power light source andimaging screen

High-quality, laboratory-standardmirrors and lenses for clear imageswithout distortion

Shows supersonic air flow patternsaround models

Shows shockwaves and expansions

Includes digital imaging equipmentand TV monitor

Schlieren apparatus for use withTecQuipments IntermittentSupersonic Wind Tunnel (AF300)

A monochrome Schlieren apparatus for use with theIntermittent Supersonic Wind Tunnel (AF300).

The Schlieren apparatus allows students to see densitygradients as variations in intensity of illumination. Thisallows them to see supersonic air flow patterns aroundmodels. It also clearly shows shockwaves and expansions,and students can compare their position and angle withvalues predicted by theory.

The mirrors and lenses are of high optic standards to reduceany possibility of optic distortions of the images.

The apparatus includes digital imaging equipment to recordthe images; this is useful when using an intermittentsupersonic wind tunnel.

The TV monitor is particularly useful to display the imagesto groups of students. The imaging equipment can capturestill images and any real-time changes in the image.

Ancillary for: Page

Intermittent Supersonic Wind Tunnel (AF300) 32

TALK to our EXPERTS

Our dedicated Sales team can help you choosethe equipment best suited for your needs, answeryour questions and progress your order.


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Continuous Supersonic Wind Tunnel (AF302)

A suction-type continuous-operationsupersonic wind tunnel for investigationsinto two-dimensional air flow around modelsfor airspeeds up to Mach 1.8

Includes high-quality optical glass windowsin the working section, suitable for use withan optional Schlieren system

Includes a selection of models for two-dimensional flow experiments and anencoder for feedback of model angle

Supplied with a multi-pressure display unitand calibrated pressure sensors to showpressures relative to atmosphere.

Includes a vacuum pump with remotecontrol for ease of use

Works with TecQuipments Versatile DataAcquisition System (VDAS) for automaticdata acquisition

A suction-type continuous-operation supersonic wind tunnelfor investigations into subsonic and supersonic air flow. Italso allows students to study air flow in two dimensionsaround aerodynamic models.

An instrument frame (supplied) holds a remote control unitthat controls a high-capacity vacuum pump (supplied). Thepump creates a low pressure downstream of the workingsection to draw air into the wind tunnel. A bypass duct witha hand-operated valve allows the operator to reduce theairflow through the Working Section without disturbing thequality of the main airflow. This is useful for startup andshutdown and for subsonic tests.

For investigations into flow aroundtwo-dimensional models at supersonicand subsonic air sp

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