© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-1

BA 201

Lecture 14Fundamentals of Hypothesis

Testing

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-2

Topics

Hypothesis Testing Methodology

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-3

Result ProbabilitiesH0: Innocent

The Truth The Truth

Verdict Innocent Guilty Decision H0 True H0 False

Innocent Correct ErrorDo NotReject

H0

1 - Type IIError ( )

Guilty Error Correct RejectH0

Type IError( )

Power(1 - )

Jury Trial Hypothesis Test

H1: Guilty

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-4

What is a Hypothesis?

A Hypothesis is a Claim (Assumption)about the PopulationParameter Examples of parameters

are population meanor proportion

The parameter mustbe identified beforeanalysis

I claim the mean GPA of this class is 3.5!

© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-5

The Null Hypothesis, H0

States the Assumption (Numerical) to be Tested E.g. The average #TV sets in the U.S.

homes is at least 3 ( ) Null Hypothesis is Always about a

Population Parameter ( ), Not about a Sample Statistic ( )

0 : 3H

0 : 3H 0 : 3H X

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-6

The Null Hypothesis, H0

Begin with the Assumption that the Null Hypothesis is True Similar to the notion of innocent until

proven guilty Refer to the Status Quo Always Contains the “=” Sign The Null Hypothesis May or May Not be

Rejected The Null Hypothesis Can Never be

Proved nor Shown to be True

(continued)

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-7

The Alternative Hypothesis, H1

Is the Opposite of the Null Hypothesis E.g. The average #TV sets in the U.S.

homes is less than 3 ( ) Challenges the Status Quo Never Contains the “=” Sign The Alternative Hypothesis May or May

Not be Accepted Is Generally the Hypothesis that is

Believed (or Needed to be Showed) to be True by the Researcher

1 : 3H

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-8

Error in Making Decisions Type I Error

Reject a true null hypothesis When the null hypothesis is rejected, we can say

that “We have shown the null hypothesis to be false (with some ‘slight’ probability of making a wrong decision)

Has serious consequences Probability of Type I Error is

Called level of significance Set by researcher

Type II Error Fail to Reject a false null hypothesis Probability of Type II Error is The Power of the test is

1

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-9

Error in Making Decisions

Probability of Not Making Type I Error Called the Confidence Coefficient 1

(continued)

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-10

Type I & II Errors Have an Inverse Relationship

Reduce probability of one error and the other one goes up holding everything else unchanged.

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-11

How to Choose between Type I and Type II Errors

Choice Depends on the Cost of the Errors Choose Smaller Type I Error when the Cost

of Rejecting the Maintained Hypothesis is High A criminal trial: convicting an innocent person The Exxon Valdez: Causing an oil tanker to sink

Choose Larger Type I Error when You Have an Interest in Changing the Status Quo A decision in a startup company about a new

piece of software A decision about unequal pay for a covered group

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-12

Level of Significance,

Defines Unlikely Values of Sample Statistic if Null Hypothesis is True Called rejection region of the sampling

distribution Designated by , (level of significance)

Typical values are .01, .05, .10 Selected by the Researcher at the Beginning Determine the Probability of Committing a

Type I Error Provides the Critical Value(s) of the Test

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-13

Hypothesis Testing Process

Identify the Population

Assume thepopulation

mean age is 50.

( )

REJECT

Take a Sample

Null Hypothesis

No, not likely!X 20 likely if Is ?

0 : 50H

20X

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-14

It is unlikely that we would get a sample mean of this value ...

... if in fact this were the population mean.

... Therefore, we reject the

null hypothesis

that = 50.

Reason for Rejecting H0

Sampling Distribution of

20

If H0 is trueX

X

50X

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-15

Level of Significance and the Rejection Region

H0: 50

H1: < 5050

50

50

H0: 50

H1: > 50

H0: 50

H1:

50

/2

Critical Value(s)

Rejection Regions

X

X

X

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-16

Factors Affecting Type II Error

True Value of Population Parameter increases when the difference between

hypothesized parameter and its true value decrease

Significance Level increases when decreases

Population Standard Deviation increases when increases

Sample Size increases when n decreases

n

© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 9-17

Summary

Addressed Hypothesis Testing

Methodology