СПИН – 05 Д У Б Н А Септ. 29, 2005 alessandro bravar spin dependence in polarized p ...

СПИН – 05Д У Б Н А

Септ. 29, 2005Alessandro Bravar

Spin Dependence in PolarizedSpin Dependence in Polarized

pppp pppp & & ppC C ppCC

Elastic Scattering in the CNI RegionElastic Scattering in the CNI Region

A. Bravar, I. Alekseev, G. Bunce, S. Dhawan, R. Gill,

H. Huang, W. Haeberli, G. Igo, O. Jinnouchi, K. Kurita, Y. Makdisi,

A. Nass, H. Okada, N. Saito, H. Spinka, E. Stephenson,

D. Svirida, C. Whitten, T. Wise, J. Wood, A. Zelenski

С П И Н 0 5 Alessandro Bravar

RHIC beams +internal targets fixed target modes ~ 14 GeV

The Elastic Process: KinematicsThe Elastic Process: Kinematics

recoil protonor Carbon

(polarized)proton beam

scatteredproton

02 inout pptpolarized

proton targetor Carbon target

essentially 1 free parameter:

momentum transfer t = (p3 – p1)2 = (p4 – p2)

2 <0

+ center of mass energy s = (p1 + p2)2 = (p3 – p4)

2

+ azimuthal angle if polarized !

elastic pp kinematics fully constrained by recoil proton only !


||||,

||,

||,

||,

||,

5

4

3

2

1

MMts

Mts

Mts

Mts

Mts

Helicity Amplitudes for spin ½ ½ Helicity Amplitudes for spin ½ ½ ½ ½ ½½Scattering process described in terms of Helicity Amplitudes i

All dynamics contained in the Scattering Matrix M(Spin) Cross Sections expressed in terms of

spin non–flip

double spin flip

spin non–flip

double spin flip

single spin flip

? M

identical spin ½ particles

formalism well developed, however not much data !

only AN studied / measured to some extent

observables:

3 -sections

5 spin asymmetries

4321*52 Im

4),(

sdtd

tsAN

NA

4*32

*1

252 Re2

4),(

sdtd

tsANN

NNA


Cross Sections in Terms of Cross Sections in Terms of i

total section

differential section

longitudinalsection

transversesection

opticaltheorem

unpolarized: avarage over all initial states ( and ) and sum over all final states (, , )polarized: study specific spin configurations


The Very Low The Very Low tt Region Regionaround t ~ 103 (GeV/c)2 Ahadronic ACoulomb

INTERFERENCE

CNI = Coulomb – Nuclear Interferencescattering amplitudes modified to include also electromagnetic contribution

hadronic interaction described in terms of Pomeron (Reggeon) exchange

electromagnetic single photon exchange

= |Ahadronic + ACoulomb|2

unpolarized clearly visible in the cross section d/dt charge

polarized “left – right” asymmetry AN magnetic moment

+P

iemi

hadi

hadi e


the left – right scattering asymmetry AN arises from the interference of

the spin non-flip amplitude with the spin flip amplitude (Schwinger)

in absence of hadronic spin – flip contributions

AN is exactly calculable (Lapidus & Kopeliovich):

hadronic spin- flip modifies the QED“predictions”

interpreted in terms of Pomeron spin – flip and parametrized as

AANN & Coulomb Nuclear Interference & Coulomb Nuclear Interference

hadflipnon

hadflip

hadflipnon

emflipN CCA *

2*

1

1)p pp

had

Zt

yy

y

m

ZA

pAtot

pAtotp

N 81

1

82

2/3

2

25 2

1

2

1

2

1II ppp

AN (t)

had

p

had

m

ts

)(5


can be traced back to


Some ASome AN N measurements in the CNI measurements in the CNI regionregion

pp Analyzing Power

no hadronicspin-flip

-t

AN

(%)

E704@FNALp = 200 GeV/cPRD48(93)3026

E950@BNLp = 21.7 GeV/cPRL89(02)052302

with hadonicspin-flip


pC Analyzing Power

r5pC Fs

had / Im F0had

Re r5 = 0.088 0.058

Im r5 = 0.161 0.226

highly anti-correlated


polarimeters


RHIC RHIC pppp accelerator complex accelerator complex

BRAHMS & PP2PP

STARPHENIX

AGS

LINACBOOSTER

Pol. Proton Source

Spin Rotators

20% Snake

Siberian Snakes

200 MeV polarimeter

AGS quasi-elastic polarimeter

Rf Dipoles

RHIC pC “CNI” polarimeters

PHOBOS

RHIC

absolute pHpolarimeter

SiberianSnakes

AGS pC “CNI” polarimeter

5% Snake


GNN

NN

PA

BLL

2

1

NN

NN

PA

BN

1

Polarimetry : Impact on RHIC Spin Polarimetry : Impact on RHIC Spin PhysicsPhysics

measured spin asymmetries normalized by PB to extract Physics Spin Observables

RHIC Spin Program requires Pbeam / Pbeam ~ 0.05 normalization scale uncertainty

polarimetric process with large and known AN

– pC elastic scattering in CNI region, AN ~ 1 %

– fast measurements

– requires absolute calibration polarized gas jet target

Physics AsymmetriesSingle Spin Asymmetries

Double Spin Asymmetries

measurements

rightleft

rightleft

NB NN

NN

AP

1

recoil


pppp p pp p


pppp pppp and and pppp pppp with a Polarized Gas Jet Targetwith a Polarized Gas Jet Target

LRRL

LRRL

TN

NNNN

NNNNP

A1

NN

NNPP

ABT

NN1

RHIC polarizedProton beams

polarizedgas JETtarget

ANbeam (t ) AN

target (t )

for elastic scattering only!

Pbeam = Ptarget . B / T


The Atomic H Beam The Atomic H Beam SourceSource

separationmagnets(sextupoles)

H2 dissociator

Breit-Rabipolarimeter

focusingmagnets(sextupoles)

RF transitions

holding field magnet

recoil detectorsrecord beam intensity100% eff. RF transitionsfocusing high intensityB-R polarimeter

OR

Pz+ OR Pz

-

H = p+ + e-


the JET ran with an average intensity of 11017 atoms / sec

the JET thickness of 1 1012 atoms/cm2 record intensity

target polarization cycle+/0/- ~ 500 / 50 / 500 sec

polarization to be scaled

down due to a ~3% H2

background:

Ptarget ~ 0.924 ± 0.018

(current understanding)

no depolarization from beamwake fields observed !

JET target polarization & performanceJET target polarization & performance


The Polarized Jet Target under The Polarized Jet Target under developmentdevelopment

Dissociator stage

Baffle locationSextupoles 1-4

Sextupoles 5-6

Profile measurement

BRP vacuum vessel

Electronics racks

Turbo pump controllers

Dissociator RF systems

Vac. gauges monitors

Target chamber &beam pipe adapters

Recoil spectrometer silicon detectors


Recoil Si spectrometerRecoil Si spectrometer

6 Si detectors coveringthe blue beam =>MEASURE energy (res. < 50 keV) time of flight (res. < 2 ns) scattering angle (res. ~ 5 mrad)of recoil protons frompp pp elastic scattering

HAVE “design”azimuthal coverage

one Si layer only smaller energy range reduced bkg rejection power

B


KinematicsKinematics

R; ER; tof

S

essentially 1 free parameter: t (+ ) elastic pp kinematics fully constrained by recoil proton only !

pbeam

p

m

t

p

mR 2

||1sin

measure position and energy of recoil

kinTmt p2

R & t

t : 0.001 – 0.02 GeV2

R : 1 – 5 degrees

Tkin : 0.5 – 10 MeV

pR : 30 – 140 MeV

|t| : 0.001 – 0.02 GeV2

R : 1 – 5 degrees

Tkin : 0.5 – 10 MeV

pR : 30 – 140 MeV/c

tof : 100 – 20 nsec (@ 1m)

DmTtof pkin /2/1 additional kinematical constraint

R & ER mbeam (MX); tof & ER mtarget


Jet-Target Holding Magnetic Field Jet-Target Holding Magnetic Field (1.0)(1.0)

Bdl ~ 0

disp

lace

men

t (cm

)

B

z (G

auss

)

p = 30 MeV/c (|t|~10-3)

p = 100 MeV/c (|t|~10-2)

+ - +

1.0 kGauss Helmholtz coils

almost no effect on recoilproton trajectories:

left – right hit profiles &left – right acceptancesalmost equal(also under reversal ofholding field)


pppp elastic data collected elastic data collected

Hor. pos. of Jet 10000 cts. = 2.5 mm

Num

ber

of e

last

ic p

p ev

ents

FWHM ~ 6 mmas designed

• recoil protons unambiguously identified !

• 100 GeV ~ 3 106 events for 1.5 10–3 < -t < 3.5 10–2 GeV2

• 24 GeV ~ 300 k events

CNI peak AN

1 < E REC < 2 MeV prompt eventsand beam-gas

sourcecalibration

recoil protons elastic pp ppscattering

background118 cts. subtracted

JET Profile: measured selecting ppelastic events

ToF vs EREC correlation

Tkin= ½ MR(dist/ToF)2

ToF < 8 ns


TDC vs ADC individual channels

Energy - Position correlationsEnergy - Position correlationsTkin 2 (i.e. position2)

pp elastic events clearly identified !

full

y ab

sorb

ed p

roto

nspu

nch

thro

ugh

prot

ons

reco

il e

nerg

y

punch throughrecoil protons

position


not corrected for themagnetic field

MX2 [GeV2]

Mp2

inelasticthreshold

num

ber

of e

vent

s (a

. u.)

FWHM ~ 0.1 GeV2

MM22XX (GeV(GeV22))proton

MM22X X distributiondistribution

80 cm from targetconvoluted withspectrometerResolution

MM22XX~ 0.1 GeV22

Missing Mass MMissing Mass MXX2 2 @ 100 GeV@ 100 GeV

MM22XX

simulations


AANN for for ppp p pp pp @ 100 GeV @ 100 GeV

prel

imin

ary

source ofsystematic errors:

1 PTARGET = 2 %

2 from backgrounds & event selections

< 0.00163 false asymmetries: small

similar to statistical errors


AANN for for ppp p pp pp @ 100 GeV @ 100 GeVpr

elim

inar

ydata compared toCNI prediction

[TOT = 38.5 mbarn,

= -0.07, = 0.02]

2 ~ 12 / 14 d.o.f.

no need of a hadronic spin – flip contribution to describe these data



and with the hadronic spin-flip term and with the hadronic spin-flip term

prel

imin

ary Im r5 = 0.002 0.029

Re r5 = -0.006 0.007

2/ndf = 10 / 12

uncertainty on the( = 0.03) parametercan change at the same level

hadhad

p

had

m

tsr 3155 2)(

with hadronic

spin-flip

stat + sys errors used in fits

hadronic spin – flip contribution consistent with zero (1 level)

in the simplest assumption:spin-flip prop. to non-flip ampli.


AANNNN for for pppp pp pp @ 100 GeV @ 100 GeV

prel

imin

ary

source ofsystematic errors:

1 PT2 = 3 %

2 from backgrounds and event selections

~ 0.0013 rel. luminosity ~ 0.001

similar to stat. errors

NNB

T

TBTNN PPP

A

2

11

ANN basically 0 double spin – flip amplitudes (2 and 4)

are very small / do not contribute in this region

statistical errors only


ppC C p p CC


Setup for Setup for ppC scattering – C scattering – the RHIC the RHIC polarimeterspolarimeters

recoil carbon ions scattered around 90o

detected with Silicon strip detectors

polar acceptance± 1.5o around 90o

2 72 channels read out with WFD

very large cross section very fast measurements

statistics per measurement (~ 20 106 events) allows detailed analysis

beamdirection

1

34

5

6

RHIC 2 rings

2

Si strip detectors(ToF, EC)

~36cm

inside RHIC ring @IP12Ultra thin Carbon

ribbon Target(3.5g/cm2 , < 10m)


DAQ and WFDDAQ and WFD

ADC3140 MHz

synchronized to accelerator clocks

bunch -ing “start” TDC

“online” analysis of waveformperformed beteween consecutive

bunch -ing PH, tot Q, t.o.f.; full waveform (JET)

~50ns

~100mV

FPGA

onboardmemory

t ~ 2 nsE < 50 keV

DAQ PC

20 106 events in 20 seconds deadtimeless DAQ systemcan accept, analyze, and store 1 event / each bunch -ing

Wave Form Digitizer = peak sensing ADC, CFD, …

common to the pC and JET DAQ system


Si Detector design and energy lossSi Detector design and energy loss

at t ~ -0.01 (GeV/c)2, Energy of recoil Carbon Ekin ~ few 100 keV

( Ekin = -t / 2MC )

range in Silicon, only fraction of micrometersubstantial fraction of Carbon energy lost in entrance window (up to 50%)correct Ekin for energy loss energy scale error

important to minimize energy losses in entrance window of detectoractive area

24 x 12 mm2

thickness400

twelve 2 mm wideDC coupled strips

top view of Si strip

p+ implants~150 nm deep

charge collectionAl electrodes

n type Si wafer

n+ implants and Al backplane


Event Selection & PerformanceEvent Selection & Performance

- very clean data, background < 1 % within “banana” cut- good separation of recoil carbon from (C* X) and prompts

may allow going to very high |t| values

- (Tof) < 10 ns ( ~ 1 GeV)

- very high rate: 105 ev / ch / sec

EC, keV

TOF, nsTypical mass reconstruction

Carbon

AlphaC*

PromptsAlpha

Carbon

Prompts

MR, GeV

MR ~ 11 GeV

~ 1 GeV

Tkin= ½ MR(dist/ToF)2

non-relativistic kinematics


AANN ppCC p pC at 3.9, 6.5, 9.7 & 21.7 GeVC at 3.9, 6.5, 9.7 & 21.7 GeV

only statistical errorsare shown

normalization errors: ~ 10 % (at 3.9) ~ 15 % (at 6.5) ~ 20 % (at 21.7)

systematic errors: < 20 % - backgrounds - pileup - RF noise

recoil Carbon energy (keV)

p = 3.9 GeV

p = 21.7 GeV

p = 9.7 GeV

prel

imin

ary

2003

+ 2

004

data

CNIpeak~ 4 %

PB~ 73 %

PB ~ 65 %

PB ~ 47 %

p = 6.5 GeV

AN (

%)

momentum transfer –t (GeV2/c2)

PB ~ 60 %


(AGS)


AANN ppCC p pC: Energy DependenceC: Energy DependenceA

N (

%)

Beam Energy (GeV)

prel

imin

ary

2003

+ 2

004

data

t = - 0.01 GeV2

t = - 0.02 GeV2

t = - 0.03 GeV2

t = - 0.04 GeV2


only statistical errorsare shownsystematic errorsas for previous slide

E ?Asymptotic regime

No energy dependence ?


Raw asymmetry (Raw asymmetry (tt) @ 100 GeV ) @ 100 GeV (RHIC)(RHIC)

X-90X-90

X-45X-45

X-averageX-average

Regular calibration measurementsRegular calibration measurements

Cross asymmetryCross asymmetryRadial asymmetryRadial asymmetry

False asymmetry ~0

higher higher –t–t range range

False asymmetry ~0

good agreement btw X90 vs. X45

0.020.01

0.02 0.03 0.04-t (GeV/c)2

-t (GeV/c)2

Regular polarimeter runsRegular polarimeter runsmeasurements taken measurements taken

simultaneously with Jet -simultaneously with Jet -targettarget

very stable behavior of very stable behavior of measured asymmetriesmeasured asymmetries

Polarimeter dedicated runs (high Polarimeter dedicated runs (high -t-t))Signal attenuation (x1/2) to reach higher Signal attenuation (x1/2) to reach higher –t –t

Normalized at overlap region to regular runs Normalized at overlap region to regular runs

Zero crossing measured with large significanceZero crossing measured with large significance

prel

imin

ary


ppC Systematics:C Systematics: each detector channel covers same t range

72 independent measurements of AN

width ~stat. error

single meas.

channel by channel raw asymmetry

sources of systematic uncertainties:

1 PBEAM = 7.8 % (normalization)

[PBEAM = 0.386 0.030, stat. error]

2 energy scale ~ 50 keV for lowest |t| bin (from “energy correction”) NB these are “external” factors

not “intrinsic” limitations

Fit with sine function (phase fixed)Fit with sine function (phase fixed)


AANN for for ppCC p pC @ 100 GeVC @ 100 GeV


with hadronicspin-flip

“forbidden” asymmetries

systematicuncertainty

best fit withhadronic spin-flip

Kopeliovich –Truemann modelPRD64 (01) 034004hep-ph/0305085

r5pC Fs

had / Im F0had

prel

imin

arystatistical errors only

spread of r5 values

from syst. uncertainties

1 contour


SummarySummary measured AN

pp and ANNpp for elastic pp pp scattering at 100 GeV

with very high accuracy (statistical and systematic)

– |t| range: 0.0015 < |t| < 0.035 (GeV/c)2

AN data well described by CNI – QED predictions (Schwinger – Lapidus)these data do not require a hadronic spin-flip term

ANN ~ 0 over whole range with no “structure” (i.e. t – dependence)

measured ANpC for elastic pC pC scattering at 100 GeV (RHIC)

– zero crossing around |t| ~ 0.03 (GeV/c)2

pC data require substantial hadronic spin-flip !

measured ANpC for pC pC scattering over 3.5 < Eb < 24 GeV (AGS)

– Eb < 10 GeV/c: almost no t dependence & departure from “CNI” shape

СПИН – 05 Д У Б Н А Септ. 29, 2005 alessandro bravar spin dependence in polarized p ...

Documents

spin dependence

hadronic spin flip

spin scattering process

terms of pomeron spin

scattering asymmetry

terms of fitotal

nonflip amplitude

antarget t