© 2009 delmar, cengage learning chapter 8 human growth and development

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 8

Human Growthand Development


8:1 Life Stages

• Growth spans an individual’s lifetime

• Development is the process of becoming fully grown

• Health care workers need to be aware of the various stages and needs of the individual to provide quality health care

(continues)


Life Stages (continued)

• Infancy: birth to 1 year

• Early childhood: 1–6 years

• Late childhood: 6–12 years

• Adolescence: 12–20 years

• Early adulthood: 20–40 years

• Middle adulthood: 40–65 years

• Late adulthood: 65 years and older


Growth and Development Types

• Physical: body growth

• Mental: mind development

• Emotional: feelings

• Social: interactions and relationships with others

• Four types above occur in each stage


Erikson’s Stages ofPsychosocial Development

• Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst

• A basic conflict or need must be met in each stage

• See Table 8-1 in text


Infancy

• Age: birth to 1 year old

• Dramatic and rapid changes

• Physical development

• Mental development

• Emotional development

• Social development

• Infants are dependent on others for all of their needs


Early Childhood

• Age: 1–6 years old





• The needs of early childhood include routine, order, and consistency


Late Childhood or Preadolescence






• Children in this age group need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance


Adolescence






• Adolescents need reassurance, support, and understanding


Eating Disorders

• Often develop from an excessive concern for appearance

• Anorexia nervosa

• Bulimia

• More common in females

• Usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either of these conditions


Chemical Abuse

• Use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical

• Can occur at any life stage, but frequently begins in adolescence

• Can lead to physical and mental disorders and diseases

• Treatment towards total rehabilitation


Reasons Chemicals Used

• Trying to relieve stress or anxiety

• Peer pressure

• Escape from either emotional or psychological problems

• Experimentation

• Seeking “instant gratification”

• Hereditary traits or cultural influences


Suicide

• One of the leading causes of death in adolescents

• Permanent solution to temporary problem

• Impulsive nature of adolescents

• Most give warning signs

• Call for attention

• Prevention of suicide


Reasons for Suicide

• Depression

• Grief over a loss or love affair

• Failure in school

• Inability to meet expectations

• Influence of suicidal friends or parents

• Lack of self-esteem


Increased Risk of Suicide

• Family history of suicide

• A major loss or disappointment

• Previous suicide attempts

• Recent suicide of friends, family, or role models (heroes or idols)


Early Adulthood







Middle Adulthood (Middle Age)

• Age: 40–65 years of age






Late Adulthood

• Age: 65 years of age and older





• The elderly need a sense of belonging, self-esteem, financial security, social acceptance, and love


8:2 Death and Dying

• Death is “the final stage of growth”

• Experienced by everyone and no one escapes

• Young people tend to ignore it and pretend it doesn’t exist

• Usually it is the elderly, who have lost others, who begin to think about their own death


Terminal Illness

• Disease that cannot be cured and will result in death

• People react in different ways

• Some patients fear the unknown while others view death as a final peace


Research

• Dr. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was the leading expert in the field of death and dying and because of her research– Most medical personnel now believe patients should

be informed of approaching death– Patients should be left with some hope and know

they will not be left alone– Staff need to know extent of information known

by patients

(continues)


Research(continued)

• Dr. Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grieving

• Dying patients and their families and friends may experience these stages– Stages may not occur in order

– Some patients may not progress through them all, others may experience several stages at once


Stages of Death and Dying

• Denial—refuses to believe

• Anger—when no longer able to deny

• Bargaining—accepts death, but wants more time

• Depression—realizes death will come soon

• Acceptance—understands and accepts the fact they are going to die


Caring for the Dying Patient

• Very challenging, but rewarding work

• Supportive care

• Health care worker must have self-awareness

• Common to want to avoid feelings by avoiding dying patient


Hospice Care

• Palliative care only

• Often in patient’s home

• Philosophy: allow patient to die with dignity and comfort

• Personal care

• Volunteers

• After death contact and services


Right to Die

• Ethical issues must be addressed by the health care worker

• Laws allowing “right to die”

• Under these laws specific actions to end life cannot be taken

• Hospice encourages LIVE promise

• Dying Person’s Bill of Rights


Summary

• Death is a part of life

• Health care workers must understand death and dying process and think about needs of dying patients

• Then health care workers will be able to provide the special care these individuals need


8:3 Human Needs

• Needs: lack of something that is required or desired

• Needs exist from birth to death

• Needs influence our behavior

• Needs have a priority status

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (See Figure 8-15 in text)


Altered Physiological Needs

• Health care workers need to be aware of how illness interferes with meeting physiological needs

• Surgery or laboratory testing

• Anxiety

• Medications

• Loss of vision or hearing

(continues)


Altered Physiological Needs(continued)

• Decreased sense of smell and taste

• Deterioration of muscles and joints

• Change in person’s behavior

• What the health care worker can do to assist the patient with altered needs


Meeting Needs

• Motivation to act when needs felt

• Sense of satisfaction when needs met

• Sense of frustration when needs not met

• Must prioritize when several needs are felt at the same time

• Different needs can have different levels of intensity


Methods for Satisfying Needs

• Direct methods– Hard work

– Set realistic goals

– Evaluate situation

– Cooperate with others

(continues)


Methods for Satisfying Needs(continued)

• Indirect methods– Defense mechanisms

– Rationalization

– Projection

– Displacement

– Compensation

– Daydreaming


Methods for Satisfying Needs(continued)

• Indirect methods (continued)– Repression

– Suppression

– Denial

– Withdrawal


Summary

• Be aware of own needs and patient’s needs

• More efficient quality care can be provided when needs are recognized

• Better understanding of our behavior and that of others

© 2009 delmar, cengage learning chapter 8 human growth and development

Documents

development slide

cengage learning growth

development types physical

cengage learning suicide

mind development emotional

cengage learning chapter

needs slide

stage slide