© 2009 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved x-rays and diagnostic radiology...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
X-rays and Diagnostic RadiologyX-rays and Diagnostic RadiologyPowerPoint® presentation to accompany:
Medical AssistingThird Edition
Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Learning Outcomes
53.1 Define x-rays and explain how they are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
53.2 Compare invasive and noninvasive diagnostic procedures.
53.3 Discuss the medical assistant’s role in x-ray and diagnostic radiology testing.
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Learning Outcomes (cont.)
53.4 Discuss the medical assistant’s duties in preparing a patient for an x-ray.
53.5 Explain the risks and safety precautions associated with radiology work.
53.6 Describe proper procedures for filing and maintaining x-ray films and records.
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Introduction Diagnostic radiology
is a valuable tool Screening Clinical diagnosis
Medical assistant Role in noninvasive
and invasive procedures Safety issues Proper handling and
storage of films Preparation and
instruction of patients
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Brief History of the X-Ray Discovered in 1895 by
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen
Electromagnetic wave Travels 186,000 miles/sec Short wavelength Penetrates solid objects Reacts with photographic
film
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Brief History of the X-Ray (cont.)
Diagnostic and therapeutic uses
Radiologist Physician Interprets films
Radiologic technologists
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Diagnostic Radiology Contrast medium
Purpose Makes internal organs denser Blocks passage of x-rays to film Provides a clearer image of
organs and tissues
Types Gases Heavy metal salts Iodine compounds
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Invasive procedures A catheter, wire, or other testing
device is inserted into a blood vessel or organ by a radiologist
Requires surgical aseptic techniques
Patients must be closely monitored, especially if anesthesia is used
Diagnostic Radiology (cont.)
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Noninvasive procedures View internal structures
Standard x-rays Ultrasonagraphy
Do not require inserting devices, breaking the skin, or as great a degree of monitoring as invasive procedures
Uses the conventional x-ray machine or specialized instruments
Diagnostic Radiology (cont.)
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Apply Your Knowledge
2. What is the difference in noninvasive and invasive procedures?
ANSWER: Noninvasive procedures do not require inserting devices, breaking the skin, or special monitoring and use conventional x-ray machines or specialized instruments to visualize internal organs. Invasive procedures require surgical aseptic technique for the insertion of a catheter, wire, or other testing device into an organ or blood vessel.
1. X-rays are __________________ waves that travel at the speed of light and penetrate solid objects
electromagnetic
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Medical Assistant’s Role in Diagnostic Radiology Assist with or perform
procedures Based on scope of practice for
state Pre- and post-procedure patient
care Patient education
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Preprocedure care Schedule appointments Provide preparation
instructions Explain the procedure Ask pertinent questions
Medication history Women – possibility of pregnancy
Medical Assistant’s Role in Diagnostic Radiology (cont.)
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Care during and after a procedure Assist with placing,
removing, and developing film
Tasks listed in Procedure 53-1 “Assisting with an X-ray Examination”
Medical Assistant’s Role in Diagnostic Radiology (cont.)
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
How can you find out what role you can take in radiologic testing as a medical assistant?
ANSWER: Check with your state’s scope of practice for medical assistants.
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Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests Contrast media in
diagnostic tests
Adverse effects Mild to severe Localized to systemic Check for allergy to
fish
Examples Angiography Arthrography Barium swallow or
enema Cystography Myelography Retrograde pyelography Nuclear medicine studies
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Fluoroscopy X-rays cause certain
chemicals to emit visible light
Allows for viewing movement of an organ or passage of substances through organs
Hysterosalpingography Examination of uterus
and fallopian tubes by fluoroscopy
Used to evaluate shape and structure of uterus and patency of fallopian tubes
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Arthrography Contrast medium and
fluoroscopy Used to diagnose
abnormalities or injuries in cartilage, tendons, or ligaments
Barium enema or swallow Contrast medium –
barium Diagnose and evaluate
obstructions, ulcers, polyps, diverticulosis, tumors, or motility
Patient instructions and compliance important
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Cholecystography – detect gallstones or abnormalities of the gallbladder
Cholangiography – evaluate function of bile duct
Conventional tomography Uses a computerized camera
that moves back and forth over the patient
One view per arc over patient
Computer tomography Camera rotates completely
around the patient Cross-sectional view from
each rotation
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Heart X-ray – shows configuration of the heart and cardiac enlargement or aortic dilation
Intravenous pyelography (IVP) Used to evaluate urinary system Shows contrast medium moving through kidneys,
ureters, and bladder
Retrograde pyelography – Similar to IVP but contrast medium injected through a urethral catheter
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) radiography X-ray of abdomen Assesses the size, shape, and position of urinary organs
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – uses strong magnetic field to examine internal structures and soft tissues
Mammography – x-ray exam of internal breast tissues
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Myelography Fluoroscopy of the
spinal cord used to evaluate spinal abnormalities
Performed less frequently because of new technology
Nuclear medicine Use of radionuclides or
radioisotopes to evaluate internal organs
Types include SPECT PET MUGA
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Stereoscopy – specially designed microscope used to produce 3-D images of abnormalities in the skull
Thermography Infrared camera photographs variations in skin
temperatures Diagnosis of breast tumors, breast abscesses, and
fibrocystic breast disease
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Ultrasound Directs high-frequency sound
waves to produce an echo of the internal organ
Produces image based on echo
Xeroradiography X-rays developed with powdered toner on specialized
paper Less radiation exposure
Common Diagnostic Radiologic Tests (cont.)
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Apply Your KnowledgeTrue or False:
___ Fluoroscopy is used for many procedures.
___ Hysterosalpingopraphy is used to evaluate the patency of the colon.
___ Cholangiography is used to detect abnormalities of the gallbladder.
___ For an IVP, the radiologist injects the contrast medium through a catheter.
___ An MRI uses a combination of nonionizing radiation and a strong magnetic
field.
___ Mylography is done frequently to evaluate for spinal abnormalities.
___ Thermography uses an infrared camera to record variations in skin
temperature.
ANSWER:
less often due to advanced technologies
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
a retrograde pyelography
bile duct
fallopian tubes
Bravo!
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Common Therapeutic Uses of Radiation Radiation therapy – used to treat cancer by preventing
cellular reproduction
Two types: Teletherapy – allows deep penetration; used for deep
tumors Brachytherapy
Places temporary radioactive implants close to or directly into the cancerous tissue
Requires special precautions for radiation safety
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Radiation Safety and Dose Reducing patient exposure
Advances in technology Assessment of benefit-to-risk ratio
NCRP Guidelines for protection from radiation Prevent serious damage from radiation by limiting
radiation dose levels Reduce risk of cancer and genetic effects Individual dose limits set
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Personnel safety Always wear a radiation
exposure badge
Make sure equipment is working properly
Anyone present when equipment is operating should wear lead shield
Radiation Safety and Dose (cont.)
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Apply Your Knowledge
1. What are the two types of radiation therapy?
ANSWER: Teletherapy allows for deep penetration and is used for deep tumors. Brachytherapy involves the implantation of temporary radioactive implants close to or directly into cancerous tissue.
2. What should the physician consider before ordering radiologic testing for a patient?
ANSWER: The benefit-to-risk ratio.Super!
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Storing and Filing X-rays Keep fresh film on hand Maintain new and exposed film
in good condition at proper temperature and humidity
Prevent pressure marks Keep expiration dates visible Use oldest film first Open all packages or boxes in darkroom Do not store near acid or ammonia vapors
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Storing and Filing X-rays (cont.)
Document x-ray information Patient record card or record book Verify that film is labeled correctly
File correctly Film-filing envelope Use “out-card” when removing
file
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Electronic Medicine Telemedicine technology
Rapid video Computer-based
communications Stereotaxis – magnetic
neurosurgery technique
Digital imaging Eliminates traditional x-ray
films Decreased exposure to
radiation DICOM – communication
protocol
Advances in radiology 3D/4D ultrasound “live-action” images
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Apply Your Knowledge
1. How do you store new and exposed x-ray film?
ANSWER: X-ray film should be stored at proper temperature and humidity. Packages should be stored on end and not stacked.
2. What is DICOM?
ANSWER: DICOM is a communications protocol for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging.
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
In Summary Medical assistant
Assist with patient care before, during, and after a procedure
Provide patient instructions Preparing patients for tests Storing and filing x-rays Understand and follow safety precautions