-1st b pharm ksa new

CHAPTER: DEFINATION, HISTORY AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY.

No of hours required as per RGUHS syllabus: 2

No of hours required as per Lesson plan: 2

Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basic knowledge of natural drugs.

Objective:

a. To understand the meaning of Pharmacognosy.

b. To study Origin, history, its present status and future prospects of

Pharmacognosy.

Resources:

a. Black Board and chalk pieces.

b. OHP projector.

References:

1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd

Nirali Prakashan, 2003.

2. Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy.

Model Questions

10 Marks Questions

1. What is Pharmacognosy?. Mention the present status of

Pharmacognosy.

2. Outline the status of Pharmacognosy in the area of research &

Industry.

.05 Marks Questions

1. Write the History and Scope of Pharmacognosy.

CHAPTER: CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS.



Prerequisite:

LESSON PLANKLESCOPH

Smt. K.S.AKKISUBJECT: PHARMACOGNOSYDEPARTMENT: PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY.

Students need to understand the basic need for classification.

Objective:

a. To understand the alphabetical, morphological, chemical,

pharmacological, taxonomical, and chemotaxonomical aspects of

classification of crude drugs.

b. To understand general aspects of chemotaxonomy.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:

1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd,



3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy.

4. Smith P.M, The Chemotaxonomy of plants.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Question

1. Define Classification of crude drugs based on Taxonomy,

Morphology,

Chemical & Pharmacology?

2. Discuss the various methods of classification of crude drugs with

Particular emphasis on the merits of each method?

05 Marks Questions

1. Give the pharmacological classification of crude drugs?

2. Give the chemical classification of crude drugs?

02 Marks Questions

1. Give the alphabetical classification of crude drugs?

2. Define Chemotaxonomy?

CHAPTER: CULTIVATION AND CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS



Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basics of mineral nutrition, essential

elements, major functions of different elements, passive and active uptake

of minerals. Mode of nutrition, transport of solutes and water and

Reproduction in plants.

Objective:

a. To study the different methods of cultivation and collection of crude

Drugs.

b. To study the further processing and storage of crude drugs.

c. To study the need for conservation of medicinal plants.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:

1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd,




4. Cultivation of medicinal plants Shriramu and Farooqi.

5. Atal C.K. and Kapoor B.M., Cultivation and utilization of medicinal

plants.

Model Questions

10 Marks Questions

1. Write a note on cultivation and collection of crude drugs?

2. Write an account on the method of drying, preservation and storage

of

Crude drugs?

05 Marks Questions

1. Give the advantages and disadvantages of cultivation of

Medicinal plants?

2. Write a note on storage of crude drugs?

3 Write short note on need for conservation of medicinal plants?

CHAPTER: DETAILED METHOD OF CULTIVATION OF SOME OF THE

DRUGS



Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basic concepts of general method of

cultivation with production and a brief account of domestication of plants,

improvement of plants, principles of plant breeding, and use of fertilizers,

economic and ecological aspects of cultivation.

Objective:

To study the detailed method of cultivation of Senna, Cinchona,

isaphgula, cardamom, opium, and ergot.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

Refrences:

1. Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd ,


2. Cultivation of medicinal plants Shriramu and Farooqi.

3. Atal C.K. and Kapoor B.M., Cultivation and utilization of medicinal

plants.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1) Give source, cultivation and collection of Cinchona and Opium?

2) Write in detail the cultivation of Isaphgula and Senna?

3) Write in detail the cultivation, chemical constituents, and storage of

Ergot?

4) Write in detail the cultivation of Cardamom and Opium?

05 Marks Questions

1) Give the life cycle of Ergot?

2) What do you known about cultivation of Senna?

3) Describe the cultivation of Opium?

4) Describe the cultivation of Cardamom?

02 Marks Questions

1) Mention the storage conditions required for ergot?

2) Write when should Cardamom be collected?

3) What do you mean by Lancing?

4) How is Senna collected?

5) Give reasons why rye plants have to be grown for cultivation of

Ergot.

CHAPTER: STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL, MICROSCOPICALLY AND

CELL

WALL CONSTITUENTS OF CRUDE DRUGS.



Prerequisite:

Students need to known the basic morphology and anatomy of plants,

and its different parts. They also need to know the basics of structure and

function of cell and plant tissue system.

Objective:

To understand the different cell wall constituents and cell inclusions, to

study the morphology and microscopy of different plant parts.

a. Leaf-Datura, Senna,

b. Bark- Cinnamon, Cassia, Cinchona.

c. Wood-Quassia.

d. Stem- Ephedra.

e. Roots- Rauwolfia, Liquorice.

f. Rhizome- Ginger, Podophylum.

g. Flower- Clove.

h. Fruits- Coriander, Fennel.

i. Seeds –Isaphgula, Nux vomica.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

Refrences:





4. Iyengar M.A and Naik S.G.K, Anatomy of crude drugs.

5. Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacognosy.

6. Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs.

7. Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of

Phytopharmaceuticals.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1. What is cell? Briefly explain the cell wall constituents and cell wall

Inclusions?

2. Describe the morphological and microscopical characters of Ginger

And Nux vomica?

3. Write how will you identify the following constituents of cell?

a) Lignified fibres.

a) Mucilage.

b) Cellulose

c) Lignin

d) Pectin.

e) Chitin.

f) Cutin

g) Starch.

h) Resin.

i) Calcium oxalate crystals.

4. Name the different types of Calcium oxalate, their source and

methods

Used for identification of the same?

5. Discuss the morphology and microscopy of Cinnamon and Senna?

6. Describe the general histological features of Bark and leaf drugs?

05 Marks Questions

1. Give the different parts of cell with their functions?

2. Describe with example how morphological characters can be used

to

identify the crude drugs?

3. Give the morphology of datura?

4. What are trichomes, mention the different types?

5. Write short notes on Cinnamon bark?

6. Describe the microscopical characters of Senna with a neat labeled

diagram?

7. Describe with a neat labeled diagram the tissues as seen in the TS

of

ephedra stem?

8. Give the microscopical characters of liquorice?

9. Give the morphological characters of Ginger?

10. Explain the microscopical characters of Rauwolfia?

12. Bring out the important differences by comparing transverse

sections

of any two rhizomes?

13 Write note on Isaphgula and define swelling index?

14. Describe the morphological characters of two fruits of umbellfere

Family?

15. Give the biological source and family and uses of Coriander, and

Ginger?

16. Give the microscopical characters of Clove?

17. Describe the microscopical characters and uses of Datura?

18. Give the biological source, Family and uses of Cinnamon, ad

Podophylum?

19. Give the microscopical characters of Quassia?

20. Enumerate the cell wall constituents and cell wall inclusions?

21. Give the diagnostic characters of Stem and Roots?

22. Give the diagnostic characters of Bark and Leaf?

23. Give the diagnostic characters of Senna and Datura?

24. Give the chemical constituents of Quassia?

02 Marks Questions

1. Mention the characters 0f umbelliferous fruits?

2. Write the source constituents and uses of ephedra?

3. Name the chemical constituents of Rauwolfia?

4. Describe the diagnostic features of Cinchona?

5. Enumerate the uses of Rauwolfia?

6. Describe with an illustrated diagram the TS of datura leaf?

7. What are Vittae give their structure?

8. Give the microscopical characters of diagnostic importance in

Cinchona powder.

9. Give the source, family and uses of Clove?

10. Give the source, family and uses of Rauwolfia?

11. Write notes on Podophyllum?

12. Mention the types of stomata with examples?

13. Define the following

a. Compound Quills.

b. Parquetry cells.

14. What are chemical constituents of Isaphgula?

15. Describe the different types of trichomes and how are they useful

in

identification of crude drugs?

16. Write the source constituents and uses of Quassia wood?

17. Name the different drugs that contain mucilage, and how is

mucilage

tested?

18. Mention the difference between Cruciferoius and Rubiaceous

stomata?

19. Mention the chemical nature and function of Suberin?

CHAPTER: STUDY OF NATURAL PESTICIDES.



Prerequisite:

Students need to know the basics of use of pesticides, advantages and

disadvantages and different methods of pest control.

Objective:

a. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of natural

pesticides over Synthetic pesticides.

b. To study in detail the source, cultivation, chemical constituents and

uses of Pyrethrum, Neem and tobacco.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:





4. Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research.

Model Questions:

05 Marks Questions

1. Write notes on Natural Pesticides?

2. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Natural Pesticide?

3. Write a brief note on Tobacco?

4. Write a brief note on Neem?

CHAPTER: STUDY OF PLANT CONSTITUENTS CARBOHYDRATES.



Prerequisite:

Students need to know the basic knowledge of different plant

constituents and their uses.

Objective:

a. To understand the different plant constituents present in plants.

b. To study the primary cell constituents, carbohydrates and related

products.

c. To study the biological source, method of production, chemical

constituents tests, uses and adulterants of Isaphgula, Linseed,

Honey, Acacia, Agar, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Cellulose and its

products, Pectin, Guar gum, and sodium alginate.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:




3. Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy..

4. Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy.

5. Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs.

6. Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of


7. Whistler R.L, Industrial gums polysacrides and their derivatives.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1. What are carbohydrates? Give its chemistry, classification with one

example each?

05 Marks Questions

1. Write notes on cellulose and its products?

2. Give the chemical test for agar?

3. How do you distinguish acacia from tragacanth?

4. Write the Pharmacognosy of cotton?

5. What are gums and mucilage? Name two drugs containing the same

With its chemical tests?

6. Give a method of preparation of starches?

8. How do you distinguish pure honey from sugar syrup?

9. Give the biological source, chemical constituents and uses of

acacia?

11. Define simple and complex polysaccharides with examples. Give

the

general tests for the identification of reduced sugars?

12. Explain the chemical tests for the identification of a) agar b)

gelatin?

13. Give the source, constituents and uses of guar gum and sodium

alginate?

14. Write the method of production of honey, its constituents and

uses?

.

02 Marks Questions

1. Define swelling factor?

2. How do you distinguish pure honey from adulterated?

3. Give the geographical distribution of plantago ovate?

4. Define mucilage. Mention the difference between gums and

mucilage?

5. Give the source, constituents and uses of sterculia?

6. Give the source, constituents and uses of linseed?

7. Give the source, substitutes and adultrants of agar?

8. Give the source of pectin and guar gum?

10. What are the chemical constituents if Isaphgula?

11. What is pectin?

CHAPTER: LIPIDS



Prerequiste:

Students need to understand the basic knowledge of lipids from plant

sources.

Objective:

a. To understand the definition, method of extraction, chemistry, the

Method of analysis of lipids.

b. To study the method of production, chemical constituents, tests,

uses

and adultrants of castor oil, shark liver oil, and chaulmoogra oil,

wool fat, bees wax, spermaceti, coca butter and olive oil.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:

1) Kokate C. K., Purohit A. P. and Gokhale S. B., Pharmacognosy 22nd ,


2) Trease G. E. and Evans, W. C., Pharmacognosy.

3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy.

4) Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy.

5) Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs.

6) Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of


7) Jean Bruneton, Pharmacognosy and photochemistry.

8) Pharmacopoeia of India

9) I.L.Finar, Text book of Organic chemistry.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1. Give the source, method of preparation, constituents and uses of

wool fat and agar?

2. Give the source, method of extraction, chemistry and method of

analysis of lipids?

05 Marks Questions

1. Define lipids and describe Identification tests of lipids?

2. Define saponification value and acid value and give its significance?

3. What are specific chemical tests for fixed oil?

4. Give the method of preparation of cocum butter and pectin?

5. Write a note on iodine value and Ester value?

6. Give the method of preparation of castor oil and gelatin?

11. Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of

Beeswax and spermaceti?

02 Marks Questions

1. Write a note on shark liver oil?

2. What is chaulmoogra oil?

3. Give the source, constituents and uses of beeswax?

4. Define ester value. Give its significance?

CHAPTER: PROTIENS



Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basic knowledge of proteins, their

occurrence, properties and chemical tests for identification.

Objective:

a. To understand the definition, classification, chemistry and method

of

analysis of proteins.

b. To study collagen, gelatin and its products.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:




3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy..

4) Taylor V.E, Brady R, Text book Of Pharmacognosy.

5) Harborne J.B, Phytochemical methods of Drugs.

6) Brain K.R, and Turner T.D, The Practical evaluation of


7) Pharmacopoeia of India

8) I.L.Finar, Text book of Organic chemistry.

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1) What are proteins and method of analysis?

2) Describe the classification and chemistry of proteins?

05 Marks Questions

1) Give the sources, method of preparation and uses of pectin?

2) Define protein and write a note on gelatin?

3) Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of

Collagen?

4 Give the method of production, chemical constituents and uses of

gelatin and its products?

02 Marks Questions

1) What is collagen? Give its uses?

2) What are gelatin products and write their uses?

3) What is collagen? Mention its uses?

4) Define proteins?

CHAPTER: PLANT FIBRES



Prerequisite:

Students need to understand the basic knowledge of plant fibers, their

occurrence, properties and chemical tests for identification.

Objective:

To study plant fibers used in surgical dressings and related products.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:




3) Wallis T. E, Text book of Pharmacognosy..

4) Mohammad ali, Text book of Pharmacognosy..

Model Questions:

10 Marks Questions

1. Mention the plant fibres used in pharmacy. Write the

Pharmacognosy of any one fibre?

05 Marks Questions

1. Give a pharmacognostic account of jute?

2. Give a pharmacognostic account of cotton?

3. Write a note on plant fibres and name two surgical dressings and

their uses?

4. How will you distinguish between animal and vegetable fibres?

5. Name two four different types of surgical dressings and their uses?

02 Marks Question

1. What are surgical dressings?

2. Name the plant fibres used in surgical dressings and give their

specific uses?

CHAPTER: DRUG ADULTERATION



Prerequiste:

Students need to understand the basic knowledge of evaluation of

crude drugs and its need.

Objective:

To study different methods of adulteration of crude drugs and general

methods for detection of adulterants.

Resources:


b. OHP projector.

References:





4. Mohammad ali, Text book of Pharmacognosy.

Model Questions:

05 Marks Questions

1) Name five different methods used for the adulteration of crude

drugs?

2) Discuss the factors responsible for the deterioration of crude drugs.

Describe the method of prevention of deterioration?

3) Define adulteration. Give the difference between deliberate and

indelebrate adulteration?

4) Write the various methods used in detection of adulteration with

examples?

-1st b pharm ksa new

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