1896: plessy v. ferguson separate but equal facilities are acceptable what facilities did that...
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1896: Plessy v. FergusonSeparate but equal facilities are acceptable
What facilities did that include?SchoolsBusesBus stopsRestaurantsChurchesWater fountains
Yes, never mandated by law in the Northern states, but a "de facto" system grew for schools, in which nearly all black students attended schools that were nearly all-black
Schools, neighborhoods/communities, and some jobs were segregated by race
Post WWII blacks continued to fight for equality
Wanted to enjoy the same freedoms as white Americans
Fought in the war, yet could not civil rights/liberties
America is in the midst of the Cold WarSoviet is communist
What are the basic practices/beliefs of a democracy?
How are blacks treated following the Civil War until the 1950s?
Does this illustrate the beliefs of democracy? Who could use this in their propaganda against
America?America is a democracy How could we sway nations in Africa/Asia
to become more democratic?
Some progress towards ending segregation began in the 1940s around two issues, but will gain steam in the 1950sTruman began investigating the conditions
blacks were treated in the SouthVoting rights
5% of eligible blacks were registered to vote in 1959 in Mississippi
School segregation
Major Events
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King Jr.
Bus Boycotts Marches
Sit-Ins
Linda Brown has to travel a long ways to an all black school
Deem school segregation as unconstitutional “In the field of public education, the doctrine of
separate but equal has no place. Separate but equal facilities are inherently unequal.”
This would reverse the 1896 case: Plessy v. Ferguson
Within a year, schools would have to desegregate and become integrated
South resists desegregation laws
Rosa Parks: Dec. 1955 Black seamstress Arrested, fined $10 for disobeying
segregation laws MLK Jr. helps organize and lead
a boycott of Montgomery’s busses King’s relies on peaceful forms
of protest Like sit ins, boycotts Some boycotters are beaten or
lose jobs Form the MIA: Montgomery
Improvement Association Many leaders in the MIA and
MLK will have their homes bombed
Lasts over a year Forced to then integrate public
transportation
To encourage a nonviolent fight against discrimination, King and other African American leaders funded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Its student organization was known as the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Other long-established African American
organizations also joined the civil rights movement, National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP), used the courts to fight racism/segregation
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
1957: Little Rock NineCentral High enrolls 9 black
studentsOrval Faubus prevents
their enrollment w/National Guard
Eisenhower sends in troops so students can attend school
By 1957 Eisenhower, with Congress seek to create a Civil Rights Bill
First to be passed since 1875 Bill created a Civil Rights Commission & Civil
Rights Division of the Justice Dept. Would seek/investigate claims of not granting
voting rights Will create a Civil Rights law in 1960
1959 marches, sit ins, demonstrations & boycotts used throughout the US to protest segregation
1960: college students in Greensboro NC sit in at Woolworths Why? Denied service
This “peaceful” would influence other blacks nation wide to protest
Dr. MLK Jr. had preached non-violent ways to end segregation
By the 1960’s blacks used civil disobedience Disobeyed unfair lawsHow?
Sit ins, demonstrations, marches
Promised, during his campaign, to help blacks get equal rights
His promise earned black favor in the election of 1960Kennedy appealed to blacks in his call to Dr. MLK’s wife while he was in prison
Spring of 1961 Civil rights activists volunteer
to ride busses into segregated bus stations in the south
MayFreedom Riders attacked by
people in Birmingham Bus was firebombedRiders attacked
Despite attacks, Freedom Riders continue to travel the South Would travel state to state
Kennedy uses federal marshals to create order
James MeredithAir force vetWants to be
accepted to the University of Mississippi
States Governor denies his acceptance
1963 Alabama Gov. George
Wallace protests the acceptance of a black student to the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa
Stands in the doorway of the school
Wanted to prevent segregation
Again, Kennedy sends in troops
Kennedy now convinced that national legislation must be passed to end segregation
MLK Jr. leads a demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama
Eugene Connors (police commissioner) orders demonstrators to be dealt with using fire hoses, clubs, dogs
Demonstration is televisedAmerican people outraged Troops are sent in to restore law/orderPeople nationwide are convinced
segregation is not acceptable MLK is arrested, put in jail
June 1963 Kennedy sends a new Civil Rights Bill to Congress
To become a law, Congress has to approve it
To gain support, MLK and 250,000 people go to DC
Known as the March on Washington
Televised event MLK gives the “I
have a Dream” Speech
Nov. 22 1963: Kennedy assassinated in Dallas Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald Later killed by Jack Ruby
Johnson promises to continue the fight for Civil Rights
Civil Rights Bill passed in 1964 Equal access to public facilities,
parks, libraries, restaurants, theatres
Could not discriminate in education/voting
Outlaws job discrimination 24th Amendment ratified Ends poll taxes Poll taxes had prevented many
blacks from voting b/c they could not afford to pay it
Pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 No literacy tests!
Feb. 1965 Malcolm X is assassinatedTook a more violent
approach towards attain equality
April 1968 MLK Jr is assassinated by James Earl Ray
June 5, 1968 RFK is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan