© 2007 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. nation of nations, sixth edition davidson...

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITIONNATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION

DAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFFDAVIDSON • DELAY • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF

Chapter 17: Chapter 17: Reconstructing Reconstructing

the Unionthe Union


PreviewPreview

““Reconstruction became the battleground of Reconstruction became the battleground of attempts to define the new shape of the Union. attempts to define the new shape of the Union. Congress rejected Andrew Johnson’s lenient Congress rejected Andrew Johnson’s lenient terms for the South’s reentry and enacted a terms for the South’s reentry and enacted a program that included the principle of black program that included the principle of black suffrage. African Americans asserted their suffrage. African Americans asserted their freedom by uniting divided families, establishing freedom by uniting divided families, establishing churches, and seeking education and land.”churches, and seeking education and land.”

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The HighlightsThe Highlights

Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction Reconstruction in the SouthReconstruction in the South Black AspirationsBlack Aspirations The Abandonment of ReconstructionThe Abandonment of Reconstruction

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Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanLincoln’s Ten Percent Plan– Lincoln in 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and Lincoln in 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and

Reconstruction allowed states to reenter the Union Reconstruction allowed states to reenter the Union when 10% of qualified voters took oath of loyaltywhen 10% of qualified voters took oath of loyalty

– Radical Republicans disagreed with leniency of the Radical Republicans disagreed with leniency of the proposalproposal

– Lincoln vetoed Wade-Davis BillLincoln vetoed Wade-Davis Bill– President and Congress working out compromise President and Congress working out compromise

when he was assassinatedwhen he was assassinated

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The Mood of the SouthThe Mood of the South– Northerners concerned about the attitude of Northerners concerned about the attitude of

ex-Confederatesex-Confederates– Lincoln’s death complicated the delicate task of Lincoln’s death complicated the delicate task of

dealing with Southernersdealing with Southerners

Johnson’s Program of ReconstructionJohnson’s Program of Reconstruction– Johnson was a native Southerner, but deeply disliked Johnson was a native Southerner, but deeply disliked

the planter classthe planter class– Johnson largely followed Lincoln’s plan, at least Johnson largely followed Lincoln’s plan, at least

initiallyinitially

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The Failure of Johnson’s ProgramThe Failure of Johnson’s Program– Southern states defied the federal governmentSouthern states defied the federal government– Enactment of Black Codes, heavily restrictive laws Enactment of Black Codes, heavily restrictive laws

against African Americansagainst African Americans– Elections in the South returned ex-Confederates to Elections in the South returned ex-Confederates to

power; Johnson’s resolve began to bucklepower; Johnson’s resolve began to buckle

Johnson’s Break with CongressJohnson’s Break with Congress– Issue of black rights drove wedge between president Issue of black rights drove wedge between president

and Congressand Congress– Johnson’s vetoes aggravated tensionsJohnson’s vetoes aggravated tensions

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The Fourteenth AmendmentThe Fourteenth Amendment– 1866: amendment passed in Congress1866: amendment passed in Congress– Broadened citizenship to include African AmericansBroadened citizenship to include African Americans– Ratified in 1868 in spite of Johnson’s and most Ratified in 1868 in spite of Johnson’s and most

Southern states’ oppositionSouthern states’ opposition

The Elections of 1866The Elections of 1866– Anti-black riots throughout the South, 1866Anti-black riots throughout the South, 1866– Radicals repudiated JohnsonRadicals repudiated Johnson

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Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Post-Emancipation Societies in the AmericasPost-Emancipation Societies in the Americas– United States and Haiti (1804) were the only countries United States and Haiti (1804) were the only countries

in the Americas where slavery was destroyed by in the Americas where slavery was destroyed by violenceviolence

– United States was unique in that suffrage was granted United States was unique in that suffrage was granted almost immediatelyalmost immediately

– Importance of the vision of Radical RepublicansImportance of the vision of Radical Republicans

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The Land IssueThe Land Issue– Blacks’ desire for landBlacks’ desire for land– Failure of land distribution rested on American belief Failure of land distribution rested on American belief

in self-reliancein self-reliance

ImpeachmentImpeachment– Tenure of Office Act used by Republicans to impeach Tenure of Office Act used by Republicans to impeach

the presidentthe president– May 1868: Senate acquitted the president, but only May 1868: Senate acquitted the president, but only

one vote short of conviction (36-19)one vote short of conviction (36-19)

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The Southern States during The Southern States during ReconstructionReconstruction

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Reconstruction in the SouthReconstruction in the South

Black Office HoldingBlack Office Holding– Black men constituted 80% of Republicans in the Black men constituted 80% of Republicans in the

SouthSouth– Most black office holders were literate and came from Most black office holders were literate and came from

top levels of black societytop levels of black society

“Increasingly the success or failure of Reconstruction hinged on developments not in Congress but in the southern states themselves. Power there rested with the new Republican parties, representing a coalition of black and white southerners and transplanted northerners.”

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White Republicans in the SouthWhite Republicans in the South– Black voters were a majority in only three southern Black voters were a majority in only three southern

states; Republicans therefore needed white votesstates; Republicans therefore needed white votes– Such voters were largely yeoman farmers from the Such voters were largely yeoman farmers from the

upland districts and “carpetbaggers” (northern upland districts and “carpetbaggers” (northern transplants)transplants)

– Serious divisions among southern RepublicansSerious divisions among southern Republicans

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The New State GovernmentsThe New State Governments– New state constitutions included many political and New state constitutions included many political and

social reformssocial reforms– All granted political equality but social equality was All granted political equality but social equality was

generally ignoredgenerally ignored

Economic Issues and CorruptionEconomic Issues and Corruption– Southern economy in ruinsSouthern economy in ruins– Corruption was rampant and state debt was Corruption was rampant and state debt was

skyrocketingskyrocketing

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Black AspirationsBlack Aspirations

Experiencing FreedomExperiencing Freedom– Changing employment was a big step for ex-slavesChanging employment was a big step for ex-slaves– Taking last names was a symbolic transition from Taking last names was a symbolic transition from

slavery to freedom slavery to freedom

“Emancipation came to slaves in different ways and at different times… Whatever the timing, freedom meant a host of precious blessings to people who had been in bondage all their lives.”

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The Black FamilyThe Black Family– African Americans tried to strengthen their families in African Americans tried to strengthen their families in

freedomfreedom– Black Americans copied gender roles of white familiesBlack Americans copied gender roles of white families

The Schoolhouse and the ChurchThe Schoolhouse and the Church– Black education was a high priority Black education was a high priority – Teachers in Freedman’s Bureau schools were Teachers in Freedman’s Bureau schools were

typically young northern womentypically young northern women– Independent black churches became important nodes Independent black churches became important nodes

of communityof community

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New Working ConditionsNew Working Conditions– Blacks asserted control over their work by refusing Blacks asserted control over their work by refusing

the work conditions of slavesthe work conditions of slaves– Sharecropping became the typical arrangement; often Sharecropping became the typical arrangement; often

highly exploitativehighly exploitative

The Freedman’s BureauThe Freedman’s Bureau– Bureau’s record was mixed because of divergent Bureau’s record was mixed because of divergent

racial attitudes of its agentsracial attitudes of its agents– End of program in 1872 signal of the North’s waning End of program in 1872 signal of the North’s waning

commitment to Reconstructioncommitment to Reconstruction

Planters and a New Way of LifePlanters and a New Way of Life– Planters’ new values focused on economicsPlanters’ new values focused on economics

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A Georgia Plantation after the WarA Georgia Plantation after the War20


The Abandonment of The Abandonment of ReconstructionReconstruction

The Election of GrantThe Election of Grant– Gen. Grant elected in 1868Gen. Grant elected in 1868– 1870: Fifteenth Amendment ratified; granted suffrage 1870: Fifteenth Amendment ratified; granted suffrage

to blacksto blacks– Proponents of women’s suffrage disappointed by Proponents of women’s suffrage disappointed by

amendment’s silence on women’s suffrageamendment’s silence on women’s suffrage

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The Grant AdministrationThe Grant Administration– Corruption under Grant was rampantCorruption under Grant was rampant– Reformers began to focus on cleaning up corruption Reformers began to focus on cleaning up corruption

rather than on blacks’ rightsrather than on blacks’ rights

Growing Northern DisillusionmentGrowing Northern Disillusionment– Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major piece of Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last major piece of

Reconstruction legislationReconstruction legislation– Economic depression in 1873 led to Democratic Economic depression in 1873 led to Democratic

resurgence and growing disinterest in issues of resurgence and growing disinterest in issues of ReconstructionReconstruction

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The Triumph of White SupremacyThe Triumph of White Supremacy– Racism not dissipated by ReconstructionRacism not dissipated by Reconstruction– Rise of the Ku Klux Klan led to federal attempts to Rise of the Ku Klux Klan led to federal attempts to

stem racial violencestem racial violence– Mississippi Plan—bold effort by the Democrats to use Mississippi Plan—bold effort by the Democrats to use

force to win the electionforce to win the election

The Disputed Election of 1876The Disputed Election of 1876– Election between Hayes and Tilden unresolved Election between Hayes and Tilden unresolved

because of votes in last three unreconstructed statesbecause of votes in last three unreconstructed states– Compromise of 1877 made Hayes presidentCompromise of 1877 made Hayes president

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Racism and the Failure of ReconstructionRacism and the Failure of Reconstruction– Reconstruction failed for many reasons, racism chief Reconstruction failed for many reasons, racism chief

among themamong them– End of the Davis Bend experiment, 1875End of the Davis Bend experiment, 1875

“By 1877, the entire South was in the hands of the Redeemers, as they called themselves. Reconstruction and Republican rule had come to an end.”

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© 2007 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. nation of nations, sixth edition davidson...

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