© 2005 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. dangers of adverse environmental /...
DESCRIPTION
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hyperthermia Athletic trainers require knowledge and information concerning __________, ________ and __________ to adequately make decisions regarding environmental dangers Has caused a number of deaths over the years Must manage heat stress appropriately Hyperthermia = _______________ ________________TRANSCRIPT
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dangers of Adverse Environmental / Thermal
ConditionsPE 236
Amber Giacomazzi, MS, ATC
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Environmental stress can adversely impact an athlete’s performance and pose serious health threats
• Areas of concern– ___________– ___________– _____________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hyperthermia• Athletic trainers require knowledge and
information concerning __________, ________ and __________ to adequately make decisions regarding environmental dangers
• Has caused a number of deaths over the years
• Must manage heat stress appropriately• Hyperthermia = _______________
________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heat Stress• Extreme caution should be used when
training in the heat (_______________ ________________)
• It is _____________• Athletes who train under these extreme
conditions are at risk• Physiologically the body will continue to
function if ______________ is ____________
• Body must _______________ to maintain ____________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Heat can be dissipated from the body through 4 mechanisms– Conduction (______________)– Convection (_____________________)– Radiation (___________________
_________)– Evaporation (_____________________
_______)• ___________________ is dissipated through
evaporation
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Evaporative Heat Loss– Sweat glands allow water transport to surface– Evaporation of water takes heat with it– When __________ and ___________________
are ______ than _____________, loss of heat through evaporation is key
– Air must be relatively _________ for evaporation to occur • relative humidity of __________________• relative humidity of __________________
– Heat illness can still occur in _____________ if body is ____________________• Caused by ___________ and ________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Monitoring Heat Index• _____, _______,and ________ must be
monitored closely• _______________________(_____)
provides objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in heat– WBGT incorporates different thermometer
readings• _______ (standard mercury temperature)• ________ (thermometer with wet gauze that is
swung around in air)
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
– DBT and WBT can be measured with ___________ (combines both thermometers)• Wet bulb will be lower due to evaporation of
water– Ventilation is provided by whirling
thermometer (______________) – Newer models utilize digital sensors
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heat Illnesses• Heat Syncope (___________)
– Associated with __________ and ___________, _____________ for long periods of time
– Caused by _____________, or ________ _______ in extremities resulting in _______ and _________
– Treat by placing athlete in ________ __________, ___________ and ______ _______
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Heat Cramps– Painful muscle spasms (___________)
due to _____________ and ________ __________
– Occurs in individuals in good shape who _____________________
– Treatment• Prevent by consuming extra fluids and
maintaining electrolyte balance• Treat with __________, ___________ with
_____ ___________• Return to play unlikely due to continued
cramping
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Heat Exhaustion– Result of inadequate fluid replacement– Will exhibit signs of __________, _______,
mildly ____________, _________, ______________ and _____ pulse
– May develop heat cramps or become faint/dizzy
– Core temperature will be ~_____– Performance may ________– Immediate treatment includes _____
_______ (intravenous replacement, ultimately), place in _____________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Heatstroke– Serious _____________ condition, with
unknown specific cause– Characterized by _________- sudden
________, _____, _________, _______ _______, ____________, __________ pulse, and core temperature of > ______
– Temperature must be ______ within ___ minutes
– Drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete• Strip clothing• Sponge with cool water• ____________________________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preventing Heat Illness• _____________ and _____________
– Consume fluids and stay cool• Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement
– Single most important step taken by a ______ to minimize the chance of heat illnesses
– ____________ re-hydration is critically important– Generally _______ of fluid is ever replaced and
should therefore be ___________, ______, and ________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Fluid replacement should _______________• Most effectively replaced at ____________ (____
minutes)– Time of stomach emptying is critical
• Water is ____________________________• Drink with 6% CHO is eliminated at the same rate
if the individual is hydrated• __________ tend to empty ______ and will not
induce cramping• Drinks with ________ and ________ will promote
___________– Hydration levels can be monitored via
______ ______and ______• Appropriate hydration = clear urine at normal or
above-normal output level 60 minutes following exercise
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Using Sports Drinks– ____________ than just replacing fluids with
_________– Flavoring results in __________________
__________– Replaces ______ and ____________– Small amounts of ______ help in ______ of
_____– Different drinks have different nutrient levels– Optimal CHO level is ___ per _ ounces of water– More CHO results in _________________– Effective for both _______and __________
activities
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• ______________________– Most effective method of avoiding heat
stress– Involves becoming ____________ and
________________– Early pre-season training and _____
____________ are recommended with progressive exposure over _______ period
– _____ of acclimatization can be achieved during __________ with ___________ and _________ practice sessions
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Identifying Susceptible Individuals– Athletes with ______________– ____________________– Athlete with ________________– While slight differences exist,
precautionary measures apply to both males and females
– Athletes consuming ___________ or ___________may have impaired sweating and may predispose them to injury
• Uniform Selection– Base on temperature and humidity– Dress for the weather and temperature– Avoid _________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Weight Records– Keep track of ______ and ______
measures for first _____________– If increase in temperature and humidity
occurs during the season, weights should again be recorded
– A loss of _____ = _______________ and could be a ____________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypothermia• Most activity allows for adequate heat
production (_____________) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning
• Impact on _________ and “________”• Temperature in conjunction with _______
and _________ or ________ can increase chances of hypothermia
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• With muscular fatigue, ___________ begins to drop and ______________ relative to _____________ may shift – Results in impaired ____________
_________and exhaustion• Drop in core temp stimulates ________
but stops after temp drops below ______• _______ is imminent when temp falls
below __________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cold Disorders• Fluid replacement is critical even under
colder environmental conditions– Dehydration = decreased blood volume =
_____________________________• May be useful to monitor weight of
athletes training in cold temperatures• While less common, injury/illness due to
the cold still occur, particularly in endurance type activities, _________ and __________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Prevention– Apparel geared for weather to provide
semitropical microclimate for body and prevent chilling
– _________ and __________ fabrics that allow passage of _____ and _____, and allow movement
– ______ and adjusting them are key to maintaining body temperature (during period of (in)activity)
– Inadequate clothing, improper warm-up and chill factor can lead to _____, ______, and/or minor ________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overexposure to Sun• Precautions must be taken to protect
athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and support staff
• Long Term Effects on Skin– Premature aging and skin cancer due to
ultraviolet exposure– Premature aging is characterized by
_______, _______and _______of the skin– __________ is the _________________
________found in humans
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Using Sunscreen– Can help prevent damaging effects of UV
radiation– Sunscreen effectiveness is expressed as
SPF (_________________)• ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________
• The greater the __________, the ________ the SPF that should be used
– Should be worn by athletes, coaches, and athletic trainers who are outside a considerable amount, and/or have _____ _________, _______, _______, or _____ ________________
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
– Sunscreen use is at its highest ______ - _________ but should be used year round (particularly between the hours of _______)
– It should be applied ___________ before exposure and re-applied after exposure to _____, __________, ________________ ______________