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McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Drug Use As A Social Problem Problem

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Page 1: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Drug Use As A Social ProblemDrug Use As A Social Problem

Page 2: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Costs Of Drug Use To SocietyCosts Of Drug Use To Society

Cost of maintaining habit

Cost of treating patients

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Cost of criminal behavior

Broken home, illness, shorter lives, etc.

Drugs in the workplace

Others?

Emergency room visits

Page 3: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

The Big ChangeThe Big Change

What made the government change What made the government change from a laissez-faire attitude to one of from a laissez-faire attitude to one of control?control? ToxicityToxicity DependenceDependence CrimeCrime

Page 4: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Potency vs. ToxicityPotency vs. Toxicity

Potency: the amount of drug necessary to cause an effect

Toxicity: the capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse effects in the body

Page 5: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

ToxicityToxicity What makes a drug toxic?

• Amount used

• How it is used

• What the user did while on the drug

Page 6: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Examples of Drug-Induced ToxicityExamples of Drug-Induced Toxicity

AcuteAcute Behavioral – “intoxication” that impairs the Behavioral – “intoxication” that impairs the

user’s actions and increase the danger to user’s actions and increase the danger to themselves or othersthemselves or others

Physiological – overdose that causes the user Physiological – overdose that causes the user to stop breathing or for their heart to stopto stop breathing or for their heart to stop

Page 7: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Examples of Drug-Induced ToxicityExamples of Drug-Induced Toxicity

ChronicChronic Social problemsSocial problems

Personality changingPersonality changing Effects on friends and familyEffects on friends and family Change of lifestyleChange of lifestyle

Health problemsHealth problems Heart diseaseHeart disease Lung cancerLung cancer Liver dangerLiver danger Other health effectsOther health effects

Page 8: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

DDrug rug AAbuse buse WWarning arning NNetworketwork

A system for reporting incidences of lethal A system for reporting incidences of lethal and non-lethal drug related emergency in and non-lethal drug related emergency in some US metropolitan hospitalssome US metropolitan hospitals

DAWN included improper use of DAWN included improper use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs and prescription or over-the-counter drugs and the use of any other substance for psychic the use of any other substance for psychic effect, dependence or suicideeffect, dependence or suicide

Page 9: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

DDrug rug AAbuse buse WWarning arning NNetworketwork

What it tells us about how What it tells us about how dangerous a drug is?dangerous a drug is?

What it does not tell us about how What it does not tell us about how dangerous a drug is?dangerous a drug is?

Page 10: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Blood Borne DiseasesBlood Borne Diseases

Specific toxicity for inject drugsSpecific toxicity for inject drugs AIDS, HIV and Hepatitis B and CAIDS, HIV and Hepatitis B and C Why do the blood borne diseases spread Why do the blood borne diseases spread

so rapidly with these drug users?so rapidly with these drug users?

Page 11: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Substance DependenceSubstance Dependence

What does an addict look like?What does an addict look like? What do they take? Alcohol, cigarettes, What do they take? Alcohol, cigarettes,

illicit drugs, food, or computer timeillicit drugs, food, or computer time How much time do they spend with their How much time do they spend with their

vice?vice? How much do they take?How much do they take? What makes you decide the rules?What makes you decide the rules?

Page 12: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Substance DependenceSubstance Dependence

Three Basic ProcessesThree Basic Processes ToleranceTolerance Physical dependencePhysical dependence Psychological dependencePsychological dependence

Page 13: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

ToleranceTolerance

Diminished affect on the body after Diminished affect on the body after repeated use of the same drugrepeated use of the same drug

Can prevail by increasing the amount of Can prevail by increasing the amount of the drugthe drug

Page 14: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Physical DependencePhysical Dependence

Physical dependence is the body’s need to Physical dependence is the body’s need to constantly have the drug or drugsconstantly have the drug or drugs

Tolerance typically paves the way to physical Tolerance typically paves the way to physical dependencedependence

With physical dependence when the drug use is With physical dependence when the drug use is stopped promptly withdrawal effect can happenstopped promptly withdrawal effect can happen From a headache to death - withdrawal effects are From a headache to death - withdrawal effects are

different in different users as well as with different different in different users as well as with different drugsdrugs

Page 15: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Psychological DependencePsychological Dependence

Psychological dependence is the mental Psychological dependence is the mental inability to stop using the drug or drugsinability to stop using the drug or drugs

Psychological dependence can be seen in Psychological dependence can be seen in behavior and by the amount of time and behavior and by the amount of time and effort the person spends seeking the drugeffort the person spends seeking the drug

Page 16: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Changing Views of DependenceChanging Views of Dependence

The medical model looked to treat the The medical model looked to treat the withdrawal symptoms, often associated withdrawal symptoms, often associated with physical dependencewith physical dependence

The positive reinforcement model The positive reinforcement model explained that the consequence of the explained that the consequence of the drug over the mind affected dependence drug over the mind affected dependence The user did not have to have withdrawal The user did not have to have withdrawal

symptoms to be addictedsymptoms to be addicted

Page 17: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Substance Abuse and Dependence: Substance Abuse and Dependence: DSM-IVTRDSM-IVTR

Substance abuse is considered Substance abuse is considered maladaptive and it is carefully separated maladaptive and it is carefully separated from substance dependence, the essential from substance dependence, the essential feature of which is continued use despite feature of which is continued use despite significant substance-related problems significant substance-related problems known to user.known to user.

Page 18: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Drugs are not evil They can not do anything

They can not have power

Drugs are just objects that have effects on our body.

Even our “War on Drugs” shows the perception that drugs are so evil that we have to wage a war on them.

Page 19: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Dependence as Biological Dependence as Biological

Biochemical or physiological action in the Biochemical or physiological action in the brainbrain

Still no way to scan the brain and know if Still no way to scan the brain and know if the person had developed dependencethe person had developed dependence Genetic physiological or biochemical markers Genetic physiological or biochemical markers

have been looked for as well but none have have been looked for as well but none have proven reliableproven reliable

Page 20: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Personality Personality

No way to know if the drug or the drug use No way to know if the drug or the drug use changed the personalitychanged the personality

Many other factors play a part in Many other factors play a part in someone’s personalitysomeone’s personality

Page 21: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Dependence is a Disease Dependence is a Disease

Alcoholics Anonymous is based on this Alcoholics Anonymous is based on this idea and its founders feel that it should be idea and its founders feel that it should be treated this waytreated this way

Others argue that there are no tests that Others argue that there are no tests that can de done to diagnose alcoholismcan de done to diagnose alcoholism There are ways to test and treat the effects There are ways to test and treat the effects

but not the disease itselfbut not the disease itself

Page 22: © 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Drug Use As A Social Problem

© 2006 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Drugs and CrimeDrugs and Crime

Do drugs turn the person into the criminal type?Do drugs turn the person into the criminal type? Do people under the influence of a drug commit Do people under the influence of a drug commit

crime? crime? Examples are that more than half the murders in our Examples are that more than half the murders in our

nation in 2000 were associated with alcohol, as were nation in 2000 were associated with alcohol, as were two-thirds of all domestic violence two-thirds of all domestic violence

Drug use is a crime. Drug use is a crime. If someone is willing to commit one crime they might If someone is willing to commit one crime they might

be more willing to do other crimesbe more willing to do other crimes


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