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T3/5/2014

Variances in Development

(Ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)

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Intro• Development = The process of improving

the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology

• More developed countries (MDCs)– aka developed countries

• Lesser developed countries (LDCs)– aka emerging or developing countries

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I. Economic Indicators of Development

A. The Human Development Index (HDI)– U.N. uses four (4) factors to assess a country’s

level of development:• Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per

capita – – total output of goods for country– measures relative wealth of country

• Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education

• Demographic = (4) life expectancy

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Human Development Index

Figure 9-1

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I. Economic Indicators of Development (cont.)

– B. Types of jobs• Primary sector – extraction of materials (agric.)• Secondary sector – manufacturing • Tertiary sector – services

– more tertiary jobs, more likely to be MDC

– C. Productivity• Measured by the value added per capita

– gross value minus costs of raw material & energy

– measures production costs

• MDCs are more productive than LDCs

– D. Consumer Goods• More accessible in MDCs

– Esp. transportation (cars) and communication (phones, computers)

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Figure 9-2

Gross Domestic Product (per capita)

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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4

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II. Social Indicators of Development

• A. Education and Literacy• Education rate = number of pupils per teacher

– lower ratio in MDC (usually ≤ 20); LDCs higher (often ≥ 30)

• The literacy rate = %of people who can read & write– Higher % in MDC (usually ≥ 98% in MDC; 60% in LDC)

• Greater educational access usually equals greater wealth (MDCs)

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Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6

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II. Social Indicators of Development (cont.)

• B. Health and Welfare• Diet (adequate calories & proteins)

– MDCs receive more than daily requirement – LDCs receive less than daily minimum

• Access to health care– Most MDCs have cheap public healthcare

» Paid through taxes– One exception: USA

• Welfare programs– Geared toward elderly, sick, poor, disabled, unemployed– Expensive b/c based on taxes– More common in MDCs

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III. Demographic Indicators of Development

– Life expectancy• Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in

the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s

– Other demographic indicators:• Natural increase

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At Each Station…

1. Examine the data provided…what patterns are you seeing?

2. Which countries have higher numbers at this particular station?

1. Do you think these countries are MDCs or LDCs?

3. Why are the numbers higher for these countries?

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Infant Mortality Rate

Higher in LDCs

Why?https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html

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Crude Birth Rate

All lower in MDCs

Why? https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html

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Crude Death Rate

Higher in MDCs

Why?https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html

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More and Less Developed Regions

Figure 9-10