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Chapter 9

Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

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Learning Objectives

Understand how the theories of charismatic and transformational leadership differ from earlier leadership theories.

Understand similarities and differences among the major theories of charismatic and transformational leadership.

Understand why attributions of charisma are jointly determined by the leader, the followers, and the situation.

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Learning Objectives

Understand what traits, behaviors, and influence processes are involved in charismatic and transformational leadership.

Understand why charismatic leadership can result in undesirable consequences for followers and the organization.

Understand what research methods have been used to evaluate theories of transformational and charismatic leadership.

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Learning Objectives

Understand the major findings in empirical research on the effects of charismatic and transformational leadership.

Understand what leaders can do to become more transformational.

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Two Early Theories

Charisma Transforming Leadership

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4 Kategori Pemimpin Maxwell_ Pemimpin yang TerkemukaPemimpin yang Terkemuka

_ Dilahirkan dengan kualitas kepemimpinanDilahirkan dengan kualitas kepemimpinan_ Telah melihat model kepemimpinan sepanjang kehidupannya.Telah melihat model kepemimpinan sepanjang kehidupannya._ Telah mempelajari tambahan kepemimpinan melalui latihan.Telah mempelajari tambahan kepemimpinan melalui latihan._ Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pemimpin besar.Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pemimpin besar.

_ Pemimpin Hasil BelajarPemimpin Hasil Belajar_ Telah melihat model kepemimpinan sepanjang kehidupannya.Telah melihat model kepemimpinan sepanjang kehidupannya._ Telah mempelajari kepemimpinan melalui pelatihanTelah mempelajari kepemimpinan melalui pelatihan_ Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pemimpin besar.Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pemimpin besar.

_ Pemimpin LatenPemimpin Laten_ Belum lama ini melihat model kepimpinan.Belum lama ini melihat model kepimpinan._ Telah mempelajari kepemimpinan melalui latihanTelah mempelajari kepemimpinan melalui latihan_ Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pimpinan besar.Mempunyai disiplin pribadi untuk menjadi pimpinan besar.

_ Pemimpin yang TerbatasPemimpin yang Terbatas_ Hanya sedikit atau tidak pernah melihat pemimpinHanya sedikit atau tidak pernah melihat pemimpin_ Hanya sedikit atau tidak pernah mendapat latihan Hanya sedikit atau tidak pernah mendapat latihan

kepemimpinankepemimpinan_ Punya keinginan untuk menjadi pemimpin.Punya keinginan untuk menjadi pemimpin.

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Attribution Theory of Charismatic Leadership

Leader Traits and Behaviors Influence Processes Facilitating Conditions

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Consequences of Charismatic Leadership

Positive and Negative Charismatic Positive: emphasize values, instill devotion to

ideology Negative: emphasize individual identification, instill

devotion to leader individually. The Dark Side of Charisma

Influence trough vision, but excessive optimism make it more difficult for leader to recognize flaws in the vision.

Effects of Positive Charismatic. Single-minded culture creates excessive stress.

Practical Implications for Organizations Risky. Impossible to predict the result when people

give to much power to individual.

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Transformational Leadership

Transformational leaders use idealized influence, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation, while transactional leaders use contingent reward, and active and passive management by exception.

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Transactional and Transformational Leadership

• Contingent Reward

• Management by Exception (active)

• Management by Exception (passive)

• Laissez-Faire

• Charisma

• Inspiration

• Intellectual Stimulation

• Individual Consideration

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ource

Source:Leadership and Organizational development journal 24/1 pg 5 -15, 2003 Boehnke, Bontis

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Merlin Factor

_ Ability to see the potential of the present from the point of view of the future._ Enlist people through out the organization

as ambassador who listen, speak, and a act on behalf of the future.

_ Absolute commitment to performance breakthrough that explode the existing culture limits on what’s possible – Strategic Intent.

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Guidelines for Transformational Leadership

Articulate a clear and appealing vision. Explain how the vision can be attained. Act confident and optimistic. Express confidence in followers. Use dramatic, symbolic actions to

emphasize key values. Lead by example. Empower people to achieve the vision.

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Transformational vs. Charismatic Leadership

Essentially equivalent or distinct but overlapping?

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Group Assignment

_ Visioning._ See the future Car film_ Please produce a press release for

CEO Speech._ Role play.

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Guidelines for Becoming a Transformational Leader

Suggestion

Develop a vision that is bothclear and highly appealing to followers.

Articulate a strategy for bringing thatvision to life.

State your vision clearly and promoteit to others.

Show confidence and optimism aboutyour vision.

Express confidence in followers’capacity to carry out the strategy.

Explanation

A clear vision will guide followers towardachieving organizational goals and make them feel good about doing so.

Don’t present an elaborate plan; rather, state the best path toward achieving the mission.

Visions must not only be clear but madecompelling, such as by using anecdotes.

If a leader lacks confidence about success,followers will not try very hard to achieve thatvision

Followers must believe that they are capable of implementing a leader’s vision. Leaders should build followers’ self-confidence.

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Guidelines for Becoming a Transformational Leader

(cont’d)

Suggestion

Build confidence by recognizing smallaccomplishments toward the goal.

Celebrate successes and accomplishments.

Take dramatic action to symbolize keyorganizational values.

Set an example; actions speak louderthan words.

Explanation

If a group experiences early success, it willbe motivated to continue working hard.

Formal or informal ceremonies are useful forcelebrating success, thereby buildingoptimism and commitment.

Visions are reinforced by things leaders doto symbolize them. For example, one leaderdemonstrated concern for quality by destroying work that was not up to standards.

Leaders serve as role models. If they wantfollowers to make sacrifices, for example,they should do so themselves.

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Other Conceptions of Charisma

Psychodynamic Processes Social Contagion (Contamination)

and Charisma Close and Distant Charisma Routinization of Charisma

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Self-Concept Theory of Charismatic Leadership

Indicators of Charisma

Key Traits and Behaviors

Influence Processes

Facilitating Conditions

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Research on the Theories

Survey Research Laboratory Experiments Field Experiments Descriptive and Comparative

Studies Intensive Case Studies

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Summary

Attributions of charisma are the result of an interactive process between leader, followers, and the situation.

Charismatic leaders can tremendously influence an organization, positively or negatively.

Transformational leaders induce followers to transcend self interest for the sake of the organization.