1796: catherine the great died alexander i becomes tsar very conservative ruler established the...
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Russia19th century
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1796: Catherine the Great died Alexander I becomes tsar
Very conservative ruler Established the Holy Alliance with Prussia and
Austria Tight control to keep liberal ideas from
spreading in Russia
Conservatism in Russia
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Nicholas I (ruled from 1825-1855)
Also a conservative ruler Decembrist Revolt (1825)
Revolt led by army officer who were demanding reform
Nicholas responds by brutally crushing the rebellion
Tight censorship, political opponents arrested, secret police expanded, etc.
Conservatism in Russia
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Anti-western sentiment hindered Russia’s
industry Refusal to adopt new technologies Continued to rely on serfs to do labor
Russian economic development was also hindered by the lack of a strong middle class and sub-par transportation systems
Conservatism in Russia
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Russia had been pursuing policies of
expansion for a couple hundred years Conflict with Ottoman Empire over lands in the
Black Sea region Crimean War leads to a humiliating defeat
for Russia
Russian Expansion
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Following Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War,
demands for reform began again. Alexander II (ruled 1855-1881) began to
initiate reform Emancipation of Serfs in 1861 Former serfs were given land (known as mir)
but no political rights. They were also still tied to the land until they were able to repay debt owed for the land they were given.
Reforms of Alexander II
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Alexander II also created local government councils
Zemstvos in villages Dumas in urban areas
Zemstvos and Dumas were in charge of local policies Road building, education, etc.
Alexander II also increased recruitment into the army and implemented education policies for soldiers
He did NOT, however, attempt to expand political rights to the lower classes
Reforms of Alexander II
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Lack of a strong middle class hindered Russia’s
industrial development. Russian government began to push for
industrialization Trans-Siberian Railroad helped to stimulate the
Russian economy by improving transportation By the 1880’s, factories were being constructed in
major cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg) Russia, however, remained a predominantly
agricultural, rural society
Industrialization in Russia
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Nationalism became a destabilizing force in
Russia Russia was multi-ethnic with numerous different
nationalities and cultures living under one government
Intelligentsia (educated professionals) began to voice radical ideas on political reform
Unrest...again
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Nihilists: called for reform
Rejected the materialism of the west Saw the Russian people as a revolutionary force Used literature to try and bring change Often advocated violent revolution.
Anarchists: rejected the need for a state/government Michael Bakunin famous anarchist
Unrest…again
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Marxism became a popular ideology Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov…aka Lenin was a
major supporter of Marxist ideas Author of What is to be Done?, a pamphlet that
circulated among radical intelligentsia in the early-1900’s
Lenin believed that Russia was a prime location for a revolution.
His followers became known as Bolsheviks
Unrest…again
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1881: Alexander II was assassinated
Killed by a group of radicals known as “People’s Will”
Hoped that the death of the tsar would spark a popular revolution…did not happen
Alexander III assumed throne after his father’s murder Ruled from 1881-1894 Responds to his father’s assassination with
force
Assassination of the Tsar
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Alexander III began to crack down on
opposition Professors and teachers were put under tight
government control to prevent them from teaching liberal ideas
Many critics of the government fled into exile
Alexander III’s Empire
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Alexander III implemented a policy known as
Russification Banned use of languages other than Russian in
schools Placed restrictions on non-Orthodox religions
Ex: Jews These policies caused unrest to grow among
the intelligentsia as well as various ethnic groups living in the Russian empire
Russification
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1904-1905: Russia went to war with Japan
See pages 719-721 for additional information Japan wins Russia shocked by defeat
Again, the people demand reforms.
Russo-Japanese War
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Popular uprising against the tsar
Refer to pages 721-722 for more information Thousands of people marched on the tsar’s
Winter Palace demanding reform Troops fired on the crowd “Bloody Sunday”
News of the massacre spread, leading to anti-government demonstrations
Revolution of 1905
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Nicholas II (ruled from 1894-1917) agreed to a few
reforms New constitution as well as the election of a parliament
(Duma) Forgive redemption payments that former serfs were
required to pay in return for communal lands (mir) Relaxation of Russification policies
These reforms, however, did not satisfy the most radical of the intelligentsia Revolutionary ideas continued to thrive….especially
those of the Bolsheviks
Revolution of 1905