© 2009 delmar, cengage learning chapter 15 the lymphatic system and immunity
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 15
The Lymphatic Systemand Immunity
![Page 2: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymphatic System
• Supplements the circulatory system
• Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils
• There is no muscular pump or heart
![Page 3: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Functions
• Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue
• Transports excess tissue fluid
• Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria
• Function of spleen
• Function of thymus gland
![Page 4: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph
• Straw colored
• Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid
• Composition of lymph
• Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves
![Page 5: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph Vessels
• Closely parallel the veins
• Right lymphatic duct
• Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct)
• Flows in only one direction
![Page 6: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Lymph Nodes
• Small structures located alone or grouped in
various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body
• Trabeculae
• Afferent lymphatic vessels
• When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated
![Page 7: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Tonsils
• Masses of lymphatic tissue
• Produce lymphocytes
• Filter out bacteria
![Page 8: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Tonsils
• Three pairs of tonsils– Palatine
– Adenoids
– Lingual
• Tonsillitis
![Page 9: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Spleen
• Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue
• Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm
• Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
• Filters out bacteria
• Stores red blood cells
![Page 10: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Thymus Gland
• Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart
• Produces T-lymphocytes
• It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin
![Page 11: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Animation – Lymph
Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation
![Page 12: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Effects of Aging
• Decline in immune function
• Increased risk of infection
• Decreased ability to fight disease
• Slowed wound healing
![Page 13: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Lymph System
• Lymphadenitis
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Infectious mononucleosis
![Page 14: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play
• Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders
• Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection
![Page 15: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• Resistance varies at different times
• Natural immunity– Immunity we are born with
• Acquired immunity– Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders
• Passive acquired immunity– Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies
![Page 16: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunity
• Active acquired immunity– Natural acquired immunity results from having had and
recovered from the disease
– Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations)
• Immunoglobulin
![Page 17: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
• Hepatitis B
• Rotavirus
• Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
• Haemophilus
• Pneumococcal
• Inactivated poliovirus
![Page 18: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6
• Influenza
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
• Hepatitis A
• Meningococcal
![Page 19: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
• Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
• Human papillomavirus
• Meningococcal
• Pneumococcal
• Influenza
![Page 20: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Inactivated poliovirus
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
![Page 21: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations – Adult
• Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap)
• Human papillomavirus
• Measles, mumps, rubella
• Varicella
• Influenza
![Page 22: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Immunizations – Adult
• Pneumococcal
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Meningococcal
![Page 23: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmunity
• Autoimmune disorder– When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues,
and organs of a person’s own body
• Multiple causes can trigger the disorder
![Page 24: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmune Disorders
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Pernicious anemia
• Psoriasis
• Crohn’s disease
![Page 25: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Autoimmune Disorders
• Ulcerative colitis
• Type I diabetes mellitus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus
• Scleroderma
![Page 26: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypersensitivity
• When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material
• Allergens
• Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock
• Medic-alert tags
![Page 27: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• A – Acquired– The disease is not inherited
• I – Immune– Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and
infections
• D – Deficiency– Lacks cellular immunity
![Page 28: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• S – Syndrome– Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to
signal the diagnosis
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS
• HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells
• Opportunistic infections
![Page 29: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
AIDS/HIV
• Three outcomes from infection with HIV– AIDS
– AIDS-related complex (ARC)
– Asymptomatic infection
• HIV/AIDS Statistics
![Page 30: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Transmission of AIDS
• Sexual contact
• Sharing hypodermic needles
• In utero or at birth
![Page 31: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS
• ELISA
• Western blot
• Rapid test
![Page 32: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
• Flu-like symptoms
• More persistent symptoms
• Opportunistic conditions
![Page 33: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Treatment of HIV/AIDS
• No cure for AIDS
• Prevention and treatment have prolonged andimproved the lives of many
– AZT
– Protease inhibitors
– AIDS cocktail
![Page 34: © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081503/56649e445503460f94b38e71/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Preventing Transmissionof HIV/AIDS
• Limit sexual contacts
• Have protected sex
• Do not share needles
• Clean up soiled materials
• Cover wounds
• Standard precautions used by all health care
workers