© 2006 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. english skills, 8e english skills with...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Chapter Two
The Writing Process
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
The Process: 4 Steps in a NutshellThe Process: 4 Steps in a Nutshell
• Discover a clearly stated point clearly stated point or thesisor thesis.
• Provide logical, detailed logical, detailed supportsupport for your thesis.
• Organize and connectOrganize and connect your supporting material.
• Revise and editRevise and edit so that your sentences are effective and error-free.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Prewriting Techniques
•Freewriting•Questioning •Making a List•Diagramming•Preparing a Scratch Outline
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Freewriting• Write nonstop for ten minutes and jot down Write nonstop for ten minutes and jot down
in rough sentences or phrases in rough sentences or phrases everythingeverything that comes to mind about a possible topic.that comes to mind about a possible topic.
There are lots of things I get annoyed There are lots of things I get annoyed by. One of them is politishans, in fact by. One of them is politishans, in fact I am so annoyed by them the last I am so annoyed by them the last thing I want is to write about them. thing I want is to write about them. Another thing that bothers me is noisy Another thing that bothers me is noisy people at the movies. I used to love people at the movies. I used to love the movies….the movies….
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Freewriting
•Do not worry (yet) about spelling or punctuation.
[. . .] There are lots of [. . .] There are lots of things I get annoyed by. things I get annoyed by. One of them isOne of them is politishanspolitishans. . [. . .][. . .]
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Questioning ???????????• Ask as many questions as you can Ask as many questions as you can
think of about your subject.think of about your subject.•Why?Why?•When?When?•Where?Where?•Who?Who?•How?How? ??
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Making a List((akaaka “brainstorming”) “brainstorming”)
• Collect a Collect a list of ideaslist of ideas and details that relate to and details that relate to your subject.your subject.
• Do not worryDo not worry about the order of the list. about the order of the list.– Traffic is bad between my house and theatreTraffic is bad between my house and theatre– Noisy patronsNoisy patrons– Don’t want to run into JeremyDon’t want to run into Jeremy– Hard to be on a dietHard to be on a diet
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
ClusteringClustering(aka “diagramming” or “mapping”)(aka “diagramming” or “mapping”)
• WriteWrite your your subjectsubject in the center of a blank sheet in the center of a blank sheet of paper.of paper.
• Jot down ideasJot down ideas and and detailsdetails around the around the subject.subject.
• Use lines, boxes, arrows and circles to Use lines, boxes, arrows and circles to showshow
relationshipsrelationships among ideas and details. among ideas and details.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Diagramming
Movies
Might see old boyfriend
Noisy People
Adults
Coughing and sneezing
Telling Plot
Teenagers
Showing offYelling
Too many people
Line at box office
Traffic getting to theater
Temptations
PopcornChocolate bars
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Preparing a Scratch Outline• Think Think carefullycarefully about: about:
• The The pointpoint you are making you are making• The The supporting itemssupporting items for that for that
pointpoint• The The orderorder in which you will in which you will
arrange those itemsarrange those items
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Writing a First Draft
Your Your Goals:Goals:• State your main idea State your main idea clearlyclearly..• Develop the content of paper Develop the content of paper
with plenty of with plenty of specific detailsspecific details..
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revision
• Set your draft aside for a while.Set your draft aside for a while.• Work from typed or printed text.Work from typed or printed text.• Read your draft aloud.Read your draft aloud.• Add your thoughts and changes Add your thoughts and changes
above the lines or in the margins above the lines or in the margins of your paper.of your paper.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
3 Stages to the Revising Process
•Revising contentRevising content
•Revising sentencesRevising sentences
•EditingEditing 33
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising ContentUnity
• Main ideaMain idea must be clearly stated in introductory paragraph.
• Supporting points must back up main idea.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising Content
SupportSupport• At leastAt least three separate pointsthree separate points
must support the main idea.must support the main idea.• Plenty of specific evidencePlenty of specific evidence
must be provided for each must be provided for each supporting point.supporting point.
Must havesupport...
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising SentencesUseUse to to balancebalance words and words and
ideas: ideas:
Correct: The mugger jumped out and scared her.Incorrect: The mugger jumped out and scares her.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising Sentences
Keep Keep voicevoice and and tense tense consistentconsistent..– Jean Jean punchedpunched down the risen yeast down the risen yeast
dough in the bowl. Then dough in the bowl. Then you dumpyou dump it it onto the floured work table and onto the floured work table and kneadknead it into a smooth, shiny ball.it into a smooth, shiny ball.
Jean Jean punched punched down the risen yeast dough in the bowl. down the risen yeast dough in the bowl. Then Then she dumpedshe dumped it onto the floured it onto the floured work table and work table and
kneadedkneaded it into a smooth shiny ball.it into a smooth shiny ball.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising Sentences
• Avoid Avoid slang, slang, clichés, clichés, pretentious pretentious language,language, and and wordiness.wordiness.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising Sentences
Use verbs.Use verbs.• PassivePassiveThe car The car was was
crashedcrashed by me. by me.
• Active Active I I crashedcrashed the car. the car.
Forms ofForms of to beto be::
is is am am arearewas was were were beenbeen
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Revising Sentences
The truck was speeding. The truck was brown.
The truck skidded on some ice. The truck almost hit a police officer.
The police officer was startled.The police officer was young. The brown speeding truck The brown speeding truck
startled the young police officer startled the young police officer as it skidded on some ice as it skidded on some ice
and almost hit him.and almost hit him.
Chapter 15
© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.English Skills, 8eEnglish Skills with Readings, 6e
Editing
–grammargrammar–punctuationpunctuation –spellingspelling